new plant products - agrifutures australia · from continuing and completed new plant products...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-1998

and Research in Progress as at June 1998

NEW PLANT PRODUCTS

RIRDC Sub-Program 1.1

November 1998 RIRDC Publication No 98/80

Sub-program 1.1 - New Plant Products

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-1998 and Research in Progress as at June 1998

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© 1998 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 54102 7 ISSN 1440-6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-98 and Research in Progress as at June 1998 - 1.1 New Plant Products" Publication No 98/80 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

RIRDC New Plant Products Research Manager Dr David Evans RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: (02) 6258 6852 Fax: (02) 6259 0199 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Eva Hickman Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: (02) 6272 3186 Fax: (02) 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in November 1998 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by the DPIE Copy Centre



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FOREWORD This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June '98, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 1997-98 for all of the Corporation’s 21 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 1.1. It contains all entries from continuing and completed New Plant Products research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to facilitate the development of new industries based on plants or plant products that have commercial potential for Australia. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of over 250 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website. Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation



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CONTENTS

COMPLETED PROJECTS

PROJECT

No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE

No DAQ-138A Tissue culture development of a tropical

asparagus super-clone Jason K. Olsen (071) 556 129 Qld. Department of Primary

Industries 1

UQ-44A First Australian new crops conference Dr. Rob Fletcher (07) 5460 1311 The University of Queensland 2 UT-12A Preliminary investigation on “French” black

morel cropping (Morchella angusticeps) Ms. Shek Barnes-Smith (03) 6233 6856 Department of Primary Industry

& Fisheries, TAS 2

DAV-123A Improved postharvest handling and storage of specialty mushrooms

Mr. John Lopresti (03) 9210 9222 Institute for Horticultural Development, Knoxfield.

3

DNT-14A Genetic improvement of sesame for northern Australia

Mr. Malcolm Bennett (08) 8973 8733 NT Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries

3

AST-1A Emerging opportunities in agriculture conference

Mr. Graham Macafee (02) 6254 4149 Australian Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology

4

DAS-40A Disease control in coriander and other spice seeds

Mr. J.I. Dennis (08) 8303 9379 South Australian Research and Development Institute

5

DAV-86A Production and export of buckwheat grain and value added products

Mr Chris Bluett (03) 5333 6784 Department of Natural Resources and Environment

5

ANC-1A Australian summer flowering plants for the northern hemisphere winter cut flower market

Mr. Iain Dawson (02) 6250 9450 Australian Nature Conservation Agency

6

ANC-2A New vegetable crops from Australia’s sub-Antarctic islands

Mr. Iain Dawson (02) 6250 9450 Australian Nature Conservation Agency

7

BWM-1A Duckweed – A potential high protein source for supplementation of feeds for domestic animals and fish

Assoc. Professor John Nolan

(02) 6773 2605 University of New England 8

UWA-21A Development of lathyrus species as new grain legumes

Professor Phil Cocks (08) 9380 2555 University of Western Australia 8

DAQ-172J Development of adzuki bean production for export markets (Managed by HRDC)

Dr. Robert Redden (07) 4661 2944 Hermitage Research Station, Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

9



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RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

DAW-90A First national new rural industries conference, Perth 1998

Mr. Terry Laidler (08) 9368 3682 Agriculture Western Australia

11

UQ-33A New Crops: development and application of improved selection and evaluation procedures to produce new crops for northern Australia

Dr. Rob Fletcher (07) 5460 1311 The University of Queensland 11

DAT-31A Continued investigation into the commercial production and development of Japanese green tea

Ms. Angela Monks (03) 6233 6813 Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, TAS

11

DAQ-194A Callide valley herb and spice trial Mrs. Jane Parker (07) 4992 1044 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

12

BUS-1A Marketing the Australian Bushfood Industry Mr. Vic Cherikoff (02) 9817 1060 Bush Tucker Supply Australia Pty Ltd

13

AWI-1A Development of quality management systems (QMS) for the Australian walnut industry

Dr. John Kenez (03) 9802 8670 Australian Walnut Industry Association

13

CSH-40A Regulation of Cropping in Lychee Dr. Cameron McConchie (07) 3377 0248 CSIRO Division of Horticulture 13 DAQ-167A Removing pre and post harvest constraints to

custard apple marketing Ms. Jodie Campbell (07) 5441 2211 Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) 14

ASA-1A Condiment paprika breeding, harvesting and commercialisation

Mr. Nicholas Derera (02) 9639 3072 ASAS Pty Ltd 15

CPE-1A Nutritional requirements of coffee trees in northern New South Wales

Mr. John Zentveld (02) 6687 1004 Coffee and Processing Equipment Australia

15

UCS-19A Assessment of olive yield and oil quality and cultivar identification

Assoc. Professor Kevin Robards

(02) 6933 2547 Charles Sturt University 15

BIO-1A Research and development and production of virus-tested garlic, garlic seeds and garlic by-products

Dr. Darren Moses (03) 9889 7652 Biofresh Australia Pty Ltd 16

SAR-4A Development of an integrated pest management program (IPM) for the control of quandong moth in quandong orchards

Dr. Peter Bailey (08) 8303 9537 South Australian Research and Development Institute

16

DAQ-122A Assembly and Preliminary Evaluation of Imported Tea Clones

Mr. Richard Steel (07) 4061 2144 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

17

DAV-103A Value added culinary herbs Mr. Bruce Tomkins (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment

17

LWP-1A Broad acre dried herb production Mr. David Coleman (08) 9848 2171 Living Waters Permaculture Foundation

18

PTT-1A The establishment and production of the French black truffle Tuber melanosporum in Tasmania

Mr. Peter Cooper (03) 9261 2213 Perigord Truffles of Tasmania 18

USO-1A A field evaluation of the productivity of hazelnut varieties

Dr. Basil Baldwin (02) 6360 5562 University of Sydney Orange Agricultural College

