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7/31/2019 Nhan Biet Cac Chat Huu Co

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L thuyt ha hc Ha hu c

A. NHN BIT CC CHT HU C (Tng qut)

Cht munnhn bit

Thucth

Hintng

Phn ng

Hp cht clin kt C = C

hay C Cdd Brom

Phai munu

CH2 = CH2 + Br2BrCH2 CH2Br

CH CH + 2Br2Br2CH CHBr2

Phenol

dd BromKttatrng

Anilin

Hp cht c

lin kt C = CddKMnO4

Phaimutm

3CH2 = CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O

3HOCH2CH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH

C C 3CH CH+8KMnO43HOOCCOOH + 8MnO4+8KOH

Ankyl benzen

Ankin c linkt ba umch

ddAgNO3trong

NH4OH(Ag2O)

Kt tavng nht

RC CH + Ag[(NH3)2]OH RC CAg+ H2O + 2NH3

Hp cht cnhm CH = O:Andehit,glucoz,mantz

Kt ta Ag(phn ngtrng bc)

R CH = O + 2Ag[(NH3)2]OH R COONH4 + 2Ag+ H2O + 3NH3

CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + Ag2O0

3t ,ddNH

CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + 2Ag

(Phn ng ny nhn bit nc tiu bnh tiu ng c cha glucoz)

Axit fomicHCOOH+2Ag[(NH3)2]OH(NH4)2CO3 + 2Ag+H2O+2NH3

Hay: HCOOH + Ag2O 3ddNHCO2 + 2Ag + H2O

Este formiatH COO R

HCOOR+2Ag[(NH3)2]OH(NH4)2CO3 + 2Ag+ROH+2NH3

Hp cht cnhmCH= O

Cu(OH)2

Cu2O gch

RCHO + 2Cu(OH)20

t RCOOH + Cu2O+ 2H2O

Ancol a chc(c t nht 2nhm OH gnvo 2 C lintip)

To dd muxanh ltrong sut

Anehit ddNaHSO3bo ha

Kt tadng kttinh

R CHO + NaHSO3R CHOH NaSO3

Metyl xton

Hp cht c Hlinh ng: axit,Ancol, phenol

Na, KSi bt khkhng mu

2R OH + 2Na 2R ONa + H22R COOH + 2Na 2R COONa + H2

2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa + H2

Gv: Trn Quc Ngha Trang 1

OH

2+ 3Br

OHBr Br

Br

+ 3HBr

(ket tua trang)

2NH

2 + 3BrBr Br

Br

+ 3HBr

(ket tua trang)

2NH

3CH

2

0

H O

4 80-100 C+ 2KMnO

COOK

2 2+ 2MnO + KOH +H O

]2 2

2 2

O

2

CH OH HO CH

CH H + Cu(OH) + HO CH

CH OH HO CH

2 2

2

2 2

O

CH OH HO CH

CH O CH + 2H O

CH OH HO CH

Cu^


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B. NHN BIT CC CHT HU C (Chi tit)

ChtThuc

thHin

tngPhn ng

Ankan Cl2/s

Sn phmsau P lmhng giyqu m

CnH2n+2 + Cl2 as CnH2n+1Cl + HCl

Anken

dd Br2 Mt mu CnH2n + Br2CnH2nBr2dd KMnO4 mt mu 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH

Kh OxiSp cho ptrnggng

2CH2 = CH2 + O2 2 2PdCl ,CuClCH3CHO

Ankaien dd Br2 Mt mu CnH2n2 + 2Br2CnH2nBr4

Ankin

dd Br2 Mt mu CnH2n2 + 2Br2CnH2nBr4dd KMnO4 mt mu 3CH CH+8KMnO43HOOCCOOH + 8MnO4+8KOHAgNO3/NH3(c ni 3

u mch)

kt ta muvng nht

HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag C C Ag+ 2H2O + 4NH3RC CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC CAg+ H2O + 2NH3

