new spectrophotometric method for determination of...

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New Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Penicillamin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using 4-Chloro-7-Nitrobenzo-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol

Amira Anwar Babikir AlFadil and Abdallah Ahmed ElBashir Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: A sensitive and rapid specrophotometric procedure has been investigated for the first time for the determination of D-Penicillamin in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed procedure is based on the reaction between the drug and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole(NBD-Cl) which is a highly sensitive chromogenic reagent at pH 10.5 using borate buffer, to produce a deep brown-purple adduct, which has a maximum absorbance at 468 nm and the concentration is rectilinear over the rang 1-15 µg mL-1 . Regression analysis of the calibration data showed a good correlation coefficient (r2=0.997) with minimum detection limit of 0.011µg mL-1 (7.37×10-8 M). The method was applied successfully to the determination of this drug in pharmaceutical dosage form. The mean recovery for the commercial capsules was 102.8%. A proposal of the reaction pathway has been postulated. The suggested procedure could be used for the determination of D-Penicillamin in pure and capsular forms; being sensitive, simple and rapid. Key words: NBD-Cl, Chromogenic spectrophotometry, D-Penicillinamine

Biphasic Oxidation of cis Diaquabis(1,10-Phenanthroline) Chromium (III) to cis-Dioxobis (1, 10-Phenanthroline) Chromium (V)

by N-Bromosuccinimide Nasma D. Eljack and Yousif Sulfab

Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The oxidation of cis-diaquabis (1,10-phenanthroline) chromium(III) [cis-CrIII(phen)2(H2O)2]3+ by N-bromosuccinimide(NBS) yields cis-dioxobis (1,10- phenanthroline)chromium(V).The kinetics of this reaction has been studied over the pH 1.57- 3.56 and 5.68 - 6.68 ranges at 25.0 oC. The reaction exhibited biphasic kinetics at pH values < 4.0 and a simple first order at the pH > 4.0. In the low pH range, the reaction proceeds by two consecutive steps; the first faster step corresponds to the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(IV), and the second slower one to the oxidation of Cr(IV) to Cr(V); the final product of the reaction. Each step exhibited a first-order dependence on [Cr(III)]. The pseudo first-order rate constants kf and ks, for the faster and slower steps respectively, were determined using a biexponential expression for a two – step consecutive reaction. The data were fitted by a computer program using Origin7.0. Both rate constants showed first-order dependence on [NBS] and increased with increasing pH. EPR measurements have revealed the formation of an initial product, believed to be Cr(IV) in the faster step, that is oxidized in a slower step to Cr(V). At pH > 4 the reaction followed simple first-order kinetics. At these pH values the faster reaction is too fast to follow by conventional methods and essentially the conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(IV) is complete within the time of mixing. The EPR spectrum of the final Cr(V) product is in agreement with that reported before.

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New Very Polar Triterpenoid Saponins from Argania spinosa Kernels Cakes

Max Henry1, Lukasz Pecio2, Mariusz Kowalczyk2, Anna Stochmal2 and Wieslaw Oleszek2

1 Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, Nancy, France 2 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Pulawy, Poland.

Abstract : Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels (Sapotaceae) is an endemic tree growing in Morocco and in small places in Algeria. This species is mainly localized in the South-West of Morocco in the region of Agadir – Essaouira where the forest is the densest. Its fruits (kernels) are harvested for extraction of oil used in Cosmetics for its high quality for health care of the skin. The cakes after extraction of the oil are generally not used except for feeding animals. These cakes are of Cosmetic interest now for different products, peptides and saponins. The concentration of the saponins in different parts of the Argan tree has been extensively studied for 20 years and published in four main articles. In a first group of work performed on the fruits and published in 1992 and 2002 the saponins described are composed of two aglycones, protobassic acid (R = H) and protohydroxybassic acid (R = OH) (Figure 1). In a second group of 2 papers, the bark of the tree was studied showing the presence of other saponins. Here we are only focusing on the saponins of the kernels only.

Figure 1: Structures of protobassic acid (R = H)

and protohydroxybassic acid (R = OH)

In these fruits 7 saponins were found by former authors (Charrouf et al., 1992) and named Arganines A, B, C, D, E and F and Mi-saponin A. They have only one or two glucose moieties linked to the 3OH and four oses linked on the 28COOH: Arabinose, Rhamnose; Xylose; Apiose. They were extracted with high concentrations of Ethanol: either pure Ethanol or 80% Ethanol in Water.

Charrouf Z., Wieruszewski J. M., Fkih-Tetouani S., Leroy Y., Charrouf M. and Fournet B., 1992. Triterpenoid saponins from Argania spinosa. Phytochemistry, 31, (6), 2079-2086.

OH

OHCOOH

OH

OH

R

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

3

Table 1: Saponins of seed Argania spinosa kernels described by Charrouf et al (1992):

Name Ose 2 Ose 1 Aglycone Ose 1 Ose 2 Ose 3 Ose 4 MW

Arganin A Glc Glc protoOHbassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Rha 1400

Arganin B Glc Glc protoOHbassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Api 1386

Arganin C - Glc protoOHbassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Rha 1238

Arganin D Glc Glc Protobassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Rha 1384

Arganin E Glc Glc Protobassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Api 1370

MI-saponin

- Glc Protobassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Rha 1222

Arganin F - Glc Protobassic acid Ara Rha Xyl Api 1208

Legend: Glc: glucose; Ara: Arabinose; Rha: rhamnose; Xyl: xylose; Api: apiose.

In the present work we demonstrate that pure Ethanol or 80% ethanol in Water solutions as used by the former authors are not efficient enough to extract all the saponins present in Argania spinosa kernel cakes. In fact, 90% of the saponins are still remaining in the cakes after such a classical way of extraction. When 50% of Ethanol is added to the Water (w/w) the extraction rate is drastically increased (10 times). So, more than 30 new saponins were detected in great amounts in these cakes. They are classically called GOTCAB saponins (Glucuronide Oleanane-type Triterpene Carboxylic Acid 3,28-Bidesmosides saponins) i.e. saponins with one glucuronic acid linked on the 3OH of the aglycone moiety.

These new saponins were only differing from the previously saponins found by the former authors by this glucuronic acid residue. For example GOTCAB 1 and 2 are similar to Arganine A and Arganine B with protohydroxybassic acid as the aglycone and one glucuronic acid residue replacing the glucose first linked to 3OH of this aglycone (see Table 1). All the rest of the molecule is identical as the corresponding non-polar saponins. Moreover, these two different saponins (for example: GOTCAB 1 and Arganine A) seem to establish molecular couple association 2 by 2 between them since they are extracted simultaneously in the same ratio with successive extractions n°2 and n°3 in the following steps. In plus, 5 times more saponins of that kind were extracted simultaneously thanks to the presence of GOTCAB saponins. These 80% of remaining Arganine A and/or B in the starting bulk were finally much better extracted with a very good yield in such conditions than in pure Ethanol by the former authors. This is mainly due to their special property to be linked molecule by molecule to these highly polar GOTCAB saponins. So, these very polar GOTCAB saponins are very useful for extracting the much less polar corresponding ones.

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Simple Field Tests to Check the Quality of Malaria Control Tools Harparkash Kaur, BSc PhD CSci CChem FRSC

Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK

Abstract: Malaria prevention and control consists of a combination of vector control and elimination measures and chemoprophylaxis. Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are used as the major mode of intervention in the fight against malaria vectors. Measuring the levels of insecticides on the bed nets and on the walls is essential for the quality control of the applied intervention. Currently, such information can only be provided by costly and sophisticated gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques which are not readily available in resource-poor countries and cannot ever be used in the field. Other methods such as bioassays give a qualitative assessment of the residual activity of insecticide remaining on the net and can be used indirectly to estimate the efficacy of the treated net, i.e. does it still kill mosquitoes. Bioassays require skilled staff with access to laboratory and insectary facilities. As a result the quality monitoring of insecticide impregnated bednets is either not carried out or relies on subjective responses from net users; this highlights the need for field friendly / cost effective tests that can be used by non specialist personal. A simple colorimetric test developed to determine the amount of insecticide (2 pyrethroids; deltamethrin, α- cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) on the nets and compliance of IRS will be shown that can be used by individuals without specialised scientific training. The poor quality of much of the world’s antimalarial drug supply is a neglected public health problem. Artemisinin derivatives (ARTs; artesunate, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin) are recognised as the most effective antimalarial drugs available at present. Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are universally recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the treatment of choice for malaria. Since 1999 there have been increasing numbers of reports of falsified (counterfeit) oral artesunate mono-therapy in SE Asia. There is concern that fake artemisinin derivatives will become a major problem in Africa, reducing the beneficial public health impact of these crucial medicines. Substandard and counterfeit drugs containing sub-therapeutic amounts of active ingredients are potentially important drivers of antimalarial drug resistance. The quality of antimalarial drugs is generally determined using HPLC in the laboratory hence we have developed two highly specific field methods for the detection of ARTs utilizing thin layer chromatography silica gel sheets and either 2, 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine or Fast blue salt as the reagents showing a pink or blue product respectively exclusively in the presence ARTs. The methods are highly specific, detecting only the ARTs with no inference from other antimalarial drugs, a number of the most common excipients, pain killers or antibiotics. Guidelines provided by WHO and United States Pharmacopeia for use by National Regulatory Authorities advise the use of convenience sampling strategies to determine quality of drugs available to their populations. The inherent bias in convenience sampling means that the sample is unlikely to be representative since the sampling frame is not known, and the sample is not selected at random. Our current activities will be discussed that involve the systematic collection of ACTs in some African countries to determine the prevalence of poor quality drugs.

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Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of a Copper (III) Complex Yousif Sulfab1 and Fawziyah M. Al-Sogair2

1 Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 2 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Abstract: The kinetics of reduction of 2,8-diphenyl-3,7-diaza-2,7-nonadiene-1,9-dionedioximatocopper(III), [CuIIIL]+ by catechol (H2Cat), p-methoxyphenol (pMHP), hydroquinone (H2Q), 2-methylquinone (MH2Q) and 2-chlorohydoquinone(ClH2Q) have been investigated in aqueous acidic solutions. The overall rate law is second order, first order in each reactant concentration. The dependence of the second order rate constant, k2, on pH is complex. In the lower pH range k2 decreases with increasing pH, whereas, it increases with increasing pH in the high pH range. The complex pH behavior seems to arise from the protonation-deprotnation equilibria of both oxidant and reductants. Catechol, as was observed before, showed an anomalous pH-dependence behavior in the high pH range. A mechanism consistent with the kinetics is proposed. The observed rate constants are compared to those calculated using Marcus equation.

Ecologically-sound Simple Technique to Purify Drinking Water from the Blue Nile during the Flooding Season

Mohamed Ali Omer Rahoum Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Water supplied by the Mogran Water Purification Station (MWPS) during the flooding (silting) period is not of good quality and a relatively large amount of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is used for the flocculation. The present study aims at reducing water turbidity to less than five nephelometric turbidity units (<5NTU) and the PAC to less than 5ppm. Six raw water samples with different turbidities were collected from the Blue Nile at the MWPS during the period July-September 2011. Each sample was divided to twelve subsamples. Each subsample was subjected to centrifugation using EBA 20 Hettich Zentrifugen at different centrifugation speeds (500 - 6000 rpm), different time length of centrifugation (3 - 10 min), and treated with different doses of PAC (2 - 10 ppm). The turbidity of the supernatant of each subsample was measured using HACH 2100N Turbidimeter. The results showed that all centrifugation speeds removed a considerable amount of water turbidity. However the high speed centrifugation was found highly efficient compared to the routine technique used in the MWPS. The amount of the PAC was reduced to 2ppm and 4ppm which were equivalent to 3.6% – 26.67% of the PAC currently used by the MWPS during the silting period. The one way analysis of variance showed very high significant difference (p<0.0001) in the purification performance at different centrifugation speeds, times and PAC doses. The centrifugation of raw water untreated with PAC chloride at high centrifugation speeds (6000 and 5500rpm) for 3 min followed by the centrifugation of its supernatant treated with 2ppm PAC for 3 min at high centrifugation speed, removed a very high percentage of turbidity (>99.9%) producing water of 2.48 – 3.35NTU. A

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similar result was revealed when the supernatant was treated with 4ppm PAC and centrifuged for 3 min at high centrifugation speed producing water of less turbidity (2.08 - 3.2 NTU). These findings showed that the addition of PAC to the supernatant of the centrifuged water sample gives far much better results compared to its addition to the raw water sample, both in purification quality and the amount of PAC used for flocculation.

Key words: water, purification, turbidity, centrifugation Study on the Gramineae with Special References to the Genus Sorghum

Alawia A. Rahman Ahmed Faculty of Education, UofK

Abstract: The widespread occurrence and predominance of grasses in various types of habitats and vegetational zones made the most familiar group o flowering plants. Their biology, identification and classification may not be too well known, but their importance as pastures, cereals wind-breakers and in lawns and playing grounds cannot be ignored. This study was on grasses of Northern and Central Sudan and accordingly covered a wide area representing a number of the Sudan’s Localities. These comprised 97 species falling within 9 tribes and 37 genera. Of these, Sorghum was given special consideration because of its importance as a stable food for this country.

Studies on Varietals and Age Resistance of Sorghum bicolor L. to the Sorghum Aphid Melanaphis saccahri (Zehnter) in Sudan

El tayeb M. El Khider


Abstract: The aphid Melanaphis saccahri [1] is reported to be an important pest of sorghum in Sudan since early days. In this study, three different varieties of Sorghum bicolor, locally grown in vast areas of Sudan, have been tested for their resistance to the sorghum aphid M. saccahri. Both young stages and mature plants have been tested: judging from the aphid performance, that is, developmental period, duration of reproduction, total number of nymphs produced per parent and number of nymphs produced per parent per day and mortality, the results showed that the young plants are found to be more resistant than the mature plants .Of the three varieties tested, variety Tabat is the most resistant, Wad Ahmed variety comes next, while variety Hybrd dura 1 is found to be the least resistant .

Key words: Sorghum bicolor, Melanaphis saccahri, Aphids, Resistance, Sudan

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Palynological Study on the Family Pedaliaceae in Sudan Maha A.Y. Kordofani & Manal S.Y. EL Hakim

Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The family Pedaliaceae is represented in Sudan by seven species belonging to four genera (Ceratotheca End., Rogeria J.Gay, Pterodiscus Hook and Sesamum L.) . This study investigated the degree of evolutionary advancement for this economically important family using palynological studies. Pollen grains are stephanocolpate radially symmetrical, prolate to spheriodal. Aperture details are nearly uniform in all the species investigated. Colpi are long with broad ends. The exine for all the studied species has interesting more or less similar structures & sculptures. These similarities may verify their relations at their generic level. This study confirmed the advancement of the Pedaliaceae and the importance of palynological characters in plant taxonomy. Also, close generic and specific relationships and strong resemblances were found between the studied species.

Key words: Pedaliaceae, Palynology, Sesemae, Sudan,Phylogenetic classification

Genetic Engineering of Vitamin C and Glutathione Contents in Plants Amin Elsadig Eltayeb1, Mohamed Elsadig Eltayeb Habora2, Hisashi Tsujimoto3 and Kiyoshi Tanaka2

1 Molecular Breeding and Biotechnology Subdivisions, Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka 1390, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan.

2Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.