18

ALG-1A Business and strategic plan for the lychee industry

Mr. Rick Bronson (07) 5445 9945 Australian Lychee Growers Association Inc

19

ZTR-1A Durian germplasm evaluation for tropical Australia phase 1

Mr. Guiseppe Zappala (07) 4067 5266 Zappala Tropicals 19

DAQ-177A Improved canopy management to maximise market opportunities for the tree crops lychee, longan and rambutan (Sapindaceae)

Dr. Christopher Menzel (07) 5444 9600 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

20

DAQ-210A To undertake a pre-feasibility study to assess the market potential and establish the commercial viability for the development of an olive industry in Australia

Mr. Denis McEvoy (07) 4688 1251 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

20

DAV-124A A cholesterol-lowering extract from garlic: opportunities for an Australian industry

Dr. David Eagling (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment

21

DAV-136A Total quality management for the production and marketing of buckwheat and honeybee pollination of buckwheat

Mr. Chris Bluett (03) 5333 6784 Department of Natural Resources & Environment

21

UA-41A Wild olive selection for quality oil production Professor Margaret Sedgley

(08) 8303 7249 The University of Adelaide 22

USA-5A Characterisation of antiviral compounds in Australian bush medicines

Dr. Robert Flower (08) 8302 2236 University of South Australia 22

DAQ-211A Evaluation of the commercial potential of sugarbeet on the Atherton Tableland

Mr. Brett Weeden (07) 4093 2246 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

23

DAT-26A Commercial production of medicinal herbs in Tasmania

Ms. Michele Buntain (03) 6278 4314 Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, TAS

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COMPLETED PROJECTS

Project Title Tissue culture development of a tropical asparagus super clone RIRDC Project No: DAQ-138A Researcher: Jason K Olsen Organisation: Bundaberg Research Station

Queensland Department of Primary Industries

MS 108, Ashfield Road BUNDABERG QLD 4670 Contacts: Phone: (071)556 244

Fax: (071) 556129 E-mail: [email protected] Objective The primary objective of this project was to develop a heat-tolerant tropical asparagus super-clone with early emergence characteristics, high yields and good spear quality by: • Identifying, from tropical stands of field grown

asparagus, superior individuals displaying earliness, good spear quality and high yield characteristics; and

• Using tissue culture techniques to propagate clones of the best individuals with the view to developing a cultivar specifically suited to tropical Australia. Exploitation of the inherent variability of the crop was perceived as primary modus operandi in achieving this objective.

Background Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a temperate perennial vegetable crop which is normally harvested from September to December in southern Australia. The industry in tropical Australia has undergone expansion in recent years from approximately 100 ha in 1992 to 300 ha in 1997. This expansion has been in response to the high price for early-season (July/ August) fresh asparagus in both the domestic market and Japan. However, heat stress and a lack of cold-induced winter dormancy in some tropical areas have been responsible for reduced total yield and inferior quality compared with the temperate product. Additionally, there are several disadvantages associated with the cultivars currently grown for commercial production, including limited production from the berry-producing female plants, weeds from germinating seeds produced by female plants and the inherent variability (coefficient of variation among individuals > 120%) which biases towards generally lower yields. Exploitation of the inherent variability of the crop by tissue culture was perceived as one avenue for the production of a high-yielding, heat-tolerant tropical asparagus clone with early emergence characteristics

Research The research was carried out in four steps; viz. (1) Commercial fields were scouted for superior

individuals and their yields were recorded, (2) Tissue culture was used to propagate up plantlets

from the best six individual plants (based on yield and quality characteristics),

(3) Clonal plantlets and seedlings from the industry standard cultivar UC157 F1 were transplanted into the field in a replicated factorial experiment, and

(4) Yield was assessed over two harvest seasons. Outcomes The resultant field trial which assessed the performance of the clones with the industry standard cultivar showed that: • Only half of the clones were male, • The weight of marketable spears produced by the

most productive clone (UC#18) was only 3.9% greater than that of the industry standard cultivar and,

• The average weight of individual marketable spears of the clones were generally higher than UC157 F1.

Implications Based on approximate gross margin analysis, it was concluded that, due to the extra expense of plants produced from tissue culture, commercial planting of a clone which is less than 30% more productive than the industry standard cultivar would probably not be economically viable. Because the highest yielding clone produced only 3.9% more marketable spears (by weight) than the standard industry cultivar, a recommendation for commercial release of this clone could not be made. Therefore, the industry implication of this research is that the clones which were developed in this project did not produce a marketable yield which was sufficiently higher than the current standard cultivar to justify their commercial release. It is possible that the price of tissue cultured plants may fall in the future due to greater capacity, but unless appreciably higher yields may be attained by tissue cultured plants, this method of plant propagation will not serve any useful purpose in the asparagus industry. It was suggested that the methodology used in selecting the clones in this project may not have been sufficiently detailed to identify the most productive plants growing in commercial fields. The selection procedure may have been improved by increasing the period of data collection from one to at least two harvest seasons and by observing fern characteristics (such as height, stem diameter and number of stems per crown) during the growing period. Using this approach, the irregularities of spear production caused by temporal variation of spear flushes, would be avoided. Therefore, future research involving this type of approach should give greater emphasis to the selection process.

mailto:[email protected]



Project Title First Australian new crops conference RIRDC Project No. UQ-44A Researcher: Dr Rob Fletcher Organisation: The University of Queensland

Gatton College GATTON QLD 4345

Contacts: Phone: (07) 5460 1301 Fax: (07) 5460 1112

E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To provide an opportunity for those currently

engaged in the research and development of new crops throughout Australia to meet to review new crop work in Australia, investigate benefits from cooperation, identify new commercial initiatives and develop an approach for such activity in the future.

