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E-ISSN: 2581-7140

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL LANGUAGE

AND LITERARY STUDIES (Ijtlls)

A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TAMIL STUDIES

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Archaeological Evidence and Tamil Culture

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SPECIAL ISSUE : VOL – 2, 27, APRIL 2019

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CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

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Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,

The Director,

International Institute of Tamil Studies,

Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.

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j.kNf];thp ,af;Feh; IJTLLS, jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;> tpUJefh; - 626001> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.

Dr. N. Sulochana, Assistant Professor,

Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,


Taramani, Chennai-600113,

Tamil Nadu, India.

Ms. D. Maheswari, Director cum Editor-in Chief

International journal of Tamil Language and

literary Studies,

IJTLLS, Online Journal

Virudhunagar- 626001,

Tamil Nadu, India.

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Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,

Sadakathullah Appa College,

Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.

Tamil Nadu,

India

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Ms. V.Vimal, Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,

The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,

Tamil Nadu, India.

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Mr. S. Ayyanar,

Assistant Professor of Tamil,

Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.

Tamil Nadu, India.

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Dr. T. Parimala,


Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,

Madurai-18,

Tamil Nadu, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Special Issue Editors’

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Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,

The Director,


Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.

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j.kNf];thp ,af;Feh; IJTLLS, jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;> tpUJefh; - 626001> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.

Dr. N. Sulochana, Assistant Professor,

Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,


Taramani, Chennai-600113,

Tamil Nadu, India.

Ms. D. Maheswari,

Director cum Editor-in Chief

International journal of Tamil Language and literary Studies,

IJTLLS, Online Journal

Virudhunagar- 626001,

Tamil Nadu, India.

Associate Editors

Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> u`;kj; efh;> jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.

Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,

Sadakathullah Appa College,

Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.

Tamil Nadu,

India

tp.tpky;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.

Ms. V.Vimal, Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,

The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,

Tamil Nadu, India.

R. ma;adhh;> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.

Mr. S. Ayyanar,


Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.

Tamil Nadu, India.

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Dr. T. Parimala,


Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,

Madurai-18,

Tamil Nadu, India.

Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar,

Head & Assistant Professor, Department of English,

MSUC College,

Nagalapuram, Thoothukudi Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Advisory Editorial Board

Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy,

Head of the Department, Indian

Studies,

Faculty of Arts and Social

Sciences,

University of Malaya, Malaysia.

Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603-

79675460.

Email:[email protected],

[email protected]

Dr. Sascha Ebeling,

Associate Professor,

College Senior Adviser in the

Humanities,

Chair, Readings in World

Literature Collegiate Core

Sequence,

Department of South Asian

Languages and Civilizations,

Department of Comparative

Literature,

The University of Chicago,

1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203,

Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

E-mail: [email protected]

R. Venkatesh,

(PLM Leader in FORD,

Michigan)

President and Secretary,

Tamil Academy, Canton,

Michigan – 48187,

America.


Dr. Sasi Kumar,

Teaching Fellow,

Asian Languages & Cultures

Academic Group,

National Institute of Education,

Nanyang Technological

University, Nanyang Walk,

Singapore- 637616.


Dr. J.B.Prashant More,

Professor of Social Sciences,

Institute of Research in Social

Sciences and Humanities,

Inseec, Paris,

France.


Ms. Punitha Subramaniam,

P.G. Assistant in Tamil,

SJKT Ladang Temerloh,

34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.

E-mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

Mr. K. Raguparan,

Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil,

Department of Languages,

Faculty of Arts and Culture,

South Eastern University, Sri

Lanka,

E-mail:

[email protected]

m

Dr. A. Boologarambai,

Assistant Professor,

Department of Tamil Language

and Translation Studies,

(Sangam Literature & Traditional

Grammar, Telugu, Hindi &

Japanese, Tamil, English)

Dravidian University, Kuppam-

517425,

Andra Pradesh, India.

E-mail:

[email protected]

Dr. V. Raman,

Dean- Department of Visual

Communication,

Rathinam Arts and Science

College,

Eachanari, Coimbatore,

Tamilnadu- 641021, India.

E-mail:

[email protected]

m

Dr. S. Manimaran,

Associate Professor, Department

of Tamil,

N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar

College, Madurai-19.

Tamil Nadu, India.

E-mail:

[email protected]

Dr. T. K. Vedaraja,

Assistant Professor of English,

Alagappa Govt. Arts College,

Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,

Tamil Nadu, India.


PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,

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PUBLISHER’S MESSAGE

Aim & Objectives

International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is an online Peer-Reviewed

International Journal published twice in a year on July and January, which is published by

Maheswari Publishers, patronized by Pandian Educational Trust, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu,

India. It also publishes Literary Druid, for English Language and Literature (Online) to foster

research in the domain areas.

International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies aims to bring down

Academic Research to promote research support for the academicians and scholars in the field of

Tamil Language and Literature. Research through this medium is motivating in all aspects of main

and inter-disciplines by consequent projects and e-publication. Making Internationalization of the

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International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is an online Peer-reviewed

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literature which is committed to academic research,

welcomes scholars and students all over the world who to advance their status of academic career and

society by their scholarly ideas. The journal welcomes publications of quality papers on the domain

area.

Research ought to be active to create a major frontier in the academic world. It must augment

the neo-theoretical frame that facilitates re-evaluation and augmentation of existing practices and

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research has become the central intent of the journal.

D. Maheswari

mailto:[email protected]://www.ijtlls.com/

mzpe;Jiu

முனைவர் க ோ.விசயரோ வன், எம்.ஏ., எம்ஃபில்., பி.எட்., பிஎச்.டி.,

இயக்குநர் (மு.கூ.பபோ.)

உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்

தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.

தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்

அைிந்துப ோள்ள பபோிதும் துனணநிற்பது பதோல்லியல் சோன்று களயோகும். சங் ப்

போைல் ளின் உறுதிப்போட்னை வரலோற்று அடிப்பனையில் அ ழோய்வு ளின் மூலம்

பவளிக்ப ோணர்வகத பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வின் கநோக் மோகும். இந்த அடிப்பனையில்

வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,

பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்

பல்கவறு புலனம பபற்கைோர் ளின் ஒத்துனழப்பிைோலும் துனணயிைோலும்

பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ள் தமிழ த்தில் நனைபபற்று வரு ின்ைை.

பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்

பதோன்னம உறுதி பசய்யப்படு ிைது. பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வோளர் ளின் ஈடுபோட்டின்

ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,

ள ஆய்வு ள் பற்ைிய சிைப்பு நூல் ளும், இதழ் ளும் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து புதிய

ண்டுபிடிப்பு னள உைனுக்குைன் பவளியிட்டு பண்னைய மக் ளின்

பண்போடு னளயும் வோழ்க்ன முனை னளயும், வோணி முனை னளயும் நமக்குத்

பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்

ளங் ள் உள்ள தமிழ த்தில் ஒரு சில இைங் ளில் மி க்குனைந்த அளகவ

அ ழோய்வு ள் நைந்கதைியுள்ளை. ளங் ள் முழுவதும் அ ழோய்வு ளுக்கு உட்படுத்தி

அங்கு ினைக்கும் பபோருள் னளக் ோல முனைப்படுத்திைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம

இன்னும் பழனமயோைது என்பது புலப்படும். தமிழ் பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்தின்

இன்னைய ோல ட்ைத்திற்கு கதனவப்படும் வன யிலும் தமிழர் ளின்

பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உல ைியச் பசய்யும் வன யில் உல த்

தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைத் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்துைன் தமிழ் பமோழி (ம)

இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS) இனணந்து ‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர்

பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்துவது ோலத்தின்

கதனவயோகும்.

பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்

ஆய்வு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், பசப்கபடு ள், நோணயங் ள், அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த

பபோருள் ள் எைத் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோகும் வன யில் பல்கவறு

தனலப்பு ளில் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து ஆரோய்ந்து ட்டுனர ள் வழங் ிய தமிழ்நோடு

மற்றும் இலங்ன யிலுள்ள பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப்

கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்

வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.

ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்

தரக்குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ருத்தரங் நோளன்கை பவளியிடுவது உள்ளபடிகய

சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்

பசவ்வகை நனைபபைவும் பல்லோற்ைோனும் உனழத்த ருத்தரங்

ஒருங் ினணப்போளர் ள் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புல உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்

முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்

திருமதி மக சுவோி அவர் ளுக்கும் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச் சிைப்போ ச் பசய்திை

வோழ்த்து ளும் போரோட்டு ளும் ோலத்திற்க ற்ைோர்கபோன்ை பபோருண்னம ளில்

பல்கவறு நூல் ள் பவளிவரகவண்டும் என்றும் இவர் ளின் பணி கமன்கமலும்

பதோைரகவண்டும் எைவும் வோழ்த்து ிகைன்.

இைம்: பசன்னை இயக்குநர்

நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் க ோ. விசயரோ வன்)

tho;j;Jiu

முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ

உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்

தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலம்

உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்

தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.

தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு

வரு ிகைோம். அதற்ப ல்லோம் வரலோற்றுத் தரவு ளின் அடிப்பனையில் பதோல்லியல்

அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் ள் சங் ோலத்னதயும் முந்னதய

பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உனையது என்பனத நிரூபித்து வரு ின்ைை.

தமிழ த்திலுள்ள பதோல்லியல் ளங் ளில் அ ழோய்வு ள் மி க் குனைந்த அளகவ

நைந்திருக் ின்ைை. முழுவதுமோை ஆய்வு ள் நைத்தப்பபற்ைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம

இன்னும் பல நூற்ைோண்டு ளுக்கு முற்பட்ை பழனமயோை நோ ோி ம் தமிழர் ளுனையது

என்பது உறுதியோகும்.

ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்

சோர்ந்த ஆய்வு நூல் ள் எை இதுகபோன்ை ளங் ளில் ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வரப்பபற்று

‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர் பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுத்தரக்

குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்

கதனவயோகும்.

பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி

வரும் பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள்,

தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்

ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று

வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.

அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்

புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)

இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.

தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்

பசய்துவரும் பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ளின் பணினயயும் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்கு

ஆவணமோ த் தி ழும் பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு னளயும் எல்கலோருக்கும் ப ோண்டுகபோய்ச்

கசர்க்கும் வன யிலும் அனைவரும் பதோல்லியல் ளங் னளயும், ஆய்வு னளயும்

அைிய கவண்டும் எனும் கநோக் த்தில் இத்தன ய ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்தப்பபற்று அதற்கு

ஆவணமோ ஆய்வுக்க ோனவயும் பவளியிட்டு உன்ைதமோைத் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச்

பசய்துவரும் ஆய்வு இதழுக்கு வோழ்த்து ள். இன்னும் இது கபோன்ை நல்ல

தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.

இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு

நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ)

gjpg;Giu kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu

jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp>

,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS,

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>

tpUJefh; - 626 001.

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf vkJ jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; (Ijtlls); jk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp mUk;gzpia nra;J tUfpd;wJ.

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;

fUj;juq;fk; elj;j mDkjp je;j cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdh; Kidth;. Nfh. tprauhftd; kw;Wk; Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh MfpNahh;f;F vdJ ed;wpia chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;.

,t;nthU ehs; gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; nrk;ikaha; nray;gl;L Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis ,izaj;jpy; gjpg;G nra;J cs;sJ. vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; Muha;r;rpfis cyf muq;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Xh; Ma;Tf;fskhf vkJ ,jo; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjw;F jkJ cWJiz mspj;j midtUf;Fk; ed;wp.

gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fpy; jkJ Ma;it nrk;ik epWj;jp

jkpo;nkhop> jkpoh; ehfhpfk;> jkpoh; gz;ghL kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w nghUz;ikapy; ele;j mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; %ykhf fpilj;j juTfs; fl;Liufis toq;fp rpwg;gpj;j jkpo; Nguhrphpah;fs;> Vida midj;J Jiwg; Nguhrphpah;fs;> vOj;jhsh;fs;> jkpo; Mh;tyh;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp khzth;fis kdjhu ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.

ed;wp

jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp

,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS

nghUslf;fk;

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

54. jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;

Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture

Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah

308

55. mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;

Unresolved Archaeological Sites

Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;

311

56. jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;

Tamilar Archaeological Excavations

M.ep\he;jp

315

57. njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofgz;ghL

Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed

Thirumayilai Culverts

KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;

322

58. fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk;

Tamil Culverts and its Structure

m.guj;Fkhh;

326

59. eLfy; czh;j;Jk; jkpohpd; tho;tpay;

Tamilar Social life Instructed by Erecting Stonehenges

Kidth;.Nf.ghpksk;

333

60. mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpag;gLk; murh;fSk; nfhilfSk;

The Kings and the Donations through the Culverts of Alagar Kovil

Kidth;.jp.ghpksh

338

61. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; eLfw;fs;

Stonehenges in Ettutthokai

Kidth; f.r.gthdp

343

62. jpUr;nrq;NfhL fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; jkpou; gz;ghL

Tamil Culture comprehended through the Culverts of

Thiruchencode

Kidtu;. muq;f. ghup

347

63. fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;

Culverts and Copper Plates

mk;ig Rtn.M.ghyruRtjp

351

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

64. jhsp(op)A+u;-ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fsMa;Tk; Nkw;gug;gha;Tk;

Site Study of Archaeological Remnants of the Stone Age of

Thaliyur

Kidtu; f. ghyh[p

359

65. Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPf tuyhw;wpy; nghd;Ndup tl;lk;

Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization

K.gpuG

364

66. fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

The Origins and Developments of Culverts

J.gpupaq;fh

370

67. cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kf; fl;likg;Gk; tuyhWk;

Archaic History and Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai

KidtH =. gpNuk;FkhH

374

68. jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfs;

Tamilar Archaeological Evidences

r.gpNukFkhup

381

69. njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;

Archaeology and the Study of Culverts

Kidth; Nkh.[.kNf];thp

390

70. njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;

Archaeology, a Continious Logy

,uh. kQ;Rsh Njtp

395

71. njhy;ypay; – khDltpaYld;> kugpay; rhh;e;j mwptpay; ghh;itapy;

Archaeology- On Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives

g. kjpthzd;

400

72. fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;- Xh; ghh;it

A Glance on the Culverts and Copper Plates

g.nr.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp

409

73. fPob njhy;efu mfoha;Tf; fsk;

Keeladi Ancient Remnant City Archaeological Site

Kidth;. nt.Kj;Jyl;Rkp

415

74. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; - NtzhL

Venad in the Culverts of Kerala

Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy

420

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

75. jkpoHrhh; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; Tamil Oriented Archaeological Excavations

j.Kdpak;khs; 424

76. =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tl;lhuj;jpy; neLq;fy; topghLk;

topghl;L khw;wKk;

Stonehenge Worship and its Change in the Srivilliputtur District

KidthH; ,uh. %u;j;jp

428

77. njhy;jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjlYk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fKk;

Search of Food and Cultural Origins of the Ancient Tamil People

KidtH g.R. %Nte;jd;

434

78. jpUNthj;J}u; (NrahW) jpUj;jyf; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;

The Facts of the Thiruvothoor (Seyar) Culverts

ikj;jpupmd;G

440

79. tpUJefh; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;

Archaeological Sites in Virudhunagar District

Kidth; F.Nkdfh

445

80. njhy;nghUs; khdpltpaypy; rq;F

Sangu in Archeo-Anthropology

,uh.Nkhfd tre;jd;

449

81. ‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ nghUz;ikapy; njhy;ypay; Xh; ghh;it

Archaeology in the Land of Kannagi

,uh. aNrhjh

453

82. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; epyk; gw;wpa njhd;kf;$Wfspd; Gyg;ghLfs;

The Traces of Land Donations and Revenue in Culverts

Kidth; V.Nahfrpj;uh

457

83. gz;ila fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfs;

Remnants of the Ancient Kandharodai

Nfh. uFtud;

463

84. rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;

The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization

uh.u[{yh

467

85. GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;

The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru

Kidtu; ngh.uhzp

472

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

86. nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk;

Kollankondan Archaeological Site

Nfh.uh[d;jh];

475

87. fl;llf;fiy thapyhf mwpag;gLk; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk;

jkpoH ngUikAk; - xU kPs;ghHit

A Bird Eye Study on the Eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity

through Architecture

ng.uh[h

479

88. [t;thJ kiy- kiyahspg; goq;Fbapdupd; nja;t ek;gpf;iffs;

Deity Beliefs of Javathu Hills Malayali Tribes

m. uhN[\;

484

89. ts;StH etpYk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L tho;f;if eyg;gz;Gfs;

Life Ethics of Tamil Culture by Valluvar

=. nu[pyh Fkhhp

488

90. Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;

Bronze Idols of the Chola Period

Kidth; [h.tsh;kjp

491

91. NrhoNfusd; fy;ntl;Lfs; ciuf;Fk; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfs;

Tamil Cultural Facts as Revealed in the Culverts of Cholakeralan

KidtH.r.tdpjh

495

92. fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; khz;G

The Nobility of Karantai Copper Plates

lhf;lh; Nt. tpf;NdR

499

93. ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; eLfy; nra;jpfs;

Stonehenge shown in Literatures

rP.tpky;

504

94. kUj epyj;jpd; tho;Tk; tPo;Tk;

The Life and Fall of the Marutham Land

lhf;lh;.R.tpNtfyjh

508

95. njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;

Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar Culture

J. tp[afyh

513

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

96. jkpof njhy;ypaypy; ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gq;F

The Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote in Tamil Archaeologial

Study

Kidtu; jpUkjp K. tp[arhe;jp

516

97. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;

Women in Culverts

KidtH V. tPug;gd;

521

98. njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; fy;ntl;L tuyhW

Culvert Cronology in Archaeological Registration

Kidth; M.NtzP=

526

99. iff; $yp rPjd xg;ge;jf; fy;ntl;L - XH Ma;T

A Study on Dowry and Wages Agreement Culverts

nry;tp n[ [_ypal; Nkup> KidtH ngh guNk];tup

531

100. khad; gz;ghL

Mayan Culture

KidtH ,uh. [Pthuhzp

535

101. njhy; goq;fhy rkaKk; gz;ghl;L; epiyf;fsDk;

Primordial Religion and Cultural State

n[. n[akjp

539

102. fPob mfoha;T

Keeladi Archaeological Excavation

Kidth;. ng.n[akhhp

544

103. njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoH tho;Tk; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T

Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation

vk;.n[anyl;Rkp

551

104. nfhLkzy; mfoha;T

Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation

g.n[anyl;Rkp

555

105. njhy;goq;fhy ghid XLfSk; gz;ghLk; Xh; ghh;it

A Glance on Ancient Pots and Culture

Kidth; gh.n[ah

560

106. nfhq;F kz;lyk; nghpahh; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk; gjpTk;

Culvert and Bronze Plate Inscriptions in Kongu Area of Periyar

District

rh. n[dpgh;

564

t.vz;

S.No

jiyg;G / ngah;

Title / Author Name

gf;f vz;

Page No

107. jkpoHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;

Tamil People’s Traditional Habits and Beliefs

v. \ P̀yh

568

108. The Origins of Tamil Civilization

M.Arul Darwin & Dr. S. Suresh Pandi 572

109. Archaeological Vestiges of Palur

Mrs.R.Brinda Kumari 577

110. Political Condition during the Chola’s as Gleaned from Inscriptions of Thirunavalur

E. Jeeva

581

111. Marine Archaeological Museum at Poompuhar

Dr.B. Murugeswari & Dr.A. Muniyandi 586

112. Archaeological Vestiges of Kannur

Dr. (Mrs) J.D.Patrishiya Fernando 589

113. Lord Siva as Candrasekharamurti - A Study

M.Srilatha 592

114. Adichanallur Artifacts: An Ancient Tamil Civilization of Great Elegance

Mr. B. Thangamarimuthu

595

115. Inscriptions of Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai-A Historical Study

Dr.D.Uma

603

116. Tamil Civilization- A Glance

Mr. R. Vinayagamoorthy & R.Ganeshkumar 608

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 308 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal

E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy; Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture

Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfspu; cau;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;-43.

