new zealand drivers study: risky driving behaviour among learner and restricted licence drivers dr...
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New Zealand Drivers Study: Risky driving behaviour among learner and restricted
licence drivers
Dr Dorothy BeggUniversity of Otago
NZAA Research Foundation SymposiumWellington Convention Centre
September 5th – 6th 2011
New Zealand Drivers Study: a follow-up study of newly licensed drivers
Dr Dorothy Begg, Prof. John Langley, Rebecca Brookland, Anna McDowell, Hannah Jordan, Ari
Samaranayaka, Dave Barson, Prof. Hank Weiss (IPRU) Assoc Prof. John Broughton, Ngai Tahu Maori Health Unit,
University of OtagoProf. Shanthi Ameratunga, University of Auckland
Study design • prospective cohort study • designed to capitalise on NZ graduated driver
licensing process• recruit newly licensed drivers at learner licence
stage• follow-up interviews at the restricted and full licence
stages• follow-up after full licence using national databases:
traffic crash reports, hospital admissions, police traffic records, ACC records
On-going follow-up using national databases
Traffic crash reports Hospitalised traffic injury Traffic violations, convictions, infringements ACC motor vehicle account claims
minimum 6 months
Stage 2: Restricted LicencePractical Driving Test
Stage 2: : First follow-up Telephone Interview
Stages of GDLS Stages of the NZDS
Stage 1: Learner Licence Theory & Eyesight Tests
Stage 1: Baseline Interview Face to-face recruitment, consent forms, self-administered questionnaire
Stage 3: Full LicencePractical driving test
Stage 3: Second follow-upTelephone Interview
minimum 12 months
Stage 2:
Parent Interview Telephone Interview
Stage 1: Recruitment of cohort (n=3,992)
• face-to-face after LL test • 1 Feb 2006 – 31 Jan 2008• at licensing centres (mainly NZAA)
– (75% participation)
and learner licensing courses – (90% participation)
• postcards in AA licensing centres in rural areas
• information sheets, signed consent obtained• self-administered paper questionnaire• Preferably completed on site, also mail back option• $20 MTA voucher for each completed interview
DUNEDINAssistant Research Fellow Research Assistants at licensing centres
CHRISTCHURCHResearch Assistants at NZAA licensing centres
NAPIER / HASTINGSTe Taiwhenua o Heretaunga
AUCKLAND
Manukau Urban Maori
Authority
Manukau Youth Resource
Centre
Road Safety Group
Plus Research Assistants at NZAA licensing centres
RUATORIATe Runanga o Ngati Porou
GISBORNETuranga Health CIP
WAIROATairawhiti REAP
• Postcards throughou
t NZ in rural areas
and smaller centres
Follow-up procedure for stages 2 & 3 • Driver Licence Registry (DLR) created and maintain
a database of NZDS cohort
• Contact details plus licence & offence data
• Each week DLR check database for changes and
send us the details
• Change usually indicates progress to next stage
• Computer assisted telephone interview arranged
As of 31 May 2011:• 74% (n=2967) passed restricted licence test*• 87% of them (n=2570) completed stage 2 interview
• 40% (n=1605) passed full licence test• 92% of them (n=1481) completed stage 3 interview
Parent study interview• 1200 (85% participation rate): 64% female, 36%
male
• *all eligible for RL as of August 2008
National database follow-up
• 98% gave signed consent for access to their
records up to 10 years after they get a full licence
– TCR data from MoT
– Traffic mortality & hospitalisation data from MoH
– Offence data from DLR
Questionnaire items
Learner: demographic data, pre-licensed driving, reasons for licensing , alcohol, marijuana, other drugs, sleep, impulsivity-sensation seeking-aggression.
Restricted & Full: vehicle access & details, quantity & quality of driving experience: professional lessons, courses, supervised & unsupervised driving, driving behaviour, alcohol, marijuana, other drugs, seatbelts, police enforcement, speed cameras, crashes.
The following results based on:
Restricted Licence Interview (learner licence data)
•September 2010 •2 years after all eligible for a RL•n=2474 (62%)
Full Licence Interview (restricted licence data)•May 2011•n=1470 (37%)
All results presented are %
Key demographic characteristicsAge at learners
Learnern=399
2
Restrictedn=2474
Fulln=1470
15 years 49 61 75
16 years 18 16 13
17 years 10 8 5
18 years 5 3 2
19 years 3 2 1
20+ years 14 9 5
Key demographic characteristics
Gender Learnern=399
2
Restrictedn=2474
Fulln=1470
Female 51 49 41
Males 49 51 59
Key demographic characteristics
*Ethnicity Learnern=399
2
Restrictedn=2474
Fulln=1470
NZ European
55 65 75
Maori 21 14 8
Pacific 13 12 6
Asian 11 11 10
Other 15 16 14
* can identify with more than one ethnicity
Key demographic characteristics
Residential location
Learner
n=3992
Restrictedn=2474
Fulln=1470
Main urban 89 88 87
Other 11 12 13
Key demographic characteristics
NZDep2006 Learnern=3992
Restricted
n=2474
Fulln=147
0
1 & 2 least deprived
22 29 37
3 & 4 19 23 26
5 & 6 17 17 17
7 & 8 16 13 11
9 & 10 most deprived
26 17 9
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you drive fast just for the thrill of it?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 83 70
Occasionally/quite often 16 28
Frequently/all the time 1 2
Males significantly riskier than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you take some risks when driving because it makes driving more fun?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 90 80
Occasionally/quite often
9 19
Frequently/all the time
1 1
Males significantly riskier than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you do burnouts, donuts or skids just for the fun of it?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 95 89
Occasionally/quite often
4 10
Frequently/all the time
1 1
Males significantly riskier than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you do get involved in unofficial street races with other drivers?
