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NEXT GENERATION MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONSECOSYSTEM

Technology Management for Mobile Communications

NEXT GENERATION MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

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SAAD Z. ASIF

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SAAD Z. ASIFTelenor Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

Taking an in-depth look at the mobile communications ecosystem, this book covers the two keycomponents of Network and End-User Devices in detail. Within the network, the subcomponentsof radio access network, transmission network, core networks, services and OSS are discussed;component level discussion also features antenna diversity and interference cancellation techniquesfor smart wireless devices. The role of various standard development organizations and industryforums is highlighted throughout. The ecosystem is strengthened with the addition of theTechnology Management (TM) component dealing mostly with the non-technical aspects of theunderlying mobile communications industry. Various aspects of TM including technologydevelopment, innovation management, knowledge management and others are also presented.

� Focuses on OFDM-based radio technologies such as LTE and WiMAX as well as MBWA(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)

� Provides a vital addition to the momentum of EVDO and its migration towards LTE

� Emphasis on radio, core, operation, architectural and performance aspects of two nextgeneration technologies – EPS and WiMAX

� Includes discussion of backhaul technologies and alternatives as well as issues faced byoperators switching to 3G and Next Generation Mobile Networks

� Cutting-edge research on emerging Gigabit Ethernet Microwave Radios and Carrier Ethernettransport technologies

Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem serves as a practical reference for telecomassociated academia and industry to understanding mobile communications in a holistic manner,as well as assisting in preparing graduate students and fresh graduates for the marketplace byproviding them with information not only on state-of-the-art technologies and standards but alsoon TM. By effectively focusing on the key domains of TM this book will further assist companieswith improving their competitiveness in the long run. Importantly, it will provide students,engineers, researchers, technology managers and executives with extensive details on variousemerging mobile wireless standards and technologies.

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTEfm BLBK327-Asif September 2, 2010 11:25 Printer Name: Yet to Come

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTEfm BLBK327-Asif November 23, 2010 10:10 Printer Name: Yet to Come

NEXT GENERATIONMOBILE COMMUNICATIONSECOSYSTEM


NEXT GENERATIONMOBILE COMMUNICATIONSECOSYSTEMTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT FORMOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

SAAD Z. ASIFTelenor Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication


This edition first published 2011C© 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names andproduct names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respectiveowners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed toprovide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding thatthe publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required,the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Asif, Saad Z.Next generation mobile communications ecosystem : technology management for mobile communications / Saad Z. Asif.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-74746-9 (cloth)1. Mobile communication systems. I. Title.TK5103.2.A848 2010621.3845′6–dc22

2010018740

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470747469ePDF ISBN: 9780470972168oBook ISBN: 9780470972182

Set in 9/11pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

http://www.wiley.com


To my lovely daughters

Maha and Shiza


Contents

About the Author xv

Preface xvii

1 Introduction 11.1 Mobile Communications Ecosystem 1

1.1.1 Devices 21.1.2 Networks 21.1.3 Technology Management 3

1.2 Book Overview 31.2.1 Chapter 2 OFDM and OFDMA 31.2.2 Chapter 3 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) 31.2.3 Chapter 4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 51.2.4 Chapter 5 3GPP2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 51.2.5 Chapter 6 IEEE 802.20 Mobile-Fi 51.2.6 Chapter 7 Transmission Networks 51.2.7 Chapter 8 Core Networks and OSS 51.2.8 Chapter 9 IMS, Services and Applications 61.2.9 Chapter 10 Smart Wireless Devices 61.2.10 Chapter 11 E2E Network Architecture and Mobility Management 61.2.11 Chapter 12 Technology Management 61.2.12 Chapter 13 Recap and Future Outlook 6

Reference 6

2 OFDM and OFDMA 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Technical Background 82.3 Principles of OFDM 10

2.3.1 OFDM System Model 102.3.2 OFDM Mathematical Realization 11

2.4 OFDM Advantages 122.5 OFDM Impairments and Potential Remedies 12

2.5.1 Frequency Offset 122.5.2 Phase Offset 132.5.3 Sampling Offset 132.5.4 High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) 132.5.5 Phase Noise 132.5.6 I/Q Imbalance 14

2.6 Multi Access Scheme OFDMA 14


viii Contents

2.7 Why OFDMA for NGMN 142.7.1 OFDMA Advantages 15

2.8 Summary Insights 17References 17

3 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) 193.1 Introduction 193.2 3GPP Releases 19

3.2.1 Key Aspects of Rel-99 213.2.2 Key Aspects of Rel-4 213.2.3 Key Aspects of Rel-5 223.2.4 Key Aspects of Rel-6 223.2.5 Key Aspects of Release 7 23

3.3 3GPP LTE 243.3.1 Key Aspects of Release 8 243.3.2 Key Aspects of Release 9 253.3.3 E-UTRA Objectives 26

3.4 LTE Air Interface 283.4.1 Multiple Access 28

3.5 PHY Layer (Layer 1) 293.5.1 Services and Functions 303.5.2 Frame Structure 313.5.3 Downlink Transmission 333.5.4 Uplink Transmission 373.5.5 Transport Channels 40

3.6 Layer 2 413.6.1 MAC Sublayer 413.6.2 RLC Sublayer 443.6.3 PDCP Sublayer 47

3.7 RRC (sublayer of Layer 3) 493.7.1 Services and Functions 50

3.8 EPS Architecture 513.8.1 E-UTRAN and EPC Functional Split 513.8.2 eNodeB 523.8.3 Radio Protocol Architecture 533.8.4 EPS Home eNodeBs 53