Abstract

The paper purports the facts of the archaeological sites of the Sati Stonehenges in the

areas of Tamil Nadu. It is customary to erect stones for the women who did Sati with her

dead husband and the people believe that the women who commits Sati is of good cadre and

a woman of morals. She is considered as a woman os chastity. Therefore, the study brings out

the stonehenges erected for the women who had committed Sati.

Keywords: Stonehenge of Sati, Tamil People, Tamil Culture

Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;jhy; mg;ngz;zpd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy; rjpfy; MFk;. fztd; ,we;jTld; jhDk; caph;tpl;l tPukfsph;f;F mf;fhy kf;fs; rjpf;fy; vLj;J topghL nra;J te;jdh;. ,jid k`h]jp fy; vd;wioj;jdh;. ,f;fy; elg;gLtjw;F mbg;gil tPuh;fspd; kuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mth;fspd; epidthf eLfw;fs; kw;Wk; tPuf;fw;fs; elg;gl;ld. kd;dDf;fhfTk; Mepiufis ghJfhf;fTk;> Ciug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; caph;ePj;j tPuh;fspd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy;yhFk;. ,we;J Nghd tPuidAk; mtdJ ,wg;ghy; JaUw;W ,we;j kidtpiaAk; topgl;lhy; mth;fspd; rf;jp topgl;ltUf;F fpilg;gjhf Kd;Ndhh;fs;; ek;gpdh;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tof;fj;jpd; thapyhfNt eLfw;fSf;Fk; rjpf;fw;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig ek;khy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

rpy rjpf;fw;fspy; cUtKk;> vOj;JfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. rpy fw;fspy; cUtk; kl;LNk ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L tiu rjpf;fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rjpf;fw;fs; ,we;jth;fspd; fy;yiw kl;Lky;yhky; ,we;J tpOe;j ,lq;fspYk;> ,we;jth;fspd; Ch;fspYk; mth;fspd; cwtpdh;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspYk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,we;j ngz;zpd; cwtpdh;fNsh> Ch; kf;fNsh my;yJ ,df;FO kf;fNs rjpf;fy;iy eLfpwhh;fs;.

jPg;gha;e;J ,wg;gth;fSf;F rpy tpjpKiwfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jPg;ghaf;$bag; ngz; mtshf tpUg;gg;gl;L caphpof;f Ntz;Lk;. tPud; ,we;J NghdTld; mtdJ kidtp jPg;gha;e;jhy; mth;fsJ ,Uthpd; cUtKk; fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gLk;. mt;tPud; tzq;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; cUtKk;> tPud; vjw;fhf ,we;Jgl;lhd; vd;w nra;jpAk; mf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rjpGhpAk; ngz;zhdts; Neha;tha;g;gl;ltshf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. fztd; ,we;jgpwF ,g;gb ,we;JNgha; tpl;lhNd vd;w tUj;jk; jPg;ghAk; ngz;zpw;F ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

midj;J r%fj;jpYk; jPg;ghAk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. NkYk; mg;ngz;iz kw;wth;fs; ahUk; fl;lhag;Lj;jpNah> Jd;GWj;jpNah jPg;gha;e;J ,wf;f

http://www.ijtlls.com/





typAWj;jkhl;lhh;fs;. gjpdhW tajpw;F cl;gl;ltshf rpW ngz;zhfj; jPg;ghAk; ngz; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. mtshf tpUk;gpj; jPg;gha Ntz;Lk;. fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhy; mJ nfhiyf;F rkkhfTk;> mjh;kkhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. fztd; ,we;J gj;J ehl;fs; Kjy; gjp%d;W ehl;fs; tiu kidtp jPg;ghAk; fhykhFk;. mg;gb me;ehl;fSf;Fs; mg;ngz; jPg;gha;e;J ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mj;jifag; ngz;fis kq;fyg; ngz;fshfNtf; fUJth;. fztd; ,we;J ,UgJehl;fs; gpd;Dk; thof;$ba ngz;fis mkq;fyg; ngz; (tpjit) vd;Wk; mioj;J te;jdh;. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cld;fl;il VWk; epfo;T

rjp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F fw;Gila kidtp vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. rjpf;fy;iy k`h]jp vd;W mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp (gf;.560) $Wfpd;wJ. fztd; ,we;jTld; kidtp jPg;gha;e;J ,wj;jiyf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,yf;fz E}yhd njhy;fhg;gaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. “ey;Nyhs; fztndhL edpmoy; GfP,r; nrhy;ypil apl;l ghiy epiyAk;” (njhy;.Gwj;.1025:30-31) vd;w E}w;ghtbfs; ,jid nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifahd nra;jpfs; GwehD}w;wpYk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

“caty; ngz;bNuk; my;Nyk; khNjh> ngUq;fhl;Lg; gz;zpa fUq;Nfhl;L vkf;Fvk; ngUe;Njhl; fztd; kha;e;njd> mUk;Gmw ts;,jo; mtpo;e;j jhkiu es;,Uk; ngha;ifAk; jPAk;X uw;Nw!” (Gwk;. 246:10-15) vd;Dk; mbfs; ‘ifk;ik Nehd;G ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fisg; Nghd;W my;y ehd;.





vd;W Mjpiu tUe;jpa nra;jpia kzpNkfiyapy; Mjpiu gpr;irapl;lf;fhijapd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; ,we;j gpwF kz;Nlhjhp ,we;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; fk;gh;. ,jid “epide;jJk; kwe;jJk; ,yhj neQ;rpdhs; nghd;j ioj;j nghUsU khh;gpid jdjiof; iff shy;fO tpj;jdp epd;w ioj;Japh;j; jhs;caph; ePq;fpdhs; (fk;g.Aj;j.111) vd;w mbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. fy;ntl;by; rjpf;fy;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; thdNthY vd;w Chpy; fd;dl nkhopapy; mike;j rjpf;fy; xd;W cs;sJ. mjpy; fztd; ,we;j ngDnfhz;lhtpy; kidtpahd fq;frhzp vd;gtSk; cld;fl;il Vwpdhs; vd;w nra;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. kfhuh\;bu khepyk; nfhy;yhg;G+h; khtl;lk; rq;frpapy; fy;ntl;Lld; cs;s rjpf;fy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdhfpa Re;juNrhod; ,we;Jtpl;l gpwF mtd; kidtpahd thdtd;khNjtp jPapy; tpOe;J caph;ePj;j nra;jpia jpUf;NfhapY}h; fy;ntl;Lk;> Mz;bkiy rhrdKk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,we;j mt;tpUtUf;Fk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapypy; Ik;nghd;dhy; rpiyfs; epWtpAs;shd;.

jtp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; Nehd;G vd;gJ rjpAld; njhlh;GilajhFk;. ‘xUq;Fld; kha;e;j ngz;bh;f;F MapDk;’ vd;W kzpNkfiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rjpf;fy;iy fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; kfhrjpf;fy; my;yJ kh];jpfy; vd;W toq;Ffpd;wdh;. jkpofj;jpYk; ,t;tifahd rjpf;fy;iy fhzyhk;.

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDila Ml;rpapd;NghJ jhkiug;ghf;fj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWjy; epfo;it xUfy;ntl;L ciuf;fpd;wJ. Nrhkd; gpujpfq;fd; vd;gtdpd; je;ijahd $j;jhLk; Njth; ,we;Jgl mtDila Njtpahd ghbdpAk; cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. ,jid cld;gs;sp nfhz;lhs; vd;W fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,we;j mg;ngz;zpd; FLk;gj;jhh;f;F xUNtypepyk; toq;fg;gl;l nra;jpAk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; fp;.gp.910,y; tPuNrho ,sq;Nfhtd; ,we;j gpwF mtdJ kidtpAk; cld;fl;il Vwpa epfo;it my;Y}hpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

,t;thW mf;fhy kf;fspd; tPuTzh;it ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; jPg;gha;e;J caph;ePj;j rjp vd;Dk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. ,jw;F kwf;fw;G vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; caph; tpl;lJk; mtd; kidtpahd ghz;bkhNjtp caph;ePj;jhs;. ,jid mwf;fw;G vd;W toq;fpdh;. MfNt ,t;tifahd nray;fs; ahTk; mf;fhy ngz;bhpd; fw;Gf;F Gfohuk; #l;Lk; nray;fshfNt ,Ue;Jte;jikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. E}w;gl;bay;

1. GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk; 2. FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk; - c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah;.






mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk; Unresolved Archaeological Sites

Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kJiuf;fy;Yhhp> kJiu - 11.

Abstract

The paper purports the facts of the unresolved archaeological sites of Tamil Nadu. It

is the present need to bring out the such measures to proclaim that the Tamils had a cultured

life to the world. Therefore, the study brings out the messages regarding to the topic.

