NEW RAW MATERIALSFOR PAPER PULP

Under supervision:

Prof.Dr. Mamdouh M. Nassar

Aya Ashraf Gehad Osama

Marwa Ragab Mostafa AhmadBy:

Lay out

ObjectivesIntroductionExperimental PartResultsConclusions

“ In some countries like Egypt have lack in wood, so they use agricultural residues in paper industries.

The main objective of this study is to produce a new type of pulp from agricultural materials i.e. palm fronds and banana leaves to substitute some of the imported wood fiber.

OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

▪ Paper as we know ittoday is always madefrom a fibrous rawmaterial. The mostimportant sources offibers are forests ofthe world.

CHEMISTRY OF WOOD AND FIBER

20 – 40 %

15 – 35 %

40 – 50 %

The paper we produced from

such materials without lignin.

The main purpose of pulping is to separate fibers byREMOVING OF LIGNIN

Pulping methods

MECHANICAL PULPING

CHEMICAL PULPING

SEMI-CHEMICAL PULPING

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

▪ The fibers are cylindrical tube.

▪ The high length and the smaller diameter of fibers produce flexible fibers

PULP AND PAPER MAKING PROCESS

2 3 4

5 6 7

1

Raw Material

CollectionChopping Digestion Washing

Beating BleachingPaper

making

8

Drying

BATCH DIGESTER

CONTINUOUS PULPING

ADDITION IN THE PAPER INDUSTRYTo improve paper quality.

Fillers

Talc

Dyes and brighteners

Experimental part

EXPERIMENTAL PARTPart I

Two Types of pulping

Under atmospheric

pressure

under high pressure (9 atm )

PROCESS STEPSunder 1 atm

1. raw material either Palm fronds

or Banana Paper was dried and

cut to small pieces about 2-3

cm length.

2. Pulping was carried out by

adding 20 gm NaOH (10%).

3. The pulping was carried out in

a steal container (2 lit) and is

heated up using Bunsen flam.

4. Heating up for 6 hr. was taken

to keep constant level by

adding water all the time.

5- the produce pulp slurry was washed well and defiberation.

Note: This process is repeated 4 times with difference in concentration of NaOH

with palm fronds and banana leaves.

The cooked pulp The defibrillated pulp

TESTSTesting classification

Chemical properties

Physical properties

Strength properties

• Kappa Number • Opacity

• Yellowness

• Air permeance

• Bulk

• Burst

• Tear

• Tensile

Results and discussion

We have 3 sample of palm fronds pulp which are semi-chemical

pulps with some lignin content , 1 sample of bagasse which is

chemical pulp with lower lignin content that is mean more cellulose

which creates more hydrogen bonds that is lead to strong paper, and

1 sample of bagasse with adding 25 % of wood pulp.

First at all

1.38 1.4 1.421.49

1.67

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

BU

LK

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Yield

Bulk versus pulp yield for different pulps

89

84

78

76.9 76.9

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

OP

AC

ITY

YEILD

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between opacity and percentage pulp.

38.7

3331

4.5

1.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

YE

LL

OW

NE

SS

YEILD

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between yellowness and percentage pulp.

600

530

470450

660

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

AIR

PE

RM

EA

NC

E

YIELD

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between air permeance and percentage pulp.

33.6535.82

41.7

50.9

58.17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

TE

NS

ILE

IN

DE

X

YIELD

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between tensile index and percentage pulp.

34323654

4253

5190

5933

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

BR

EA

KIN

G L

EN

GT

H

YIELD

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between breaking length and percentage pulp.

1.68 1.91 1.943.56 3.61

17.14

19.48 19.79

36.4 36.82

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

BU

RS

T

YIELD

burst index burst factor

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between burst strength and percentage pulp.

10.35 9.53 8.2 5.7410.51

105.57

97.21

83.64

58.5

107.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

47.50% 47% 45% 42%

TE

AR

YIELD

tear index tear factor

Palm fronds

Bagasse

Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)

Relationship between tear and percentage pulp.

Experimental partPart 2

Pulp washing

Defibration

Bleaching of fiber

Addition in the paper industry

Hand sheets preparation

STEPS

HAND MADE PAPER

STEP 1: PULP WASHING

To wash out the cooking chemicals and dissolved lignin

STEP 2 : DEFIBRATION

The washed Palm Fronds pulp is defibrillated in a blender until we get

the pulp.

STEP 3: BLEACHING OF FIBER

Bleaching the pulp by multiple stages was carried by two stage.

Different types of bleaching chemicals

Hypochlorite (NaOCl) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

▪ Adding of 5% of active Cl2.▪ Mixing fibered pulp with the prepared hypochlorite solution and

the pH is controlled until the mixture reach to pH=9.▪ Heating the mixture in a water bath at 40 ºC for 90 minutes.▪ Repeat the same steps at concentrations of 7% and 9% of active

Cl2.

FIRST STEP1- Hypochlorite(Cl2)

Note:

We found the best bleaching of fibers with good properties and higher

degree of whiteness at concentration of 7% Cl2.

Controlling the PH Heating in water path

Bleached pulp

SECOND STAGE

2- peroxide(H2O2)

▪ Adding of 8% of (H2O2 35%).▪ Adding water until it covers the pulp.▪ Mixing of fiber with H2O2 and control it

until the mixture reach to pH=11.5.▪ Heating the mixture in a water bath at a

temperature of 70 ºC for 120 minutes.

Three samples before and after first and second bleaching

STEP 4: CHEMICAL ADDITIONS IN THE

PAPER INDUSTRY

• Alum

• Colored materials.

• Fillers such as talc powder

• Calcium carbonate

STEP: 5 HAND SHEETS PREPARATION:

A dilute pulp slurry with very

law consistency about 0.6%

is placed over screen.

The slurry was left to drain all

the water.

the wet sheet over the

screen is covered by a dry

cotton cloth sheet and

pressed well to squeeze

more water.

transfer the wet sheet over a

clean smooth shiny stainless

steel sheet and cover the wet

pulp sheet with new dry cotton

cloth sheet.

Dry using electric iron, care was taken not to burn the paper sheet.

By this way we have a good decorative paper sheet.

CONCLUSION

▪ In this study, semi-chemical pulps from palm fronds and banana

leaves were produced.

▪ The strength properties of the produced semi-chemical pulp are

comparable to the chemical bagasse pulp.

▪ Optimizing pulp of palm fronds and banana leaves can produce better

pulp with high strength then can substitute part of the imported wood

pulp.

Thanks