3.9 Key Attributes of E-UTRA 543.9.1 QoS 543.9.2 Radio Resource Management 563.9.3 Multi-Antennas Transmission 593.9.4 Interference Coordination and Cancellation 603.9.5 Spectrum Flexibility 613.9.6 Security 613.9.7 MBMS 643.9.8 One Voice 66

3.10 LTE Performance 673.10.1 Simulation Results 673.10.2 Field Testing 67

3.11 3GPP Roadmap Evolution 703.11.1 Key Non IMT-Advanced Aspects of Rel-10 703.11.2 UMTS and LTE Roadmap 72


Contents ix

3.12 Industry Outlook 723.13 Summary Insights 73References 74

4 IEEE WiMAX 774.1 Introduction 774.2 Air Interface 78

4.2.1 MAC 784.2.2 Physical Layers 82

4.3 Advanced Features of Mobile WiMAX 874.3.1 Smart Antennas 874.3.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse 904.3.3 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) 914.3.4 Additional PHY Features 91

4.4 Network Architecture 914.4.1 WiMAX and WiFi Network Architecture 924.4.2 WiMAX Femtocells 93

4.5 Performance 974.5.1 Field Testing 974.5.2 Published WiMAX Lab Results 101

4.6 WiMAX Certification 1014.6.1 Background 1024.6.2 What is Involved in Certification? 1024.6.3 How Does Certification Work? 1044.6.4 Pre-Certified WiMAX Modules 105

4.7 Industry Outlook 1064.7.1 WiMAX in MENA 1064.7.2 WiMAX Forum Forecast 108

4.8 Next Steps/Evolution 1084.8.1 IEEE 802.16m 1084.8.2 Release 1.5 and 2.0 108

4.9 Summary Insights 109References 110

5 3GPP2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 1115.1 Introduction 1115.2 1xEV-DO (Revisions 0 and A) 112

5.2.1 1xEV-DO Architecture 1125.2.2 1xEV-DO Revision 0 1135.2.3 1xEV-DO Revision A 113

5.3 EV-DO Revision B 1155.3.1 Multi-Carrier CDMA 1165.3.2 Enhancements of Rev. B 1165.3.3 Rev. B Performance 120

5.4 UMB (EV-DO Revision C) 1215.5 CDMA450 1225.6 EV-DO Network Architecture 1225.7 EV-DO Revisions Comparison 1235.8 CDMA2000 Evolution and Migration to 3GPP LTE 1235.9 Industry Outlook 1255.10 Summary Insights 126References 126


x Contents

6 IEEE 802.20 Mobile-Fi 1276.1 Introduction 1276.2 MBWA Requirements and Characteristics 1286.3 The 802.20 Standard 1286.4 Air Interface – Wideband Mode 129

6.4.1 Architecture Reference Model 1296.4.2 Protocol Architecture for Unicast Traffic 1306.4.3 Protocol Architecture for Broadcast Multicast Service (BCMCS) 132

6.5 Physical Layer Specifications – Wideband Mode 1336.5.1 Physical Layer Overview 1336.5.2 Wideband Mode Key Features 137

6.6 625k-MC (625kiloHertz-spaced MultiCarrier) Mode 1396.6.1 625k-MC Mode Key Features 140

6.7 802.20 Network Architecture 1406.8 Performance 140

6.8.1 Lab Simulations 1406.8.2 Field Trial 141


7 Transmission Networks 1457.1 Introduction 1457.2 Market Drivers and Challenges 145

7.2.1 Drivers 1467.2.2 Challenges 147

7.3 Backhaul Network 1477.3.1 Performance Enhancements in Microwave Radios 1477.3.2 Gigabit Ethernet Radios 1487.3.3 Backhaul via License-free Microwave Radios 1527.3.4 Free Space Optics (FSO) 1537.3.5 Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) 1547.3.6 VSAT upgrade with DVB-S2/DVB-RCS 1547.3.7 Summary of Wireless Backhaul Technologies 1547.3.8 Leased Lines 1557.3.9 DSL Backhaul 1557.3.10 Summarizing Backhaul Network 1557.3.11 Backhaul Network Design Criteria 157

7.4 Metro Regional and Aggregation Transport Networks 1597.4.1 Physical Layer Technologies 1607.4.2 Data Link Layer Technologies 166

7.5 Backbone Transport Network 1807.5.1 MPLS 1807.5.2 Access to Internet (Interconnection) 181

7.6 Transport Network Evolution 1827.7 Industry Outlook 1847.8 Summary Insights 185References 185


Contents xi

8 Core Networks and Operations Support Systems 1878.1 Introduction 1878.2 Core Network 187

8.2.1 3GPP Core Network 1888.2.2 3GPP2 Core 1988.2.3 WiMAX Core Network 2018.2.4 MBWA Core Network 2018.2.5 Key CN Enhancements 201

8.3 Operation Support Systems (OSS) 2058.3.1 Background (History) 2058.3.2 Standard Development Organizations and Forums 2068.3.3 ITU-T Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) 2078.3.4 TM Forum NGOSS 2138.3.5 TM Forum Interface Program (TIP) 2158.3.6 3GPP Management Overview 2198.3.7 WiMAX Management Overview 2248.3.8 Open Source Software 226