Keywords: Unresolved, Archaeological Sites, Tamils, Tamil Civilization

goe;jkpoh; gz;ghl;ilAk;>fiy EZf;fj;ijAk; fw;rpw;gq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; >fl;blq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; vj;jidNah fsq;fis Ma;e;J juTfisj; jpul;bj; je;j NghjpYk;> rpy ,lq;fs; Ma;Tf;F cl;glhky; cs;sJ. mg;gb mfog;glhj kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s rpw;rpy nra;jpfis fs Ma;T thapyhfj; njhFj;Js;Nsd;. kjpg;gDhh; Nrhsj;jl;il> fk;ke;jl;ilapy; kjpg;Gfs; epiwe;j Kj;Jf;fs; ntbj;Jr; rpjwpa Ch; kjpg;gDhh; vd;W $Wfpwdh;. ,t;T+hpy; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; vl;Lg;gl;bf;F nrhe;jkhd Nfhapy; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. ,f;NfhapYf;F njw;Fg;Gwk;. rPikf;fUNty Kw;Gjh; mjd; eLtpy; xU Ntg;gkuk; Ntg;gkuj;jpd; fPo; Jhz;fw;fSk;> rpw;gq;fs; epiwe;j fw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mijg;gw;wp fs Ma;T nra;j NghJ vt;tpjkhd jftYk; mwpag;gltpy;iy. ,q;Fs;s rpw;gq;fisg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ eLfw;fyhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;J tUfpwJ. Crp tbtpy; neba JHZk; JHizr; Rw;wpYk; tl;l vOj;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf fy;ntl;L fw;fs; rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fpa fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpw;gq;fisf;fhZk; NghJ xNu fy;ypy; ,uz;L rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; xd;W ngz; rpw;gKk; kw;nwhd;W Mz; rpw;gKk; cs;sJ. Nghh; thSld;> Nflak; itj;J> Nty; fk;Gk; itj;J> Mz; rpw;gKk;> mjd; gf;fj;jpy; ifia klf;fpa epiyapy;> xUngz; rpw;gKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mij mLj;j rpw;gj;jpy; NghUf;F nry;tJ xU tPudpd; rpw;gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;T+hpy; tPLfl;l epyj;ijj; Njhz;Lk;NghJk;> coT nra;fpd;w nghOJk;> jhopg;ghidfs;> kz;ghidfs;> kz;ghid> xLfs;> gg;glg;ghrp fpilg;gjhf fpuhkkf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdhh;. ,t;T+hpy; Kd;G fTz;lh; ,d kf;fs; tho;e;J te;jjhfTk;> gpd;G ,k;kf;fs; ,t;T+iu tpl;L ntspNawpajhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; ,t;T+hpy; eilngUk; Nfhapy; nfhil tpohtpw;F fTz;lh;fSf;Nf Kjy; khpahij vd;w nra;jpAk; njhpatUfpwJ.






Kj;JehifahGuk; ,t;T+h; kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; gf;fj;J Ch; rhg;^h; [kPd; vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,q;F cs;s ngj;jz;z Rthkp Nfhapy; Fsj;ij Jhh;thUk; nghOJ VOfd;dpkhh; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ch; Mjpfhyj;jpy; Mj;JHh;> GypA+h; vd;w Ch; ,Ue;jjhfTk; ,g;nghOJ Mw;wpy; nts;sj;jpy; me;j Ch; mope;Jtpl;ljhfTk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.

Nkw;F rilaf;fTz;ld; gl;b> njw;F Fopg;gl;b> tlNkw;F kjpg;gD}H> tlfpof;F Nkl;Lg;gl;b> fpof;F ehifahGuk;> eLtpy; NgiuA+H tl;lk; rhg;^H [kPd; cl;gl;l vy;iyapy; ehifahGuk; kf;fshy; tzq;fg;gLfpd;w nja;tk; ngj;jz;zRthkp MFk;. Nfhapy; mUfpy; rpWFsk; cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp Ntg;gkuk;> ehty; kuk;> kUjkuk;> ,Yg;gkuk;> murkuk;> Mykuk; Mfpa kuq;fs; mlHe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Fsj;jpw;F Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; fpof;F Nehf;fp Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; rq;fk; GjH Xukhf ,uz;L kzpthrYld;> Mrhdf;fy;Y kl;Lk; fpof;F gf;fk; jpUk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tuyhW

jpUkiy ehaf;fH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rhg;^H [kPd; Gfo;ngw;W ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jr; rkak; rhg;^H [kPd; Fjpiu Nghl;L mtH vy;iyiag; ghHf;f ehifahGuk; tUk; NghJ> tUk; topapy; XH Cuzpf;fiu mlHe;j kuq;fs; epiwe;J G+Q;Nrhiyahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp topapy; jhd; ehifahGuj;jpw;F ghij ,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp Nkl;bw;Fs; tUk; nghOJ Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;J tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa ,uz;L> %d;W Kiw ele;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ. clNd CH kf;fisj; jpul;b [kPd; Nfl;bUf;fpd;whH. mJ Mj;J}H nrd;dk;k nul;b> GspA+j;J Fg;ghnul;b Mz;l G+kp. rhkp mJjhd; vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; vd;W CH kf;fs; $wpapUf;fpd;wdH.

ehifahGuk; rhkpahb rq;fuypq;f nul;bahUila %jhijaH kidf;fhl;by; fliyg;gaphpl;L> fhtYf;fhf ngj;jz;zrhkp NghFk; ghijapy; ,tH gLj;J ,Ue;jhuhk;. me;jr; rkak; ngj;jz;zrhkp Fjpiuapy; te;J ,Uf;fpwhH. vOg;gp ,Uf;fpd;whH. vOe;J ghHj;jhy; Fjpiuapy; uhrh te;jJ Nghy; ,Ue;jjhk;. mtUf;F mthplk; ehd;jhd; ngj;jz;zRthkp vd;W $wp jd; ifia itj;Jj; jiyapy; mbj;J ,Uf;fpd;whH. ,tUf;F mUs; te;J tpl;ljhk;. gpd;G [kPd; mNj Nghy; kWKiwAk; Fjpiu Nghl;L te;juhk;. me;j KiwAk; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;jjhk;. ,e;j jlitAk; $l;lk; Nghl;L tprhuiz nra;Js;shH. tprhhpf;Fk; nghOJ rhkpahb rq;fuypq;fk; nul;bahhpd; %jhijaH rhkp te;J Mbdhuhk;. me;j rkaj;jpy; ehe;jhg;gh ngj;jz;zcd; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;j ,lj;jpy; Njhz;bg;ghH. mq;F vd; rpiy ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. clNd [kPd;jhH G+kpiaj; Njhz;l cj;juT ,l;lhuhk;. G+kpiaj; Njhz;bajpy; xU rpiy ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jr; rpiyia itj;J topghL nra;Js;sdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp ry;ypf;fl;L rhw;wp> ry;ypf;fl;L tplr; nrhd;dhuhk;. mtw;wpypUe;J ry;ypf;fl;L tpl;L topgl;bUf;fpd;wdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp rpiy itj;jjpw;Fg; gpd;G nrUg;G Nghl;L ele;jhNyh> iftPrp ele;jhNyh ngj;jz;zrhkp fhR Nff;Fkhk;. fs;tHfs; fsthlr; nrd;why; mtHfisj; jpUl tplhky; gaKWj;jp kpul;Lkhk;. ,ij CHkf;fs; [kPdplk; vLj;Jf; $wpAs;sdH.

[kPd; rhkpahbaplk; cj;juT Nfl;L ,Uf;fpd;whH. rhkpahb> ey;ytHfis vJTk; nra;a khl;Nld;. jPq;F nra;gtHfisj;jhd; gaKWj;JNtd; vd;W $wpdhuhk;.






mjdhy;jhd; [kPd;jhUk; fz;L nfhs;tJk; ,y;iyahk;. cly;epiy rhpapy;yhjtHfs;> CdKw;wtH> Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y KbahjtHfs; MfpNahH te;J ngj;jz;zrhkpaplk; rhkp vd;dhy; ,d;iwf;F Ntiyf;Fg; Nghf Kbatpy;iy vd;W kdk; cUfp epd;why; mtHfSf;F> md;iwf;Fhpa FLk;gj;jpw;F mhprp> gUg;G thq;f vt;tsT fhR gpbf;FNkh me;jf; fhR kl;Lk; rq;fk; Gjhpy; ,Uf;Fkhk;. mij vLj;J FLk;gr; nryT nra;thHfshk;. ,g;gbAk; ,e;jr; rhkp kdpjHfSf;F cjtp nra;J cs;sjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Nkl;Lg;gl;b gf;fj;jpy; ngUkhs;gl;bf;Fk;> G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fk; eLtpy; fUrg;gl;b vd;w CH ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,e;j Chpy; fTz;lH> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; tho;e;J te;Js;sdH. ,e;jf; fs;shpy; xUtd; jpdKk; fsthl rpd;dnul;bagl;b> fy;Yg;gl;b Mfpa CHfSf;Fg; Nghthuhk;. me;j topahfg; NghFk; NghJ ngj;jz;zrhkp> fs;sidg; Nghf tplhky; fhiy thhpg; Nghl;L tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa rpy jpdq;fs; ele;Js;sJ. ,e;jf; fs;sH NtW topapy; Nghdhy; kf;fs; ghHj;J tpLthHfshk;. ,e;j topahfg; Nghdhy; rhkp tplhJ. vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrid nra;Js;sdH. kJiuapy; gl;LE}y; nrl;baplk; Ngha; Nfl;Ls;shH. gl;LE}y; nrl;b> re;jpufpufzk; md;W rhkpia FopNjhz;bg; Gijj;J tpLNthk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. mNjNghy; re;jpufpufzj;J md;W gl;LE}y; nrl;bAk;> fs;sUk; NrHe;J rhkpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijj;J tpl;lhHfshk;. md;Nw kio nghope;J fUrg;gl;b vd;w CNu ,y;yhky; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; fs;sH FLk;gk;> gl;LE}y; nrl;bFLk;gk; ,uz;Lk; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; gpd;G [kPd;jhhplk; kf;fs; Kiwapl [kPd;jhH rhkpahbaplk; Nfl;f rhkpahb> Gijj;j rpiy Gijj;jJ Nghy; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. vdf;F Mrhdf;fy;Yk; kzpAk; mbj;Jg; NghLq;fs; vd;W $wpajhk;. mNjNghy; [kPd;jhH nra;Js;shH. fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd;

kjpg;gD}H gQ;rhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;L> fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd; kjpg;gD}Uf;F tlf;Fk; G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fj; njw;Fk;> ngUkhs; gl;bf;F Nkw;Fk; mike;Js;sJ. mikg;G

Gspakuk; ntl;lg;gl;l epiyapYk;> ntl;lntspapy; NkilAk; Nkilapd;Nky; XH cUz;ilahd> ePskhd> ,uz;L mb cauj;jpw;F fy; cs;sJ. me;jf; fy;ypy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;ypd; cr;rpapy; Fop ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jf; Fopia itj;Jj;jhd; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH. tuyhW

Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;> gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dj;jtHfis nts;isaHfs; kJiuapy; Fw;wg; guk;giur; rl;lj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdH. ,uT KOtJk; XH miwapy; milj;J itj;Js;sdH. mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; fTz;lH ,dj;jtHfs; tho;e;j kjpg;gD}H vd;w CUf;F te;Js;sdH. mtHfs; gpd;dhNyNa nts;isf;fhuH Juj;jp te;Js;sdH. me;j ,dj;jtH tUk; topapy; xU Gspakuk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jg; Gspakuj;jpy; jg;gpj;J te;j kf;fs; midtUk; Vwptpl;ldH. nts;isf;fhud; ghHf;Fk; nghOJ mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fj; jg;gpj;J xbdtH njhpatpy;iy. rpwpJ J}uk; Nghd gpd;G> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; ,wq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lhdh vd;W ghHj;Js;sdH. nts;isf;fhud; Nghapl;lhd; Nghy vd;W midtUk; kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;fp te;Js;sdH. ,tHfs; ,wq;fp tUtijg; ghHj;J nts;isad; Juj;jpAs;shd;. kWgbAk; te;J kuj;jpy;






VwpAs;sdH. kuj;jpy; Vwpaijg; ghHj;j nts;isf;fhud; midj;J nts;isf;fhuf; fhtyHfisAk; $g;gpl;L kuj;ijg; ghHj;J ,Uf;fpwhd;. mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fg; gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dkf;fs; kuj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ njhpatpy;iy. nts;isf;fhud; xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W jpUk;gp te;Jtpl;lhd;. fs;sH kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;Fk; NghJ xU fy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;j fy;ypy; xU Fop ,Ue;Js;sJ. mg;nghOJ ,q;F xU nja;tk; cs;sJ. me;jj; nja;tk; jhd; ek; midtiuAk; fhg;ghw;wpAs;sJ vd;W ek;gpAs;sdH. me;jf; fy;iyg; ghHj;J fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W ngaH itj;J tzq;fp te;Js;sdH. ,e;j ,dkf;fs; kjpg;gD}H> ngUkhs;gl;b> Nkl;Lg;gl;b Mfpa CHfspy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.

topghL fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kDf;F FatH ,dkf;fs; G+rhhpahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH.

Gul;lhrp khjk;> tsHgpiw nrt;tha;f;fpoik md;W rhl;b> kW nrt;tha; topghL eilngWk;. topghL eilngWtjw;F %d;W ehl;fSf;F Fopg;gl;b rf;fpypaH ,d kf;fs; jg;G mbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G topghL eilngWk; ehs; md;W jg;ig mbj;Jg; nghq;fy; ghidia mioj;J tu Nkl;Lg;gl;b> kjpg;gD}H kf;fs; nghq;fy; itg;ghHfs;. ngUkhs;gl;b kf;fs; nghq;fy; ghidAld; rpyk;ghl;lk; Mb> GypNtlk; mzpe;J Mbf;nfhz;L tUthHfs;. midj;J kf;fSk; nghq;fy; itj;J topgl;L fplha; ntl;bg; gyp nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;G topghL md;W nghpaNjtH> rpd;dj;NjtH> nghpaG+rhhp> rpd;dg;G+rhhp MfpNahUf;F Kjd;ik jug;gLfpd;wJ.

xg;ghhp topghL kio nghopatpy;iy. fhl;by; tpijj;j tpijg;G fUFfpd;wJ vd;why; ,e;j

CHg; ngz;fs; midtUk; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kdplk; xg;ghhp itj;J> mOJ kdjhu topgl;lhy; clNd kio nghopAk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. fhl;Lf;fhspak;kd;> fhl;Lf;Nfhtpy; mk;kd; vd;w NtW ngaHfSk; ,jw;F cz;L. epiwTiu kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkk; Nghd;w mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsq;fis Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk; mstplw;fhpa gad; ngUFk;. jftyhsp gl;bay;

1. ng.rPdpthrd;> taJ – 50> kjpg;gD}H. 2. k.khaf;fhs;> taJ – 70> kjpg;gD}H. 3. m.jq;fKj;J> taJ – 60> kjpg;gD}H. 4. K.Mus;nkhop> taJ – 48> kjpg;gD}H.






jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; Tamilar Archaeological Excavations

M.ep\he;jp> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu; jopo;j; Jiw> khepyf;fy;Y}up (jd;dhl;rp) nrd;id-600005.

Abstract

The paper gives the details of the orgins of archaeology and its development. It also

traces the world archaeological sites and the foundsers of the method. Then it discusses the

calculating methods of the system. Finally is focuses on the Tamil origin and the sites related

to the past civilization of the Tamil people. The collected sources related to the the kinds and

types of archaeology and exvacations are a good idea to know about the facts of the field.

Hence, the paper traces to find the Archaeological Excavations of Tamilar region.

Keywords: Venad, Culverts, Kerala, Kings of Venad

Kd;Diu

xU ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid fw;gjhy; ek; ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikiaAk; jkpofj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;igAk; ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gazk;> mtu;fspd; gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wk;> jkpofj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfoha;Tfs;> mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; cz;ikfs;> ehzatpay;> fy;ntl;bay; Mfpait gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gLtd MFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; mUk;gzpfs;> ,j;Jiuapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;l njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fspd; gzpfs;> gz;ila kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa gz;ila njhy;nghUs; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. kdpjFyk;> fle;J te;j ghijia mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> jw;Nghija tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;G mtu;fs; epiyia Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> cjTgit mtu;fs; md;whlk; gad; gLj;jpa gok; nghUl;fNs MFk;. ,j;njhy;ypay; fy;tpapd; %yk;> Kiwahf xU tiuaiwf;Fs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj njhy;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; tho;f;if epiyia Cfpf;f cjTgit> mtu;fs; gad; gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;wg; gok;nghUl;fNs MFk;.

,g;nghUl;fs; njhy;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypaiy> njhy;nghUl;fNs my;yJ njhy;nghUsha;T vdTk; miog;gu;. ,JNt Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; gpwe;jJ. ‘Mu;f;fa];’ (archaios) vDk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypw;Fg; goik vd;gJ nghUs;. ‘Mu;f;Nf’ (archae) vd;Dk; nrhy;> njhf;fk; vd;Wk;> ‘Nyhfh];’ (logos) vd;gJ mwptpay; my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;Nj Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vDk; nrhy; kyu;e;jJ. Mu;f;fpahy[p vd;gJ






goikahd nghl;fisg; gw;wpa gbg;G MFk;. ,J tuyhW vDk; ghlj;Jld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wld; gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; tho;ifiaf; fzpg;gjw;F njhy;ypaNy Njhd;whj; Jizahf tpsq;FfpwJ. Njhy;ypay; gbj;j njhy;ypayhu; mupjpd; Kad;W gz;ilf;fhy kf;fspd; rKjhy; tho;f;ifia XusT cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. njhy;ypay; vd;gJ

gz;ila kdpjd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gytpjkhd nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L goq;fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gNj njhy;ypay; vd;gjid Kd;Ng fz;Nlhk;. Gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw> mtd; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> mwptpay; Kiwg;gb cUthf;FtJjhd; njhy;ypay; MFk;. gz;ilf;fhyr; rKjhj;jpdu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fspypUe;J fle;j fhyj;ij cUthf;Fk; KiwNa njhy;ypay; (“archaeology is essentially a method of reconstructing the surviving traces of former societies.”) vd;W mwpQu; $Wtu;. vdNt “jhd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhW> njhy;ypaypd; xU gFjpahfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ’’ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vspikahd MAjq;fspypUe;J> rpf;fy; kpFe;j ,ae;jpuq;fs; tiu> njhlf;f fhyf; Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; fy;yiwfspypUe;J – muz;kidfs;> khjhNfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; gpukpLfs; tiu – midj;Jg; gok; nghUl;fisAk; Ma;T nra;tNj njhy;ypay; MFk;. njhy;ypay; vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;tJ vd;W nghUs;gl;lhYk;> ,d;W njhy;ypaypd; gug;Gk;> vy;iyAk; kpfTk; gue;J> tpupe;J nry;fpwJ. vdNtjhd;> ypNahdhu;L fhl;nuy; vd;ghu; njhy;ypay; vDk; njhlu;fij “,g;G+Tyfpy; Kjd;Kjypy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpafhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp kdpjFyj;jpd; ,Wjp mopTf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; KbTngWk;” (lt is a continuing story which begins with the first appearance of man on earth and will only end with the final

extinction of the species) vdj; njhy;ypaypd; ePz;l gug;igf;Fg;gpLthu;. vdNt> njhy;ypaYf;Nfhu; vy;iyapy;iy. ,uz;L kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G jahupf;fg;gl;l fw;fUtpfs;> Gjpa fw;fhykdpjd; fl;ba goq;Fbfs; my;yJ nrg;Gf;fhy kdpjdpd; nrk;Gf; fUtpfs;> ngUq;fw;fhy kdpju;fspd; ghidNahLfs;> Fif Xtpaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy ehzaq;fs;> fp.gp.17> 18-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Mz;l kd;du;fspd; Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs;> muz;kidfs;> jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;> fiyr;nry;tq;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gyJiw Ma;TfSk; njhy;ypaypy; mlq;Fk; vd;Wk; fpspd;Nldpay; (Glyn Daniel) Kjyhd mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. Kd;G njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; vd;gJ njhy; nghUl;fspd; gl;bayhf kl;LNk ,Ue;Js;sJ. Mdhy; jw;nghOJ njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs;> mj;njhy; nghUl;fisg; gw;wp> tpupthd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;L> mtw;iw xj;j nghUl;fs;> cyfpd; gy;NtW mlq;fspy; fpilg;gtw;iw xg;gha;T nra;J> mjd; %yk; mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if kiwiaf; fzpf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; fhyk; ahJ? mit cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fshy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gd Nghd;w gy todhf;fSf;F tpil gfu;tdthf njhy;ypay; cs;sJ.