Abstract: Abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, heavy metals and the herbicides use accelerate the accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also known as free radicals, ROS such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are believed to be the major factor responsible for rapid cellular damage under stressing environments due to their high reactivity with membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. These radicals are capable of unrestricted oxidation of various cellular components and can lead to oxidative destruction of the plant cells. Ascorbate (AsA; vitamin C) and glutathione (GSH) are powerful antioxidants and scavenger of free radicals, and maintaining their reduced pools are crucial for the continuous detoxification process. Using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, we have successfully engineered transgenic tobacco and potato pants that contain more than two folds higher level of vitamin C by overexpressing either Arabidopsis thaliana dehydroascorbate reductase gene (AtDHAR1) or monodehydroascorbate reductase (AtMDAR1). These plants showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salinity stresses (Eltayeb et al. 2006, 2007, 2010) and aluminum stress (Yin et al. 2010).Transgenic potato plants with six folds higher contents of glutathione were also developed by overexpressing theArabidopsis thaliana glutathione reductase gene (AtGR1); which in turn exhibited enhanced tolerance to the herbicide use and cadmium stress (Eltayeb et al. 2011). These results demonstrate that

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elevating either AsA or GSH content by recycling their oxidized forms provides reliable approach for the development of abiotic stress tolerant plants.

Keywords: Vitamin C · Glutathione · Abiotic stresses · Free radicals

Ecological Studies on Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman

Mohamed A. Idris1, Hélène Moné2, Gabriel Mouahid2, Andreas Ruppel3, Ali A. Al Jabri1, Mahmoud A. Shaban4, Jérôme Boissier2 & Salim AlYafae4

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat, Oman 2Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie tropicale et méditerranéenne, UMR 5555 CNRS-UP, Université, Perpignan, France 3Institute of Tropical Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Germany 4Public Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Dhofar, Oman

Abstract: Dhofar province, the southern region of Oman, is affected annually by the summer monsoon during June to August. This region has numerous springs and fresh water bodies running from the surrounding mountains and flowing into the Arabian sea through many valleys. These conditions fabour the development of Biomphalaria arabica (genetically not distinct from B. pfeifferi), a snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. Although schistosomiasis was never a major health problem in Dhofar, a few endemic human cases were reported twenty-five years ago. An integrated control programme including treatment with Praziquantel, mollusciciding with Baylucide, education and putting-up of cautionary notice boards were instituted by the Department of Public Health Affairs. These measures seemed to be effective and no indigenous cases of schistosomiasis were detected from 1991 to 1995 as proved by a survey for hookworms that covered over 5000 stool samples and the disease have even been declared as eradicated. However, during September to November 1999, few human cases of autochthonous schistosomiasis mansoni from Dhofar were diagnosed at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. Parasitological and immunological surveys among school children showed that S. mansoni occurs in Dhofar with a very focal distribution (0.7 to 12.9 %) egg excretors and (3 to 43 %) seropositive in four localities (Sheer, Zeek, Istah and Geiron Hiriti). Also the reactions in the serological tests are suggestive of recent infections. This encouraged us to study the epidemiology of the disease and to search for natural transmission sites of S. mansoni in Dhofar. Five surveys were conducted in order to collect and screen B. arabica, from 28 fresh water bodies. Few water bodies were investigated five times. The snail B. arabica is ubiquitous in Dhofar. Snails naturally infected with S. mansoni were found during each of three surveys, and three natural transmission sites (Razat, Tibraq and Siginitti) were identified for the first time in Dhofar. Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique the parasite from Dhofar was identified as S. mansoni. The chronobiology of the Dhofari parasite identified two strains of S. mansoni (with midday and early evening cercarial emission). The white rat, Rattus rattus, is naturally infected with S. mansoni and may play a role in the transmission of the disease. Other five digenean parasites were detected in the snails and their role as potential biological control agents need further investigation. Education, serological screening, treatment with 60mg/kg, regular search for potential transmission sites and

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vigilant surveillance on schistosomiasis infections for the coming 6-8 years were proposed for control.

New Investigations on the Herpetofauna of the Red Sea Hills of Sudan

Johannes Müller1, Christy Hipsley1, Sebastian Kirchhof1 and Zuheir Mahmoud2 1Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung

an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract: The Red Sea Hills of Sudan occupy a key biogeographic position in Northeast Africa, mediating between the Saharan/North African faunas in the north and those of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa further south. However, in contrast to neighbouring countries such as Egypt and Ethiopia, there have been very few studies on the biodiversity of the Sudanese Red Sea region. This also applies to the amphibian and reptile diversity, the knowledge of which is mostly based on studies from the 19th and early 20th century. In a joint effort between the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany, and the University of Khartoum, a research trip into the Red Sea Hills was conducted in October 2011 in order to gain a better understanding of the current status of the region’s herpetofauna and its preferred habitats. The field trip concentrated on the southern region of the Red Sea Hills and covered several different environments on the Western slope of the mountain range (Sinkat), the central plateau and the “mist oasis” Erkowit, as well as the maritime plains of Suakin, Tokar, and Trinkitat. Among the recorded species, the majority were of Sahelian affinities with a few North African taxa and several species restricted to the Red Sea region and the Ethiopian highlands. The biogeographic influence of the latter could be especially observed in the Sinkat and Erkowit regions, from which two new records for the country of Sudan were obtained: the gecko Tropiocolotes bisharicus, formerly known only from the Red Sea mountains of southern Egypt, and the sandfrog Tomopterna kachowskii, an endemic species from Ethiopia and Somalia. Based on our personal field observations and data from the literature, we performed a preliminary comparison between the herpetofauna of the southern Red Sea Hills of Sudan and that of the Gebel Elba region in the Hala’ib Triangle further north. The latter has been the subject of much more attention over the last decades and is considered a biodiversity hotspot. Surprisingly, the total number of recorded amphibian and reptile species is equal in both regions (33), despite less collection efforts in the southern Red Sea Hills of Sudan. However, differences can be observed in the composition of the herpetofaunas: in Gebel Elba, species of North African affinities constitute the highest relative proportion (39.4%), whereas in the southern Red Sea Hills it is the species from the Red Sea/Northeast African region that contribute the most to the region’s diversity (36.4%). This result is in concordance with the above mentioned mediating position of the Sudanese Red Sea Hills between North Africa and the sub-Saharan regions, and it also indicates a latitudinal effect, meaning that more species from the Afrotropical region are present further south. Our preliminary results suggest that this region probably contains the highest amount of amphibian and reptile diversity for the entire Red Sea mountains, but that a lot more field studies and high collection efforts will be necessary for a better understanding of this important biogeographic area. Future

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investigations are of particular importance in light of the increasing habitat destruction in form of urban settlements and overgrazing, which we especially observed in Erkowit and the areas around Suakin and Tokar

Deterioration of Biomass Productivity of a Rangeland Area in the White Nile State, Sudan.

Abdelgabbar Nasir Gumaa1 and Ali Khalid Alsaffouri2 1Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum. 2Sudan University of Science and Technology.

Abstract: The results of biomass and carrying capacity showed that there was a decline in the carrying capacity from 26 a.u. /km2 /year. The total biomass of the study area was 33540.5 kg/km2.

Escaping Rural Impoverishment to Urban Poverty: Delta Tokar Migrant Farmers Squat, Port Sudan Town, Eastern Sudan

Samir Mohamed Ali Hassan Alredaisy Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This paper is based on data provided by fieldwork conducted in the squatter area of Walia’ in north Port Sudan town during March 2011. The paper objects to investigate urban poverty by using demographic, socioeconomic and nutritional characteristics of the migrants to argue on causes of rural impoverishment. The main findings revealed that 30% of the respondents were born in Port Sudan town, 15% outside eastern Sudan while 55% of them were born inside Delta Tokar agricultural scheme. Failure of agricultural production there has driven 65% of them to move to Port Sudan town while drought as a pushing factor constitutes 30%. Average family size is 8.16 persons, mean age is 22.5 years and younger age groups of 5-9, 15-19 and 20-24 constitute the majority of the population. Average monthly income is 120 USD or 4 USD per day. More than ⅓ of the population are far below the mean monthly income. Percentage of students in basic education is 34.6% while for those in secondary education it is 31.9%. Average household daily intake of cereals; bread; meat; sugar; milk; vegetables and vegetable oils are 3420 grams; 158.4 grams; 270 grams; 444.5 grams; 520.4 grams; 420 grams and 209.2 respectively. The per caput per day intake of these basic food items are respectively 419.1 grams for cereals; 19.4 grams for bread; 33.0 grams for meat; 54.5 grams for sugar; 63.8 grams for milk; 51.5 grams for vegetables and for vegetable oil amounts to 25.6 grams. The per caput per day intake of nutrients is 56.8 grams of protein; 379.8 grams of carbohydrates; 50.3 grams of fats; 44.8 grams of Iron; 15.8 mg of vitamin A and 13.9 mg of vitamin C. These values confirm failure to meet international standards concerning food intake, as well as the per capita consumption of nutrients per day for population in Africa. People reduce number of meals, substitute expensive food types by cheaper items, use alternative food types, transfer food between households and borrow money to cope with food unaffordability. The author proposes rural – urban territory development model to contribute into the alleviation of rural impoverishment and consequently urban poverty.

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Veterinary Waste Management in ILMP, Sudan Elnaeim Ibrahim Abd-Elkarim, Ali Mohammed Ali and Adam Osman Adam

Faculty of Education, Unversity of Khartoum

Abstract: The present study was a conducted in ILMP area, Sudan, during the period July, 2009 to October 2009. The objective was to investigate the current situation created by the veterinary waste and drugs, vaccines and acaricides by veterinarians and animal owners and future mitigations to overcome expected environmental hazards. A questionnaire was used to collect data from veterinarians and animal owners. Interviews and visits were the major methods for data collection from veterinary and public health officials. Results obtained indicated that vaccine production and dispatch is always under strict regulation and empty vials are recycled. Drugs their remainder and their containers are not properly disposed and are a continuous environmental hazard. Animal owners use empty drug containers for keeping drinking water and their food stuffs putting their health under continuous risk. A plan is suggested for raising the knowledge, capacity building for safe disposal of veterinary waste.

Trends and Variations in the Activity of Global Vegetation in Response to Climate Variability between 1987 and 1997

Mohamed Abugaib A. Mohamed1, Insaf S. Babiker2, Tetsuya Hiyama3, And Kenichi Ikeda3, Kikou Kato3

1Sudan University of Science and Technology. 2Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

3Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University, Japan

Abstract: Eleven-year (1987-1997) time series data of remotely sensed vegetation index (NDVI) and meteorological observations (temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and relative humidity) provided a powerful tool to illuminate the response of global terrestrial vegetation to short-and long-term climate variability. NDVI being a sensitive estimator of the amount of photosynthetic active radiation intercepted by the canopy has been treated as a proxy for above ground net primary production (ANPP). Analyses of trends, multiple regression and correlation analyses were employed. The main result indicates a considerable increase (0.7~1.9%/year) of monthly vegetation production in all ecosystems over the investigated period, allied with an analogous increase (0.9~15%/year) in precipitation. Additionally, several direct relationships were also observed on the intra- and inter-annual time scales suggesting that the increase and variation of ANPP in most biomes could be mainly linked to the corresponding increase and variation in precipitation. Overall, the four climate variables play a considerable role in the inter-annual variability of ANPP of global vegetation.

Keywords: Terrestrial vegetation, NDVI, ANPP, climate variability, precipitation

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Larvicidal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) Chemical Extracts on Anopheles arabiensis Patton

Asaad G. M. Basheer1 and El tayeb M. El Khider2

1Department of Science, Open University of Sudan 2Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The Present research is a study of the effect of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) as plant larvicides; leaves and seeds of Basil plant were used for preparing hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. Different concentrations of the extracts were used to study their potency on mortality of 3rd instar larvae of Anopheles arabiensis Patton, the main vector of malaria in Sudan. Many of the chemical extracts showed larvicidal activities to An. arabiensis, but to varying degrees. ANOVA was used to compare the different concentration rates, different exposure periods and different plant extracts. The best results obtained was that of Basil leaf ethyl acetate extract, where mortality among the larvae is found to be 96% after 24 hours with an LC50 at 0.390 mg/l , 100% mortality was observed after 48 hours with LC50at 0.284 mg/l. Basil leaf ethyl acetate extract was fractionated using column chromatography; six fractions were obtained, among these, one fraction was found to have the highest larvicidal effect with 100% mortaility after 24 hours at a concentration of 0.086 mg/l; the compounds of this fraction were determined using Gas Chromatography, as Linalool and Eugenol. The results are discussed in the light of the current literature.

Key words: Anopheles arabiensis, Ocimum basilicum, Larvicide

Influence of Deuterium-labeled-4’-O-methylnorbelladine Feeding on Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid Accumulation

Laurain-Mattar D1, El Tahchy A1, Ptak A2, Boisbrun M1, Dupire F3, Henry M1, Chapleur Y1 1Groupe S.U.C.R.E.S., UMR 7565 CNRS-Nancy-Université, France

2Agricultural University, Kraków, Poland 3Service Commun de Spectrométrie de Masse, UHP-Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France

Abstract: Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have important pharmacological properties [1] and can be regarded as derivatives of the common precursor 4’-O-methylnorbelladine via intramolecular oxidative phenolcoupling [2]. Still, their biosynthetic pathway, particularly in Leucojum aestivum, has not been totally elucidated yet. Therefore, shoot cultures of this plant were subcultured in medium containing labeled precursor 4’-O-methyl-d3-norbelladine at various concentrations (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 g/L) and incubated for various periods of time (15, 30 and 40 days). The biotransformation of the deuterated-4’-O-methylnorbelladine into alkaloids, galanthamine and lycorine, in the tissue cultures was demonstrated using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. GCMS screening of shoot cultures and their liquid medium extracts was also carried to investigate other native and deuterated alkaloids. A total of six labeled alkaloids were identified indicating that 4’-O-methyl-d3-norbelladine is incorporated into three different groups of

14

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids that are biosynthesized by three modes of intramolecular oxidative phenol coupling [3]. In addition, a significant elicitation effect of this precursor on the accumulation of both galanthamine (0.16% dry weight) and lycorine (20.5% dry weight) was observed [4].

Application of the Functions of Mushrooms on Functional food, Bio-Energy, and Bioremediation

Ryuichiro Kondo Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Abstract: A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. "Mushroom" describes a variety of gilled fungi, with or without stems, and the term is used even more generally, to describe both the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota and the woody or leathery fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota. In our lab, new functions of the mushrooms are clarified to apply them in the field of functional food, bio-energy, and bioremediation. In this presentation, the possibility of the technology transfer to Sudan will be discussed.

Stimulation of TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-10 Production, But Suppression of Production of IL-1ra by High Molecular Weight Immune Complexes from

Onchocerca volvulus-infected Sudanese Patients: Implications for Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy.

Magdi M Ali, Erik Åhlin, Linda Mathsson, C.D. Mackenzie, Suzan I. Noori Klavs Berzins, Gehad ElGhazali and Johan Rönnelid

Abstract: Onchocerca volvulus infection is clinically characterized by the development of visual impairment and skin disease. Pathologic manifestations have been associated with increased levels of circulating immune complexes (IC) containing parasite antigens and cytokine induction. Because IC are known to induce cytokines in vitro and in vivo in experimental animal models, this present study investigates the effect of IC from O. volvulus-infected patients on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Plasma samples from 39 clinically well-characterized patients and 20 controls were polyethylene glycol (PEG)-precipitated and the precipitates added to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Levels of interleukin (IL-) 10, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1ß and their endogenous antagonists soluble TNF-Rp75 and IL-1- receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were measured. Immunoglobulins and circulating C1q-binding IC (CIC) were also determined. Precipitates from patients induced significantly more TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-10 compared to that from Sudanese controls (p<0.0001) whereas levels of IL-1ra were suppressed (p<0.0001). CIC were increased among the patients (p=0.0032). Plasma IgG levels correlated positively with PEG precipitate-induced levels of TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-10 but negatively with IL-1ra. The suppression of IL-1ra production implies that IC containing O.volvulus antigens may have a selective suppressive effect on the anti-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota

15

inflammatory IL-1ra, thus resulting in increased inflammation. IL-1ra therapy that has shown potential benefit in the treatment of some inflammatory disorders might be beneficial in reducing the inflammation caused by O. volvulus infection, as topical ocular treatment to counteract the development of blindness or as a skin application to relieve the severe itching in reactive onchodermatitis.