9 IMS, Services and Applications 2319.1 Introduction 2319.2 What is IMS? 2319.3 3GPP IMS 233

9.3.1 IMS Requirements 2339.3.2 IMS Architecture 2349.3.3 IMS Reference Points 238

9.4 3GPP IMS and WiMAX 2389.5 3GPP2 Multi Media Domain (MMD) 2409.6 IMS in Other Standard Bodies 2429.7 Common IMS 242

9.7.1 3GPP2 and TISPAN IMS Specs Transfer Process 2439.7.2 3GPP and 3GPP2 IMS Specs Transfer Process 243

9.8 Protocols 2459.9 Services and Applications 2459.10 Challenges 246

9.10.1 Architectural Alignment 2469.10.2 Policy Matters 2469.10.3 IMS Test and Measurement 2479.10.4 Deployment 2479.10.5 Services Enhancement 2479.10.6 Service Delivery Platform 2479.10.7 IMS Capable Devices 247

9.11 IMS Absence in Existing 3G Networks 2489.12 Advance Services and Applications 248

9.12.1 M-Commerce 2489.12.2 Mobile TV 2519.12.3 Location based Services (LBS) 2719.12.4 Connected Objectives/M2M 278


xii Contents

9.13 Mobile Content Development 2819.13.1 Functional Roles 2829.13.2 OMA Dynamic Content Delivery 2839.13.3 Distribution Channels 284

9.14 Key SDOs and Forums 2859.15 Industry Outlook 2869.16 Summary Insights 288References 289

10 Smart Wireless Devices 29110.1 Introduction 29110.2 3G Wireless Devices’ Components 29110.3 Mobile Software Platform 292

10.3.1 Symbian 29310.3.2 Windows Mobile 29410.3.3 Palm 29510.3.4 Blackberry 29610.3.5 Apple iPhone OS X 29610.3.6 Android 29610.3.7 Linux 29710.3.8 BREW 29810.3.9 Java ME 29910.3.10 REX OS 29910.3.11 Mobile Browsers 299

10.4 RF and Processors 30010.4.1 RF 30010.4.2 Baseband Processor (BP) 30110.4.3 Mobile Phone Application Processors 303

10.5 Signal Processing 30410.5.1 Speech Coding – Vocoders 30410.5.2 Logic Control 30510.5.3 UICC 306

10.6 User Interface 30810.6.1 Advancements in UI 309

10.7 Power Supply 30910.7.1 Advantages 30910.7.2 Shortcomings 310

10.8 Mobile Device Management 31010.9 Mobile Performance Enhancement Techniques 310

10.9.1 Mobile Receive Diversity (MRD) 31010.9.2 Mobile Transmit Diversity 31110.9.3 MIMO 31110.9.4 Interference Cancellation 31210.9.5 Security 312

10.10 Device Development Organizations 31210.11 Devices (3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMAX) 31310.12 Industry Outlook 31510.13 Summary Insights 319References 320


Contents xiii

11 E2E Network Architecture and Mobility Management 32311.1 Introduction 32311.2 E2E EPS Architecture 32311.3 E2E WiMAX Architecture 324

11.3.1 Fixed WiMAX Network Architecture 32511.3.2 Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture 325

11.4 Mobility Management 32611.4.1 Mobility Management in 3GPP 32711.4.2 Mobility Management in WiMAX 328

11.5 EPS and WiMAX Interworking 33011.5.1 MM Process 332

11.6 EPS and EV-DO (HRPD) Interworking 33511.6.1 MM Process 335

11.7 WiMAX and EV-DO Interworking 33711.8 Key Interoperability Challenges 338

11.8.1 Authentication and Security 34011.8.2 End-to-End QoS 34011.8.3 Handover Latency 34111.8.4 Backhaul 34111.8.5 Device Attributes 341

11.9 Fixed Mobile Convergence 34111.9.1 Network Convergence 34211.9.2 Device Convergence 34811.9.3 Convergence of Services 34911.9.4 Standardization Work 34911.9.5 Flat-IP Architecture 349


12 Technology Management 35512.1 Introduction 35512.2 Technology Strategy 356

12.2.1 Stage Gate Model 35712.3 Technology Development 359

12.3.1 Organizational Aspects 36012.4 New Product Development (NPD) 361

12.4.1 NPD Process 36112.4.2 Collaborative Product Development (CPD) 36112.4.3 Knowledge Management within NPD 36212.4.4 Technology Development (TD) and PD Linkage 362

12.5 Innovation Management 36312.5.1 Evolution of Innovation Management 36412.5.2 Innovation Management Process Model 36512.5.3 Challenges with Innovation Management 365

12.6 Knowledge Management 36612.6.1 KM Architecture 366

12.7 Cultural Management 36812.7.1 Cultural Context Sensitivity 369


xiv Contents

12.8 Technology Foresight 37012.8.1 Background 37112.8.2 Process 371

12.9 Technology Roadmapping 37212.9.1 Roadmapping Stages 37212.9.2 Mobile Communications Roadmap Process 374

12.10 Technology Commercialization 37412.10.1 Process 37512.10.2 Commercialization of Disruptive and Sustaining Technologies 376

12.11 Managed Services 37712.11.1 Solution Management 37712.11.2 Vendor Management 37812.11.3 Implementation 37812.11.4 Solution Integration and Launch 37812.11.5 Ongoing Operations 378

12.12 Hypothetical Case 37912.12.1 Technology Strategy 37912.12.2 Technology Development and NPD 38012.12.3 Innovation Management 38012.12.4 Knowledge and Cultural Management 38012.12.5 Technology Foresight and Roadmapping 38012.12.6 Technology Commercialization and Managed Services 380


13 Recap and Future Outlook 38513.1 Chapter Recap 38513.2 Formalization of TM for Mobile Communications Ecosystem 38713.3 4G 388

13.3.1 3GPP and IEEE Technology 4G Candidates 38813.4 Mobile Network Infrastructure Sharing 39013.5 Connecting the Next Billion Users 39613.6 Green Power for Mobile 397

13.6.1 Key Challenges 39713.6.2 Potential Alternatives 39713.6.3 Green Power Industry Trends 398

13.7 Media and Telecom Convergence 39813.8 Future Outlook 399

13.8.1 2010–2012 39913.8.2 2013–2015 40113.8.3 2016–2020 402

References 403

Index 405


About the Author

Saad Z. Asif has twelve years of experience in evaluating telecommunications standards, state-of- the-art wireless technologies and engineering of fiber optic systems.