njhy;ypaypd; tiffs; (Kinds of Archaeology)

tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l njhy;goq;fhyk;> gy yl;rk; Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jd; fhy vy;iyAk;. Gug;Gk;> fsKk; ,f;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gy;tifahd njhy;nghUs;fSk; (artefacts) fUtpfSk; NgustpdjhFk;. vdNt me;j Ma;Tfis xU njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. vdNt Gtpapay; mbg;gilapYk;> fhy mbg;gilapYk; kw;Wk; NtW rpy mbg;gilapYk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gtpapay; kw;Wk; kz;ly mbg;gilapy; ,jid kj;jpaj;jiuf;fly; njhy;ypay; (Mediterranean archaelogy) vd;Wk;> rPu;kpF ,yf;fpa fhyj;njhy;ypay; (Classical archaeology) vd;Wk; gFf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt jhd; fpuP];> cnuhkhGup njhy;ypay;> mnkupf;fj; njhy;ypay;. ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;> goq;fhy vfpg;Jj; njhy;ypay;> Mg;gpupf;fj; njhy;ypay; Kjyhd gpupTfs; Vw;gl;ld. Gtpapay; mbg;giliag; Nghd;w> (pe-riod or chronology) KiwapYk; ,jid tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lj; njhy;ypay;> njhlf;f tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhy;ypay;> tuyhW rhu;r;j njhy;ypay; (pre-historic, proto historic & historical archaeology) vDk; ghFghLfs; Njhd;wpd. ,k;%d;W gpupTfSs; njhy;goq;fhy tuyhw;iw Ma;tjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; kl;LNk Njhd;whj;Jizahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gll fhyk; vd;gJ> vOj;jg;nghwpg;Gfs; (lnscriptions) my;yJ Mtzq;fs; (records) Njhd;Wtjw;F Ke;jpa fhyk; vd;gjid Kd;Ng fz;Nlhk;. vdNt ,e;ePz;l neba fhy Ma;Tfs;> mf;fhy kdpju;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fs; (artefacts)> fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwNa Mjhukhff; nfhz;lit. vdNt njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk ,tw;iw Ma;Tnra;aj; jFjpAilatuhfpwhu;. Tuyhw;Wj; njhy;ypaYk; (medieval archaeology)> etPdj; njhy;ypay; Nghd;W fhy mbg;gilapy; gy gpupTfshfg; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghUs;> gpur;id (subject problem of study) mbg;gilapYk; ,J> nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay;> ,d kuGj; njhy;ypay; (economic archaeology, ethno archaeology) jpUf;Nfhapy; njhy;ypay; (temple archaeology)> Gj;jrkaj; njhy;ypay;> ,e;J rkaj; njhy;ypay; vd gy tiffshfg; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1. nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; (Economic archaeology) 2. ,dkuGj; njhy;ypay; (Ethno archaeology) 3. ePub mfoha;T (Under- water archaeology) 4. Mfha epow;glj; njgy;ypay; (Aerial archaeology) 5. mopT kPl;Gj; njhy;ypay; (Disaster archaeology)

tuyhw;wpw;F Mjhukhd njhy;ypay; tuyhw;iw cUthf;fg; gad;gLk; gytpjkhd %yq;fSs; njhy;ypay; Kjd;ik

tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mjpYk; rpwg;ghf tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kdpjdpd; tho;f;if Kiw gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwptjpy;> njhy;ypaNy njhd;whj;Jizahf tpsq;FfpwJ. Tuyhw;wpd; fz;fSf;F vl;lhj njhy;goq;fhyk; vDk; ,Ul;bw;F xsptpsf;fha; jpfo;tJ njhy;ypay;. vOj;Jr; rhd;WfNs ,y;yhj fw;fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwf;fzpf;f> mtu;fsJ tho;tplq;fisj; Njhz;bj; Njhz;b mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jp goq;fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtw;wpd; %yk; gbg;gbahf kdpjd; vt;thW ehfupfj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpdhd; vd;gjid mwptpg;gJ njhy;ypay;.






gz;ila kdpjdpd; 5>00>000 Mz;Lf; fhy ePz;l neba tho;f;ifg; gazj;jpy; xt;nthU fhyf;fl;ljljpYk; cyfpd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk;> kdpjd; vt;thW ,aw;ifr;rthy;fisr; re;jpj;jhd;> ntw;wp ngw;whd;-vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;JtNj njhy;ypay;. kdpjdpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> mtd; jd Gwr;#oy;fSld; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fspd; fijNa vd;gJ ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ. ,aw.ifr; #oYf;Nfw;g gz;ila kdpjd; vt;thW jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L> njhopy; El;gq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lhd; vd;gij mwpaj; JizGuptJ njhy;ypay; Ma;T.

gioa fw;fhyk;> ,ilf;fw;fhyk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> nrk;Gf;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf; fhyk;> ngUq;fy; fhyk; Kjyhd fhyk;kl;lq;fspy; kdpjdpd; gy;NtW rhjidfisg; gl;k; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay;. gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; cynfq;fpYk; mfoha;TfNs (excavation) Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkh`Q;rjhNuh> `ug;gh> ghlypGj;jpuk; (gP`hu;)> ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh (Me;jpuh)> ehse;jh (gP`hu;)> mupf;fNkL> igak;gs;sp> fhtpupg; G+k;gl;bzk;> mofd; Fsk;> nfhw;if> f&u; kjyhd tuyhw;Wg;Gfo;kpf;f ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w mfoha;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; Gj;njhspg; gha;r;rpAs;sd. ,it tuyhw;wpd; fuyj;ijNa gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sptpl;ld. nkh`Q;rjhNuh - `ug;gh mfoha;Tfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wd; njhlf;f fhyj;ij gd;D}W Mz;Lfs; gpd;Ndhf;fp vwpe;jij ehkwpNthk;. Ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh mfoha;Tfs; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; tuyhw;wpy; xu iky; fy; vdyhk;.

Mupf;fNkL (1945)> mofd; Fsk; mfoha;Tfs; rq;f fhyj; jkpoupd; rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;JtJld; jkpof- cNuhkhdpaj; njhlu;igAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,jidg;Nghd;W Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j ,Uk;G> ntz;fyg; nghUl;fs; jkpoupd; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia cyfpw;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs; mfoua;Tfshy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. G+k;Gfhu;> nfhw;if> f&u;> ciwA+u; mfoha;Tfs;> ,f;Nfhefuq;fspd; njhd;ikr;rpwg;igAk; mit may;ehLfSld; nfhz;bUe;j tzpf cwTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. rpe;J rkntsp ehfupj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhyk; njhlq;fp tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; tiuapyhd ,e;jpa kdpjdpd; ehfupff; $WghLfs; gw;wp mwpe;j nfhs;sTk; njhy;ypaNy Jiz Gupe;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL> fq;if- aKid ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy; epytpa> tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l rhk;gy; epw kl;fyg; gz;ghL (painted grey ware culture of the Ganga-Yamuna valley)> kj;jpa ,e;jpah> tl jf;fhzk;> ,uh[];jhd;> njd;dpe;jpah Kjyhd kz;lyq;fspy; epytpa gjpa fw;fhy nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL Mfpait gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjpYk; njhy;ypay; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.

,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjd; vt;thW Nka;r;ry; njhopiy tpl;L Ntshz;ikf;F khwpdhd;? vt;thW Neu;j;jpahd kl;ghz;lq;fis ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;jhd;? nrk;G> ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;isf; nfhz;L vt;thW tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs; Mfpstw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? vt;thW tPLfis mikf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? fhl;L tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahba kdpjd;> vt;thW mtwiw tPl;L kpUfkhftsu;f;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? ,we;jtu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspapy; J}f;fpnawpe;j mtd; vt;thW ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;a fw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;?






jhdpaq;fis vt;thW Nrkpj;J itf;fj; njupe;J nfhz;lhd;? jq;f mzpfyd;fis vt;thW nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;iw mzpe;J kfpo;e;jhd;? Kjyhd ,d;dgpw rpf;fyhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fz;Lgpbj;jtu; jhd; njhy;ypayhu;. mfoha;tpd; tiffs; (Types of excavation)

mfoha;T - (excavation) Moj;Njhz;Lk; Kiw Rw;wfoha;T ePs;Fop mfoha;T Fif mfoha;T Rtf;Fop mfoha;T jz;zPUf;fbapy; mfoha;T

Mfohtpd; Nehf;fk; (The purpose of excavation)

xU ehl;bd; fyhrhu- gz;ghl;L tutw;iwf; fzpg;gjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; gads;sjhf mike;Js;sd. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kf;fs; tho;f;ifia mwpa njhy;ypay; klLNk mbg;gilr;rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. vOj;Jr;rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj fhyj;jpa tuyhw;iw mwpa cWJizahf epw;git mfoha;Tfspy; fpilf;Fk; mwpa njhy;nghUl;fns MFk;. ,j;njhy;nghUl;fSs; vYk;G> fupk fUtpfs; kw;Wk; goikahd nghUl;fis> mwptpay; Kiwfshd fhu;gd; my;yJ NubNah fhu;gd; fhyf; fzpg;GKiw (radio carbon dating), fhe;j rf;jp Kiw (archaeo magnetism)> nju;NkhYkpdpnrd;]; Kiw (thermoluminesense method)> nghl;lhrpak; Mu;khd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw (pottassiumargon dating) Nghd;w ma;Tfs; %yk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;ijj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f> xU njhd;ik rhd;w efuk; my;yJ tho;tplj;jpd; goikiaAk;> rpwg;igAk; mwptjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;TfNs Jiz epw;fpd;wd. njhy;ypayhu; gy ehLfspy; mfoha;tpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l gok; nghUl;fis xg;gha;T nra;J> xU ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; kw;w eufupfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig cj;Njr xg;gPl;L Kiwapy; (relative chronology) fhyf;fzpg;G nrsa;a ,aYk;. ,j;jifa njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfshy; ve;j ehfupfk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupfk; gpw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupj;jpypUe;J> ve;j ehfupfk; tsu;e;jJ? me;ehfupf kf;fs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J xt;thW Gjpa ehfupfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpjdu;? mtu;fspilNa cs;s xj;j $WghLfs; ahit? Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;j> xU Fwpg;gpl;l murpd; jiyefu; ahj? mjd; gpw;fhyj;jpa jiyefu; ahJ? me;j ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; vq;fpUe;J Mz;lhu;fs;- Nghd;w gy rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfSf;Fk; jPu;T fhz;gJ njhy;ypaypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. (rhd;W) Nru ehl;bd; jiyefu; thQ;rp vd;hJ ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; nra;jpahFk;. ,e;efuk; vq;fpUe;jJ? Nkiyf; flw;fiuapyh? (Nfush) jkpo;ehl;bd; f&upyh? vDk; rpf;fiy vj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,U Nfhl;ghlfisAk; typAWj;Jfpd;w ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis ,yf;fpatpayhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> njhy;ypayhu; Nfushtpy; cs;s jpUtQ;irf;fsj;jYk; (fpuhq;fD}u;)> f&upYk; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Kbthf jkpo;ehl;bd; f&Nu> Nruu; tQ;rp vd;gjw;F> cupa fy;ntl;L> ehzatpay;> mfoha;Tr; rhd;Wfisf; fz;lgpbj;jdu;. vdNt> ,Wjpahf f&Nu tQ;rp vd;Wk;>