Background A survey conducted among the recipients of the Australian New Crops Newsletter in 1994 revealed that there were at least 154 researchers, 33 marketeers, 18 manufacturers, 25 entrepreneurs and 24 extension advisers with particular interests in new crops. The First Australian New Crops Conference was held to enable this Australian new crops community to meet together. Research The First Australian New Crops Conference was held at the University of Queensland Gatton College from 8-11 July 1996 attracting 213 paying delegates and at least 256 participants. All states were represented, along with participants from New Zealand, USA, Israel, Thailand, Fiji, Finland and South Africa. The New Crop Options Day, held the day after the Conference at Pittsworth on the Darling Downs attracted over 400 farmers. Outcomes Surveys after the conference revealed delegates were happy with the networking and information opportunities at the conference and recommended another conference be held in two to three years. Implications Delegates recommended the formation of the Australian New Crops Association. The 'side-show alley' model for delivery of information was pioneered at the New Crop Options Day and was successful in delivering infor-mation to farmers. It has been recommended that the Proceedings of the conference be published on the Australian New Crops Web Site. Publications The workshop outcomes have been published in The Australian New Crops Newsletter (Issue #7; pages 27-32). The Proceedings of the conference have been published as two volumes:

Proceedings of the First Australian New Crops Conference -New Crops, New Products, New opportunities for Australian Agriculture; Edited by Bruce Imrie, Ian Wood, Bob Bray and Rob Fletcher Project Title Cropping of the french black morel (morchella angusticeps): A preliminary investigation RIRDC Project No.: UT-12A Researchers: Ms. Shek Barnes and Ms. A.

Wilson Organisation: Tasmanian Institute of

Agricultural Research New Town Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries NEW TOWN TAS 7008

Contacts: Phone: (03) 6233 6864 Objectives • To investigate the potential for development of a

French black morel industry in Australia based on artificial production technologies.

Background Mushroom connoisseurs consider morels (Morchella species) among the finest edible fungi, and fresh speci-mens are much sought after when they come into season in spring in Europe and North America. Black morels demand the greatest market price and M. angusficeps is the best known of these species. The potential exists for developing a significant French black morel industry based on artificial production technol-ogies. The morel mycelium forms a sclerotium over winter. This is a rela-tively large structure composed of aggregated mycelium. In the spring, the sclerotium has two options for germ-ination; to form a new mycelium or to form a fruiting body. It is very easy to get the sclerotia to form a new mycelium but difficult to force it to form a fruiting body. Research • Review of literature: Standard searches were made

of databases • Collection of isolates: Isolates were imported from

North America and France (AQIS • permits were obtained). Tasmanian isolates were

obtained from fruit bodies collected from sites in the Hobart area.

• Conducting pilot studies to induce sclerotia and fruiting in culture of North American and local isolates: (a) Using American strain (M18) of Morchella angusticeps and protocol described by an American patent (b) Using American strains (M18 and WC198) of Morchella angusticeps and local Tasmanian strain (DPI 96035). The patented protocol was used with certain




modifications to the soil substrate and environmental stimuli applied.

Outcomes • Increased background knowledge about Morchella

species • Collections of both foreign and Tasmanian isolates

of Morchella known locations of morel fruiting sites • Success in producing fungal structures, sclerotia,

which in nature give rise to fruit bodies (although these sclerotia did not actually form fruiting primordia)

Project Title Improved postharvest handling and storage of specialty mushrooms RIRDC Project No. DAV-123A Researcher: Mr. John Lopresti Organisation: Institute for Horticultural

Development, Knoxfield Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE, VIC 3176


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To increase the domestic and export market potential

of Australian specialty mushrooms by developing improved postharvest handling, packaging and storage protocols for each stage of the distribution and marketing chain.

• To use an industry survey and desk-top review of existing literature to determine benchmarks and identify research priorities.

Background Wider consumer acceptance and increasing production have lead to a steady growth in the Australian fresh specialty mushroom market over the last five years. Mushroom handling, distribution, presentation and packaging have been identified as issues affecting domestic and export market development. The ability of growers to develop export markets is constrained at present by variable product quality and lack of continuity of supply. Potential economic benefits from export are substantial as this low-volume, high-value specialty product is already well established in lucrative Asian markets. Improved quality through better handling, storage and packaging practices will allow the realisation of these export opportunities for Australian specialty mushrooms. Research The major commercial mushroom species were identified and current handling and packaging practices used determined through an industry survey aimed at growers, distributors, retailers and exporters. Information on the

latest marketing directions and packaging trends in more mature markets was collated from industry publications and consultation. A critical review of published scientific and industry literature was conducted concentrating on issues raised in the survey. Information extracted from this review formed the basis of a general postharvest handling protocol. Future research requirements were established to optimise postharvest handling and packaging of specialty mushrooms. Outcomes The industry survey identified a number of factors contributing to poor mushroom quality including poor temperature management, inappropriate packaging and lack of product knowledge. A comprehensive review has established that specific information for the local industry concerning correct handling and packaging methods, and quality and grading standards is not available and further research and extension activities in collaboration with growers, distributors and retailers are required to add value, reduce quality loss and increase shelf life of specialty mushrooms. Implications The specialty mushroom industry and retailers have the opportunity, in the short term, to adopt the handling protocol outlined in this project that will lead to reduced wastage and better quality. Marketing and packaging trends found in more mature overseas markets can also be implemented in Australia by industry. Finally, research-requirements, particularly concerning mushroom packaging, that will assist in industry growth have been identified and need to be implemented. Project Title Genetic improvement of sesame for northern Australia. RIRDC Project No.: DNT-14A Researcher: Mr M. R. Bennett Organisation: NT Department of Primary

Industry & Fisheries KATHERINE NT 0851

Contacts: Phone: (08) 8973 9733 Fax: (08) 8973 9777 Objectives • To identify and develop a sesame genotype with

capsule characteristics that reduce seed loss during crop maturation while retaining the high seed yield and seed quality of the recently selected cultivar, Edith.

