nist measurement science and standards...
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NIST Measurement Science and Standards Development
Aaron ForsterAaron Forster
Engineering Laboratory Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNational Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD Gaithersburg, MD
NIST MissionGaithersburg, MD Boulder, CO
To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancingadvancing• measurement science,• standards, andstandards, and• technologyto enhance economic security
NIST
and improve our quality of life
The NIST LaboratoriesManufacturing, materials, fire, construction, building environment earthquake
NIST’s work enables
environment, earthquake...
• Science
• Technology innovation
T d
Computing, mathematics, statistics…
• Trade
• Public benefit
NIST works with• Industry
• Academia
• Other agenciesPolymers, ceramics, analyticalElectron, quantum, Other agencies
• Government agencies
• Measurement laboratories
S d d i i
analytical, surface chemistry, biotechnology, chemistry,thermodynamic...
radiation, time, weight, optics, electronics, nano…
For materials, polymers, biology, chemistry, physics; 28 exp. stations
• Standards organizations
Materials and Structural Systems Research DivisionJon Martin, Chief
Polymeric Materials
Joannie Chin
• Nanoparticle Release During Life Cycle of Nanostructured Polymeric Materials• Photoreactivity of Narrow Band Gap Metal Oxide Nanostructures• Service Life Prediction for Pipe Materials and Building Sealants
Service Life Prediction of Photovoltaic Packaging Materials• Service Life Prediction of Photovoltaic Packaging Materials• Surface and Interface Characterization of Polymers
Structures • Fire Resistance Design and Rehabilitation of Structures
Fahim Sadek• Prevention of Disproportionate Structural Collapse• Wind Engineering and Multi-Hazard Failure Analysis
Inorganic MaterialsKen Snyder
• Doubling Concrete Service Life• Quantitative Characterization of Concrete-Making Materials for Performance
P di i d I d Fl A h U ili i i CKen Snyder Prediction and Increased Fly Ash Utilization in Concrete• Rheology-Based Processing of Concrete
http://www.nist.gov/el/building_materials/index.cfm
Service Life Prediction of Polymers
Outdoor WeatheringLaboratory Accelerated
WeatheringSameD d tiDegradationMechanism?
ChemicalPhysical
Mechanical
• Slow 2m Integrating Sphere
Mechanical
MetrologyM th d l• Non-repeatable
2m Integrating SphereMethodologyModels
• Shorten time-to-market of new polymer products for industryp y p y• Establish warranty periods• Minimize product risk and liability
Service Life Prediction – Unfilled Epoxy Coating
Successfully linked field and laboratory exposures for an unfilled model epoxy
0.8
Oxidation (1725, 1658 cm-1)0
Lab: 25°C,100% ND (16)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
5/29
25
-0 6
-0.4
-0.2
ss o
f 125
0 cm
-1
, ( )35°C,4RH,4WL, 100% (64)45°C,2RH,4WL, 100% (32)55°C/75%RH,60% ND (16)
Outdoor: G4-17 (56)
0
0.1
0.2
0.31725
-1
-0.8
0.6
Los
00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
1658/1510-1.2
-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
Loss of 1510 cm-1
Linkage of outdoor andlaboratory data sets
Law of Reciprocity is obeyed
Technology Development and NIST
Discovery / Proof of Principle• Peer-reviewed journal articles• Intellectual property, SBIR
• World-class measurements• World-class science• High impact publications• Nobel laureates National Academy
• Contact: NIST PIs
Cooperation / Consortia• Alliance for Regenerative Medicine
• Nobel laureates, National Academy
• Multidisciplinary programs• Alignment with roadmaps• Technology Innovation Program
• IBBR with Univ. of Maryland• Contact: NIST Laboratories
Rapid growth of an industry
• Technology Innovation Program• Cooperative Agreements
• Lead standards development• Industry-wide standard practices• Transition to manufacturing• Contact: NIST Programs
• Measurement solutions; Tech transfer• Material Measurement Lab
Mature industry• Greater focus on efficiency• Integrated network of stakeholders• Contact: All of the above
• Standards and standard practices• Calibrations services• ISO / ASTM• Manufacturing Extension Partnership
Contact: All of the above
Workshops and Working Groups
Interaction with Hydrogen Industry: Hydrogen Pipelines
• Who• NIST workshop representing pipeline owners,
industry and standards organizations, academic researchers, national laboratories, and government agencies
• Topics• Materials
• Test Techniques and methods
• Codes, Standards, and Safety
• Non-metallic Characterization:• Permeation for different pipe material classes
• Joint Performance: joint geometry, bonding, mechanical fasteningda
rds
mechanical fastening
• Composition: FRP vs. Plastic materials
• Design: bending strengths and pressure capability
www.nist.gov: NISTIR 6649
es &
Sta
nd
p y
• Long-term Performance: degradation factors and fatigue performance specifications
Many of these factors remain unknown
Cod
e
Interaction with Nuclear Industry: NESCC
• Who• The Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination
Collaborative (NESCC) is a cross-stakeholder forum to identify and respond to the current needs of the nuclear industry.
