gj;jhk; tfg;g - study materials · pdf filejbjj rijggwwld; fhzk; cz;zk; gfjp g+tpjo mfk....

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mwptpay;
nra;Kiw
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,.epth]; M.Sc., M.Sc., B.A., B.Ed., PGDBI
m.upghAjPd; M.Sc., B.Ed.,

Nrhjid vz; : 1
fdpfis tifg;gLj;jpg; glj;Jld; fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;
(m) jf;fhsp
,zq;fhZjy;:
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdpapd; tif - rijg;gw;Ws;s jdpf;fdp - ngh;hp - jf;fhsp MFk;.
fz;lwpe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
xU kyhpd; gy R+ypiyfs; ,ize;j Nky;kl;l R+w;igapypUe;J cUthFk;
fdpahFk;.
rijg; gw;W kpf;f nghpfhh;g; ntspj;Njhy; kw;Wk; rhW epiwe;j gFjp cs;gFjp vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
fdp ntspj;Njhy; nky;ypaJ> eLj;NjhYk;> cs;NjhYk; ,ize;J rhW epiwe;j
rijg;gw;Ws;s gFjpahf cs;sd.
fdp KOtJk; cz;zf; $ba gFjpahFk;.
KbT : fdpapd; ntspj;Njhy;> eLj;Njhy;> cs;Njhy; kw;Wk; cz;Zk; gFjpfisAk;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
(M) nel;bypq;fk; (ghypahy;jpah)
,zq;fhZjy;:
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdpapd; tif - rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp jpus; fdp - nel;bypq;fk; MFk;.
,f;;fdp xU kyhpd; ,izahj gy R+ypiyfspy; ,Ue;J cUthfpwJ.
xt;nthU jdpj;j R+ypiyAk; xU rpW fdpahf khwpAs;sJ.
nghJthd fhk;gpy; midj;J rpW fdpfSk; ,ize;Js;sd.
KbT : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdp jpus; fdp tifiar; rhh;e;j nel;bypq;fk; MFk;.
(,) gyh
,zq;fhZjy;:
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fdpapd; tif - $l;Lf;fdp - gyh MFk;.
xU ngz; kQ;rhp KOtJk; xU fdpahf khwpAs;sJ.
fUTw;w kyh;fs; rpW fdpfshf khWfpd;wd.
jbj;j rijg;gw;Wld; fhZk; cz;Zk; gFjp G+tpjo; MFk;.
tpijiar; Rw;wpAs;s Njhy; Nghd;w mikg;G - fdpj;NjhyhFk;.
KbT:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gyhfdpapd; cz;Zk;gFjp> fdpj;Njhy; kw;Wk; kQ;rhp jz;L
Mfpatw;iw gphpe;jwpe;J fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
Nrhjid vz; : 2
Nehf;fk; : cs;Shpy; fpilf;Fk; kyh;fspd; Gy;yp tl;lk;> my;yptl;lk;> kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;>
R+yf tl;lk; Mfpatw;iw jdpj;J> gphpj;J fz;lwpjy;.
kyhpd; Gy;yptl;lk;> my;yptl;lk;> kfue;jj;jhs;tl;lk;> R+yftl;lk; - Mfpatw;iwj; jdpj;Jg;
gphpj;J Mrphpah; ghh;itf;F rkhg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njitahd cgfuzq;fs:
kyh;fs;> Ez;Nzhf;fp> mWitr;rpfpr;ir ngl;b Kjypad.
nra;Kiw:
kyhpd; gy;NtW ghfq;fis jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;njLj;jy;.
kyhpd; ghfq;fs;:
1. Gy;yptl;lk;
2. my;yptl;lk;
3. kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;
4. R+yftl;lk;
KbT:
cs;Shpy; fpilf;Fk; kyh;fspd; my;yptl;lk;> Gy;yptl;lk;> kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;> R+yftl;lk;
Mfpatw;iw jdpj;J gphpj;J fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
Nrhjid vz; : 3
,zq;fhZjy;:
,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk;
kfue;jg;igapd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;.
fz;lwpe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
kfue;jg;ig ehd;F RtuLf;Ffshy; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfue;jg;igapd; RtuLf;fpd; cs; mLf;fpw;F lgpl;lk; vd;W ngah;.
kfue;jg;igapDs; cs;s kfue;j miwfspy; ikf;Nuh];Nghh; jha;r; nry;fs; cs;sd.
kfue;j ];Nghh;jha;r; nry;fs; (ikf;Nuh];Nghh; jha;r; nry;fs;) Fd;wy; gphptpd; %yk;
kfue;jj; Jfs;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
KbT:
Ez;;Nzhf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; - kfue;jg;igapd;
FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;.
,zq;fhZjy;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; R+ypd; ePs;ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;.
xt;nthU R+Yk;> ,uz;L mLf;Fr; R+Yiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. R+Yiwfs; epA+
nry;y]; vd;w jpRitr; R+o;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
R+ypd; xU Kidapy; cs;s Ez;zpa Jisf;F ikf;Nuhigy; (R+y;Jis) vd;W
ngah;.
R+YiwapDs; epA+nry;y]; jpRtpy; fUg;ig fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fUg;igapDs; 8 cl;fUf;fs; cs;sd.
KbT:
Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; - R+ypd;;
ePs;ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;.
Nrhjid vz; : 4
jhtu nraypay; Ma;T - nehjpj;jy; Ma;T (fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;)
Nehf;fk; :
nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpid (fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;) ep&gpj;jy;.
Njitahd nghUl;fs; :
rh;f;fiuf; fiury;> nuhl;b $k;Gf;FLit (250 ml) Kfit> Rz;zhk;GePh;.
nra;Kiw:
mjDs;
Nghf;Ff;Fohiag; nghUj;jTk;.
Nghf;Ff;Fohapd; kWKid Rz;zhk;G ePUs;s Kfitapy; ,Uf;FkhW nghUj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
,r;Nrhjid mikg;ig R+hpa xspapy; 2 kzp Neuk; itf;fTk;.
fhz;gJ:
,uz;L kzp Neuk; fopj;J Kfitia cw;WNehf;fpdhy; Rz;zhk;GePh;> ghy; Nghy;
khwpapUf;Fk;.
$k;Gf;FLitapd; milg;ghid ePf;fpdhy; My;f`hy; thridia czuyhk;.
mwptJ:
fhh;gd; il
Mf;i]L ntspNaWfpwJ. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L Rz;zhk;G ePiu ghy; Nghy; khw;wfpwJ.
vj;jdhy; ntspNaWtij Efh;e;J mwpayhk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpid
e&gpf;fyhk;.
Nrhjid vz; : 5
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphpfis milahsk; fhZjy;
(m) kdpj ,jak;:

milahsk; fhzy; : ,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp> kdpj ,jak;
ePs;ntl;Lj;Njhw;wk; MFk;
fz;lwpe;jikf;fhd fhuzqfs;:
,jak; Xh; cs;sPlw;w ,jaj;jirahyhd $k;G tbt cWg;ghFk;.
,jaj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; ,uz;lLf;Fg; glykhfpa nghpfhh;bak; ciw cs;sJ.
,jak; rpy rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l fhh;bahf; jirapdhy; cUthfg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit ,uz;L Mhpf;fpSk;> ,uz;L
ntz;l;hpf;fps;fSk; MFk;.
,jak; ,uj;jr; Row;rpf;fhd tpiria Njhw;wptpj;J ,uj;jj;jpid clypd;
midj;Jg; gFjpfSf;Fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
KbT:
,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpj ,jaj;jpd;
ePs;ntl;Lj;Njhw;wk; vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
(M) kdpj %is
milahsk; fhzy; : milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp> kdpj %is
ePs;ntl;Lj;Njhw;wk; MFk;
fz;lwpe;jikf;fhd fhuzqfs;:
fghy Fop (m) kz;ilNahl;Lf; FopapDs; kdpj %is mike;Js;sJ.
%isr;rt;Tfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; %d;W ghJfhg;G miwfshy; %is R+og;gl;L
cs;sJ.
kdpj %is %d;W ghfq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Kd; %is> eL %is>
gpd; %is MFk;.
kdpj %is kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd epA+uhd;fs; vd;w nray; myfhy; MdJ.
,J clypd; fl;lis kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mikg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ.
KbT:
milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp - kdpj %isapd;;
(,) kdpj rpWePufk;
milahsk; fhzy; :
,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp> kdpj rpWePufj;jpd;
ePs;ntl;Lj;Njhw;wk; MFk;.
rpWePufk; kdpjdpd; Kf;fpa fopT ePf;f cWg;ghFk;.
rpWePufk; mtiu tpij tbtk; cilaJ.
xU N[hb rpWePufk; Nkw;Gw tapw;wiwapd; gpd; Rtw;wpy; (yk;ghh; gFjpapy;)
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU rpWePufKk; Nfg;R+y; vdg;gLk; nky;ypa glyj;jpdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpWePufj;jpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; vd;Wk; cl;gFjp hPdy; nkLy;yh
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rpWePufkhdJ neg;uhd; vdg;gLk; xU kpy;ypad; Ez; nray; myFfshy; MdJ.

