nigeria ppt
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Nigeria
Government and Politics
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Map
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A Nation of NationsHausa northern Nigeria, traders, governed
by emirs, Muslim, eventually merged withthe Fulani northern, herders, Muslim
Yoruba southwest Nigeria, farmers,
governed by kings, Christians andMuslims
Igbo southeast Nigeria, farmers, stateless,ruled by village councils, Christians
Middle Belt contains many small tribes
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Colonial History1885 Berlin Conference
British Rule indirect rule through the kings,chiefs, emirs of the H-Fdirect rule through appointed warrant chiefs over
the I, Y, MB, established schools to train
bureaucrats to help run the colony, especially inthe Southeastkept nations in competition with each other
cash cropping replaced subsistence agriculture,Br. seized the tin minesDependency Theory
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1920s a nationalist movement began- the Nigerian NationalDemocratic Party
1929 Nigeria affected by the Great Depression
1930s Nigerian Youth Movement first call for selfgovernment by the educated elite
After W.W.II Independence Movement led by NnamdiAzikiwe, workers form unions
British set up regional assemblies in 3 states, politicalparties form around ethnicity
Independence Oct. 1, 1960
First Republic National Gov.: Parliamentary with a Prime
Minister (Balewa), H-F dominated, President Azikiwe ishead of state, Federal System, Importance of census
Coinciding Cleavages and distribution of favors
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Military Rule1965 parliamentary elections, H-F dominated,
Balewa Pr. Min.Jan.1966 General Ironsi (I) unitary system
July 1966 1975 Gen. Gowon, a Christian from
the north
1967 1970 Civil War Igbos try to secede andform Biafra in dispute over oil revenues
Reconciliation Efforts, 12 states
Oil Revenues, corruption, prebendalism
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1975 76 General Muhammed (H-F) takes over tocrack down on corruption and is assassinated
1976 79 Muhammeds chief of staff becomes theleader, General Obasanjo (Y)
Constitutional Assembly to return to civilianrule, 19 states, President elected by majority andmust receive at least 25% of the vote in 12 of the19 states
Import Substitute Industrialization, high gov.spending, subsidized gasoline prices
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Second Republic - 1979 1983 President Shagarileads a U.S. style government, corruption, oilprices fall, austerity measures, election fraud
Military Rule
1984 85 General Buhari (H-F) War AgainstIndiscipline, ended civil liberties. Inflation,unemployment, and foreign debt rise
1985 93 General Babangida (MB)
National Orientation Movement, federalcharacter, Nigerian Youth Service Corps, IMF
loans, SAP austerity program, move towards acapitalist economy,
ECOWAS, freedom of the press
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1992 Babangida writes a new constitution with theArmed Forces Ruling Council, 30 states,presidential-congressional system, creates twopolitical parties: Social Democrats and National
Republican Convention
Third Republic
Elections 1993 winner Abiola, (Y) ChristianBabangida annuls election, protests occur,Abiola jailed, NADECO forms
Babangida resigns and appoints Ernest Shonekan(a civilian) as a caretaker president
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1993 Gen. Sani Abacha (H-F) harsh rule,corruption, bureaucrats = lootocratsenvironmental destruction from oil drilling
(Royal Dutch Shell), MOSOP Ogoni leader was Ken Sarowiwa
Abiolas supporters protest, Abiola is killedin prison, NADECO gets stronger
Abacha dies 1998, replaced by Gen.
Abdulsalami Abubakar (H-F) whoorganizes elections for 1999
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Olsegun Obasanjo President 1999 2007 (Y)
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The Fourth Republic1999 2007 Pres. Olusegun Obasanjo,
V.P. Atiku Abubakar
Government: Federal 36 states
Executive President elected by the peoplemust win a majority in at least 2/3rds of thestates, 4 year term, limit 2, Vice President,
Cabinet, large bureaucracy
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Legislature = National Assembly
House of Rep. representation based onpopulation, 360 single member districts, electedby the people by plurality, 4 year terms
Senate 3 per state and 1 from the federaldistrict elected by the people, 4 year terms
Judiciary Supreme Court(15), ConstitutionalCourt, and Federal Court of Appeals, nationaldistrict courts judges appointed by Pres.,approved by Senate, state and local courts exist
plus Shariah courts in 12 northern states
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Obasanjo administrationPeace and Reconciliation Commission
National Debt little IMF help
Dispute with legislature over budget,
impeachment and settlementParis Club 20 nations who try to help
alleviate poverty arranged for debt
forgiveness of 2/3rds of Nigerias foreigndebt in 2005
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Miss World PageantWorked to end corruption, but owed too many
favors
Established the Economic and Financial CrimesCommission, searching for money stolen byAbacha
Tried to raise the price of gas (fuel is heavilysubsidized) protests and strikes
NEPAD New Partnership for AfricasDevelopment (begun with So. Africa)
MEND protests
Disputed amendment proposal for a 3rd term
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How the Government Works(or Doesnt)
Patrimonialism a method governing in which
authority is maintained through patronageA single ruler treats the state as his personal
property and relies on those he appoints to
office to provide unswerving loyalty.Loyalty pyramids
State officials exercise wide authority in many
areas (especially the economy) for their ownbenefit and the benefit of the ruler
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President gathers and disperses the publicrevenues even though the National Assemblypasses the budget.