Acacia(sen) SUPERGUMTM (Gum arabic): In vivo and in vitro Evaluation of Potential Health Benefits in Renal Disease.

Stephen G Riley1, Thomas Wolever 2, K Ushida3, Saphwan Al-Assaf 4, Glyn O Phillips4 and Aled O Phillips1

1 Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN. 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 3Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan, 4 Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre, Glyndwr University, Wrexham.

Abstract: We report in vitro and in vivo results of studies to examine the potential beneficial effects of dietary fibre supplementation with Acacia(sen) SUPER GUM™ (gum arabic) in renal disease. Cardiovascular and renal effects were examined in normal individuals and a group of diabetic nephropaths. The normal diet was supplemented with 25g of SUPERGUM™ daily for a period of 8 to 12 weeks. In addition in vitro experiments were carried out to identify potential mechanisms by which fibre supplementation may affect progressive renal disease by alteration of renal cell biology. In the clinical study for the whole cohort dietary supplementation with SUPERGUM™ resulted in a fall in mean systolic blood pressure [SBP]. Of note was a significant fall in SBP seen in normal individuals who neither had hypertension nor diabetes. Parameters of arterial stiffness were examined in patients with diabetic nephropathy and a fall in mean arterial blood pressure [MAP]. In this subgroup there was a significant fall in both central systolic and diastolic blood pressures, with no alterations in parameters of arterial stiffness [AI, AI@75 or PWV]. There were no effects of SUPERGUMTM on renal function and haemodynamics in patients with diabetic nephropathy. In contrast a reversible change in GFR and ERPF was shown in the population of healthy volunteers. Dietary supplementation in vivo was also associated with an increase in total serum and faecal short chain fatty acid concentration. In the normal individuals a more detailed analysis demonstrated an increase in serum butyrate. In vitro work demonstrated that exposure of renal epithelial cells to elevated concentrations of butyrate suppressed both basal and stimulated TGF-ß1 synthesis – a key pro-fibrotic cytokine known to be a key mediator of progressive renal fibrosis. In addition, butyrate exposures reduced the response of renal epithelial cells to TGF-ß1, and decreased trafficking of TGF-ß1 receptors into signalling, non-lipid raft associated membrane fractions. The key finding of this study is the a significant beneficial effect of dietary supplementation with SUPERGUMTM on blood pressure which is seen in both a patient group with diabetes and mild renal involvement as well as in a normal healthy normotensive cohort. In addition the in vitro studies identifies a potential anti-fibrotic mode of action, which may translate into longer term benefit in progressive renal disease.

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Correlation of Hydrocolloids Characteristics with Functional Properties Saphwan Al-Assaf

A. O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre, Glyndŵr University, Wrexham, UK

Abstract: Hydrocolloids are natural polymers derived from plant or animal origin and are used in various industrial sectors to perform a number of functions. These functions include gelation, emulsification, encapsulation, stabilization, thickening, drug delivery and adhesive membrane sheets for wound healing etc. Key factors which control the performance of hydrocolloids in a given application are their structural characteristics and their interaction with water and other ingredients in a given formulation or environment. Considerable research and developments have been carried to understand how the structure of these hydrocolloids influences their functionality. Scientists have investigated the natural built in variability inherently present in all hydrocolloids and identified common factors such as the source, method of extraction and subsequently processing conditions. Examples of alginate, pectin, CMC, xanthan and gum arabic will be given to highlight some of the work currently undertaken at the centre. The second part of my talk will concentrate on reports dealing with the modification of hydrocolloids to either enhance their functionality or develop a new application. The main techniques used are chemical modification by the addition of cross-linker, enzymatic, genetic engineering, grafting or blending and modification by high energy radiation such as gamma ray, X-ray, electron beam radiation etc. The target of some of these procedures is to produce a three-dimensional cross-linked network structure (hydrogel) which is insoluble in water but can absorb water many times of its own weight. These hydrogels are widely used in a range of applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound care, cosmetics and food products. Examples will be described to highlight the work carried out at our centre which allows the controlled modification of and other related materials in the solid state using ionizing radiation. Finally, a recent EC Directive has approved gum arabic as an ingredient as well as food additives (E414). The USA FDA has accepted its low calorific value (1.7Kcal/g) but the reported health claims have been considered insufficient by the regulators. Sudan is the largest producer of the commercially approved species (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal). Sudan is also the home of many other Acacia species that could be potentially useful for a number of applications. Examples of some of the work undertaken by Sudanese researchers in collaboration with Dr Mohammed Osman will be highlighted to explore their potential applications.

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The Life Cycle of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera:Sarcophagidae) as Myiasis -causing Insect

Lobna Mohammed Ahmed Gurafi and El Amin El Rayah Mohamed Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Life cycle of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart in chicken liver was studied at room temperature 36-38˚ C. Females deposit first stage larvae instead of eggs, average larval period was 3.5 days. After that Larvae stopped feeding and migrated from the food supply to pupate. Pupation took place after 2 days, average pupal period was 10 days until adults emerged. Sarcophaga spp. play an important role in forensic entomology.

Morphological and Taxonomical Characteristics of Chrysomya putoria Wied (Diptera: Caliphoridae)

Soad Babiker Abdalla and El Amin El Rayah Mohamed Faculty of science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the fly Chrysomya putoria from other insects to facilitate its control and use as forensic insect. Chrysomya putoria causes human and animal myiasis. The egg, larval stages (I, II, and III) and the adult male and female were examined under a dissecting microscope. For each one of the above stages the body length, colour and other morphological characteristics were investigated. The anterior and the posterior spiracles of the three larval stages were dissected out and examined under a phase contrast microscope.

Key words: Chrysomya putoria - morphological characteristics - taxonomical characteristics - anterior spiracles - posterior spiracles

Effect of Honey Bee Royal Jelly on Performance of Broiler and Layer Chickens

Hiba Osman Abdelgadir, EL Amin EL Rayah and Mohamed Saeed Elsarraj Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

AAbbssttrraacctt:: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of royal jelly on weight of broiler chickens, egg production, quality of eggs and egg shell of layer chickens. Chickens used in this research were divided into four groups: A, B, C and D. One ml of royal jelly was given to group (A) on daily basis, to group (B) every other day and to group (C) twice a week. No royal jelly was given to group (D).The results revealed a highly significant increase in body weight of broiler chickens; in egg production, egg quality, egg shell, yolk and albumen heights in layer chickens compared with control groups. Key words: Bees, Royal jelly, Broiler & Layer chickens

19

Effects of Spider Web in Epidermal Recovery

Manal El-Fatih Siyam Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: In Sudanese folklore, spider webs were used to stop haemorrhage and for wound healing during infant circumcision. Webs of members of Family Pholcidae, Order: Aranea were collected and analyzed to detect any potential anti-haemorrhage substances. Amino acid analysis showed high concentrations of glycine and alanine which are indicative of the presence of fibroin and sericin. While, Fourier Transform Infrared analyser detected pyrrolidine, potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium nitrate which are buffering agents, antioxidant and antibacterial substances. Dressing Albino wister skin wounds with these webs kept them moist, leading to a 7 days faster recovery in comparison with those dressed with Panderm® cream that has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The cream treated wound was ulcerated and surrounded by a yellowish crust.

Key words: spider web, fibroin, sericin, antibiotics, wounds healing

Diversity of Freshwater Fishes of the Sudan Prof. Zuheir N. Mahmoud1 and Dr. Mohamed E. Ali2

1Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum 2Fisheries Research Centre, Ministry of Science and Technology

Abstract: In the freshwater bodies of the Sudan, at least 24 families that include 60 genera and 124 species were recorded. The fish genera and species are unevenly distributed in the different water masses. The highest similarity index in the fish species was 89% (Blue Nile and Lake Nubia) and the least similarity in species was 53% (Blue Nile and White Nile). The study recommended documentation at the national level prior to comparison of fish from freshwater masses in adjacent countries, to work out their phylogenic relationships.

Key words: diversity, freshwater, fishes, Sudan

The Effect of Moringa oleifera on the Status of Blood and Body Weights of Albino Rats and Rabbits

Hisham M. Osman1, Mohamed E. Shayoub 2, and Elsiddig M. Babiker 3 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the National Ribat

2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum 3Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This study aimed to find out the effect of Moringa oleifera on blood parameters and body weights of albino rats and rabbits. The rats were divided into a control group and three

20

experimental ones while the rabbits into two groups; a control group and an experimental one. The three experimental groups of rats were provided consecutively with100, 200 and 300 mg/K.g daily for 21 days while the experimental group of rabbit with 2.5 mg/Kg of fresh leaves of M. oleifera added to its feed daily for 21 days; and the control groups were fed on their diets without M. oleifera. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for MCHC and PLT in the second group of rat and RBCs, Hb and MCHC in the third one. For rabbits, the differences were noted in the PCV, Platelets and RBCs.

Key words: Moringa oleifera, medicinal plant, blood parameters, body weights, nutritional anaemia

Influence of Elevated Temperature on Growth and Fecundity of Bulinus truncatus (AUDOUIN)

Elsiddig Mohamed Babiker1 and Samia Hamid Ahmed Hamid2

1Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum 2College of Science and Technology of Animal Production, Sudan University of

Science and Technology

Abstract: The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of 25, 30˚and35˚ C on growth and mortality of juvenile snails Bulinus trancatus. These were reported together with fecundity, embryonic development and sexual maturity in mature snails. The growth rate in both groups was significantly increased by the temperatures 25 and 30˚ C. These temperatures also enhanced the development of reproductive organs as well as the embryonic development and exposure to 30˚ C resulted in all egg cells to hatch during the first week of incubation. However, maintenance at temperature 35˚ C was lethal and all egg cells and juvenile snails were killed and mature ones did not live beyond day 10 of exposure period.

Key words: Temperature, Bulinus truncatus, development, fecundity

Biological Activity and Chemical Constituents of Hydnora johannis Roots Sakina Yagi1,2, Françoise Chrétien2, Raphaël Emmanuel Duval2, Max Henry and

Dominique Laurain-Mattar2

1Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum. 2UMR 7565 CNRS, Université de Nancy, France

Abstract: In Sudan, the roots of Hydnora johannis (Hydnoraceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and swelling tonsillitis. The ethnomedicinal value of H. johannis was investigated through phytochemical study, in vitro antibacterial activity and preliminary cytotoxic tests. Determination of total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins was carried out using spectrometric methods. The antibacterial activity of the water and ethanolic extracts was determined using the microdilution method. Cytotoxicity assay was performed against selected human mouth epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB), and non-cancer human foetal lung cell line (MRC-5). Pure compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate

21

extract by chromatographic methods and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Both water and ethanol (70%) extracts were found to contain the same amount of total phenols and proanthocyanidins, whereas the level of flavonoids was higher in the ethanol extract. The water extract was found to possess antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC value of 16 µg/mL), Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC values of 64 µg/mL) but not against bacteria mainly responsible for diarrhoea. This lead to the suggestion that, the mode of action of water extract which is rich in tannins was not connected to their inhibition to the diarrhoea bacteria but to their action on the digestive tract. Reduction in potency of the water and ethanol (70%) extracts when fractionated was observed. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from fractionation of ethanol extract possessed only activity against the two strains of S. aureus with MIC values of 128 µg/mL. In addition, six compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract as cirsiliol (3’,4’,5-trihydroxy-6-7-dimethoxy flavone) (1), trans 3´5-dihydroxy-4´7-dimethoxydihydroflavonol (2), oleic acid (3), vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) (4), protocatechuic acid (3,4 dihydroxy benzoic acid) (5) and dl catechin (trans (+) 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol) (6). Four compounds from the ethyl acetate extract were also identified by GCMS as stigmasterol (7), oleic acid (3), myristic acid (8), palmitic acid (9). Little cytotoxicity is reported against the cell lines used. Thus, the safety of this plant in the traditional medicine should be verified by much further testing, including in vivo experiments and clinical studies.

Keywords: Hydnora johannis; antibacterial activity; cytotoxicity; chemical constituents

Additions to Moss Flora of Jebel Marra, Darfur, Sudan 1: Family Funariaceae I. Madani1 and S. Eltigani2


Abstract: In a survey of five localities in Jebel Marra (Togi, Beldong, Golol, Murtagello and Nyrtete), two moss species Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. and Funaria nubica Mull. Hal. were reported for the localities Golol and Murtagello respectively .This increases the previous count to 15 moss species in total. Funaria nubica is a new record for Jebel Marra. Also In this paper a review of Sudan mosses belonging to the family Funariaceae was included which covered previous studies in the period 1967-2003.

Key words: Bryoflora, Mosses, Funariaceae, Jebel Marra, Sudan

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Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Plasmid Profile Analysis of Salmonellae Isolated in Sudan

Adil A. El Hussein1*, Mayha M. M. Nor Elmadiena2, Marmar A. El Siddig1, Halima S. M. Mohamed1 and Hind E. Fadoul1

1Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum 2University of Medical Sciences and Technology

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to avail baseline data on Salmonella, antibiotic resistance and plasmid composition for future comparison in Sudan. Salmonellae were isolated from different samples, identified and serotyped according to standard procedures recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (IOS). Totally 213 Salmonella strains belonging to 54 different serovars were used in this study. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed that the highest frequency of resistance observed was to Streptomycin (41.3%) followed by Tetracycline (31.9%), Gentamycin (28.2%), Ampicillin (25.4%), Nalidixic acid (22.1%), Co-trimoxazole (17.4%), Ciprofloxacin (8.9%), Chloramphenicol (8%), Norfloxacin (7.5%) and Apramycin (5.6%). 23.5% of the isolates displayed a single type of resistance, 17.8% showed resistance to two antibiotics and 35.7% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of the 76 isolates showing MDR, 55.3% originated from human sources, 34.2% from poultry, 3.9% from each of water and food and 2.6% from animal sources. Plasmid DNA was demonstrated in 67.1% of the multiply resistant isolates. Generally, there is no consistent relationship between the detected plasmid profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns. However, our results indicated the association of large integrons (12.2 - 15.6 Kb) with resistance to Ampicillin and/or Ciprofloxacin.

Theoretical Study on Electron Impact Excitation and Recombination of Highly Charged Ions

Chenzhong Dong College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, China

Abstract: Electron impact excitation and recombination are the most essential atomic processes. A systematical study on these processes will be helpful for both the understanding of atomic and/or ionic excited structures and the modelling of various plasma properties. Recently, based on the GRASP92/2K and RATIP packages which were developed under the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method, some new programs, such as REDR05 for dielectronic recombination (DR), RERR06 for radiative recombination (RR) and REIE06 for electron impact excitation (EIE), have been developed by us. By using these new programs, some detailed studies have been carried out for EIE, polarization of the emitted photons following EIE, radiative electron capture (REC), RR, DR and the interference between RR and DR for highly charged ions. In this presentation, some selected examples will be presented and discussed in details.

23

Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics (I) Sharief Abdalla Hamid


Abstract: Beta decay is discussed. It is shown that neutrinos and antineutrinos have opposite directions of spin. It is also shown, applying CP invariance, that only left – handed neutrinos and right – handed antineutrinos are observed in nature. This is confirmed by an experiment measuring the helicity of neutrinos.

Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics (II): Beyond the Standard Model Sharief Abdalla Hamid


Abstract: Neutrino masses and neutrino mixing are discussed. It is stated that the motion of the universe can be used to deduce limits on possible neutrino masses. The phenomena of neutrino oscillations and the solar neutrino problem and their relation are also discussed. It is mentioned that the solar neutrino problem is an example of a conflict between experiment and well – established theories.

Groundwater Quality Assessment Using GIS: the Case of Omdurman Area

Insaf S. Babiker1 and Mohamed Abugaib A. Mohamed2

1Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum 2College of Water & Environmental Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology

Abstract: Omdurman area, located west of the River Nile and White Nile is witnessing rapid urban expansion and land use change. Several axial irrigation schemes have developed accelerating the demand for water supply. This indeed, will place more pressure over the available groundwater resources. In order to measure any change of groundwater quality it is necessary to initially evaluate the background condition. This contribution employs a GIS- based Groundwater Quality Index (GQI) which synthesizes different variable water quality data (e.g. Cl-, Na+ and SO42+) by indexing them numerically relative to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in order evaluate the overall groundwater quality in the study area. The GQI computed for Omdurman area indicated that the water quality is generally high (mean GQI = 90 out of 100) with respect to the WHO standards. Spatially the groundwater quality of the study area increased from the central area in the northeastern direction and decrease in the southeastern direction. This result was interpreted in terms of general groundwater flow, the recharge zone, geology and soil composition. Drilling at close distances and over pumping, especially in the central region, might create local variations of groundwater flow resulting in mixing of waters of different qualities deteriorating the quality of water in previously safe zones. This is expected due to the low hydraulic gradient (< 0.001)

24

characterizing some parts of the study area as well as the minimum recharge far from the River Nile and the White Nile.

Key words: Groundwater quality, WHO standards, index modeling, GIS

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University of Khartoum Ionospheric Shells and their Mathematical Derivations

Sami M. Sharif1 and Mohamed Osman Yousif2 1University of Khartoum, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

2Sudan University of Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering

Abstract: The effect of changing properties of F layer during day and night on the Sudanese ionospheric links in terms of the optimum frequency is well discussed in this paper. The study is based on the current solar conditions. The concept of University of Khartoum Ionospheric Shells (UKIS) is introduced and illustrated graphically and represented by mathematical equations. Five cities have been chosen for this study: one is located in center (Khartoum) and the others are (Wadi Halfa) in the north, (Nimule) in the south (Kassala) and in the east, and (AlJunaynah) in the west. The concept of twin ionospheric links is introduced and its relation to the UKIS is well illustrated. Contour maps that represent the strength and death time of the UKIS for the country are attached to the paper. The study is based on empirical ionospheric modeling and the statistics are computed using the international ionosphere model (IRI).

Keywords: high frequency (HF) communication, ionospheric prediction, UKIS University of Khartoum Ionospheric Shells, twin ionospheric links

A Load Impedance Function for the Simultaneous

Maximum Voltage and Maximum Power Fayez Mohammed El-Sadik

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engin., Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Results of a load impedance function that will present conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of maximum voltage and maximum power at the terminals of a linear transducer circuit are given. The statement is based on algebraic solution to the problem of maximum power in voltage- and resistance-constrained radial transmission lines. As a result, it is shown that the load impedance conditions for maximum power with conjugate matching and Brainerd’s maximum load voltage condition are embodied in the generalized load impedance function as the upper and lower limiting states of maximum received power; and that a purely

26

resistive state for this function will determine the limit to stable power transfer. In addition, a case for the optimum transmission reactance that will enable extraction of maximum voltage at the maximum powers of conjugate impedance matching is demonstrated.

Key words: Impedance matching, Load impedance function, Maximum voltage, Maximum power.

A Novel Tactile Web Navigator Device Mustafa Abdel Haleem Ahmed Yasin, Alaeldin Abdel Mageed Ahmed

& Sharief F. Babiker Department of Electrical and Electronic Engin., Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: In recent years, the internet has been a major source of information. Sight impaired people have limited access to the internet; they may use screen readers, screen magnifiers, refreshable Braille displays or Braille printers. The level of user convenience provided by each tool is different and Braille display is found to be the most popular tool. Other tools have certain limitations on the speed of access and interaction. This paper presents a low cost novel tactile web navigator device aimed at enabling sight impaired people to have feasible internet accessibility. This navigator design includes a microcontroller that communicates with the browser software running on the PC to acquire the text from a web page. The text is subsequently displayed using an array of solenoids which gives the required tactile sense. The sight impaired user then uses his/her tactile sense to recognize the text in Braille language. It is recognized that only a small percentage of sight impaired people are familiar with Braille, another mode for output was developed which uses the English characters. The English characters may also appear in their conventional shapes to be sensed by the sight impaired user. Many navigation functions like loading a webpage address, clicking on links and entering data (E-mails, passwords, etc) have been provided. The cost of the implementation is ~12% of the commercial Braille displays. The navigator was tested with volunteer sight impaired users and the results were good; they were able to read Braille characters. Recording their notes, some limitations were discovered and will be eliminated in future models.

Keywords- Braille, Tactile, Web navigator, sight impaired

Transmission of ECG Signal over GSM Network Shiemaa Sidahmed Awad, Tasneem Ibrahim Abdalla

and Sharief F. Babiker Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Telemedicine is having a great impact in the monitoring of patients located in remote nonclinical environments. Due to the development and widespread use of the mobile phones, it is becoming possible and feasible to apply this technology to be an integral part of telemedicine systems. This paper discusses the design, implementation and testing of the ECG transmission system over GSM network. Using this transmission system, ECG signals are transmitted in real time from the patient’s location in a remote clinical or nonclinical environment to the specialists

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in hospitals or clinics using the capabilities of the GSM network. This system is intended to be used primarily for diagnosis purposes, thus eliminating or reducing the trouble taken by many patients to travel vast distances to be seen by the cardiologists. The transmission system design is implemented using a combination of hardware and software components. The transmitter implemented in this study can interface with existing ECG machines or may acquire analogue signals directly from lower end ECG probes. The signal at the receiving end could be displayed on an oscilloscope or on a PC. The prototype system built during the course of this study has successfully transmitted a representative ECG signal over the GSM system and a replica signal was also successfully recovered at the receiving side. The transmitter and receiver hardware is intended to be low cost and light in weight so that it may also be implemented as a portable device usable in home care facilities.

Keywords- Telemedicine, ECG, GSM, Micro-controllers

Evaluating the Impact of Encryption on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Systems

Sulafa Khaled Talha, Bazara I. A. Barry Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Securing computer systems has become of vital importance especially with the sophistication and advancement of attacking tools and techniques. Therefore, it is critical to apply security mechanisms that are capable of protecting systems in a way that ensures and provides major security services. However, providing a system with security services comes at the expense of system performance. The resource-intensive nature of effective security mechanisms may have a negative impact on certain aspects of system performance. A major security service that is required in computer networks and information systems is confidentiality which ensures that transmitted data are protected from unauthorized disclosure. Encryption is the security mechanism that is used to provide confidentiality. Prior to transmitting sensitive data over an information channel, encryption algorithms transform data into a form that is not readily intelligible. On the side of the receiver, a decryption operation takes place to recover the original form of the sent data. Clearly, encryption and decryption operations have their impact on the performance of the system. This study investigates the impact of providing confidentiality services on the performance of systems. The study takes Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) systems - which are used to make telephone calls over the Internet - as an example of systems that are greatly affected by performance degradation. The study measures how key VoIP performance parameters are impacted when certain encryption algorithms are implemented, and whether that impact falls within the tolerable levels.

Keywords: VoIP, Performance, Encryption, SIP

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An Efficient Backup System for Mobile Phone Personal Data Taqwa Alhag, Tasneem Mohammed, and Bazara Barry

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences

Abstract: Mobile phones have changed over the past few decades from devices that were solely used to make and receive calls to data repositories that are used to store valuable personal data such as contacts, messages, photos, and videos. Considering that mobile phones are subject to loss, damage, or theft, it is of great importance to protect the personal data they hold from such factors. To many users, the personal data that are stored on a mobile phone are more valuable than the mobile phone itself. This paper proposes the design and implementation of a system that allows mobile phone users to make backup copies of personal data on, and later retrieve these data from, a remote server that is well-maintained and protected. Furthermore, the system uses efficient synchronization algorithms based on message digest method to keep the local and remote copies of personal data in sync whenever the need arises. The paper sheds light on system non-functional requirements such as performance aspects and measures the effect on some performance parameters. The results that are shown in this paper attest to the quality of the proposed design and implementation of the system. Keywords: mobile networks, system architecture, mobile applications, synchronization algorithm, mobile backup services

Towards an Educational Computer Architecture for the University of Khartoum

Mohammed Abdelrahman Ali, Omer Salah Ahmed, Abdelkareem Bedri & Sharief F. Babiker

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Computer science and architecture is one of the fastest growing areas of knowledge and is being intensely studied and researched. In the last few years, many new computer architectures were introduced by the computer industry. Also, many academic institutions and universities have developed their own architectures for educational purposes and continued to advance their architectures through ongoing research and educational projects. This paper reports on the first Sudanese computer architecture that has been designed and implemented at the University of Khartoum. This computer is a general purpose computer that executes one program at a time without pipelining. A reduced instruction set has been chosen such that the UofK computer would have the same executing power as any other computer with a full instruction set. The instruction manipulations include arithmetic, logical, data transfer together with branching operations. The architecture provides for program input facilities, data input and output functions. The architecture behaviour was described using VHDL. The VHDL code was then used to implement the design in a Field Programmable Gate Array to obtain a full functioning prototype. The computer has been successfully tested using sample programs. This implementation is considered an important step towards building an educational computer architecture infrastructure for the University of Khartoum and other Sudanese universities.

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Keywords- FPGA, VHDL, Computer architecture Study of Noise in Double and Triple Tunnel Junction Systems

Sharief F. Babiker & Rania Naeem Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Coulomb blockade (CB) and single electron tunnelling (SET) have attracted a lot of attention during the last two decades. Many applications have been proposed and many experimental and theoretical studies were reported. Successful exploitation of Single electron devices requires deep understanding of the physics governing the operation of these devices. Models based on quantum mechanical formulations have been tailored for the study of basic and simple structures with few tunnel junctions. Generalisations of such models are prohibitively cumbersome and have not been attempted. A general purpose semi-classical model has been derived and was successfully used in the study of noise properties in homogeneous long tunnel arrays. In this paper the semi-classical model is used to study the double junction system, known as the single electron transistor. The paper derives closed form finite frequency noise characteristics, together with the zero frequency Fano factor. The model is also used to analyse the dependence of the Fano factor against the applied voltages. It is shown that the IV characteristics and noise measures reveal rich details in the asymmetrical SET as compared to the symmetrical structure. The semi-classical model is also applied to the three-junction system. An analytical expression is derived for finite and zero frequency Fano factor. The model is also used to further the understanding of noise characteristics and the stability of such systems.

Keywords- Shot noise, Fano factor, Coulomb blockade

Design and Development of an Arabic Text-To-Speech Synthesizer Mazin Ahmed El-Hag Hamad, Mustafa Ibrahim Yousif Hussain

& Mohammed Ali Hamad Abbas Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Computers that can interact with humans via speech had become a dream for scientists since the early stages of the computer age. Scientists from different areas have been interested in producing human speech artificially for more than two decades and they made a lot of research to reach this dream. Many advances in Text To Speech (TTS) synthesis systems have been achieved in languages like English and French. Languages like Arabic have been largely ignored. This paper presents a TTS system for Arabic that uses allophone/diphone concatenation method. It takes a text as input and produces corresponding speech in Arabic. In this system, the output is available in one male voice only. Since Arabic is a verbal language, the TTS engine developed can be used also for other verbal languages with some minor modifications involving the specific language.

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Keywords: Text To Speech, TTS, Arabic, Speech Synthesis, Allophone/Diphone Concatenation.

Switchable Antenna Array for Beam Control Ghassan M.T. Abdalla


Abstract: Directing the transmit power towards the intended receiver reduces the required transmit power, reduces interference and increases the capacity. Current smart antennas use large arrays and complicated feeding networks rendering them impractical for small terminals. This paper presents the design and analysis of a 4 elements smart antenna array for terminals. The pattern is controlled by switching elements ON or OFF. Matlab and Micro-stripes models were used to analyse the design and the results showed that the array can scan the beam in steps of 45°. A matching network was also designed to match the array to a 50Ω transmission line

Analytic Blackout Data for the Fully-compensated Transmission Line Fayez Mohammed EL-SADIK


Abstract: This paper presents a case for an analytical solution to the voltage stability of radial power links as determined by the maximum power transfer capability limit of a 100% capacitor-compensated transmission line. The prediction method uses an auxiliary circuit with variables that will simulate an active angle stability reference in the conventional sense of steady-state stability limits in radial links; but will not show in the final transfer characteristics of the source. The algebraic solution evolves in a voltage regulation curve that allows for dimensionless depiction of stability information including voltage limits for the stable transfer of maximum powers and hence for any powers below these maxima.

PVT properties of Sudanese Crude Oil

Aliya Mohamed El-Hassan Hamid and Ali A. Rabah Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) data is extensively used in the design of oil production and transportation facilities. The purpose of this study is to predict PVT properties for a Sudanese crude oil at a pressure above the boiling point pressure using Equations of State (EOSs). Eight of the most widely known EOSs were used; namely Patel-Teja (PT), Peng-Robinson (PR), Modified Peng-Robenson (MPR), Schmidt-Wenzel (SW), Harmens-Knapp (HK), Van Der Waal (VDW), Soave- Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Lawal-Lake-Silberberg (LLS). For the calculation of PVT from EOSs a computer code was written using MATLAB software. To validate the prediction procedure, experimental PVT data was obtained from the

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Ministry of Petroleum, Sudan. It represented eight (8) crude oil samples compromising 112 data points of constant mass expansion (CME) tested at pressure above the boiling point.

Decolorization of Acacia seyal Gum

Ali A. Rabah, E. A. Abdalla, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This work aimed at decolourization of Acacia seyal (Talha) Gum to improve its quality. The experimental set up consists of adsorption column made of Perspex. The adsorption media is activated charcoal of 350 µm pore size. The adsorption bed is 15 cm in depth and 3.5 cm in diameter. The experiment is conducted for wide range of Talha Gum concentrations (5.5 -55 g/L). The transmittance is measured for wide range of wave length (350 to 800 nm). The result showed that the colour has changed from pink to colourless-transparent. The transmittance (%) has improved by 5 to 22% depending on the initial transmittance. The colour removal is found to have significant influence on pH, and total dissolved solid (TDS) and less influence on viscosity. The pH increased by 1 unit indicating that the impurities are of basic origin. The TDS is reduced by 20 to 50% indicating the removal of other salts excluding Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions.

Key words: Acacia seyal Gum, Decolourization, Activated carbon

Potential Use of Local Bentonite as Drilling Fluid Ali. A. Rabah, Fatima. E. Abdelrahman;

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize the local bentonite and evaluate its potential use as a drilling fluid. Samples of bentonite deposit from “Om Ali”, River Nile State, Sudan were collected. The samples were analyzed for mineralogical content using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical content using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The samples were analyzed as well for moisture content, pH and viscosity. It was found that the major mineral was montmorillonite and the minor minerals were kaolinite, quartz and illite. The chemical composition showed high silica content and small quantities of Fe3+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. The local bentonite was compared with the commercial bentonite and standard bentonite specified by API 13A. The local bentonite had significantly high silica content in comparison with the commercial and API bentonite. It had also low viscosity in comparison with commercial bentonite. The characteristics of local bentonite make it potential for application as drilling fluid when subjected to simple beneficiation methods such as wet or dry techniques.