KbT:
milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp - kdpj rpWePufj;jpd;
Nrhjid vz; : 6
(m) ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;:
milahsk; fhzy; :
Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;jr; rptg;gZ
my;yJ vhpj;Nuhirl;Lfs; MFk;.
,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; tl;l tbt> ,Ugf;fKk; cl;Fope;j kw;Wk; jl;L tbtr;
nry;fshFk;.
,sk; rptg;gZf;fspy; cl;fU cs;sJ. Kjph;e;j rptg;gZf;fspy; cl;fU ,y;iy.
,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fspy; rptg;G epwj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; mjpy; fhzg;gLk; rptg;G epw
Rthr epwkp PNkhFNshgpd; MFk;.
,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; Mf;rp[id vLj;Jr; nry;tjpy; mjpf ehl;lk; cilaJ.
,uj;jr; rptg;gZ vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwtjhy; ,uj;jr;Nrhif NehAk;
,uj;jr; rptg;gZ vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;ghy; ghypirjPkpah vd;w NehAk; Vw;gLk;.
KbT:
Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;j
rptg;gZf;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
(M) ,uj;j nts;isaZ
milahsk; fhzy; :
,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;jr; nts;isaZf;fs;
my;yJ Y}f;Nfhirl;Lfs; MFk;.
,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; mkPgha;L tbtk; nfhz;lit.
,it njspthd cl;fU nfhz;lit.
,it vjph;nghUs; cUthf;fp Neha;f;fpUkpfspd; jhf;FjypypUe;J cliyg;
ghJfhf;fpwJ. NkYk; clypDs; EioAk; fpUkpfisg; Ng/Nfhirl;Nlhrp]; vd;w nray; %yk; mopj;J nrhpj;JtpLfpwJ.
Ie;J tifahd nry;fs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jhy; Y}f;Nfhkpah vd;w NehAk; Vw;gLk;.
KbT:
Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;j
nts;isaZf;fs; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
(,) gpsh];Nkhbak;
milahsk; fhzy; :

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ gpsh];Nkhbak; MFk;.
gpsh];Nkhbak; xU GNuhl;NlhNrhth Ed;Zaphp MFk;.
,J kNyhpah Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,J xl;Lz;zp epiyapy; ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR topahf kdpjDf;Fg; guTfpwJ.
,tw;wpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rp kdpjd; kw;Wk; ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR Mfpa ,U
Xk;Gaphpfspd; clypy; eilngWfpwJ.
kdpjdpd; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; njhw;Wepiy ];NghNuhirl;Lfs; MFk;.
KbT:
Ez;Nehf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; gpsh];Nkhbak; vd
fz;lwpag

gj;jhk; tfg;g - study materials · pdf filejbjj rijggwwld; fhzk; cz;zk; gfjp g+tpjo mfk....

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