He began his career in 1998 as an engineer in Sprint Nextel (formerly Sprint) Transmission En-gineering group where he engineered DWDM systems. A year later he moved to the Radio AccessDevelopment (RAD) group within Sprint Technology Development (formerly Technology Research &Development), an organization situated in Overland Park, KS, USA. In RAD, he accessed and conductedPOC (proof-of-concept) trials on a number of wireless technologies including 3G (CDMA2000), inter-ference cancellation, antenna diversity and smart antennas. He also led a team in conducting POC testsfor EV-DO technology and played a major role in designing Sprint’s wireless high speed data strategy.

In 2006 he joined Technology Development (TD) group of Mobilink (an Orascom Telecom Company),Pakistan as a Manager TD. In that role his primary focus was on WiMAX where he led a team to conductPOC tests and fulfill regulatory requirements.

Since 2008 he has worked as a Manager Transmission Strategy in Telenor Pakistan in Islamabad. Hiscurrent focus is on Gigabit Ethernet radios and Carrier Ethernet technologies and providing long-termstrategy (direction) for the transmission network. He also led a team to launch the first Village Connectionsystem in Pakistan. He also actively contributes to Telenor Group’s CONTEST (Common Technologyand Strategy) program.

Mr. Asif is the author of the book Wireless Communications Evolution to 3G and Beyond publishedin 2007 by Artech House, USA. He has also published ten papers on wireline and wireless technologies.He, as a co-patentee, holds four US patents and has additional patent applications pending with the USPatent and Trade Office. He is also listed as a scientist in the ‘Productive Scientists of Pakistan – 2009’directory, published by Pakistan Council for Science and Technology. He is also a senior member of theIEEE.

Mr. Asif received a BS and an MS in Electrical Engineering from Oklahoma State University in 1996and 1997, respectively. He also received an MS in Engineering Management from the University ofKansas in 2001.


Preface

In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate

I am using this opportunity to share some of the technical and management experiences that I havegained while working for the three leading telecommunication service providers of the world. During mytenure at Sprint (USA), Pakistan Mobile Communications Limited (an Orascom Telecom Company) andcurrently with Telenor Pakistan (Telenor Group), I have come across a number of learning opportunitiesnot only as a technologist but also as a people manager and as a strategist.

The book takes an in-depth look at the Mobile Communications Ecosystem which traditionally includeselements of end-user devices, radio access network, transport network, core network, operational supportsystems (OSS) and services. Based on my experiences, I believe that this ecosystem can be strengthenedby including Technology Management to the value chain.

Technology Management (TM) is the norm of the game in all the organizations associated withtechnology and innovation driven mobile communications industry; whether it is practiced full heartedlyor ineffectively it’s a different matter. TM mostly deals with non engineering elements like technologystrategy, technology roadmapping, innovation management, etc.

Moving on, the book takes a deeper look at the two prevailing Next Generation Radio AccessTechnologies (standards) – 3GPP 3G-LTE and IEEE WiMAX and it also discusses their respectiveevolution towards 4G (IMT-Advanced). Besides radio technologies, a chapter is dedicated each fortransport network, core network and OSS, services, devices and TM. The role of various standarddevelopment organizations and industry forums is highlighted throughout the book.

Chapter 1 introduces the enhanced mobile communications ecosystem model along with an overviewof the book. Chapter 2 looks into OFDMA which is the newest form of multiple access technique usedin both 3G-LTE and WiMAX and also envisioned for future 4G (IMT-Advanced) systems.

Chapter 3 to Chapter 6 looks into four different radio access techniques namely 3G-LTE, WiMAX,3GPP2 EV-DO and IEEE MBWA respectively. 3G-LTE is the evolution of UTRAN (UMTS TerrestrialRadio Access Network) while WiMAX is the newest 3G radio access technology incorporated in IMT-2000. The continuous downfall of CDMA, death of UMB and absence of 3GPP2 from IMT-Advancedhas made EV-DO not only an orphan but also left it without an offspring. At the same time the worldwidepresence of EVDO cannot be ignored and its migration towards 3G-LTE has been discussed in chapter5. IEEE MBWA has so far received very little attention but its importance cannot be ignored.

Chapter 7 looks into several bottlenecks associated with associated with transmission networks. Thetwo emerging transport technologies namely Gigabit Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet are discussed in detail.Chapter 8 provides details of core networks and operational support systems. The evolution of 3GPPcore networks with respect to different releases along with EPS and WiMAX management referencemodels are discussed. The details of Next Generation OSS are also discussed in Chapter 8.