,JNt Nruupd; Nfhefu; vd;Wk; mWjpapl;L $wpAs;sdu;. mLj;J> kw;nwhU vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; fhz;Nghk;. jkpo;ehL njhy;ypay; JiwAk;> jQ;ir jkpo; jkpo; gy;fiyf; fofKk; ,ize;J> mfo;tha;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,jd; tpisthf< ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpa> mjhtJ ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyiaAk;> nf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,t;tfo;tha;tpy; 6000 tpiyAau;e;j kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,t;tfo;tha;thy; gj;w;Wg;gj;jpy; (ghly; 74> tup 5-6)

‘nfhLkzk; gl;l tpidkhzUq;fyk; ge;ju;gae;j gyu;Gfo; Kj;jk;;’

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cu; nfhLkzNy vd;gJ cWjpahapw;W. kdpj rKjhak;. ele;J te;j ghijiaj; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpfOk; vOjg;gl;l rhd;Wfs;> ngUk;ghYk; mf;fhy Nte;ju;fspd; murpay; epiyiaAk;> mtu;fSf;Fj; Jiz epd;w rkjha epiyiaAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd Mdhy; mfo;tha;tpy; fpilf;Fk; njhy;nghUl;fs; kl;LNk rhjhuz epiyapy; tho;e;j jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;if epiyiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt> mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j nghJkf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTgit njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs vd;gJ GydhFk;. ekJ gz;gila ghuk;gupag; ngUikia mwptjw;Fk; ,j;njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. Xu; ,dj;jpd;> xU ehl;bd; ehfupf tsu;r;rpia kl;Lkd;wp> cyfpd; midj;J ehLfspd; ehfupf gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay; MFk;. xU ehl;bw;Fk; mjd; mz;il> may; ehLfSf;Fk; epytpa gz;ghlL> tzpfj; njhlu;gpif mwpaj; njhy;ypaiyNa ehLfpNwhk;. n[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrhu;e;jtUk;> je;ij vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wtUkhd mwpQu; n`d;upr; rpypnkd; (Henrich Schliemann 1822-1890) ,ypal; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l buha; (Troy) vDk; goikahd efuk; mfnkk;dhd; (Agememnon) vDk; kd;ddpd; jiyefuhd irNrNd (Mycenae) efuk; Mfpatw;iw mfo;njLj;jJk; ru; Mu;ju; ,thd;]; (Sir. Arthur Evans)> ngl;up (Petrie) Nghd;Nwhu; gok; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia czu;j;jpaJk;> mfoha;tpdhy; jhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt ekJ gz;ila tuyhw;iw> ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTk; ,ayhfj; njhy;ypay; tpsq;FfpwjJ. mJfhWk; $wpatw;whd; njhy;ypay; gy gpur;ridfSf;F tpsf;fKk;> KbTk; $Wk; rf;jpahf cs;sjif mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;J njhy;ypay;> tuyhw;iw Xu; mu;j;jKs;s gbg;ghf khw;wpAs;sJ: goik ehftpy;iy vd;gJ njhy;ypayhy; ep&hzkhfpAs;sJ. 5 ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhw;iwAk; ca;j;Jzuj; njhy;ypay; Jiz epw;fpwJ. KbAiu

NkYk;> jkpo;j; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfis mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l midj;Jj; njhy;nghUl;fisAk;> epue;jug; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ fzpdp cjtpAld;> b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; epow;glj;Jld; mUk;nghl;fis gjpT nra;ayhk;.






ghu;it E}y;

1. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2014. 2. jkpo;ehLk; njhy;ypaYk;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2008. 3. GJr;Nrup njhy;ypay; RtLfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2017.






njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofgz;ghL Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed Thirumayilai Culverts

KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH- jkpopay;Jiw> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> mz;zhkiyefH-608 002.

Abstract

The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found

at Thirumayilai. This is now called as Mylapore. The culverts found here are aged to the

nineth century. These culverts are authentic evidences of the Tamil culture existed before

many thousand years. From these edicts the taxes levied on the people and the taxes unlevied

for some places are able to understand through the study. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea

on Tamil culture by deciphering the culverts of Thirunayilai.

Keywords: Tamil culture, Culverts, Thirumayilai, Chennai.

nrd;idapy; cs;s jpUkapiy tuyhw;Wg; GfOk; ngUikAk; nfhz;l efH. kapyhg;g+H vd;wJk; epidTf;F tUtJ fghyPRtuH Nfhapy; jhd;. jpUkapiyapy; fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jpUthd;kpa+H> jpUtpilr;Ruk; Mfpa CHfs; gw;wpajhf cs;sd. Rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ~kapiy| vd;w thrfNk ,lk; ngw;Ws;sik fUjj;jf;fJ. jpUnthw;wpa+H MjpGuP];tuHNftpy; jpUnthw;wpa+upy; cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;s kz;lgj;jpy; fy;ypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fk;gtHkd; Ml;rpapy; kapiy ,Ue;jij czHj;JfpwJ. jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;F fk;gtHkDila Vohk; Ml;rpahz;by; tpsf;nfupf;f kapyhHg;gpy; ,iwahd; Nrupntk;gd; FDq;fdk;kd; gjpide;J foQ;Rnghd; mspj;j nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f MSk; kd;dHfs; nghd;dspj;Jjtpa gz;ghL ,Ue;jij czHj;JfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd kd;dHfs; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f nghd; mspj;j nra;jpfs; njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs; gFjpapy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd (S.I.I. Vol.XII AR.No.189 of 1912). fly; thzpfHfs; re;jpf;Fk; gz;G gy;ytH Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; njhz;il kz;lyj;ij epUgJq;ftHkd; mguh[pjtHkd; MfpNahUld; NrHe;J fk;gtHkd; Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;. mg;NghJ nghd;Ndupf;F mUfpy; cs;s fhl;^upy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;by; kapyhHg;gpy; vDk; Cupy; ehdhNjrpfd; vDk; fly; thzpfHfs; xd;W $b KbntLj;j nra;jp nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tzpfHfs; Xuplj;jpy; $b tHj;jfk; nra;a jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdH. thzpfHfs; vg;NghJk; xd;W $b tpahghuk; nra;Ak; kuG tzpfg; gz;ghFk;. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L>rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;Jj; njd;de;Njhg;gpypUe;Jfz;nlLf;fg;gl;lxU J}zpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uhruhrd; nka;f;fPHj;jpapy; xUgFjpNacs;sJ. fp.gp.10-11Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ.






,t;thNwnrapz;l; jhk]; kiyapYs;s J}a mg;gh];y;]; fd;dpkhlj;jpd; cztUe;Jk; miwapd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L kapyhg;g+upYs;s jpUk;g+k;ghitf;Fr; rpy tupfspypUe;J fpilf;f ngWk; tUkhdj;ijf; nfhilahf mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; gj;J gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tupr;rYif mspf;Fk; gz;G kd;dHfsplk; ,Ue;jikia ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. Tupahf thq;fpa nghUl;fis nfhilahfj; je;Jjtpa ngUnewpg; gz;Gk; vz;zj;jf;fJ. rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;jpy; cs;sgf;fj; jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L tlnkhopapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; mike;Js;s nra;jp fUg;gf;fpUfk; cl;gl vy;yhf; fl;llq;fSk; kayhg;g+upy; cs;s rptDf;Fk; ghHtjpf;Fk; cupaitahFk;. (R.uh[Nrfud; jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;> g.128) kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; kapyhg;g+H





gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; kl;LNk nfhz;lJ. mjpy; mUthehL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; kypahHgh vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; CH kapyhg;g+H MFk;. kapiyapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; thzpfr; re;ij $bw;W. mjw;F kypahHgh vk;Nghupak; vd;W ngaH. (tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp> g.88) ntdpR efu tzpfH khHf;NfhNghNyh gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtH. mtH vOjpagaz E}ypy; ,e;jpa mDgtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ nrapz;l; jhk]; kiwe;j tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwhH. jhk]; ,ij topghl;by; ,Ue;jNghJ mtiur; #o;e;J kapy;fs; epd;wd. xUNtl;ilf;fhud; xU kapiy kha;f;Fk; vz;zj;NjhL tpl;l mk;G KdptH kPJ gha;e;jJ. ,e;j epfo;r;rp ele;j ,lk; kapiyahapUf;Fk; vd;W tp.v];.uhftd;> khHf;NfhNghNyh E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.(g.40-41). mwg;gzpfspy; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mwg;gzp nra;Ak; cs;sk; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jdH vd;Wk; jpUkapyhg;g+H ,iwahd; Nrup ntk;gd; Fzq;fdk;kd;> jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;Fj; jpUtpsf;F itf;fg; gjpide;J foQ;R nghd; nfhLj;jhH vd;Dk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp mwpaj;jf;fJ. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; rkz rkak; ,Ue;jijj; jpUf;fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; rkz ,yf;fpaKk;> NekpehjH Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L czHj;Jfpd;wd (nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> njhFjp vz;.1967/245). fhuzpRtuH Nfhapy; jpUkapiyapy; filj;njU rhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; Ke;E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH fl;lg;gl;lJ. fhuzk; vd;w nrhy; flTisAk; rptidAk; czHj;Jk;. ,f;Nfhapypy; gd;dpnuz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;Fupad MWk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; mwpag;gLk; nra;jp jpUthd;kpa+H ,iwtDf;F ee;jhtpsf;F itj;j nra;jpfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. gy;yhtuj;ij gy;yHGuk; vd;Wk; fy;nyOj;Jr; nra;jp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjp)>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njh.vz;.1967/159> 161> 16> 164> 165> 167> 168). thypRtuHNfhapy; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs; thyp vd;gtd; jpUkapiyf;F te;J gHzrhiy fl;bf; nfhz;L fghyPRtuiug; g+rpj;J te;jhd;. mjdhy; mtd; ngauhNyNa ,f;Nfhapy; thypRtuH Nfhapy; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; ,Ugj;njhU fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;F cupait ehd;F. Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDila nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp mlq;fpait ,uz;L cs;sd. Kjy; ,uhrhjpuhrdpd; nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp xd;Wk; njYq;FNrhoH tp[afz;lNfhghy Njtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; jPgk; vd;w epte;jk; mspf;fg;gl;l epfo;T gjpT nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ (,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjpg;G) nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; 1967/137> 138> 146> 148> 149> 153> 156). ,t;thW jpUkapiy> mijr; Rw;wpa CHfspy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; epyjhdk;> CHjhdk;> ,iwapyp epyq;fs;> epte;jq;fs; mspj;jik> Nfhapypy; tpsf;F vupf;f tupia thq;fp mg;gj;ij mspj;jik Nghd;w jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L kuGfs; nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. gad;ik E}y;fs;

1. R.uh[Nrfud;>jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;






2. ,uh.ehfrhkp>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;. 3. S.I.I. Vol.XII. 4. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp 5. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>khHf;NfhNghNyh. 6. jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;






fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk; Tamil Culverts and its Structure

m.guj;Fkhh;> cjtpg;Nuhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw> ehrNuj; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> Mtb> nrd;id-62.

Abstract

It is the historcal evidences that affirm the loyalty and relics of a civilization or an

existing culture. In relation to that Tamil culture has it own innateness in its historical glory.

The present study fosters to explain the Tamil Culverts and its structures to find out the

genuineness in the culture’s lofty state. It deals with the types and structures of culverts, the

era in Tamil Culture and the ancient culverts in many regions of Tamil nadu. There are many

culverts decreed by the Tamil Triumvirs. Hence, the paper evinces the need of understanding

arcaeologicel sources to know the truths on it.

Keywords: Tamil Society, Culvert Structures, Tamil Culverts

Kd;Diu juzpahz;l jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf jpfo;tJ fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;. gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahJ ,Uf;fTk; tUq;fhyj;jth; mwpAk; tz;zKk; fUjg;gl;l nra;jpfis fw;fspy; ntl;b itj;jdh;. ,t;thW fw;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa fy;ntl;L vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; r%fj;jpd; milahskhf ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; tl;nlOj;J> gpuhkp> goq;fhyj; jkpo; vOj;Jfshyhdit fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; kd;dd>; kf;fs;> nkhop kw;Wk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j ngl;lfkhFk;. jkpofj;jpd; gioikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; ahTk; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit MFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjy; midj;J goe;jkpo; E}y;fSk; mjpy; $wg;gl;l nra;jpfSk; $wyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Nghh;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;Njhh;f;F fy;nyLj;jYk>; mf;fy;ypy; mth;Fwpj;j tPur;nra;jpfSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;lij fhzyhk;. ,t;thW fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wpAk; mjd; mikg;G> fhyf;fzf;fPL kw;Wk; jkpof fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. fy;ntl;L mikg;G xU Nfhtpy; vd;L vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NfhGuk;> fUtiw Kd; kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W khspif vd;W nghJthd mikg;G ,Ug;gJ Nghy fy;ntl;Lf;nfd;W xh; mikg;G cz;L. mjid Kfg;Giu> Fwpg;Giu Xk;gilf;fpstp %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Kfg;Giu fy;ntl;L mikg;gpy; Kfg;Giu ngUk;ghYk; kq;fy Jtf;fkhfNt mikAk;. Ipjk;gftjh, eNkh ehuhazha> xk; ];t];jp=> mUspr; nray;> `hp ed;whf FUNt Jiz> `hpRgk];J> `hp=fzjpNa ek rptkak;> rpj;jk;> Gj;jha ehNk> gftNj






thR Njtha eNkh th;j;j khd];a eNkh> ,uhkn[ak; Nghd;w gpw kq;fyr; nrhw;fis rhd;whf $wyhk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,WjpapYk; kq;fyr; nrhy; ,lk; ngWtJz;L kq;fy thrfj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kd;dd; ngah; rhrdk;> rhrdk; ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> rhrdk; ntspaPl;lhshpd; ngah; mtuJ tpUJg;ngah;fSk; kuGk; tUk;. Fwpg;Giu Fwpg;Giuapy; jhdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; nfhilgw;wpa Fwpg;G> nfhilahspapd; ngah;> nfhil toq;fg;gl;l #oy; nfhil toq;fg;gl;l fhuzk; kw;Wk; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;lJ epykhf ,Ue;jhy; mjd; ehd;F vy;iyfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf epyj;ijg; ngWk; nfhilahspf;Fhpa chpikfs;> chpikaw;w gFjpfs>; thp nrYj;Jtjw;F chpikAs;s gFjpfs; vit> thp ePf;fk; ngw;w gFjpfs; vit vd;gd Nghd;w tptuq;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mg;gFjpapy; “,e;E}w;ghw; nfy;iyf;Fl;gl;l cz;zpyk; xoptpd;wp”> “cLk;nghb Mik jtOk; ,lk”> “fPo; Nehf;fpa fpzWk; Nky;> Nehf;fpa kuKk;> kPd;gLgs;sKk;> Njd;gL nghJk;Gk;> Gw;Wk; njw;wpAk; Nghd;w thrfq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Xk;gilf;fpstp Xk;gil vd;gJ ghJfhg;G vd;Wk; fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Wk; Fwpj;J Xk;gilf; fpstp vd;gJ ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy;Ny MFk;. fy;ntl;L mikg;gpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahd ,jid “KbTr;nrhy;” vd;Wk; $Wth;. fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLk; jhdq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ahh; nghWg;G. ,j;jhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjhdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; mt;thW nra;ahky; tpLtjdhy; my;yJ mj;jhdj;jpw;F ,ilA+W nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fs; ,lk; ngWk; ,t;tpisTfs; Fe;jfk; nra;NthUf;F mr;rj;ijNah> mtkhdj;ijNah Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

“fy;Yk; fhtphpAk; cs;skl;Lk;” “Gy;Yk; G+kpAk; cs;skl;Lk;” “Mj;JkzYk; Mthuk;G+Tk; cs;skl;Lk;”

Nghd;w $w;Wf;fis Xk;gilf;fpstpapy; mikg;gJ cz;L. fhyf;fzf;fPL fy;ntl;bd; fhyj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vOj;Jfspd; thptbtj;ij itj;Nj fzpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; rhpahf fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ vk;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mJ fypahz;lh> rf Mz;lh> nfhy;yk; Mz;lh> `p[php Mz;lh> fq;f Mz;lh> `pg;Urf Mz;lh> ghz;lth Mz;lh cjp~;buh; Mz;lh> Fg;jh; Mz;lh vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw fhz;Nghk;. fypahz;L fypahz;L vd;gJ #hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; gpw Nfhs;fs; Nkr uhrpapy; $ba ehshd fp.K. 18.02.3101 ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ. ehk; fhZk; fy;ntl;by; fypahz;L vd;wpUe;jhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;il fz;lwpa mjNdhL 3101I fopf;f Ntz;Lk; (rpy rkak; 3100) jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapyhf topg;gl;L tUk;






Filtiuf; NfhapYs;s fy;ntl;by; fyp Mz;L 3874 vd;Ws;sJ. 3874 ypUe;J 3101 I fopj;jhy; tUk; 773 fpwpj;jt Mz;lhFk;. rf Mz;L rf Mz;bid fy;ntl;Lfspy; rfhg;jk;> rhypthfd rfhg;jk; rf tU~k;> rffhyk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. “Nyhftpghfk;” vd;Dk; rkz E}iy rpk;k#hp vd;w rkzKdptu; vOjpa NghJ gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;kth;kdpd; 22-Mk; Mz;by; rf Mz;L 380 ,y; Kw;Wg; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,JNt jkpofj;jpy; rf Mz;L Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; E}yhFk.; rf Mz;Lfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; tp[a efu fy;ntl;LfspYk; ghly; tbtpy; njd;fhrpf; fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhzyhk;. nfhy;yk; Mz;L Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhy;;yk; efuk; cUthd Mz;Nl nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; Fkhp Mw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; Kd;gpUe;j nfhy;yk; efh; flyhyope;j gpd;dh; kf;fs; Gjpjhf nfhy;yk; efh; mikj;J FbNawpa Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; $Wth; fp.gp.822 ,y; gioa nfhy;ykope;J fp.gp.825 ,y; Gjpa nfhy;yk; cUthdjhy; nfhy;yk; Mz;L md;Wjhd; njhlq;fpajhf $Wth.; fy;ntl;by; nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;wpUe;jhy; mjNdhL 825 I $l;bdhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;L tUk;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L kJiuf;F tlfpof;fpy; Rkhh; 20 fP.kP njhiytpy; khq;Fsk; fpuhkk; cs;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fOFkiy vd;w kiyg;gFjp cs;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Ie;J Fifj;jsq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ehd;fpy; f

njhy;ypay; rhd;wk; jkpoh; gz;ghlk; -...

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