Rents, Rent- seekers
Prebends state offices,PrebendalismChop-Chop Politics
Corruption through granting contracts, licenses,
tax evasion, making investments, embezzlementPolitics is a zero-sum game
Extractive Politics
Parastatals N.N.P.C. joint venture withmultinational corporations Royal Dutch Shell,Exxon Mobil, Total, Chevron
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Corporatism
NACCIMA National Assoc. of Chambers ofCommerce, Industry, Mines andAgriculture
Nigerian Labor Congress
CAN Christian Association of Nigeria
Islamic LeagueState Corporatism through parastatals
The Big Men the elites from the military,politics, bureaucracy, states governors,religious leaders
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Political CultureAcceptance of hierarchical relationships
Cynicism about governmentCoinciding cleavages
Rural areas traditional elites remainstrong, high illiteracy rate, believe thatdemocracy = chaos, distant from nationalgov., follow local leaders advice
No concept of a social contract between thenational government and the citizens
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Urbanites highly politicized, angry with gov.
People rely on gov. to provide for them.If you are successful, your are expected to
help out your village. If you owe yourvillage, you owe your family even more.
Nepotism, corruption, leaders expect
deference and bribesElites (Big Men) need a steady flow of gov.money to maintain their status, so gov.
policy revolves around the needs of theelites more than the needs of the country.
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Political PartiesPeoples Democratic Party supported Obasanjo,
YarAdua, and Jonathan northern, but alsogains some support from Yorubas
All Nigerian Peoples Party northeastern, MiddleBelt, Igbos
Alliance for Democracy Yoruba
Form around Big Men so names change
Elections: Independent National ElectoralCommission determines which parties can run(based on criteria) and counts ballots
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Civil SocietyIndependent Interest groups: NADECO,
some labor unions (National LaborCongress), professional organizations,Kaduna Mafia, MEND, MOSOP, CAN and
the Islamic ConferenceFree Press though many tv and radio
stations are gov. controlled
Independent universitiesProtests, Strikes do occur
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ProblemsLegacy of Military Rule
Environmental degradationYouth bulge
Social Indiscipline, Corruption (CPI 130/180)
Poverty more than 40% live on less than $1 aday, GINI index 43.7
Inflation 11.5%, Unemployment 30% (2007 est.)
Health HIV/AIDS, Polio, lack of clean water
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Transit point for heroin and cocaine trafficking fromAfghanistan to U.S., Europe, and East Asia
Illiteracy
Gov. must import gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel,and food
Religious division violence
The National Question
Rentier State Status
Distributional Politics
DebtLack of foreign investment (indigenization decree,then allowing 50% foreign control, corruption)
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Political LegitimacyWhere does political legitimacy in Nigeria come
from? Does it come fromA history of stable and successful governments (as
in the UK)?
A long held sense of national identity (as in theUS)?
A protection of individual liberty and representativegovernment (as in the US)?
An ideology and the improvement of the standardof living (as in China)?
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Charismatic leadership?The success of government-led economic
development?
A history of pragmatic good governance?
Successful political integration of all citizens?
The operation of the rule of law?Honesty in government and governance?
Government responsiveness to the demandsof citizens?
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How is Nigerias political system
able to function?Executive Dominance
Few people have been involved in governingPeople feel powerless to influence the system
Enough people benefit from the system through
patron client politicsIdentity politics and federalism
Oil revenues
Independent electoral commissionsCivil Society - local, ethnic, and national groups
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MEND
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Umaru YarAdua President 2007 -2010(H-F)
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Election of 2007Atiku Abubaker Obasanjos Vice President,
disqualified by the Independent NigerianElection Commission just before the election(Action Congress Party)
Umaru YarAdua supported by Obasanjo(Peoples Democratic Party)
Muhammadu Buhari ( All Nigerian Peoples Party)
Disputed election results, PDP controls bothhouses of the legislature and the presidency
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Political Crisis Umaru Yar Adua died
Vice President Goodluck Jonathanbecomes President
Concern that the military would take over
again Since 2007 more violence (religious and
MEND), environmental destruction,continued reliance on oil money,corruption, protests
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President Goodluck Jonathan
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2011 ElectionPolitical Parties
Peoples Democratic Party Jonathan YChristian
Action Congress of Nigeria Ribadu MB
MuslimCongress for Progressive Change Buhari- H-F
Muslim
All Nigeria Peoples Party Shekarau H-FMuslim, Gov. of Kano