Chapter 9 describes IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and advance services like M-Commerce, MobileTV, etc. Chapter 10 looks into various components of wireless devices including mobile softwareplatform, radio frequency, processors, etc. Chapter 11 describes the end-to-end network architecture of


xviii Preface

EPS and WiMAX along with the mobility management aspects. The topic of fixed mobile convergenceis also discussed in Chapter 11. Chapter 12 looks into the various branches of Technology Managementand their relevance to the mobile communications industry.

Chapter 13 provides a recap of previous chapters, validation of TM for the mobile industry and someindustry trends including network sharing, convergence of media and telecom, green power for mobile,etc. It also touches upon providing a high level forecast for the next 10 years by dividing into threeperiods (2010–2012; 2013–2015 and 2016–2020).

I strongly believe that mobile communications standards should be integrated into engineering, tech-nology, and computing curricula which is not the case today. It will bring the academia further closer tothe industry. At the same time the telecom firms can further strengthened their health by injecting timeand money in the various domains of the TM.

From the bottom of my heart I would like to thank my wife for her everlasting support, my parents fortheir undying support and never-ending prayers, and my brother for his assistance in proofreading thisbook.

Lastly, I hope you will enjoy reading this book and reap immense benefits from it.

P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABCc01 BLBK327-Asif November 23, 2010 10:14 Printer Name: Yet to Come

1Introduction

Mobile Communications is one of the most valuable innovations of the twentieth century. It started in the1970s and became one of the most common forms of communications in the mid 2000s. Mobile wirelesscommunications is continuously evolving and mobile phone is all set to become the Third Screens afterTV and computer.

It is a single technology that enables voice communications like traditional landline, broadband datacommunications like DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), financial services like banks and infotainmentlike TV. The journey started with first generation analog systems and moved to second generationdigital telephony with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), USDC (US Digital Cellular),CDMAOne (Code Division Multiple Access) and PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular) systems. The journeycontinued with the migration to third generation (3G) systems in the early 2000s. The three 3G standardsare CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA (Time Division – Synchronous CDMA) and UMTS (Universal MobileTelecommunications Systems) [1].

Contrary to what is stated by many industry players both EPS (Evolved Packet System) and WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) are part of ITU (International TelecommunicationsUnion) IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) framework and are not 4G technologies.IMT-2000 is a framework from the ITU for 3G wireless phone standards throughout the world that deliverhigh-speed multimedia data as well as voice. EPS is an evolution of UMTS systems while WiMAX is anew technology and both can be considered as the last leg to 4G.

Nevertheless the evolution is ongoing and migration to 4G is just starting with the request from ITU-Rfor the submission of IMT-Advanced or 4G proposals. These proposals are currently under evaluationand 4G technology or technologies will be standardized in 2011.

1.1 Mobile Communications EcosystemThe traditional mobile communications ecosystem mainly comprises of technologies, standards andnetworks and it deals with the management of technlogies in a less effective fashion. Though technologymanagement is recognized it is not as such practiced as it should be in the world of mobile communi-cations. We made an attempt in this book to place technology management in its right place and giveit a structured role in the overall ecosystem. We have explicitly added the component of technologymanagement in the ecosystem so that the academia and importantly the mobile industry can start toconsider TM as an integrated element of the business.

Thus, the mobile communications ecosystem is divided into three concrete elements namely the End-User Device, the Network and Technology Management (TM). This enhanced ecosystem in presentedin Figure 1.1.

Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem: Technology Management for Mobile Communications Saad Z. AsifC© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

1


2 Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem

Enhanced Mobile Communications Ecosystem

Service Element

Technology Management

Core Network

MSC

SGSN/PDSN/GGSNRadio Access Network

BSC/RNCTransport Transport Transport Operations

Center

Transport

NETWORK

DEVICE

Figure 1.1 Enhanced mobile communications ecosystem

1.1.1 Devices

Device is one of the most critical elements of the food chain as the user experience ultimately drives thevalue of network. Devices come in various forms and shapes starting from simply traditional cell phonesto iPhones and BlackBerrys.

1.1.2 Networks

3G networks consists of five major components, namely radio access network, transmission/transportnetwork, core network, service element (Applications), OSS (operational support systems). The com-ponent of Information Technology which plays a supportive for the telecom network is not as suchdiscussed in the book.

� (Radio Access Network) (RAN): The RAN connects the end user devices to the core network thatis, it sits between the device and the core network. The term RAN is typically used in GSM/UMTSnetworks. An equivalent term in CDMA2000 systems is air interface along with those componentsgoverning the networking of base stations and their connection to the core network. The air interface isthe radio-based communication link between the mobile station and the active base transceiver station.RAN consists of two main components namely BTS (Base Transceiver Station) or NodeB and BSC(Base Station Controller) or RNC (Radio Network Controller). A BSC/RNC serves multiple BTS/NodeBs [1].

� Transmission Network: Like its name, it provides the transmission of traffic from the user to mobilenetwork and from the network either to PSTN or to another mobile user or to the Internet (or applicationservers). Transmission systems include microwaves, leased line, fiber, and so on.


Introduction 3

� Core Networks: Core Network lies between RAN and OSS. It can be either circuit switched forvoice communications or packet switched for data services. The mapping between RAN to CoreNetwork is one-to-many. Core Network elements consist of MSCs (Mobile Switching Centers), SGSN(Serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Support Node), PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node),GGSN (General GPRS Support Node), and so on. Each MSC, SGSN and PDSN can serve multipleBSCs/RNCs. PDSN and GGSN connect the users to Internet or third party application servers [1].

� Service Element (Applications): In 3G networks, users can get access to external Packet DataNetworks (e.g., Internet) or in-house applications that are present on separate servers via core network.