Keywords: bentonite, drilling fluids, characterization

Bromate in Sudanese Bottled Water Kamal Eltayeb Yassin


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Abstract: The objective of this paper is to monitor bromate in bottled water due to the fact that Long-term exposure to bromate may increase consumers’ risk of cancer. Random samples from tap water and different bottled brands were analyzed for bromate content and their physical properties. The results obtained revealed that bromate content exceeds the SSMO, FDA AND IBWA limits of maximum content not exceeding 10 ppb in three samples, although two of them were taken from the same aquifer which eliminates the source factor and indicates that the main reason is the ozonation process employed in the disinfection of water. The study recommended to reduce ozone quantity and contact time in addition to the avoidance of direct sunlight exposure which will encourage liquid or gaseous chlorine to generate photoactivation bromate in bromide-containing water. It is also important to introduce safer technologies like membrane or iron exchange filtration.

Fire Safety in Petroleum Service Stations, Case Study: Wad Medani-Gezira State

Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin, Adil Mohammed Hassan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The objectives of this study was to investigate the fire safety situation in regional petroleum service stations and to determine the shortcomings existing in their protection system, find out the reasons that could lead to the occurrence of fires accident and the required work to find appropriate ways to address them. Standard specifications which should be available at petroleum service stations were furnished by Nile Petroleum Company and were applied in Wad Medani petroleum service stations, Gezira State. The study was conducted in August 2009; samples were taken during the period between 08:08 to 22:08. As a result of the study, some of the norms followed were found compatible with standard specifications, but on the other hand it was found that some service stations did not conform to the standards in such aspects like floor leveling, training of workers and the presence of safety signs (cautions and instructions) required, which might lead to safety violation and, eventually, the occurrence of fire accidents. The recommendations of the study included, among others, the non-granting of work permits for petroleum service stations, unless it met all the standard specifications required. In addition to the necessity of periodic follow-up to make sure the implementation of these specifications was observed.

Optimum Operation and Control of a Batch Chemical Process Using Reinforcement Learning

Mustafa, M.A.1 and Wilson, J.A.2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

2Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Abstract: A Reinforcement learning (RL) approach was presented as a new automatic learning approach to the problem of optimal operation and control of batch chemical processes (e.g. batch reactors and batch distillation columns). The approach is particularly suited to batch

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process optimization problems, especially through not assuming prior detailed process knowledge or availability of a process model. The particular suitability of RL as a framework for optimizing batch process operation has already been recognised. In the implementation of RL, use was made of how the plant responds to control actions aggregated in generalized ‘predictive’ models, each linking adjacent intra-batch decision steps. The relative worth of a control action at a decision step was aggregated in the ‘value function’. Both the predictive models and the value function were learned from the accumulating measurement data, batch-to-batch, starting from a small initial set of test batches. The methodology was exemplified using two simple batch process case studies which were used to test the MATLAB computer coding of the RL algorithm. In addition, issues regarding the structure of the initial training data set and the embedded Neural Network were investigated.

Crude Oil Pipeline Scale Deposition: Causes and Removal Methods

Ali A. Rabah, O. E. Eltaib Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract:This work investigated the causes of scale formation and removal methods on 107 km crude oil pipeline of Diffra oil field of Muglad basin as a case study. The study was based on well and pipeline historical data of three years (2007, 2008 and 2009). The data included production data (net oil and water cut), choke opening, pipeline pressures, water qualities and scale composition. The study revealed that the main cause of scale formation was the presence of Ca+2 and Mg+2 in produced water and wax in oil. The scale consisted of 78 % Ca+2, 12 % Mg+2 and 10 % wax. Investigations on removal methods revealed that the currently employed chemical removal method was effective; however the downtime (well shut down) is high making significant production cut. A method to reduce the cleaning down time was proposed. The pipeline is divided into two sections: aboveground and underground. The aboveground line is characterized with the presence of valves, choke and pipe reductions (i.e. non uniform cross section). The underground section was uniform in cross sectional area. For the aboveground section the current practice of chemical cleaning was recommended to be maintained however, with provision of a bypass line. For underground section the standard practice of pigging was recommended. The proposed cleaning method of the whole pipeline eliminated the downtime completely. In addition it was uncomplicated, with economical operation and installation cost. The method also made significant cut in chemicals used and, hence, reduced the hazard and environmental impacts

Keywords: Crude oil pipeline, scale formation, scales removal.

Comparative Study of Equations of State S. A. Abdul-Aziz, Ali A. Rabah


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Abstract: The objective of this work was to predict thermodynamic properties of pure component using equation of state (EOS). Six EOSs were used in this study, namely Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Peng-Robinson (PR), Schmidt-Wenzel (SW), Patel-Teja (PT), Lawal-Lake-Silberberg (LLS), and Adachi-Lu-Sugie (ALS). The pure component used included eleven hydrocarbon compounds from methane to normal decane and four non-hydrocarbon compounds namely water, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The predicted properties included vapor pressure, saturated vapor and liquid volumes, in temperature range from triple to critical point. A computer code using Matlab software was written to facilitate the calculation. The predicted results were compared with experimental data. The results revealed that all EOSs, with exception SW EOSs, were inconsistent in the prediction of thermodynamics properties of the fluids under consideration. SW predicted all properties with absolute average percent deviation (AAPD) of less than 3.

Key words: Equation of state, thermodynamic properties.

The Use of Low-density Polyethylene Carry-bags Waste in Hot Asphalt Paving Mixtures

Sheimaa Elfadel Idris, Kamal Eltayeb Yassin


Abstract: This paper reports an investigation on the effect of shredded low density polyethylene (LDPE) as a bitumen modifier on the permanent deformation of asphalt concrete using Marshall Design parameters. The parameters assessed included the compacted hot-mix density, the percentage of air voids in the mixture, and in the mineral aggregate, the percentage of voids filled with bitumen, in addition to Marshall Stability and flow. The effect of LDPE on some physical properties such as penetration, softening point and ductility was also investigated. Bitumen was mixed with the LDPE 2 - 10% by weight of bitumen at 160-180°C and it was found that Marshall Samples prepared with the modified binder provided the specification limits and that using higher percentage of plastics waste caused the polymer to separate from the blend. A modified technique was developed where the stone aggregate was coated with molten LDPE (10-25%), the plastics waste coated aggregate (PCA) was then used as the raw material for flexible construction. PCA showed better binding properties. It had less wetting property with much less voids and higher Marshall Stability value.

Keywords: Low density polyethylene, modified bitumen, aggregate, Hot-mix, PMB and PCA

Glycolysis of Postconsumer Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Sheimaa Elfadel Idris, Kamal Eltayeb Yassin


Abstract: Chemical recycling process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate monomer (BHET) was investigated for that its bottle grade consumption is reaching high levels especially in bottled water and soft drinks. Although the most commonly used recycling processes are in-plant and mechanical methods, it was found that the benefits and opportunities offered by chemical recycling makes it one of the most interesting processes to develop. Glycolysis of recycled

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polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from consumed bottled water and soft- drink bottles was carried out with ethylene glycol (EG) for different weight ratios of PET to EG using zinc acetate as catalyst at the boiling point of EG under nitrogenous atmosphere for a constant time of 3.5 h . PET: EG ratio was studied to get information on the reaction behavior and yield results taking into account the solvent excess influence. Monomer and oligomers were characterized using FTIR technique. The possibility of improving the extraction process and the use of EG recovered from previous glycolysis reactions via distillation, membranes or other separation method could lead to an ameliorated economic and environmental process.

Keywords: Glycolysis, BHET, monomer, depolimerization, recycling

Comparative Study of Crude Oil Dehydrations Enas Abu Obieda Abd El Gadir Hilal and Taj Alasfia Mubarak Barakat


Abstract: The present study addresses all facets of an efficient, compact and environmentally acceptable crude oil dehydration operation based on three different equipments. The equipments considered for the purpose of this research were a gravity settler (liquid-liquid) separator, heater-treater system and electrostatic coalescer. Case studies present the effect of crude oil properties and operating conditions on the right decision of equipment selection. The selection was based on mathematical equations that characterize the choices of the separation system through the determination of the required size and expected efficiency. The results of this study showed that the gravity settler was most suitable for dehydration of light density (less than 850 kg/m3) and low water-cut (less than 40%) crudes. The heater-treater system was found to be most suitable when dehydration of viscous and high water cut crudes was considered. Furthermore the study concludes that the electrostatic coalescer was most suitably used for dehydration of crude oil with water cut 20% or less, as expected, because short circuiting occurs above this limit; In the cases where crude water cut was less than 20%, the electrostatic coalescer showed the highest expected efficiency with the lowest equipment size requirements.

A New MSB Modular Multiplication Algorithm and its Implementation Using 4-2 Compressor

Kauther M. Amer and Ahmad S. Ashor College of Communication Engineering, Academy of Graduate Studies, Tripoli, Libya

Abstract: Currently, enhancing the performance of modular multiplication is very important for high performance microprocessors. Multiplication is inherently a slow operation as a large number of partial products. In this paper, Implementation of MSB modular multiplication using 4-2 compressor using the last two most significant bits is introduced. Using the two most significant bits (MSB's) for reduction in this technique, we will avoid the use of the carrier so, no carry store. However, we don’t need to use the feedback which used in Montgomery

36

Multiplication [13]. The total power-efficiency (power-delay-product) is reduced using low-power low-voltage 4-2 compressors. The circuits implemented using Matlab simulation.

Keywords: MSB modular multiplier, modular multiplication algorithm, 4-2 compressor

Restartability of Sudanese Nile Blend Crude Oil Ali Hussain Kadhim1, Mohammed Hashim Siddig1 and Hassan Bashir Nimir2

1Mech. Engin. Dept, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum 2Petroleum & Natural Gas Engin. Dept, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The Restartability of the Sudanese Nile Blend crude oil inside Test Loop pipeline was performed to understand the parameters determining the yield stress and describe the process of yielding up to final line clearing. Test Loop is designed to find the relationship between the required restart time and the pressure required and also to find the blend yield stress. The yield stress of the Nile Blend was found to be affected significantly by the shutdown time, static cooling rate after shutdown, and the final temperature after shutdown.

Design and Testing of Solar Parabolic Trough System for Electricity Generation in Sudan

Eltahir Ahmed Mohamed1 and Mohamed Ahmed Siraj2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nyala,

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The performance characteristics of a parabolic trough collector system have been characterized using ASHRAE 93 standard. The standard includes collector efficiency test and the incident angle modifier test. The fabricated trough-receiver unit and its downstream system were installed in an open area at the roof of the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Khartoum. The test result shows that the obtained thermal efficiency is 32%. The output shows that it is possible to generate electricity using parabolic trough system with a considerable efficiency and competitively with the other conventional systems due to high local solar potential through the year and availability of site areas.

Keywords: Solar radiation, parabolic trough, angle modifier, thermal, efficiency

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Modeling and Control Analysis of Dividing Wall Distillation Columns (DWC) Isra Osman Mohammed Koko and Taj Alasfia Mubarak Barakat


Abstract: This work aimed to study the behavior of fluid mixtures in the dividing wall column, particularly from a controllability point of view. It covers the aspects of design, modeling, and control. A ternary mixture of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) was selected as a case study. A controllability analysis for determining and screening the candidate control combinations of the manipulated variables was carried out with the aid of a linearized model using the concept of relative gain array (RGA). The manipulated variables were the reflux (L), the distillate (D), the side stream (S), the bottom (B) and the boilup (V). Based on RGA criterion, two of the candidate combinations were selected to control the column due to the low interaction between control loops. These combinations are DV/SLB and LB/DVS. In each combination the manipulated variables were used to control the top level, the bottom level, the top composition, the middle composition and the bottom composition respectively. Finally the performance of these two combinations was examined and found to be successful in resisting the disturbances.

Keywords: dividing wall column; modelling; non-linear model; linear model; control.

A Study of the Effect of Juices’ Electrical Disinfection and Pasteurization Treatment Methods

Salma Mohammed El-Jack El-Sarraf and Taj Alasfia Mubarak Barakat Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

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Abstract: In this paper two different methods of food disinfection were studied and compared in order to realize the best method. Electrical processing and pasteurization were tested in three types of commercially available juice in order to verify their effects on vitamin C (ascorbic acid) concentration and preservatives (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate) after proving that they were not affecting juice's color and flavor. Both of the two methods affected ascorbic acid concentration, Electrical processing decreased ascorbic acid concentration by 12 % compared to pasteurization which decreased ascorbic acid concentration by 16 %. No changes occurred on concentration of preservative materials in all samples of juices which were treated electrically or pasteurized. The concentration of ascorbic acid, however, was less affected by the electrical treatment method due to the heat exposure time of 40º C for just one minute, while in pasteurization the juice was exposed to a higher temperature of 71.7º C for a longer time of 15 minutes.

Development of Pneumatic System for Granular Fertilizer Flow Rate Control

Zahir Talha1, E. Tola2, A. F. Kheiralla3, K. Algaadi2 1White Nile Sugar Company, Sudan

2College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, KSU, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Variable-rate technology is an essential part of precision farming that can solve the economical and environmental problems associated with traditional farming practices. Utilization of the technology has been limited by the lack of the development of variable-rate applicators. In this study control system equipped with pneumatic circuit was composed of a double acting cylinder, a double solenoid operated valve 5/2, a computer, a microcontroller, a rotary encoder, and other operating parts. The control system performance and discharge characteristics were evaluated. The main results of this study could be summarized as follows: (i) the automatic setting of the target fertilizer application rate could be performed efficiently, (ii) the developed system could be precisely used for granular fertilizer variable rate application, and (iii) the collected observations indicated that the developed system could be significantly used for granular fertilizer variable rate applications with an overall error (from the target rate) in the range of ±6%. This work will be a useful contribution in the area of variable rate technology. Further research work to improve the developed control system and to evaluate its performance under actual field conditions is recommended.

Key words: precision farming; Variable-rate technology (VRT); Variable-rate application (VRA); granular fertilizer, pneumatic system; microcontroller. On-the-Go Assessment of Seed Metering Unit Performance Using an Opto-

Electronic Sensor O. Hajahmed1, E. Tola2, A. F. Kheiralla3, K. Algaadi2

1Tital Company Ltd, Obeid Khatim Street, 11192 Khartoum, Sudan

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2College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, KSU, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The main objective of a seeding machine is to put seeds at a desired depth and spacing within the row. Seed spacing uniformity is one of the most important criteria in evaluating planter performance. Therefore, the objective of this research work was to develop an opt-electronic monitoring system for assessment of a mechanical planter seed metering unit performance. The developed system was used to monitor seed flow and to measure seed spacing from the metering system of the row crop planter. The developed system comprised an optoelectronic sensor for seeds detection, a rotary encoder for forward speed and seed position measurement, amplifiers for adjusting sensors signals, a microcontroller for synchronizing sensors signals, and a PC for operating the program and displaying process. The developed system was successfully tested on chickpeas seeds at two operating speeds (1.3 m/s and 1.9 m/s). Both numbers and locations of the dropped seeds were assessed. The results indicated that the developed system can be accurately used to detect seeds flow from the metering system with overall system errors of ±4% and ± 10% for speeds of 1.3m/s and 1.9m/s, respectively, compared to manual measurements. Further extensive testing on different crops under actual field conditions are highly recommended to ensure reliability of the developed system.