• NESCC is open to all stakeholders, government legislative and regulatory bodies, industry, standards developing organizations, certification organizations, and other interested parties.
• Task GroupsA bl t h i l t tiliti SDO• Assemble users, technical experts, utilities, SDO representatives, and regulators
• Survey standards and regulatory documents
• Identify standards gaps, needs, and timeline to fill gapsIdentify standards gaps, needs, and timeline to fill gaps
• Produce a report:
NESCC Polymer Pipe Task Group (PPTG)NESCC Polymer Pipe Task Group (PPTG)Polymer Pipe Codes and Standards for Nuclear Power Plants
Task Group Membership
Report Organization
focus on HDPE standards; can’t do it all:PPI: TR-5 ~ 40 pagesASTM I: 87 DVS: 23DVS: 23DIN (German): 31ISO: 85 referenceEN:52BS EN ISO 150
Consolidated list of gapsCode case approach to addressCode case approach to address standards gaps
NIST and the Gas Technology Institute have developed a collaboration that will develop industrially relevant measurements and standards to comprehensively solve the industry and regulatory challenges for wide adoption of HDPEg y g p
Pipe failure due to crack growth
Crack damage structureCrystalline
chain morphology
Polymer crystal microstructure gmicrostructure
Gas Technology Institute (GTI)NISTT l t t i t i i ti f
focus = joint interface for bimodal PE
100 nm 1 um 10 um 100 um 1 mm 1 cm10 nm
– SCG test methods for bi-axial stress states– Tool set to measure intrinsic properties of HDPE pipe and fusion joints
– Linkage of microstructure to performance
– Critical Flaw Size: Database of realistic flaws, constitutive equations, and shift factors for bimodal pipe materialsFusion Optimization
– Feasibility and limits for accelerated joint standards – Fusion Optimization
– Simulations and fatigue test methods for life prediction
– Critical measurements to develop a fatigue standard for service life prediction
*hupyik.com*AWWA HDPE SLP report
Measurement Challenges
Examples
Ch i t d E i t I t tChemistry and Environments Interact
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Tunnel AccidentBoston, Massachusetts: July 10, 2006
LoganAirport
Big DigProject
Ted WilliamsTunnel
Airport j
From NTSB
D Street Portal
I-90 ConnectorTunnel
NORTH
I90
NORTH
Source: Mass. State Police
Ceiling DetailsDiagonal rods
Vertical rods
TestTg or TE”
Support beams
TestEpoxy A Epoxy B
DSC 48.3±1.3 54.9±1.0DMA 50.3±1.5 52.2±0.9
From NTSB
NTSB – contracted with Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (FHWA) for long term creep tests
• Background studies: Creep and factors that control
– Time consuming so limited number or tests
creep– Use time-temperature superposition to predict creep
Predictions for Creep C liCompliance
Because of uncertainty due to deviations from thermo-rheologically simple b h i d t f ti ll diff t i ifi t
Differences are not small
behavior and transformation – small differences not significant.
smallEpoxy A is significantly more susceptible to creep than Epoxy Ban
ce (
1/P
a)
1 0 -7
10 -6ye
ars
R e fe rence T em pera tu re = 20 oC
creep than Epoxy B.Epoxy A is predicted to have significant creep in short timeC
reep
Com
plia
1 0 -9
10 -8
day m
onth
year
10
R educed T im e (t/a ) (s)10 0 10 5 10 10 10 15R
educ
ed C
1 0 -10
10E poxy AE poxy B Why when other
properties are so similar ?R educed T im e (t/a T) (s )
Is this prediction real ?