Background Australia annually imports sesame seed valued at $A12.7 million per annum. Sesame has proven to be well adapted to the semi-arid tropics of the Northern Territory and Queensland and an embryonic industry has been established. However Edith is subject to seed loss as the crop matures and its capsules dehisce. Research has indicated pre-harvest losses associated with capsule




dehiscence and shattering, range up to 40% of the total yield. At current seed prices of approximately $1000 per tonne this represents a loss of up to $400 per ha. Sesame lines are available with capsule characteristics that can significantly reduce pre-harvest seed losses. These characteristics are a strong seed attachment to the placenta and an indent capsule apex. It was expected that the attribute of strong seed attachment could be incorporated by a breeding program into a new cultivar for northern Australia. Outcomes The project has resulted in the identification and development of three sesame genotypes possessing the attribute of strong seed attachment. Implications These genotypes require further evaluation before commercial release. Successful release of a new less shatter-prone sesame cultivar will result in: • No increased costs since seed costs of the new

cultivar are expected to be similar to those it replaces.

• Reducing pre-harvest seed losses by up to one half, and increasing farmer's income by $ 100-$200 per ha.

• Widening the harvesting window by reducing the rate of pre-harvest seed loss d) Stimulating sesame production by removing the major cause of yield loss.

Publications Once evaluation of the less shatter-prone sesame genotypes is completed, the project will be documented for publication in "Field Crops Research". Project Title Emerging Opportunities in Agriculture Conference RIRDC Project No.: AST-1A Researcher: Mr. Graham Macafee Organisation: Australian Institute of

Agricultural Science & Technology

Contacts: Phone: (02) 6254 4149 Objectives • To facilitate the further development and acceptance

of viable emerging agricultural opportunities in the temperate regions of southern New South Wales by holding a one-day Conference at Harden NSW and producing a Conference Manual that would summarise all the speakers main points.

Background Prior to undertaking the Conference, a feasibility study was arranged by the ACT and SE New South Wales Zone of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology. The feasibility study canvassed the likely

demand for such a Conference, investigated the 'emerging' enterprise options available and suggested possible speakers. The study revealed that there is a very strong demand in southern NSW for information about emerging agricultural opportunities, especially those with an export focus - but a dearth of accurate, farmer-relevant and objective information. Research The Conference fulfilled the 'Development' rather than the 'Research' element of 'Research & Development' and provided a means of extending, to a commercial farm sector, the outcomes of existing research (some of which was sponsored by RIRDC). It also provided an opportunity to hear from successful farmers who had adopted new agricultural enterprises relevant to southern NSW. Outcomes and Implications Some 45 speakers, plus their exhibits, were brought from all over Australia (except WA and the NT) - and were all available in the one place at the one time so that 500 farmers and their partners could benefit from their collective experience! In addition, the Joint Committee arranged for a formal dinner, featuring 'emerging' Australian food specialities, to welcome the speakers to the district the evening before the Conference and to facilitate networking. It, too, was voted a great success. The Conference opened with an plenary session and the registrants then broke up into ten smaller venues all running concurrently - each with a rotating panel of four speakers. Each speaker spoke for fifteen minutes every hour on their specialist subject and spent the rest of the hour in a separate nearby speaker 'booth' to talk, in depth, to farmers on an individual basis. All told there were 40 subjects covered during these specialist sessions ranging from new cereals and pulses to native foods and flowers, new lean lamb, to rabbits and earthworms. The method used for the Conference was a voted a great success by all the participants. They particularly liked having good individual access to selected speakers and to the ten separate venues providing uncrowded Specialist Sessions (averaging under 50 registrants per venue) which repeated four times during the day. A Conference Manual summarising each speaker's main points was presented to Conference registrants on arrival. Many people commented that they liked having a Conference Manual available to them when arriving at the venue for the Conference rather than having to wait for a Conference Proceedings to become available later.



Publications The Manual of the Emerging Opportunities in Agriculture Conference is available for $12 a copy each (which includes postage and handling) from Practical Public Relations, 10 Meymott Place, LATHAM ACT 2601. Cheques should be made payable to AIAST. Project Title Production and export of buckwheat grain and value added products RIRDC Project No.: DAV-86A Researcher: Mr Chris Bluett Organisation: Department of Natural

Resources and Environment Cnr Mair and Doveton Streets

BALLARAT VIC 3350 Contacts: Phone: (03) 5333 6784

Fax (03) 5333 6540 E-mail [email protected] Objectives • To develop buckwheat agronomy packages for cool,

highland cropping zones, enabling consistent production by 1997 of grain acceptable to the Japanese high value market.

• To commence the development of an integrated industry, with growers, processors and exporters having a stake in its success, that will extend the domestic market, increase buckwheat exports to 1000 Or by 1997 and promote exports of value added products.

Background • Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, is an annual,

summer growing, broad leaf crop not related to cereal wheat.

• Buckwheat is widely grown across many northern hemisphere countries.

• Grows best in cool climate, highland or coastal areas that have reliable summer rainfall or irrigation.

• Produces black triangular starch-rich seeds used for products such as noodles (Soba) and pancakes for human consumption.

Research • Research completed overseas has been conducted on

the genetics, breeding, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, food science and human health of buckwheat.

• Limited research completed and published material on buckwheat in Australia.

Outcomes • Trials conducted have shown high quality and

quantity of buckwheat can be grown through a high standard of crop management.