dd CuCltrong NH3

kt ta mu

CH CH + 2CuCl + 2NH3Cu C C Cu+ 2NH4Cl

R C C H + CuCl + NH3R C C Cu+ NH4Cl

Toluendd KMnO4,t0

Mt mu

Stiren dd KMnO4 Mt mu

AncolNa, K

khng

mu2R OH + 2Na 2R ONa + H2

Ancolbc I

CuO (en)t0

Cu (),Sp cho ptrnggng

R CH2OH + CuO0

tR CH = O + Cu + H2O

R CH = O + 2Ag[(NH3)2]OH

RCOONH4 + 2Ag+ H2O + 3NH3

Ancolbc II

CuO (en)t0

Cu (),Sp khng

p trnggng

R CH2OH R + CuO0

tR CO R + Cu + H2O

Ancol

a chc Cu(OH)2

dung dch

mu xanhlam

Anilin nc BromTo kt tatrng

Anehit

AgNO3trong NH3

Ag trngR CH = O + 2Ag[(NH3)2]OH

R COONH4 + 2Ag+ H2O + 3NH3

Cu(OH)2NaOH, t0

gch RCHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH0

tRCOONa + Cu2O+ 3H2O

dd Brom Mt mu RCHO + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBrAndehit no hay ko no u lm mt mu nc Br2 v y l phn ng oxi ha kh. Mun phn

bit andehit no v khngno dng dd Br2 trong CCl4, mi trng CCl4 th Br2 khng th hintnh oxi ha nn ch phn ng vi andehit khngno


3CH

2

0

H O

4 80-100 C+ 2KMnO

COOK

2 2+ 2MnO + KOH +H O

2 2+ 2MnO + 2H O

2CH=CH

+ 4 2

+ 2KMnO 4H O

2CHOH = CH OH

]2 2

2 2

O

2

CH OH HO CH

CH H + Cu(OH) + HO CHCH OH HO CH

2 2

2

2 2

O

CH OH HO CH

CH O CH + 2H O

CH OH HO CH

Cu

2NH

2 + 3BrBr Br

Br

+ 3HBr

(ket tua trang)

2NH


3/3


ChtThuc

thHin

tngPhn ng

Axitcacboxylic

Qu tm Ha 2

3CO

CO2 2R COOH + Na2CO32R COONa + CO2+ H2O

Aminoaxit

Ha xanhHa Khng i

S nhm NH2 > s nhm COOH

S nhm NH2 < s nhm COOH

S nhm NH2 < s nhm COOH

2

3CO

CO2 2H2NRCOOH + Na2CO32H2NRCOONa + CO2+ H2O

Amin Qu tm Ha xanh

Glucoz

Cu(OH)2dd xanhlam

2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)2(C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O

Cu(OH)2NaOH, t0

gchCH2OH (CHOH)4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH

0t

CH2OH (CHOH)4COONa + Cu2O+ 3H2O

AgNO3 /NH3

Ag trngCH2OH (CHOH)4CHO + 2Ag[(NH3)2]OH

CH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4 + 2Ag+ H2O + 3NH3

dd Br2 Mt mu CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + Br2CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+2HBr

SaccarozC12H22O11

Thu phn

sn phmtham gia

p trnggng

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Glucoz Fructoz

Vi sa Vn c C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O

Cu(OH)2dd xanhlam

C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H22O11)2Cu + 2H2O

MantozC12H22O11

Cu(OH)2dd xanhlam C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H22O11)2Cu + 2H2O

AgNO3 /

NH3Ag trng

Thu phn

sn phmtham gia

p trnggng

C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6 (Glucoz)

Tinh bt(C6H10O5)n

Thu phn

sn phmtham gia

p trnggng

(C6H10O11)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 (Glucoz)

ddch iotTo dung dch mu xanh tm, khi un nng mu xanh tm bin mt, khi ngui mu xanh tm li xut hin


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