� OSS: It provides OAM&P (operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning) functionality.It acts as the watchman that monitors the network and takes actions to rectify in case something goeswrong with the network on a 24/7/365 basis.

1.1.3 Technology Management

TM deals with a number of soft elements of the mobile communications business. This field is vastand contains both technical and people elements, including, but not limited to, technology development,knowledge management, managed services, and so on.

1.2 Book OverviewWe have made an attempt in this book to give a holistic picture of a Next Generation Mobile Commu-nications ecosystem. Holistic means that we not only discuss technologies, standards and networks, butalso the technology management component which is necessary to manage underlying technologies andnetworks in an effective fashion.

The book consists of 13 chapters including the current chapter that is, Chapter 1 Introduction. Itprovides details of various radio, transmission, core network, and OSS technologies and standards.Additionally, a chapter is dedicated to the principles of technology management. Briefly (and as shownin Figure 1.2) some information about the chapters is as follows:

1.2.1 Chapter 2 OFDM and OFDMA

Chapter 2 looks into OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) and OFDMA (OFD MultipleAccess) techniques. OFDMA is at the heart of both 3GPP (Third Generation Project Partner) EPS andIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) WiMAX technologies. OFDMA is a departurefrom CDMA which is used in all the three 3G systems mentioned earlier. OFMDA is also the proposedmultiple access technique for 4G mobile systems.

1.2.2 Chapter 3 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS)

Chapter 3 discusses 3GPP EPS technology that consists of a new radio access called E-UTRAN (En-hanced UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) which is commonly known as 3G-LTE (Long TermEvolution) and an enhanced core network called EPC (Enhanced Packet Core). The radio interface ofEPS that is, 3G-LTE is primarily discussed in this chapter along with its performance and key features.The evolution towards LTE-Advanced (4G candidate) is also briefly touched upon in the chapter.


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Introduction 5

1.2.3 Chapter 4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

The IEEE 802.16 WiMAX technology, the competitor to 3G-LTE is discussed in Chapter 4. The airinterface of WiMAX along with its performance in the lab and field environments are presented. TheWiMAX certification process conducted by WiMAX Forum and its evolution towards IEEE 802.16m(4G candidate) are also presented in the chapter.

1.2.4 Chapter 5 3GPP2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

Chapter 5 discusses 3GPP2 EV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized) technology which is based on CDMA.The two revisions of EV-DO (1xEV-DO Rev 0 and 1xEV-DO Rev A) have been deployed in many partsof the world and there are more than 145 million users of EV-DOEV-DO. The key features of these twosingle carrier technologies have been discussed in the chapter. Details of multicarrier EV-DOEV-DORevision B along with its performance are provided. The key elements of UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)or EV-DO Revision C which is based on OFDMA are listed. After failing to get any meaningful supportfrom the industry, UMB an evolution to EV-DO and a potential competitor to 3G-LTE and WiMAX hasbeen discontinued. This failure has demanded the EV-DO industry to find a new evolution path and thishas turned out to be 3GPP 3G-LTE for the most players. The evolution of EV-DO is discussed in detailin the chapter.

1.2.5 Chapter 6 IEEE 802.20 Mobile-Fi

Chapter 6 looks into IEEE 802.20 MobileFi technology, which is also known as MBWA (MobileBroadband Wireless Access). It was initially proposed to counter WiMAX. Though the standard wascompleted in 2007, it has so far failed to develop into any meaningful industry support until the writingof this book. The chapter goes on to describe MBWA air interface, architecture and performance.

1.2.6 Chapter 7 Transmission Networks

The key aspects of transmission or transport systems are described in Chapter 7. The transmissionnetworks can be divided into three segments, namely access (backhaul) network, metro or regionalnetwork and core (backbone) network. This segmentation is not standard and could vary from operatorto operator and country to country. The key bottleneck of today’s broadband networks is mobile backhaul.A number of technological alternatives are provided to address this challenge. In addition, some backhaulplanning guidelines are presented in the chapter as well. Several technologies that can be used in metroand backbone segments are also presented.

1.2.7 Chapter 8 Core Networks and OSS

Chapter 8 discusses two elements of the mobile networks, namely core networks and operational supportsystems. The evolution of 3GPP core networks with respect to different releases (Rel.99 to Rel.8) hasbeen discussed in detail. We also briefly touched upon the core networks of EV-DO, WiMAX andMBWA. The role of various Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) and industry forums on OSSis discussed. Details of TMN (Telecommunications Management Network) and Next Generation OSS(NGOSS) are also provided in the chapter. Lastly, management reference models of both EPS andWiMAX are described in the episode.



1.2.8 Chapter 9 IMS, Services and Applications

Chapter 9 is divided into two segments – IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and Advanced Applications.It provides details of 3GPP IMS and 3GPP2 MMD (Multi Media Domain). The role of other SDOsand Forums on IMS has been listed along with the concept of Common IMS that will address theinteroperability between the different IMS standards and future IMS-enabled networks. It also looksinto the challenges that have delayed the rollout of IMS and issues that have so far caused its absencein 3G networks. A number of advanced applications including M-Commerce, Mobile TV, Locationbased Services, and Machine to Machine have been extensively described in the chapter. Mobile ContentDevelopment is the next topic that is investigated followed by a list of key SDOs and Forums that areworking on the development of these applications.