• Weeds need to be controlled by sowing into a weed free seed bed with adequate moisture.

• Adequate water at the seed filling stage needs to be available.

• Have increased the awareness of buckwheat among farmers, manufacturers and consumers.

Implications • Ballarat being chosen as the site of a Japanese

noodle factory, Hakubaku. • A Japanese garden and restaurant has been built just

outside of Orange. • Links between Japanese, Canadian and Australian

scientists have allowed for a collaborative approach to the science and production of the crop.

The Future: • Greater emphasis on the understanding of the

varietal, nutritional and pollination aspects of buckwheat.

• Quality assurance to be integrated into the growing of buckwheat.

• Buckwheat production in Australia aiming to supply increasing overseas and domestic markets.

Project Title Disease control in coriander and other spice seeds RIRDC Project No: DAS-40A Researcher: Mr J.I. Dennis Organisation: : Plant Research Centre,

South Australian Research and Development Institute Hartley Grove, URRBRAE, SA 5064


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To increase and stabilise yields in coriander and

other spice seeds, and improve seed quality by identifying and developing more effective disease control strategies.

Background Coriander is the major spice seed crop with potential to be worth more than $5 million per annum as export income with current high prices and demand for product. Disease problems are restricting production stability and further expansion. A major bacterial blight epidemic in 1993 reduced the value of the national crop by at least 50% from yield loss and poor seed quality. Protectant fungicides were routinely applied to control bacterial blight and the fungal diseases, Alternaria and Septoria, but yield losses and the economic value of these treatments had not been assessed. Research The relationship between bacterial blight in crops and seed infection was established and quantifiable techniques developed for the extraction and identification





of bacteria in seed. Methods for elimination of bacteria in seed were investigated. The host range of bacterial blight, Alternaria and Septoria was determined. Disease severity, crop loss and fungicide efficacy were evaluated for bacterial blight, Septoria and Alternaria in field trials in 1994-1996. A population of coriander plants was tested for variation in resistance to bacterial blight, Septoria and Alternaria. Disease was monitored in other spice seed crops but no specific research was undertaken. Outcomes A protocol for testing coriander seed for bacterial blight with sufficient accuracy to eliminate high-risk seed lots is now available. A promising low cost method of eliminating bacteria from seed is under development. Routine applications of protectant fungicides are not economically justified. They are not effective against bacterial blight and Septoria, and Alternaria was not a common problem. More effective control of fungal diseases will be achieved by crop monitoring and applying a systemic fungicide (eg. difenoconazole) if required. Bacterial blight, Septoria and Alternaria organisms had a high specificity to coriander and are not likely to cause disease in other crops. A higher level of resistance to Septoria was achieved by selecting within a small population of coriander but no resistance to bacterial blight or Alternaria was identified. Implications Applying disease control strategies developed in this project will result in improved production and more stable yields through better control of bacterial blight. There will also be a greater profitability through reduction in current inputs which have been shown to be ineffective and mostly unnecessary. Continued management of coriander diseases, especially bacterial blight, will require industry access to expert diagnostic capability and a routine seed testing service. Project Title Australian summer flowering plants for the northern hemisphere winter cutflower market RIRDC Project No: ANC-1A Researcher: Iain Dawson Organisation: Australian National Botanic

Gardens GPO Box 1777 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6250 9450 Fax: (02) 6250 9599 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.anbg.gov.au Objective • The evaluation and development of Haemodorum

coccineum, a plant species native to northern Australia.

Background Growers of Australian native plants have very little product available during the Australian summer, though this coincides with two important times for domestic sales (Christmas and St Valentine's Day), and strong demand in the northern hemisphere. By developing products to service these markets native flower growers, consumers and the scientific community will benefit through: • Continuity of supply of specialty flowers from the

native flora into export markets during the Australian summer.

• Production during summer to give continuity in cash flows and labour requirements.

• An expanded product range • Increased knowledge of the physiology of native

flora. Haemodorum species have a long history of economic use, but until now have not been considered for the cut flower trade. Haemodorum coccineum is a tropical, summer flowering species that appears to have outstanding potential as a cut flower crop. Research Research strategies and methods used to evaluate and develop the nominated species were within the framework of: • Critical tests to determine its suitability for

commercial development • Examination of the species in its natural habitat and

establishment of the species in cultivation • Controlled environment experiments to elucidate crop

growth and flowering responses (Canberra) • Field trials to develop suitable agronomic practices

(Queensland) Outcomes • Haemodorum coccineum is similar to kangaroo paws

(Anigozanthos and Macropidia) in appearance • Of the tropical, summer flowering, species only H.

coccineum and H. ensifolium have long enough or thick enough stems for consideration as cut flowers

• Initial reactions from exporters and Japanese importers are generally favourable

• Flowering is normally between December and March which would complement the flowering season of kangaroo paws

• Flower stem production (stems m-2 y-1) is comparable to that of Macropidia

• Vase life is approximately 12 days, including 1 day in cool storage out of water

• Vegetative propagation by division of rhizomes is successful, particularly when this is done at the start of the growing season

• Seeds are easy to germinate and do not exhibit any dormancy

• Seedling establishment is difficult outside the normal geographic range of the species

• Production methods are similar to those used for kangaroo paws


http://www.anbg.gov.au/



• Although the species is adapted to low fertility levels, higher nutrient levels are not detrimental to growth

• H. coccineum is a facultative mycotroph (it may form a symbiosis with a soil fungus to improve nutrient uptake in poor soils)

• During dormancy water should be withheld • Dormancy appears to be controlled by soil

temperature which needs to be greater than 22°C at rhizome depth for the plant to grow

• Heavy mulching should probably be avoided to maintain high soil temperature

• Because flowering can occur at any time of year, if environmental conditions are favourable, it may be possible to manipulate flowering time