Learner RestrictedNever/hardly ever 97 95
Occasionally/quite often
2 5
Frequently/all the time
<1 <1
Males significantly riskier than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you overtake when there is a solid yellow line on your side of the road?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 99 98
Occasionally/quite often
1 2
Frequently/all the time
0 0
Chi sq not valid
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you speed up if someone is trying to pass you?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 95 90
Occasionally/quite often
5 9
Frequently/all the time
0 1
Males significantly riskier than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you make rude gestures at other drivers?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 93 87
Occasionally/quite often
6 13
Frequently/all the time
1 0
Males significantly “ruder” than females at full licence stage only
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you honk horn or flash lights in anger at other drivers?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 90 79
Occasionally/quite often
9 20
Frequently/all the time
1 1
Males significantly “angrier” than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you talk on a handheld cell phone while driving?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 91 78
Occasionally/quite often
9 21
Frequently/all the time
0 1
No difference by gender
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you talk on a hands free cell phone while driving?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 91 84
Occasionally/quite often
8 14
Frequently/all the time
1 2
No difference by gender
Risky Driving Behaviours
How often do you text message on a cell phone while driving?
Learner Restricted
Never/hardly ever 77 46
Occasionally/quite often
20 46
Frequently/all the time
3 8
No difference by gender
Risky Driving Behaviours
In general, how fast do you drive on the open road, compared to other drivers?
Learner Restricted
Slower/ much slower
19 9
About the same 75 72
Faster/much faster 6 20
Males significantly faster than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
In general, how fast do you drive in a 50 kph area, compared to other drivers?
Learner Restricted
Slower/ much slower
11 5
About the same 82 81
Faster/much faster 7 14
Males significantly faster than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
How do you rate your driving ability, compared to other drivers with a restricted licence / just got their full licence?
Learner Restricted
Worse, much worse 4 0
About the same 70 65
Better/much better 26 35
Males significantly “better” than females
Risky Driving Behaviours
Compared to other drivers in general, how do you rate your driving ability?
Learner Restricted
Worse, much worse 27 10
About the same 59 62
Better/much better 14 28
Males significantly “better” than females
Risky Driving BehavioursSuppose there were no speed limits on the open road or highway, how fast would you chose to drive when weather conditions are good and traffic volume is light?
Learner Restricted
≤100 kph 58 34
100-120 kph 30 49
≥121 kph 12 18
Very significantly different by gender
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive at 60 kph in a 50 kph speed zone
Learner Restricted
Never safe 26 17
Safe 50 50
Mostly/always safe 24 33
Higher % females report never safe and higher % males mostly/always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive at 110 kph in a 100 kph speed zone
Learner Restricted
Never safe 32 18
Safe 44 41
Mostly/always safe 25 42
Higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive with a BAC just over the legal limit
Learner Restricted
Never safe 82 84
Safe 15 12
Mostly/always safe 2 4
Higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive after using marijuana
Learner Restricted
Never safe 86 86
Safe 11 9
Mostly /always safe 3 5
Higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive through a red light
Learner Restricted
Never safe 92 94
Safe 8 6
Mostly/always safe 0 0
Higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive with teenage passengers and no supervisor
Learner Restricted
Never safe 47 15
Safe 35 37
Mostly/always safe 17 48
Slightly higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive between 10pm and 5am with no supervisor
Learner Restricted
Never safe 35 11
Safe 38 30
Mostly/always safe 27 59
Slightly higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive while talking on a handheld cell phone
Learner Restricted
Never safe 62 55
Safe 31 32
Mostly/always safe 7 13
Slightly higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive while talking on a hands free cell phone
Learner Restricted
Never safe 33 18
Safe 38 32
Mostly/always safe 29 50
Slightly higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
In YOU are driving how safe is it to
Drive while texting
Learner Restricted
Never safe 69 65
Safe 26 27
Mostly/always safe 5 8
Slightly higher % females report never safe and higher % males always safe
Drink-driving
How often did you drive within two hours of drinking at least one alcoholic drink
Learner Restricted
Never 90 73
At least once 10 27
For those who had driven after drinking
On how many occasions do you think you were over the legal limit for you to drive?
Learner Restricted
Never 51 43
At least once 49 57
For those who had driven after drinking
On how many occasions do you think you had too much to drink to be able to drive safely ?
Learner Restricted
Never 76 71
At least once 24 29
In summary: How safe are our young drivers?
•Males riskier than females (except cell phones)•Very confident in own ability –especially males•Driver distractions
•cell phone use- txt high risk but still popular•carrying passengers -low risk
•Speed –very popular, high preferred speed, much faster than others •Few “boy racers” (street races, donuts etc)•Alcohol – high risk, but not for them
The New Zealand Drivers Study has received funding from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, Road Safety Trust, Accident Compensation Corporation, and support from the Driver Licence Registry and the New Zealand Automobile Association.