Key words: Opto-Electronic Sensor; Precision Farming; Seed Metering; Seed Spacing Design, Development and Calibration of an Integrated Thin Ring Drawbar

Pull Transducer for an Agricultural Tractor Mohamed Shummar1, A. F. Kheiralla2,٭ Mohamed Abaker2

1Korbya Engineering and Trading Co., Khartoum 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract : The objective of this research work was to design, develop and calibrate an integrated thing ring drawbar transducer for measuring the horizontal drawbar pull of an agricultural tractor. The transducer is based on a thin proof ring that forms an integral part of the drawbar element with strain gauges bonded on the inside and the outside curvature of the proof ring. The strain gauges were arranged in a full bridge constant volt circuitry and interfaced to a data acquisition system. Static calibration tests on the transducer showed high degree of linearity between applied load and output volt with coefficient of correlation R2 equal to 0.9968. The transducer measurements accuracy was within the acceptable range limits with measurement errors not more than 0.67% of the measured force magnitudes under the static measurements. The data acquisition system was able to successfully scan and record the transducer signals as programmed. The developed transducer can be a part of complete instrumentation system to be used for developing comprehensive information database on power and energy demand of various tractor and implement field operation in Sudan.

Keywords: Data Acquisition System; Transducer; Tractor; Implement; Strain gauges

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Engineering for Precision Agriculture

John K. Schueller University of Florida, USA

Economically and sustainably producing enough food, feed, fiber, and fuel for over seven billion people is a very difficult task. Precision agriculture technologies which consider spatial variability can aid in that that task by maximizing production and minimizing environmental impacts. This presentation reviews the founding and development of precision agriculture. Some of the engineering considerations are discussed. The emphasis of the talk is on precision agriculture systems used to produce grain crops. Yield mapping is discussed in detail. Variable rate application of fertilizers is also extensively discussed. The equipment and its use are described, along with the engineering development needs. The importance of static and dynamic accuracy is shown. Other precision agriculture technologies are also discussed. Although many implementations use sophisticated technologies, it is also possible to implement precision agriculture with relatively affordable equipment and systems. General concepts are discussed. Examples are shown from implementations in Florida citrus production.

Experimental Study of Heat and Mass Transfer of Solar Powered

Liquid Desiccant Regeneration System A. M. Ahmed1, K. N. Abdalla2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Nyala 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Liquid desiccant regeneration has an important effect on the performance of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system. Instead of a conventional packed regenerator an internally heated regenerator is proposed to achieve better regeneration performance. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the performance of the internally heated counter flow desiccant regeneration system. Triethylene Glycol (TEG) solution was used as the working desiccant material in this system. The structured packing used in this system was a finned tube heat exchanger. The effects of inlet parameters such as air flow rate, relative humidity, desiccant solution flow rate and desiccant solution concentration on the performance of the system were studied. The performance of the system was evaluated using the water evaporation rate, regenerator effectiveness, and enthalpy effectiveness.

Effectiveness and Economic Feasibility of Gas Turbine Inlet-Air Cooling by Air Washing in the Hot and Dry Climate of Sudan

M.M. El-Awad, H.A. Saeed Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

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Abstract: This paper studies the effectiveness and economic feasibility of cooling the gas-turbine's inlet-air by air washing (AW) compared to wetted-media evaporative cooling (WMEC) in the hot and dry climatic conditions of Sudan. Measurements were made on an experimental test rig to determine the cooling effect of the WMEV and that of AW with water at ambient temperature and with chilled water. Taken at two seasons of the year with different ambient temperature and humidity levels, the experimental results were used to estimate the revenues that the systems can generate as a result of increased megawatts and reduced heat rate of a typical gas turbine model (GE PG6581B). The calculations indicate that the WMEC system can increase the gas turbine output by 12% and reduce its heat rate by 1.6%. Using un-chilled water, the AW system can increase the output by 16.7% and reduce the heat rate by 2.2%, while with chilled water it can increase the power by 23.3% and reduce the heat rate by 3.1%. Based on these estimates, the WMEC system requires a payback period of 8 months if run for 4 hours daily, which reduces to 4 months if used for 8 hours. AW with un-chilled water has a payback period of about 8 months, but the pay-back period for the chilled-water AW system is about 5 years.

Experimental Investigation of the Performance of a Desiccant Wheel Wigdan M.H.Kisha, Kamal N. Abdalla, Ali A. Rabah

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Desiccant cooling systems have the potential to make a major contribution to the reduction of both CFC’s and electricity peak load. An experimental investigation on the sensible effectiveness of a desiccant wheel was conducted. Measurements were made for a range of rotational speeds (0-5 rpm), regeneration temperature (50 to 60oC). A computer based calculation procedure using Excel worksheet was built, and applied to estimate the effect of the desiccant wheel speed on the moisture removal and the sensible effectiveness. The calculations were based on the experimental data obtained by the digital multimeter during the experiment. The results succeeded in determining the optimum rotational speed for the desiccant wheel, the sensible effectiveness, the moisture removal efficiency and the dehumidification coefficient of performance. It was found that the lower speeds had better results than the higher ones.

A Computer-Based Air-Fuel Model for Analysing the Performance of Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines

M.M. El-Awad1 and C.M. Chai2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

2Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Abstract: This paper presents a computer-based air-fuel model that can be used to analyse the performance of spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. Using the model, the performance characteristics of a real engine with conventional and alternative fuel mixtures can

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be estimated with lower cost and shorter time compared to experimental method. The paper describes the mathematical formulation of the model and outlines the main features of its computer code. The model was verified against published results of earlier fuel-inducted air-fuel models.

Keywords: Alternative fuels, Air-fuel model, Fuel-induction engine.

Robust Adaptive Control Using Particle Filter for Future Space Transportation Systems

Masashi Miura Innovation Center for Engineering Education, Tottori University

Abstract: Future space transportation systems should be highly reliable, responsive, frequently operable and usable for many different types of missions flexibly. Then, there are some requirements for the control system of future space vehicles. First, it should have high robustness on model errors, disturbances and unusual state. Next, it should be useful and high-performance controller under wide-range flight environment and it should be able to be designed easy and quickly. With traditional gain-scheduled designing methods, it needs a large amount of labor and time to design controllers. The last, it should be flexible enough to deal with many different kinds of missions and unexpected situations. To satisfy these requirements, a robust and adaptive control is necessary. Then, we suggest a robust adaptive control system using particle filter. Particle filter is a new powerful technique developed in mathematical-statistics which provides quick and accurate estimation of high dimensional state vector. By configuring the robust feedback controller using estimated states and parameters with particle filter, the robust and adaptive control can be realized. This presentation shows why the robust adaptive control is necessary in the future and how to achieve the robust adaptive control system with particle filter method. Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel Blends from those of

their Components for Air-Fuel Models of IC Engines M.M. El-Awad and M.O. El-Faroug

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The paper presents an Excel-based procedure for determining the coefficients in the polynomials that describe the thermodynamic properties of fuel blends. The procedure is meant for use in conjunction with air-fuel computer models of internal combustion engines. It enables such models to deal with fuel blends just as they deal with pure fuels without modifying the main computer program. To obtain the mixture properties, the procedure applies the ideal-gas mixture relationship, which is already inherent in the formulation of existing air-fuels models. Excel has been chosen as computational platform for developing the procedure because of its simplicity and wide availability. The procedure is applied to determine the coefficients for binary mixtures of gasoline-ethanol, gasoline-hydrogen, and methane-hydrogen.

Keywords: Air-fuel models, Fuel-induction engines, Fuel blends, Thermodynamic properties.

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Challenges Facing Groundwater Management in Sudan Gamal Abdo and Abdin Salih

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Sudan has great potential of renewable and non-renewable groundwater resources which are important sources of water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. It is a key element for human settlement and sustained socioeconomic activities. Demand for groundwater in many areas of the Sudan has recently increased considerably in order to meet the needs for the implementation of agricultural and economic development plans but regrettably, these development are taking place in a rather unplanned manner leading to many problems such as overexploitation, reduction of reliable yield, and deterioration of quality .This emphasizes the need for sound polices and optimum plans for groundwater resources management in order to ensure its long term sustainability. However, Groundwater management in Sudan is faced with many challenges. The most obvious of these challenges is the absence of quantitative and qualitative monitoring and scarcity of information on aquifers geometry and their hydro geological characteristics. Another major difficulty is related to the understanding of flow dynamics and recharge sources and mechanisms for the different aquifers. This makes the estimation of recharge volumes an extremely difficult task. Correct estimation of groundwater recharge and aquifer storage are two of the most important requirements for long term management of any groundwater system. Fractured aquifers in Sudan cover very large areas and provide an important source of water particularly in rural areas. A major problem encountered in the management of fractured aquifers is the limited understanding of their hydrogeology and flow dynamics. The fractures characteristics could be extremely complex making it very difficult to locate areas of productive boreholes with sustainable groundwater yield. Vulnerability and risk of contamination of these aquifers are also very high. Other key challenges facing groundwater management in Sudan are the management of shared non-renewable aquifer resources, lack of comprehensive guiding plans and policies, poor governance and legislative framework, inadequate capacity, and lack of coordination among groundwater sub sectors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these challenges in some details and suggest directions for overcoming them. The paper also includes a case study on the use of advanced methodologies for groundwater management and protection in Sudan.

Key Words: Groundwater Management, Aquifer Recharge, Information base, Contamination, Shared aquifers, Fractured aquifers, Groundwater modeling, Governance, Policies, Legislations.

Fibrous Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Anwar Abdalla Elamin1 and El-Niema I. El-Niema2

1Faculty of Engineering, University of Nyala 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The paper presents the results of a theoretical and an experimental work performed at the Khartoum University, Civil Engineering Department Structure lab. The work aimed to

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obtain knowledge concerning the influence of steel fibers on the behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs. A comparative study was conducted theoretically and experimentally. In the experimental work, tests were conducted on six simply supported slabs, which were divided into three groups according to steel fiber contents 0%, 1%, and 2% by volumes, each group contained two slabs, one isotropically reinforced and the other orthotropically reinforced. All slabs were subjected to uniformly distributed load. The deflections were measured using displacement transducers, which were positioned at different locations on the bottom surface of concrete slab. The strains were also measured using strain gages embedded on reinforcements at different locations and glued on the top and bottom concrete surface. The failure modes were observed and the load was recorded using load cell. The instruments were connected to TDS303 Data Logger. The performance of these specimens is analyzed and compared with the theoretical investigations using BS 8110 Code and yield line method based upon calculations of the moment of resistance and load carrying capacity respectively. The deflection, curvature and strain were calculated using the elastic theory based on the area moment theorems and partially cracked section. It was found that the steel fiber content had an influence ranging from little to significant on the tested behaviours of slabs. Good correlation of theoretical and experimental results was clearly noticed when compared to each other. Keywords: Steel fibers reinforced slab, Isotropic, Orthotropic, Ultimate load, first crack load, deflection, strain.

Experimental Study of Performance of Laterally Loaded Single piles in Medium Stiff Clay

Fath Elraman Eltayeb Nur Eldayem1 and Abu Baker Abd Elwhab2 1Faculty of Engineering, Alzaiem Alazhari University

2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This paper describes the results of laterally loaded piles under monotonic Loading embedded in loose sand and medium stiff clay. These tests were performed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum in Sudan. The clay soil was imported from the Blue Nile river side. In this study, pile behavior under lateral loads was investigated and the lateral load capacity of piles in medium stiff clays and in loose sand was evaluated. The main effective factors considered were the soil strength, pile stiffness and dimensions and pile materials. The associated results presented were the load-deflection curves, bending moments along the pile length and the load-maximum moment curves.

Influence of Vertical Loads on the Response of Laterally Loaded Piles in Medium Stiff Clay

Fath Elraman E. Nur Eldayem, Abu Baker Abd Elwhab and Yahia E-A. Mohamedzein 1Faculty of Engineering, Alzaiem Alazhari University

2Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum 3College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

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Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of vertical loads on laterally loaded piles. It includes laboratory model tests of steel piles embedded in medium stiff clay and a parametric study. The laboratory tests were performed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum in Sudan. The parametric study considered the effects of different values of the vertical load and the length–to-diameter (L/d) ratio of the pile on the pile behavior. The performance of pile considered included the ultimate lateral capacity of pile, the pile head deflection, load-maximum moment curves and the shear force along the length of the pile.

Optimum Site Selection Using GIS Analysis Techniques Mahmoud A. Abdelgiom and Gar Alnabi I. Mohammed

Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The application of geographic information system (GIS) in optimum site selection for investment projects and proposed projects will give solutions to most of the problems hindering the investment and customers regarding the selection of optimum sites for projects in accordance with feasibility studies and minimum costs. Moreover, GIS helps in setting plans for future needs. The core of this study was a computerized model based on the technology of geographic information systems. The types of software used were AutoCAD version 2002 for Vectorization; editing and transformation; ArcInfo for Topology and retopology; and ArcVIEW GIS 3.2a for adding attribute database and performing the spatial analysis. In this model, two study areas were selected: an urban area and a rural area from two topographic maps provided by Sudan Surveying department at a scale of 1/100000. The urban area included an extensive area of greater Khartoum map, Khartoum locality and Khartoum north (Bahri) locality. The urban study area was (1315.364) km2. The rural area included many villages of Jabel Awlia locality. This area was (1453.522) km2. The method of analysis used to select the ideal site is the intersection method. This method is like the intersection method of Sets theory in linear algebra.

A Multi-purpose Utility Model for Khartoum Urban Area Using GIS Analysis Techniques

Mahmoud A. Abdelgiom, Mohamed A. Gorani and Gar Alnabi I. Mohammed Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to design and develop a multi-purpose utility model for north of Khartoum area using techniques of Geographical Information System (GIS). Moreover, the study aimed to investigate and identify the operational development systems employing integrated utility databases for facilities including water pipelines networks, sewage systems, electric networks, and telephone and telecommunication networks and roads services. The second goal was to establish multi-purpose utility model to aid for management and development future plans as well as providing a requisite accuracy in a multi-purpose utility model case by design and maintenance errors resulting in great cost. The methodology of this study intended to establish a mutual global and a local datum base map comprising all utility services in the study area and to apply the GIS analysis techniques for the management and planning of these networks with the ultimate aim of achieving easy and fast operation, updating and maintenance of these networks. The software used was ArcGIS9.3 package for

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transformation of coordinates, Vectorization, editing, Topology, retopology, addition of attribute data , and performance of spatial analysis. An urban study area (North of Khartoum) was selected from the topographical map prepared by Dr.M.A.Gorani and provided by the Sudan National Survey Authority (SNSA) at scale of 1:25000. It was demarcated by the Nile avenue from the North , AlImam AlHadi road from the South, the Armed Forces bridge from the East, and the White Nile bridge from the West.. The urban study area covered (5.94) km2. Reference spheroid for the coordinates of the study area was Clarke 1880, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection. Grid zone was 36, and Adindan Datum. Constructing the database for the model requires scanning from a hard copy, transformation from machine coordinates to ground coordinates, transferring from raster to vector data, and then manipulating the database using GIS software. The attributes were entered using the key board. This study showed that digital utility model analyses cannot be achieved by looking or carrying out analysis only in one dimensionality of GIS; it needed to employ multi-dimensional GIS to accomplish GIS-SA. It showed how the various dimensionalities of GIS (2D, and 3D) can be used to accomplish specific tasks in multi-purpose utility model such as exchange data in different format and analysis of the utility model at both aggregated of services and disaggregated with data collected by the traditional and modern methods. The study concluded that a common control room should be established to mountain and manage the utility services network. Within this model the role of the GIS is to feed the system with the exact location of the break down using detectors of water and drainage pipelines.