• To obtain maximum vase life it is important to pick the stems when the first stigmas emerge from the flower buds

• Sandy or sandy loam soils are preferred Implications • Plantation culture will probably only be possible

within the tropics because of soil temperature requirements

• It is likely that winter rainfall areas are unsuitable • Before substantial investment is made in this crop

further trials in a commercial environment are necessary

• Research on the effects of mycorrhizae and control of growth and dormancy by soil temperature is desirable for this as well as other tropical species

• Crop improvement through selection and breeding is desirable to improve quality and allow the granting of property rights

• There may be other uses for the crop, such as dyes and pharmaceutical products

Project Title New vegetable crops from Australia’s sub-antarctic islands RIRDC Project No: ANC-2A Researcher: Iain Dawson Organisation: Australian National Botanic

Gardens GPO Box 1777 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Contacts:: Phone: (02) 6250 9450 Fax: (02) 6250 9599 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.anbg.gov.au Objective • To assess three edible species of plant from

Australian sub-antarctic islands for their suitability for introduction to the fresh vegetable market

Background After the discovery by the Royal Navy in the 18th century of the role of fresh fruit and vegetables in the prevention of scurvy, sailors in southern oceans used to

visit a number of small islands in the sub-Antarctic to replenish their supplies of leafy green vegetables. Plants used included the Kerguelen Cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica) and the Macquarie Cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris). In recent times researchers based on Macquarie Island have also regularly consumed a cress like plant, Callitriche antarctica. Research Three key issues have been investigated. These include prospects for acclimatisation and mass production, sensory analysis to judge consumer reaction to the ‘new’ products, and chemical analysis of their nutritional value. Outcomes Callitriche antarctica is easily propagated by division and survives a wide range of temperature. It can be grown either in hydroponics or in solid media. It is consumed raw. It is visually appealing to consumers and also scores highly for taste. It is a rich source of potassium and a useful source of vitamin C, carotenoids and iron. Pringlea antiscorbutica seed germinates easily at ca. 20°C and stratification at lower temperature accelerates germination. The optimum growth temperature is probably between 13 and 17°C. It could be grown as either a sprout crop or a leafy vegetable crop and is most likely to be used as a garnish. It can be consumed either raw or cooked. It is visually appealing to consumers and scores highly for taste. It contains high levels of potassium, and useful levels of carotenoids. It also contains high levels of vitamin C, even when cooked. Stilbocarpa polaris is easily propagated by rhizome cuttings but grows very slowly. It requires temperatures below about 20°C. It must be cooked to make it palatable and has less visual appeal than the other species. It scores well for taste, but less well for texture. It has higher starch content than the other species, but lower vitamin content. Implications Pringlea antiscorbutica has significant potential and deserves further investigation, including field growth trials in a cool location, and toxicological studies. Its main use will be as a garnish. Callitriche antarctica despite its attractiveness as a food crop it would be unwise to introduce this plant because of its high potential to become an environmental weed. It should however be further investigated for potential pharmaceutical uses. Stilbocarpa polaris grows too slowly to be commercially practicable. Despite having a pleasant flavour it is less visually appealing than the other species. No further work is recommended at present.


http://www.anbg.gov.au/



Project Title Duckweed - a potential high protein source for supplementation of feeds for domestic animals and fish RIRDC Project No. BWM-1A Researchers: Associate Professor John V.

Nolan and Robert E. Bell Organisation: Bio-Tech Waste Management

Pty. Ltd. P.O. Box 870, ARMIDALE NSW 2350

Contacts: Pone: (02) 6772 8791 Fax: (02) 6771 3131

E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • When removing N, P, K and other minerals in

municipal wastewater, duckweed, when harvested, becomes a high protein-rich biomass which can be used as a feed for animals and fish.

• The project analysed various drying technologies for drying the duckweed (the plant is 92-94% water) and worked on converting the dried duckweed into a feed for animals and fish.

Background Duckweed species, botanical name Lemnaceae, have great potential to remove mineral contaminants from wastewaters emanating from Sewage Treatment Works, intensive animal production industries, abattoirs and food processing industries. Duckweed needs to be managed, protected from wind, maintained at optimal growth rates and harvested regularly. When effectively managed, duckweed yields 10-30 tonnes dry matter/ha/year containing up to 43% crude protein. Research on using the duckweed on the rations of domestic animals has been scarce, therefore this project was aimed at finding ways to dry the duckweed and use the dried plant as a high protein feed supplement for animals. Research The principal research focus was on using the harvested duckweed, referred to as biomass, which can be cultivated on municipal wastewater ponds, and on intensive animal production, food processing and abattoir wastewater ponds and identifying and /or developing technologies to economically dry the duckweed and convert it into a high protein, high value feed supplement for poultry, ducks and ruminants. Outcomes Bio-Tech Waste Management (BTWM) identified an economical method for drying the harvested duckweed and conducted a number of trials of feeding the dried duckweed to laying hens, Pekin ducks and sheep achieving excellent results in each trial. BTWM also conducted trials feeding fresh duckweed to the Pekin ducks and sheep and found that it was not necessary to dry the duckweed.