1.2.9 Chapter 10 Smart Wireless Devices

Chapter 10 looks into the various components of mobile wireless devices. The key aspects of multiplemobile software platforms including Symbian, Windows Mobile, Andriod, and so on, are described.The critical elements of RF (radio frequency) and baseband processors along with their integration arediscussed. The additional device components that are discussed include speech coders, logic control,UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card), user interface and power supply. The importance of mobiledevice management and role of various device development SDOs and forums is highlighted. The chapteralso looks into some mobile performance enhancement techniques including smart antennas, antennadiversity, interference cancellation, and so on. The last section provides snapshots of some smart 3GPP,3GPP2, and WiMAX devices along with their key attributes.

1.2.10 Chapter 11 E2E Network Architecture and Mobility Management

This chapter describes the end-to-end network architecture of EPS and WiMAX. Next, aspects of mobilitymanagement of EPS and WiMAX along with their interworking with EV-DO are described. A section isdedicated to discuss key network interoperability challenges. Lastly, Fixed Mobile Convergence and theassociated challenges are illustrated.

1.2.11 Chapter 12 Technology Management

Chapter 12 discusses various aspects of technology management and their relevance to mobile communi-cations. The principles of TM like technology strategy, technology development, innovation management,cultural management, and so on, are described. Lastly, a hypothetical case involving a startup 4G radioequipment manufacturer is used to illustrate these various principles.

1.2.12 Chapter 13 Recap and Future Outlook

This chapter primarily focuses on eight topics – summarizing what has been discussed in the previouschapters, discussing 4G, justifying the enhanced mobile communications model presented in Chapter1, briefly describing some key industry trends including Infrastructure Network Sharing, Convergenceof Media and Mobile, Connecting the Next Billion Users and Renewal Energy, and finally providing a30 000 foot view on the future of mobile communications.

Reference1. Asif, S.Z. (2007) Wireless Communications Evolution to 3G and Beyond, Artech House, Inc., Norwood, MA.


2OFDM and OFDMA

2.1 IntroductionThe wireless communications industry is evolving from circuit switched systems to all IP packet centricplatforms. A common theme for this evolution is the use of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing) and associated multiple access technique called OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access). A major difference between 3G and NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) isthat all 3G networks are based on CDMA while NGMN (like 3G-LTE and WiMAX) are based onOFDMA. Thus, it becomes important that we learn about OFDM first before we dive into NGMN.1

Multi carrier modulation systems, of which OFDM is a key example, were first developed in the 1950sfor military applications. However, the low cost implementation of OFDM only became possible withthe advances in Digital Fourier Transform (DFT) in the 1980s. Further along in history, it was not untilthe 1990s that we witnessed the first wireless OFDM based standard – the Digital Audio Broadcasting(DAB). Next we highlight some historical perspectives [1] in the development of OFDM:

� 1958: Kineplex, a military multi-carrier high frequency communication system (R.R. Mosier and R.G.Clabaugh).

� 1966: R. W. Chang at Bell Labs published the OFDM paper “Synthesis of band-limited orthogonalsignals for multi-channel data transmission.”

� 1970: First patent (US3488445 “Orthogonal Frequency Multiplex Data Transmission System”) issuedto R. W. Chang on OFDM.

� 1971: Weinstein and Ebert proposed the use of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and guard interval.� 1985: Cimini described use of OFDM for mobile communications.� 1985: Telebit Trailblazer Modem introduced incorporating a 512 carrier Packet Ensemble Protocol.� 1987: Alard & Lasalle: C-OFDM (Coded OFDM) for digital broadcasting.� 1988: Thomson-CSF LER, first experimental Digital TV link in OFDM in Paris.� 1989: First OFDM international patent application PCT/FR 1989/00546 “Emitter, Transmission

Method and Receiver” was filed in the name of THOMSON-CSF, et al.� 1990: Thomson-CSF LER, first OFDM equipment field test, 34 Mbps in an 8 MHz channel in Paris

area.� 1993: Morris: Experimental 150 OFDM wireless LAN (local area network).� 1994: US patent 5282222, “Method and apparatus for multiple access between transceivers in wireless

communications using OFDM spread spectrum.”

1 We have mainly considered EPS and WiMAX as part of NGMN.

Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem: Technology Management for Mobile Communications Saad Z. AsifC© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

7



� 1995: ETSI DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), first OFDM based standard.� 1997: ETSI DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting- Terrestrial) standard.� 1999: IEEE 802.11a and HIPERLAN/2 wireless LAN standards.� 2000: Proprietary fixed wireless access (Vector-OFDM, Flash-OFDM, and so on).� 2002: IEEE 802.11g standard for wireless LAN.� 2004: IEEE 802.16-2004 standard for fixed wireless MAN (Fixed WiMAX).� 2004: ETSI DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting – Handheld) standard.� 2005: IEEE 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) standard.� 2007: First demonstration of OFDMA based 3G-LTE air interface.� 2007: 3GPP2 specified OFDMA for Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) standard.� 2008: IEEE 802.20 (MobileFi) standard.� 2009: TeliaSonera launched first 3GPP 3G-LTE system in December.

The focus of this chapter is on OFDM and OFDMA. In Section 2.2 a technical background on OFDMis presented while Section 2.3 discusses principles of OFDM. In the following two sections we list theadvantages and impairments associated with OFDM. Section 2.6 provides a brief overview of OFDMAand Section 2.7 listed the justifications why OFDM is required for packet-based networks like NGMN.The concluding remarks are provided in Section 2.8.