Spatial Hydrological GIS Analysis and Estimations of Runoff in Khor Gowb Drainage Basin in the Red Sea State, Sudan

Badr-Eldin Taha Osman Faculty of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The magnitude and availability of surface waters in Khor Gwob of the Red Sea State was examined using spatial hydrological analysis in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). As a system with advanced geo-modelling capabilities, GIS is used to integrate spatial analysis with hydrological modelling. Several levels of spatial hydrological modelling such as parameterisation, spatial integration, regionalisation and assessment of hydrologic problems were made. Four physical / deterministic and stochastic models were developed and applied at both catchment’s and regional scales to estimate the water volume of many drainage basins in the area. The results evaluated using the general error term to compute the differences between the estimated areal runoff and the observed runoff in the Khor Gwob drainage basin in Erkowit area of the Red Sea State. Accordingly, one stochastic model has been tested and regionalised. The significance of the catchment and regional runoff estimates was evaluated in relation to errors inherent in the spatial database, GIS analysis, and hydrological modelling (e.g., the Rational Formula). Finally, it is concluded that Khor Gwob basin and the Red Sea State at large, contributes an annual surface runoff that exceeds the human and animal needs with a considerable surplus that can be used for agriculture (i.e., the region is water sufficient). Conversely, this sufficiency is limited by the problem of spatial distribution and related storage

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difficulties. With regard to human, animal and agricultural water supply, only few catchments can support the proposition of water sufficiency in the State.

Key words: Red Sea State, spatial or geographical hydrological analysis, GIS, deterministic and stochastic hydrological models, water resources, water sufficiency and deficiency.

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Non-linear Finite Elements Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Blast Loads

Osama M. A. Daoud and Khalid I. Al-Azhary Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a numerical non-linear finite element modeling of the response of reinforced concrete slabs to blast loads. A concrete slab with conventional reinforcement was analyzed using multi-degrees of freedom finite element model. A single degree of freedom model was also used in the analysis for comparison. The blast load was modeled as a tri-angular pressure load and distributed uniformly within the slab surface. The nonlinear behavior of concrete and reinforcing steel was taken into account in the finite element model. The effects of applying the relatively high dynamic load with a short duration on the material properties were taken into account by means of dynamic increasing factors. It was found that the single degree of freedom procedure which was adopted in technical manual “Structures to Resist the effects of Accid ental Explosions“ TM5- 1300 gave conservative results compared to finite element procedure. Also the displacement –time history for the slab was plotted and it was found to be similar to the expected time history illustrated in literature. It was found that the increase in concrete strength and steel ratio improve the resistance of the slab to the blast load and that the increasing of steel ratio increased the ductility of the slab.

Key words: Non-linear analysis, Finite elements, Reinforced Concrete, Slabs

Prediction of Behavior of Semi-rigid Composite Joints Using Artificial Neural Networks

Osama.M.A. Daoud1 and Rania Salih Mohammed2 1Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

2Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University

Abstract: This paper describes an artificial neural network (ANN) model developed to predict the moment-rotation response of semi-rigid beam-to-column composite joints for the full range of loading. Experimental data from 35 tests including results of tests performed by the first author, covering the most frequently used types of semi-rigid beam-to-column joints with a composite metal deck floor, were used for training, testing and validating the neural network models. The data were arranged in a format represented the ultimate moment and geometric and material properties of the joints as an input and the output is the corresponding joint rotation. A back-propagation artificial neural network model is developed and used to predict the moment-rotation response of the composite joints. Results were compared to the available experimental tests results and to a simple semi-empirical method proposed by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Results indicated that the developed models could predict the nonlinear moment-rotation behavior of semi-rigid joints with a high level of accuracy.

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Keywords: Composite Joints, Semi-rigid, Artificial Neural Network, Rotation.

Sand Compaction Piles (SCP) for Improving Embankment Foundations: Case of Alhalfaya Bridge East Approach Road Embankment

AbdulKarim Mohammed Zein1 and Luai Elhusain Elgasim2 1Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

2Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, Port Sudan

Abstract: This study investigated suitability of weak foundation soils for supporting the 12m high eastern approach earth embankment of Al Halfaya Bridge. The subsurface soils consisted of soft silty clays and very loose to medium dense silty sand alluvial soils extending to 15m depth. Analysis of the results of a comprehensive geotechnical investigation carried out showed that the naturally occurring soils possess low bearing capacity and are expected to undergo excessively large settlements under the proposed embankment loads in case such soils have been treated. The soil investigation results also revealed that they have a very high potential for liquefaction in the event of an earthquake occurrence. A theoretical evaluation of the ‘sand compaction piles, SCP’ method for soil treatment was made in this study for improving the geotechnical characteristics to attain foundation soils adequately capable of supporting the proposed embankment safely. This has been resolved through the installation of sand piles with 1.1m diameter spaced at 2.5m interval distances in a square pattern. This design of SCP was found to improve the soil bearing capacity of originally weak foundation soils by 190%, reduce consolidation settlement by 35%, increase the safety factor against embankment slopes failure by 155% and reduce, significantly, the risk of soil liquefaction during any earthquake event.

Key words: sand compaction piles, soil improvement, high embankments, weak soils, soil bearing capacity, soil settlement, slope stability, soil liquefaction.

Physico-chemical Properties of Expansive Soils from Sudan and their Effects on Intrinsic Swelling and Shrinkage

Ahmed M Elsharief1 and Suhad E. Mustafa2 1Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

2Civil Aviation Authority, Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract: The intrinsic swelling was evaluated for seventeen potentially expansive clay samples obtained from different parts of Sudan. A swell percent test, where the test samples were statically compacted at air dry temperature to the same dry density (1.35 g/cm3) and allowed to swell, was used as measure for intrinsic swelling. Physico-chemical properties were measured for all the samples to assess the effect of these properties on intrinsic swelling. The physical properties included, gradation (clay, silt and sand contents), Atterberg limits (LL, PL and SL), linear shrinkage and free swell; whereas the chemical properties included cation exchange capacity CEC, exchangeable sodium percent ESP and sodium absorption ratio SAR. The investigation has shown that intrinsic expansiveness was well related to linear shrinkage

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and that linear shrinkage alone was a good candidate for assessing both the swelling and shrinkage potential of clay soils. However, clay activity was found to be a poor indicator of intrinsic expansiveness if the well known evaluation standards were adopted. Intrinsic expansiveness is well related to LL, PI and SI and these parameters could be used for its assessment. The CEC showed poor relationship whereas ESP and SAR showed no relationship with intrinsic expansiveness.

Key Words: Swelling Soils, Intrinsic Swelling, Linear Shrinkage, free Swell, Physico-chemical Properties

Application of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Methodology in Pavement Distress Evaluation and Maintenance Prioritization

Kamal Masoud Merg1 and Awad El Karim Mustafa Mohamed2 1National Roads & Bridges Corporation

2Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

Abstract: The study was concerned with the adaptation of visual condition survey methodology and implementation of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) in evaluation of pavement distress and prioritization of pavement maintenance of the Sudan paved road network. It is implemented on large part of the national road network (55% of the road network). The Sudan national highway has no enough budgets available for maintenance, and there is no standard priority method used to allocate the available pavement maintenance budget. The study aimed to adapt assessment methodology and contribute in making better decisions with respect to expenditures of pavement maintenance in Sudan. In this research a comprehensive road visual condition survey for pavement distresses of the 60% of road network length (2780 km) was carried out and the study ranked the project according to its Index (PCI, excellent, very good, good, fair, bad, failed) and set initial priorities based on “the worst first” concept. The survey quantified types, severity, density and percent of each distress on each road and determined its condition index, finally, a list of priorities and maintenance needs were generated. The study uses generated Polynomial equations instead of standard curves. The correlation between the data obtained from the standard curves and polynomials showed best fit condition (R2 more than 0.99). This paper presents the methodology and discusses the results of the visual condition survey. The visual condition survey methodology adopted to determine the pavement condition for Sudan paved road Network, based on ASTM Standard D6433, 2003. It provides a common method for describing distress on asphalt pavement in Sudan road network like cracks, bleeding, bump and sags, potholes, patching, raveling, swelling, etc…. It improves communication within pavement community, by fostering more uniform and consistent definitions of pavement distress. It increases the awareness of importance of road maintenance and rehabilitation and provides a tool for formulating rational bases for assessment of pavement condition and evaluation. Thus sets initial priorities for adopting roads project short list for rehabilitation in certain year. It can, therefore, play an important role in developing the strategic planning of road maintenance, and when detailed surveys were conducted, the inventory data can be used at project level. The outcomes of this study are development of

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road numbering system; adaptation of pavement condition survey methodology; evaluation of (2782 km) pavement condition on the national roads and prioritizing the maintenance of road sections using PCI and worst first concept.

Keywords: Evaluation, Road Pavement, Identification System, Road Distress, Prioritization, Maintenance.

Modeling of Piled Raft Foundation on Soft Clay Mohamed A. Baqi Mahmoud and Hussien Elarabi

Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This study related to the analysis of un – piled and piled raft foundations with soft clay soil conditions. The subsoil model was assumed uniform underneath the foundation with soil stiffness increasing with depth. Based on these variables a finite element analysis was conducted on un-piled and piled raft foundation. For the un-piled raft, a 8m × 8m raft size with variable thickness varying from0.25m, 0.4m, 0.8m and 1.5m were considered in this study. As for the piled raft, first, an 8m × 8m piled raft size with thickness that varies from 0.25m, 0.4m; 0.8m and 1.5m were considered. Secondly, a piled raft with raft thickness of 0.8m, while the piles spacing was varied as 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d and 7d were considered. The piles were 0.7m diameter and 16m length. For the aforementioned examples; walls were involved in the analysis to study the effect of superstructure. A single value of loading intensity was considered at raft level as 215 KN/m2, whereas line load was considered at level of wall as 385 KN/m. Comparisons were conducted between the various cases and conclusions were made.

Keywords: Piled Raft, Foundation, Finite Element, PLAXIS, Soft Clay

Participation of Women in the Sudanese Construction Industry Abubakr Hussein Merghani

Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Women worldwide play important roles in different walks of life. However, their role in the construction industry (CI) is quite minimal in most developed and developing countries. This issue relates to specific characteristics of the CI, female qualifications/training and some sociocultural aspects. Two surveys were conducted in 2011 to examine the current situation of women in CI in Khartoum. The surveys interviewed female employees and their employers in consultancy, contracting, services, material suppliers and entrepreneurs. It investigated aspects dealing with status quo, training, barriers, discrimination, social image and future outlook for the role of women in Sudanese CI. The preliminary results highlighted certain barriers and constraints facing women in CI. Although the results indicated a positive cultural change towards women employment in general and in CI in particular, the percentage of their contribution in the overall workforce remains within 15-20%; similar to many countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.

Key words: women, construction industry, Khartoum, constraints and future prospects

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The Campus, the Scylla and a Way Out: The U. of K. Central Campus can be rescued!

Adil Mustafa Ahmad Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum

Abstract: A steady deterioration has been ongoing for over two decades in the University of Khartoum’s physical environment. This is seen as one of the causes of the institution’s declining academic achievement revealed lately by the annual ratings of universities at regional and international levels. This paper, dealing only with the central campus of the university, focuses on the root causes of this physical deterioration, attempts to correlate them directly with the general decline of academic standards and offers proposals to restore the ailing campus to a healthy state.

Keywords: University of Khartoum, environmental deterioration, conservation, design ethics, aesthetics.

Strategic Impact Assessment: A New Tool in achieving Sustainable Development in the Sudan in the wake of the Severance of Southern Sudan

Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This paper appraises the process and performance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the Sudan. The implications of the severance of Southern Sudan on the country’s natural resources and development policies are underscored. The main legislative and institutional constraints of (EIA) efficient application are highlighted, emphasizing its limitations to developmental projects. The new trend in addressing the complicated issues salient to policies, plans and programmes that calls for a higher tier of impact assessment is illustrated. Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments (SEA) which operates at the policies, plans and programmes level is defined. A comparison between (EIA) and (SEA) is portrayed. Justifications for the application of (SEA) in the Sudan and the steps and prerequisites needed are expressed. The institutional and legislative reforms as well as human resources capacity building are underlined.

Key words: Sustainable development, environmental impact assessment, strategic impact assessment, environmental legislation.

Prediction of the Values of Chemical Constituents of El Gezira Groundwater Using GIS Techniques

Attiyat Abdel Rahman El Boushi Agricultural Technology Transfer Society (ATTS)

Abstract: This paper is concerned with establishing prediction models for the chemical composition of the groundwater in El Gezira area from the available recorded data. The area of study is approximately bordered by latitudes 13°-15.6° North and longitudes 32°-34.5° East. The inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique of the Geostatistical Analyst of the GIS was employed to describe each individual chemical parameter of the Gezira groundwater by a mathematical continuous-surface function. The graphical representations of these

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mathematical functions in the GIS environment were eventually converted into colored-filled contours covering the whole area under study. The developed models can be used as primary predictors for estimating the expected values of the chemical constituents of the groundwater pertaining to any proposed drilling location in the Gezira area. The established GIS models were also used for the assessment of groundwater quality in the study area.

Key words: Groundwater, Gezira area, contour models, chemical constituents, prediction, GIS techniques, inverse distance weighted (IDW).

Efficiency 3D Data Representation for Human Face Using Laplace Equations

AbdulAziz B. M. Hamed, Mohsin H. A. Hashim and Mahmoud Ali Ahmed 1Faculty of Education, University of West Kordofan

2Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of human face recognition. It starts with a survey of existing methods, and its geometrical applications. The paper provides a potential solution to the problem using 3D data representation for human face an elliptic equation, where the data surface has been contained. The partial differential equations (PDE) surface will be divided using numerical methods to reconstruct human face image and digitalization. A proposed algorithm was designed for predicting the efficiency of face recognition. In order to evaluate the proposed method experimental and analytic work was carried out based on data sampling and determination of local, projection distances. Ratio and relative error rates were measured and compared to validate the precision of the method in the verification process.

Keywords: 3D Representation, human face recognition, Laplace equation

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Periodic Solutions of Several Nonlinear Problems Ruyun Ma, [email protected]

Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China

I. Let T > 3 be a positive integer and T = 0, 1, 2,…, T-1. We show the existence of positive periodic solutions of the nonlinear discrete Boundary value problem ∆u(t) = a(t)g(u(t))u(t) -λb(t)f(u(t-τ (t))); t T; u(0) = u(T): Our approach is based upon the global bifurcation techniques. II. Global structure of the positive solutions of periodic boundary value problem

+ q(t)u(t) = λa(t)f(u(t)) , u(0) = ) , where q C(R , [ )) is of periodic and q(t) 0 , t [ ] ; a C(R,R) is of periodic and changes sign. The main tool is global bifurcation theorem. III. We prove, via an approach by ordinary differential equations, the existence of oscillations for second order differential inclusion of the form

where is -periodic, is allowed to be at most linear growth, S is bounded and continuous in R\0with a jump discontinuity at 0 and S( ) < S( ). Existence result for resonance at first nonzero eigenvalue is obtained.

Ill-Conditioning in Time-Delayed Optimal Control Computations Part I

E.B.M. Bashier and F. Benyahy Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: A direct transcription method transforms an optimal control problem (OCP) into a non-linear programming problem (NLP). The resulting NLP can be solved by any NLP solver, such as the Matlab's optimization toolbox, the FSQP, etc. On solving optimization problems using the Matlab's optimization toolbox one does not obtain an accurate Hessian matrix at the optimal solution due to the fact that the Hessian matrix is not being evaluated directly from the optimal solution. In this paper we compute the condition numbers associated with the optimal control computation, where the implicit trapezoidal rule and the Hermite-Simpson method are used for the discretization of the state equations. The computations of optimal solutions are done for di_erent numbers of switching points and quadrature points per a switching interval.