The results were as good as or better than the results for the control group in each trial. The Company was also very successful in having laying hens and cattle eating the fresh duckweed within minutes of introducing the animals to the plant. The trials proved duckweed is an excellent high protein feed supplement for animals. Implications The results derived from these trials could decide the viability of many businesses in the poultry, eggs, pigs, lot-fed lambs, extra fine wool using shedded sheep and the dairy industries, to mention a few. With the recent introduction of the Load Based Licensing laws in NSW, any business or organisation generating wastewater will be required to cleanse it to EPA standards for discharge into rivers or for continuous irrigation prior to disposing of it. Duckweed can cleanse the wastewater and become a high protein plant, in the process. Publications Two papers have been published in the Australian Poultry Science Journal. Results from the two Peking duck trials and the shedded sheep trials are being prepared for publications. Project Title Development of Lathyrus species as new grain legumes RIRDC Project No: UWA-21A Researchers: Dr C.D. Hanbury, Professor

P.S. Cocks, Dr K.H.M. Siddique and Mr M.W. Perry

Organisation: Co-operative Research Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture University of Western Australia, NEDLANDS WA 6907


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To evaluate a large number of genotypes of two

Lathyrus species (L. sativus and L. cicera) and to select those best adapted to the Mediterranean-type conditions of southern Australia.

• To begin a small crossing program for lines that show promising adaptation.

• To evaluate the genotype by environment interactions of the selected genotypes for seed yield and ODAP concentration.

• From genotype selections to release Lathyrus varieties and to provide an agronomic package of growing recommendations to producers and researchers across southern Australia.

• To disseminate findings in appropriate publications.





Background Two Lathyrus species L. sativus L. (grass pea) and L. cicera L. (dwarf chickling) are legumes with considerable potential for dryland farming systems of southern Australia. L. sativus is an important crop in India and Ethiopia as green feed and grain for both animals and humans. It tolerates waterlogging during the seedling stage, tolerates drought and produces consistently with low inputs. Closely related L. cicera is a minor crop overseas. In Australia interest has increased in grain legume crops in low rainfall areas on heavier soil types, the Lathyrus species are adapted to these conditions. Lathyrus species contain a neurotoxin (ODAP), only genotypes low in ODAP are considered suitable for release in Australia. Research Research was divided into 3 areas: selections from field evaluation of large numbers of overseas genotypes, leading to bulking up and cultivar release; development of better adapted cross bred material (ie. vigorous, early flowering and low in ODAP); agronomic research for production recommendations. Outcomes Trials across southern Australia indicate that L. sativus and L. cicera can yield equivalent to field peas in the appropriate environment. Further development of agronomy will further improve yield. Lathyrus cicera is best suited to low rainfall (<300 mm pa) and L. sativus to medium rainfall conditions (300-500 mm pa). One L. cicera variety (Chalus) was released in 1998. Chalus showed good yields (1.3 t/ha), low ODAP concentrations (0.09%) and good protein content (28%); 3 tonnes of seed was distributed to growers in 1998. A very low ODAP L. sativus genotype from India (BIO L254) yielded well, release may occur in 1999. Cross bred L. sativus were developed in 1994; in 1998 early flowering, low ODAP, vigorous F5 progeny were confirmed, and will be used to produce better adapted L. sativus varieties. Following trials an agronomic package was produced. Both L. cicera and L. sativus are envisaged as multipurpose crops, producing harvestable grain, animal fodder and green manuring/resistant weed control benefits. Considerable scope exists for use in control of resistant ryegrass and to replace some rotations of field peas as a legume disease break, as they are not susceptible to the pea disease black spot. Implications Adaptation of current available material is sufficiently good to encourage release of varieties; however, evaluation of other genotypes from overseas or recently locally developed ones is necessary to increase yields in short season environments. For both Lathyrus spp. market development is crucial, local animal feed is the most likely first market thus feeding recommendations are necessary. Overseas animal feed markets may then also be investigated. Proposed changes in Indian

regulations may soon allow L. sativus importation for human consumption. In Australia on-farm use for grain, fodder and disease/resistant weed control must be demonstrated to encourage grower acceptance, improved agronomy will make this more attractive. Project Title Development of adzuki bean production for export markets (Managed by HRDC) RIRDC Project No: DAQ-172J Researcher: Dr Robert Redden Organisation: Hermitage Research Station

Department of Primary Industries (Qld) MS508 WARWICK QLD 4370

Contacts: Phone: (07) 4661 2944 Fax: (07) 4661 5257 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To assess the potential of Australia to develop an

agriculturally competitive adzuki bean industry for high quality exports of either raw or processed grain to Japan.

Outcomes The project succeeded in stimulating strong market interest by Japanese processors in establishing value added processing in Australia. These commercial contacts are continuing beyond project termination and prospects for investment vary from fair to good amongst separate Japanese enquiries. The development of a Total Quality management package from production through to processing was a key factor in Japanese interest. This was achieved through vertical project integration of extension and grower skill development, evaluation of geographic potential and of agronomic practices, varietal evaluation, food quality research in Japan, economic analyses, market research and strategic analysis. Project success was shown by development of a crop check production system, a grower hand book and promotional video, identification of the need for either irrigated or high rainfall environments to obtain acceptable yield and quality with the best economic prospects being in central and northern NSW. The Japanese variety Erimo can be produced competitively with the Australian selected Bloodwood, at a premium quality level and commercial scale seed stocks of Erimo have been produced. Crop windows are now better defined by district, however further management, pest control and nitrogen fixation studies are required. Implications Industry growth in Australia will be strongly influenced by such value adding facilities due to a more stable internal market, reduced competition on the volatile open




market for raw grain, circumvention of Japanese import controls on raw beans and closer market feedback and collaboration between producer and processor. The research momentum needs to be maintained to support the establishment of value adding in Australia.



RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Project Title New Crops: development and application of improved selection and evaluation procedures to produce new crops for northern Australia RIRDC Project No: UQ-33A Start Date: 1 July, 1993 Finish Date: 30 September, 1999 Researcher: Dr Rob Fletcher Organisation: School of Land and Food Gatton College LAWES QLD 4345 Contacts: Phone: (07) 5460 1311

Fax: (07) 5460 1112 Objectives • To identify new crops with good prospects for

commercial development, by conducting the necessary R&D.

• To investigate their commercial potential and by taking appropriate action to foster their commercial development.