Results from FHWA2000 lb t t b l d i l d2000 lb tests - below design load– Similar elastic response– Major difference in creep
behavior
4000 lb tests - above design load but below allowable load
Si il l ti
Epoxy Abehavior
– Similar elastic response
– Major difference in creep behavior
Epoxy B
– Failure in less than 80 daysConsistent with our predictions– Superposition approach can
Epoxy A
strongly indicate trends
Epoxy B
Epoxy A used in D-street Portal– Not bad adhesive, but poor
from FHWA
B Not bad adhesive, but poor choice with sustained loads
Failure Modes Depend on Environment
Beha ior controlled bBehavior controlled by:Load only at high loads, but load and water at low loadsIndependent of amount of water in composite
Time exposed to load & water
LoadTest inwaterFatigue in 3 point bending
ress
Dry.85 σf
ress
DryWet
.85 σf
ress
DryWet
.85 σf
Time exposed to load & water
Interface cracks ad
Failure starts with interfacial cracks
Joint to pplie
d S
tr
.45 σf
.65 σf
pplie
d S
tr
.45 σf
.65 σf
Appl
ied
Str
.45 σf
.65 σf
Loaform
delamination
Grows to ultimate failure0 102 104 106 108
Fatigue Life (cycles)
A .35 σf
0 102 104 106 108
Fatigue Life (cycles)
A .35 σf
0 102 104 106 108
Fatigue Life (cycles)
A .35 σf
Liao, et al, 1998,1999, courtesy D. HunstonTime
Fatigue Life (cycles)Fatigue Life (cycles)Fatigue Life (cycles)
Multiple time and length scales of interest for large diameter, high pressure pipe:Measurement Science For Composite Pipes
• Short term:– Identification and control of essential variables for processing, fusion/joining, installation
– Early identification and measurement of factors responsible for performance
u t p e t e a d e gt sca es o te est o a ge d a ete , g p essu e p pe
y p p
– Effect of microstructure and failure process – processing and developing standardized material property measurements
• Long term:– Standards to address durability and damage tolerance key to safe operation
– Understand interactions between temperature, wear, UV, fatigue, creep/stress relaxation, aging, mechanical stress, aggressive chemicals
• Develop well‐defined accelerated tests that reflect use conditions and failure modes
– Identification of condition monitoring and probabilistic models to support intelligent asset management
– Facilitate decision strategies for repair and replacement– Facilitate decision strategies for repair and replacement
– Effect of microstructure/heterogeneity/interface on crack growth rate
Microscale Measurements:
• Correlate performance to specificmicrostructure• Correlate performance to specific microstructure
• Extend this understanding to bulk performance and models
Improving Standards for Composite Pipe
Amato, Overview of ASME Hydrogen Codes and Standards Development, 5th Annual H2 Codes and Standards Conference, Detroit, MI (2010)
END• Questions?• References:
1. Pipeline Performance in Alberta, 1990 – 2005, Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Report 2007A, (2007)
2. Siewart, McColskey, Ricker, NIST Workshop on Materials Test Procedures for Hydrogen Pipelines NISTIR 6649 (2007)Hydrogen Pipelines, NISTIR 6649, (2007)
3. Laney, Use of Composite Pipe Materials in the Transportation of Natural Gas, INEEL/EXT-02-00992, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (2002)
4. Amato, Overview of ASME Hydrogen Codes and Standards Development, 5th
Annual H2 Codes and Standards Conference, Detroit, MI (2010)
5. Ochoa, Alexander, Composite Repair Methods for Steel Pipes, Minerals Management Service, Project Report CORA 1435-01-04-CA-35515, (2007)
6. Eds. Cardon, Fukuda, Reifsnider, Verchery, Recent Developments in Durability Analysis of Composite Systems, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands (2000)
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