2.2 Technical BackgroundA single carrier system modulates information onto one carrier by altering frequency, phase or amplitudeof the carrier. For digital signals, the information is in the form of bits, or collections of bits calledsymbols, that are modulated onto the carrier. As higher bandwidths (data rates) are used, the durationof the bits or symbol (collection of bits) of information becomes smaller. The system becomes moresusceptible to interference from external sources and losses due to impulse noise, signal reflection, andso on. The type of interference due to spurious emissions, inter-modulation products, and so on, is calledfrequency interference.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) extends the concept of SCM (single carrier modulation) byusing multiple sub-carriers within the same single channel (spectrum). FDM allows the division of totaldata that needs to be sent into various sub-carriers offering various advantages over SCM. First, thedata do not have to be divided evenly nor does it have to originate from the same information source.Second, it allows separate modulation/demodulation scheme to a particular type of data. Thirdly, havingmultiple narrowband sub-carriers instead of one wideband carrier simplifies the equalization2 processthat operates upon a signal at the receiving end.

Beside the advantages, FDM does have some drawbacks, in particular the requirement of a guard bandbetween modulated sub-carriers to prevent the spectrum of one subcarrier from interfering with another.Each sub-carrier is separated by a guard band to ensure that they do not overlap. These sub-carriers arethen demodulated at the receiver by using filters to separate the bands (as shown in Figure 2.1). Theseguard bands lower the system’s effective information rate when compared to a single carrier system withsimilar modulation.

OFDM is a well known multi carrier modulation scheme used in 3GPP 3G-LTE, Wireless LANs,WiMAX and has been specified for 3GPP2 UMB and IEEE 802.20 MobileFi networks. Multi-carriermodulation is a method of transmitting data by splitting it into several components, and sending each of

2 Equalization is the process of using passive or active electronic elements or digital algorithms for the purpose ofaltering (originally flattening) the frequency response characteristics of a system. An equalization filter is a filter,usually adjustable, meant to compensate for the unequal frequency response of some other signal processing circuitor system [1].


OFDM and OFDMA 9

7 subcarriers

Frequency

Figure 2.1 FDM with seven sub-carriers using filters

these components over separate carrier signals. The individual carriers have narrow bandwidth, but thecomposite signal can have broad bandwidth.

A functional block diagram of multi carrier modulation is shown in Figure 2.2. First, the serial databits carrying information are converted to parallel bit streams. This simply means that a stream of dataelements received in time sequence, that is, one at a time, are converted into a data stream consistingof multiple data elements transmitted simultaneously. Then, every block of N data bits entering themulti carrier modulation will be multiplexed onto N channels where each of these blocks is modulatedby a different carrier signal. The carrier signals (φ1, φ2, φN) are carefully selected subject to variousconditions and they differ from one scheme to another. Since the focus is on OFDM, these carrier signalswill be orthogonal in time. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers areorthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrierguard bands are not required [2–4].

Serialto

Parallel

modulator

modulator

modulator

Xn,1

Xn,2

Xn,N

Xn

Ø1(t)

Ø2(t)

ØN(t)

Ψn,N(t)

Ψn,2(t)

Ψn,1(t)

Σ (t)

Figure 2.2 MCM scheme. Reproduced with permission from Dawid and Rethnakaran © 2003 Synopsys [3]



2.3 Principles of OFDMOFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing:

Modulation – a process of conveying a message signal inside another signal that canbe physically transmitted. Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of thecarrier, such as amplitude, phase, or frequency, in accordance with a function of the messagesignal.

Multiplexing – a process where multiple digital data streams are combined into one signalover a shared medium.

The letter O in OFDM implies orthogonality among the sub-carriers that results in the elimination ofguard bands required by FDM. Once the sub carriers are made orthogonal to each other, the interferenceamong them is also eliminated. The term orthogonality means that the sub-carriers are perpendicular toeach other in a mathematical sense allowing the spectrum of each subcarrier to overlap another withoutinterfering with it. Figure 2.3 shows the effect of orthogonality by reducing the bandwidth required ascompared to FDM. The bandwidth is reduced by removing guard bands and allowing their spectra tooverlap each other.

2.3.1 OFDM System Model

OFDM is a multicarrier block modulation scheme where data symbols are grouped and transmitted inparallel by employing a large number of orthogonal sub-carriers. OFDM is realized through the DiscreteFourier Transform (DFT) and its inverse (IDFT). The computation of DFT and IDFT are themselvesperformed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques.

Figure 2.4 shows the transmitter and receiver chain of an OFDM modem. Contrary to SCM, the OFDMmodulation is performed on a block-by-block basis. At the transmitter, a block of source symbols in thefrequency domain is first serial-to-parallel converted onto K sub-carriers. These sub-carriers are inputto an IFFT (Inverse FFT) block that brings the signal into a time domain. The orthogonal waveform iscarried out using an IFFT and a parallel to serial converter. The output of the converter is the summationof all sub-carriers. Following the converter, certain points (symbols) are appended to the beginning ofthe sequence as a cyclic prefix. The purpose is to allow multipath to settle before the main data arrives atthe receiver. The length of the cyclic prefix is often equal to the guard interval. The resulting samples arethen shaped, converted to analog and transmitted. Each transmitted block over the channel is referred toas on OFDM symbol [4, 5].

At the receiver, an FFT block is used to reverse the operation. In particular, the sampled signals arefirst processed to determine the starting point of a block and the proper demodulation window. Next,CP which also contains ISI (Inter symbol interference) is removed and then the sequence is serial to

7 subcarriers

Frequency

Figure 2.3 OFDM with seven sub-carriers

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