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Test examples show that the condition numbers of the active constraints, projected Hessian and the whole Lagrangian system are more likely to increase with the number of the switching intervals per a delay interval than by the number of the quadrature intervals per a switching interval. Also, the computations associated to the Hermite-Simpson method give less condition numbers than those which are associated to the implicit trapezoidal rule, which gives rise to that the Hermite-Simpson method is more stable than the implicit trapezoidal rule. Key words: Ill-conditioning, KKT system, active constraints, Hessian matrix, QR-factorization.

Methods of Regularization in Time-Delayed Optimal Control Problems

Part II E.B.M. Bashier_ and F. Benyahy

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences ,University of Khartoum

Abstract: In this paper we use the L-curve method and the Morozov discrepancy principle for the estimation of the regularization parameter in the regularization of time-delayed optimal control computation. Zeroth order, first order and second order di_erential operators are considered. Two test examples show that the L-curve method and the two discrepancy principles give close estimations for the regularization parameters.

Key words: Di_erential Operator, Tikhonov Regularization, Regularization parameter, L-curve method, discrepancy principle.

Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis-Malaria Co-infection with Treatment (1)

Ibrahim M. ELmojtaba1, J.Y.T. Mugisha2, Mohsin H.A.Hashim1 1Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum 2Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, Uganda

Abstract: A mathematical model to understand the dynamics of malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection is proposed and analyzed. Results show that both diseases can be eliminated if R0, the basic reproduction number of the co-infection is less than unity. Results also show that in the case of maximum protection against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the diseasefree equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if malaria patients are protected from VL infection, similarly, in the case of maximum protection against malaria the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if VL and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients and the recovered humans after VL are protected from malaria infection.

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Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis-Malaria Co-infection with Treatment (2)

Ibrahim M. ELmojtaba Ibrahim M. ELmojtaba1, J.Y.T. Mugisha2, Mohsin H.A.Hashim1 1Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum 2Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, Uganda

Abstract: In this paper we analyzed a mathematical model presented by Elmojtaba et. al [7] describes the dynamics of malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection in order to investigate the possibility of backward bifurcation, and also the model was numerically simulated to understand some of its features. Results show the system undergoes a backward bifurcation where an endemic equilibrium co-exists with the disease-free equilibrium when one of Rm or Rl, the basic reproduction numbers of malaria-only and visceral leishmaniasis-only, is precisely less than unity. Numerical results show that if Rm and Rl are greater than unity, then we have co-existence of both diseases at an endemic equilibrium, and malaria incidence is higher than visceral leishmaniasis incidence at steady state.

Extension of Geometric Programming Theory Using Moment Generating Functions

Abdelfattah Abdelmoti Muhammed Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

ABSTRACT: In this paper the idea that the problem of “moment generating functions and the entropy maximization as geometric programming duals”, is now extended to include some infinite and continuous cases. Among all continuous distributions it is shown that the exponential distribution is the only one that maximizes the entropy subject to the single moment condition E[X] = µ. And among all discrete distributions it is shown that the geometric distribution( ρ) is the only one that maximizes the entropy subject to the same single moment condition; namely E[X] = µ. The way that these two distributions are obtained gave new insight in the steady state distribution of the M/M/1 and the M/M/∞ queues in connection of some law of conservation of information.

Keywords: Entropy, geometric programming, Moment generating functions, exponential, geometric, and Poisson distributions, M/M/1 queue, information.

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The Critical Layer of Warm Plasma Waves in Magnetic-velocity Zonal Shears and

O.M.El Mekki , Faculty of Mathematical Sciences ,University of Khartoum

Abstract :In this paper, it is shown that critical layers exist in warm plasma in zonal shear flow and uniform zonal magnetic field when including the buoyancy term but neglecting compressibility effects. The effect on heating the plasma is then discussed.

Software Process Improvement for Small to Medium Enterprises

Dr. Hisham M. Abushama

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: Many software Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are playing a great part in the software production industries. Current standard Software Process Improvement (SPI) models are accused of being cumbersome when applied within the SMEs environment. The SMEs need to adapt to their environmental barriers and to meet the challenging business objectives facing SMEs. This has led to the need to develop a simpler SPI model that is more dynamic and flexible, i.e. not too rigid in comparison to current SPI models. Achieving business objectives is one of the important recipes for information Technology (IT) and business success. The standard SPI models such as Software Capability Maturity Model tend not to focus their software process on the organization business objectives. This research was setup to design a generic SPI process model and roadmap for SMEs that is tailored to the business objectives. In this process model the business objectives help derive the SPI programme. Its phases are kept simple in terms of activities and procedures to adjust to SMEs resource barriers. The process model and the roadmap were applied within four partner SMEs companies so far and the findings indicate that their software processes have successfully improved and this has contributed back into their business objectives.

Keywords: Software Process Improvement, SMEs, Process Maturity, Capability Maturity Model

Using Adomian Decomposition Method for Solving Vector-Host Model Ibrahim M. ELmojtaba

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum

Abstract: In this paper, we use Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving vector-host model by using the alternate algorithm suggested by Biazar et. al [4]. Some of the first terms were generated and plotted against time and compared our results with the regular Runge-Kutta numerical methods by using Matlab ode45 function.

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Keywords: Adomian decomposition method, vector-host model, ODE solvers, numerical simulation, stability analysis. Investigation of Trace Uranium Content in Rock Phosphate Ore Samples

from Nuba Mountains, Southern Kordofan, Sudan Ali Humoud Ali and Abdel Majid Mohamed Ali

Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum

Abstract: This investigation aimed to study the trace uranium level content in phosphate rocks, which were used as a low cost fertilizer. Two types of phosphate rocks were examined, namely from Kurun and Uro area, Nuba Mountains in the Southern Kurdufan State, Sudan. This area has a high background natural radioactivity. Spectrophotometric methods were used as analytical technique for the analysis of phosphate rocks. The results obtained agreed well with the data from literature. The data obtained was statistically analyzed. The analysis revealed that uranium contents in rocks from the two study areas were significantly different. Uranium content in the rock samples of Uro type was found to be 1.6 times that of Kurun type.

Applications of Geographical Information Systems in Science and Engineering Research


Abstract: New trends and developments in science and research urged not less than many disciplines, such as science and engineering, to revisit their methods and practices to become more IT-oriented and spatially referenced by using Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS). GIS, as a geo-technology/science, is one of the most growing three professions in the recent decades besides bio and nano technologies. Currently, universities and enterprises, to inject advanced spatial analysis and modeling methods and tools in their disciplines and projects, are increasingly demanding GIS. GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The technology works on different levels and sizes of databases and uses various types of tools and models obtain results usable in research, applications and decision support. This paper aimed first at previewing the different practices and applications of GIS and related geo-technologies in science and engineering research. With some examples from literature, the paper explained where and how GIS tools are applied. The tools and operations included spatial statistics, spatial modeling, mapping and tracking, geo-referencing and geo-coding, digital elevation modeling (or 3-d analysis) and network analysis. The second objective of this paper, however, was to urge and draw attention of graduate and research students in science, engineering and environmental fields at the University of Khartoum to the application of spatial technology in their thesis’ works. As thesis topics are varying, the use of GIS technology data management, spatial analysis and result presentation will, no doubt, develop and improve the graduate studies and practice in these vital fields for better living conditions and sustainable development in the Sudan. To achieve its objectives, the paper relied on data from Basic Sciences and Engineering Studies Board (BSESB) master and doctoral theses and abstracts during the period 2000-2011. In addition, applications published in relevant professional journals, web sites,

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symposia, engineering solution firms, and consulting agencies examined. Results showed that a few postgraduate researches at the University of Khartoum used GIS and spatial technology and analysis in the field of science, engineering and environmental studies during the period. The reasons were many. They included: unawareness, incapability, or lack of concern by the postgraduates about this very vital geo-technology and its spatial analysis and modeling functions.

Keywords: GIS technology, science, engineering, environment, spatial data, spatial modeling, graduate studies

Robust Adaptive Control Using Particle Filter for Future Space Transportation Systems

Masashi Miura Innovation Center for Engineering Education, Tottori University

Abstract: Future space transportation systems should be highly reliable, responsive, frequently operable and usable for many different types of missions flexibly. Then, there are some requirements for the control system of future space vehicles. First, it should have high robustness on model errors, disturbances and unusual state. Next, it should be useful and high-performance controller under wide-range flight environment and it should be able to be designed easy and quickly. With traditional gain-scheduled designing methods, it needs a large amount of labor and time to design controllers. The last, it should be flexible enough to deal with many different kinds of missions and unexpected situations. To satisfy these requirements, a robust and adaptive control is necessary. Then, we suggest a robust adaptive control system using particle filter. Particle filter is a new powerful technique developed in mathematical-statistics which provides quick and accurate estimation of high dimensional state vector. By configuring the robust feedback controller using estimated states and parameters with particle filter, the robust and adaptive control can be realized. This presentation shows why the robust adaptive control is necessary in the future and how to achieve the robust adaptive control system with particle filter method.

Overview of QSAS and Energy Conservation Isam Elsarrag and Yousef Al Horr

Gulf Organization for Research and Development, Qatar

Abstract: The built environment has a direct impact on Qatar's natural environment, the economy and human health. Qatar is the largest consumer of energy per capita in the world, the fourth country in the world that produces less water from freshwater resources and so relies essentially on desalination for domestic water supplies. Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS) is a performance-based sustainability rating system which aims to create a sustainable urban environment that reduce environmental impacts while satisfying local

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community needs. In addition to addressing all locally relevant aspects of sustainability, ecological impact, and green building design criteria, QSAS developed a standalone building energy standard to support Qatar’s building energy ratings. QSAS adopted the EPC CEN standard and EPC approach for the Qatar energy code development and some normative parameters used in CEN standards were changed for the use in the Qatar local environment. It complies with the global trend towards performance-based code; using standardised normative calculation methods. The simplified calculation is preferred as it requires less input data, no deep simulation expertise and leads to transparent readily understandable calculations. The performance based approach has been shown to lead several cycles; i) innovation which driven by current minimum energy performance at the time; followed by ii) wide market implementation driven by the adoption of the novel technology procedures; followed by more stringent minimum requirements, taking into account the improved cost-benefit ratio of novel energy saving technologies. QSAS building energy rating standard has three levels of assessment. The building’s thermal behaviour, technical systems and primary energy source have all been taken into consideration by these three levels. Consecutive EPC rating scales are specified for the QSAS energy scoring system. For instance, the maximum score of 3, EPC<= 0.6, is earned when the building consumes at least 40% less than the average of the benchmarked buildings, EPC = 1. When compared to the ASHRAE compliance level, the energy performance of a building with a score is 3 is at least 58% better than the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 compliance level. This paper highlights QSAS methodology in assessing different building typologies and examines the prospects for applying various QSAS measures into a typical building in Qatar to reduce energy demand including passive design measures and the adoption of advanced technologies to reduce drastically energy consumption.

UNESCO-NECTAR: Towards a Knowledge-based Economy in the Arab Region

Nazar M. Hassan UNESCO Regional Office for Sciences for the Arab States, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: For developing countries, the promise of many existing technologies for solving contemporary complex problems in their neck of the woods has not been fulfilled, mainly due to either the high cost of the raw materials involved or the low efficiencies of their associated processes. Today, converging technologies offer better opportunities, thanks to the development of lighter, more proficient materials and systems and their components that are both smaller and faster than before. The main converging technologies are nanotechnology, biotechnology, and communication and information technologies. These technologies are converging to form new products and processes, such as in the case of bio-nanotechnology. UNESCO is promoting the creation of the Network for Expansion of Converging Technologies in the Arab Region (NECTAR). This regional initiative will assist each of the Arab States in strengthening their national innovation system. By fostering strategic partnerships between academia, research and industry at the national and regional levels, the network will stimulate the economy. By developing South-South and North-South networks of universities and centers

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of technological innovation, the network will help to convert brain drain into brain gain and knowledge into wealth, thereby laying the foundations for a knowledge economy in the region.

Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Science and Engineering Research


Abstract: New trends and developments in research urged many disciplines including basic sciences, engineering and environmental studies, to revisit their methods and practices to become more information technology-oriented and spatially referenced by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Based on defined research methods and objectives, GIS integrates hardware, software, and database systems for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The technology works on different levels and sizes of databases and uses various types of tools and models to obtain results usable in research, applications and decision support. The paper reviewed the different practices and applications of GIS and related geo-technologies in basic sciences, engineering and environmental postgraduate studies. GIS tools and operations include but not limited to spatial statistics, spatial modeling, mapping and tracking, geo-referencing and geo-coding, digital elevation modeling (or 3-d analysis) and network analysis. Although GIS is vital in improving relevant research and its outputs, vigorous analysis of postgraduate theses submitted to the Board of Basic and Engineering Studies, U. of K. during the period 2000-2011 revealed that few researches applied GIS and spatial technology in their work. Several researches skip it probably due to unawareness, incapability, or lack of concern by the postgraduates about this very vital geo-technology and its spatial analysis and modeling functions.

Key words: GIS technology, master and doctoral theses, basic sciences, engineering, environmental studies, spatial analysis and modeling.

Role and Cooperation of Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology in Human Development in Egypt and North Africa

Ahmed B. Khairy President, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Cairo

Abstract: The Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology (E‐JUST) has the ambitious objective of serving the people of Egypt, Arab world and the whole of Africa through the discovery, creation and application of knowledge; through the dissemination of knowledge by teaching, publication, artistic presentation and technology transfer; and through community engagement. As a preeminent research and teaching university with national and global reach, the University is aiming to cultivate an academic environment in which the highest standards of intellectual integrity and scholarship are practiced. Adopting the Japanese education and

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research essence, the students at the University should learn from and collaborate with faculty who are at the forefront of their disciplines. The University faculty and staff are committed to helping students excel with a good preserve of academic freedom, promoting diversity and pertaining equal opportunity. E‐JUST is keen to advance rigorous interdisciplinary inquiry, international involvement, and social responsibility. In its role as teaching institution, the University of E‐JUST offers instruction in baccalaureate (to be), masters, and doctoral degree programs. Although, graduate, and professional schools are to begin with engineering programs; science, social and behavioral science, are future imminent considerations for expansion. The University commits itself to providing challenging research and instruction for all its students, from both Egypt and other nations, and encourages interdisciplinary work and the integration of instruction and research opportunities. Teaching and academic excellence are essential requirements among E‐JUST faculty. In its role as a research university, E‐JUST will foster the discovery and humane use of knowledge and artistic creation in all areas of academic, professional, and clinical study. In both basic and applied research, the University measures achievement and quality against national and international standards. Rigorous assessment and review will be central to advancing the university research programs and creative activities, as are participation and leadership in national and international academic disciplines. The University should enjoy cooperation in research and creative activities with other agencies and consortium universities in Egypt and Japan, with the community, and with private enterprise in two countries. In its role as contributor to public life, E‐JUST will foster reflection on the values and goals of society. The University is due to augment its own programs and enriches the larger community with its libraries, museums, botanical gardens, public lectures, continuing education programs, athletics, and recreational opportunities. Welcome to the E‐JUST world of quality research, education, culture and common values.

Towards a Sustainable Society by Collaboration of City and University: Case Study of Fukuoka and Kyushu University, Japan

Takeru SAKAI Professor, New Campus Planning Office, Kyushu University, Japan

Abstract: Completing the sustainable society is needed from the social viewpoint, the economical viewpoint, and an environmental viewpoint. Universities in the world are groping for the new relation between cities. Kyushu University is conducting various experiments for the creation of a new campus turned to the new society by researcher participation style. Kyushu University decided upon the master plan to which an interdisciplinary field is born easily on an Ito new campus. Fields, such as natural power sources and biodiversity, are utilized and the functional and beautiful campus is built towards the next society.

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