Current Progress New crops with good prospects for commercial development are best identified by a thirteen step process involving the proposal of the new crop, the acknowledgment of the risks involved, the recognition of intellectual property rights, the assessment of the marketing potential of the new crop product (using the Do Our Own Marketing Research manual recently published), an assessment of the theoretical production potential of the new crop, the establishment of a group comprising producers, processors, distribution and marketing teams with research providers, initially, in a facilitation role, agreement within the group on resource requirements, project monitoring, economic benchmarks and a system of review and trial marketing, processing and production. This process has been facilitated by the development of the Do Our Own Marketing Research course for interested parties, the distribution of the Australian New Crops Newsletter, the establishment of the Australian New Crops Web Site (http://www.uq.edu.au/~gagkrego) and the development of the side-show alley model for Emerging Opportunities in Agriculture Information Days. Project Title First national New Rural Industries Conference, Perth 1998 RIRDC Project No: DAW-90A Start Date: 15 January, 1998 Finish Date: 30 November, 1999 Researcher: Mr. Terry Laidler

Organisation: Agriculture Western Australia Locked Bag No 4 BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • The conference seeks to raise the level of awareness,

and highlight the importance of innovation and diversity within the rural sector.

Current Progress The First National New Industries Conference promises to be a fast paced and progressive conference which will play an integral role in advancing the development of new industries in Australian agriculture. The Steering committee have met monthly to develop an innovative and exciting program which incorporates presentations using a wide variety of formats including multi-media presentations, formal debate, distinguished keynote presentations and workshops on issues generated throughout the event. A program committee has been established and meets on a fortnightly basis to ensure the program is formalised within the required time frame. The conference program has been developed to take delegates through a process; highlighting the need for new industries, sharing approaches in developing new industries, examining new ways forward and developing recommendations, actions and alliances to accelerate new industry development. Preliminary and interim brochures have been distributed to State agricultural agencies, industry bodies, agribusiness agencies and financial institutions, reaching in excess of 3000 new industry proponents. An internet site has been established: (www.promaco.com.au/conference/98/newrural) and has attracted 2053 hits, 239 of these being user sessions. The conference attracted 292 expressions of interest from Australia and overseas. A breakdown of these reflects the wide distribution of our conference publicity; Queensland 20%, New South Wales 16%, Victoria 12%, Western Australia 34% and Argentina, Israel, Iceland, Ethiopia, United States and Canada. The conference program committee is currently finalising the conference program which is to be included in the registration booklet to be distributed in late June. Project Title Continued investigation into the commercial production and development of Japanese green tea RIRDC Project No: DAT-31A Start Date: 1 July, 1995 Finish Date: 30 September, 1998 Researcher: Ms. Angela Monks




Organisation: Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, TAS GPO Box 192B

HOBART TAS 7001 Contacts: Phone: (03) 6233 6813

Fax: (03) 6228 5936 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives To assist the commercialisation of Japanese green tea production and processing in Tasmania through: • An investigation of factors affecting yield, quality

and the economics of production for Japanese green tea in Tasmania.

• A study of the micro market (ie. Processing grade tea, drinking grade teas etc.) requirements for successful entry of Tasmanian Green Tea into commercial production.

• Expansion of existing trial sites to allow for semi-commercial assessment of agronomic techniques and technology.

Current Progress Trial work in Tasmania is continuing with the harvest over the spring and summer period of the fully mature green tea trial at Scottsdale. Local assessment valued the first harvest of the season at $70/kg. The third harvest which was of the lowest quality was valued at $15/kg. The drop in the quality and price for the last harvest is one of the reasons value adding opportunities are being examined. A company dealig with herbs is currently assessing the possibility for extraction of the active ingredients in green tea. This would allow harvested material unsuitable for traditional processing to be used for other high value products. Linkages are being formed with the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia to aid in the introduction of green tea to that state. A recent trip to WA by Angela Monks provided an evening information session for people interested in green tea. Representatives from the farming community, media and local government attended and were enthusiastic about the prospect of green tea as a new agricultural opportunity. Several farms were visited in the Manjimup area to assess their suitability for growing green tea. An economic analysis has been carried out and is nearing completion. The model appears to be very sensitive to yield and to product price. Part of this sensitivity is due to the large capital expenditure in setting up the processing plant for traditional Japanese Green Tea. Liaising with ‘Tea Craft’ (a consultancy firm) to investigate the Japanese markets available to Australian produced green tea and the possible prices for different products has begun.

Project Title Callide valley herb and spice trial RIRDC Project No: DAQ-194A Start Date: 1 July, 1995 Finish Date: 31 October, 1998 Researcher: Mrs. Jane Parker Organisation: Dept of Primary Industries

PO Box 5083, SCMC NAMBOUR, QLD, 4562


Objectives • To determine herb and spice varieties suitable for

commercial production in the Callide Valley, Central Queensland, to complement the traditional focus on high S-return, high water usage crops.

• To rebuild the viability of existing farms severely threatened by reduced water allocations.

• To halt decline of valley townships by creating a herb/spice processing industry aimed at servicing the Australian market and capturing an export market in certain herb/spices.

Current Progress The main focus of the project this year has been in the business and market development areas. Four areas have been identified as being of future economic importance. At this stage the focus is on two: the development of a culinary herb production and processing industry and the development of a coriander industry. CDH, the original association, has developed a marketing arm, CD Herbs Ltd and a co-ordinating officer is now employed. As a group we have undertaken a market study and trip to Singapore and Malaysia, a processing plant tour of SE Queensland, stage 1 of a strategic business plan to establish a processing plant in the Callide and a drying study of culinary herbs through UQ, Gatton. CDH Ltd. will be represented at a food fair in the U.K. in June of this year. Some of these events have been grower funded, but we have also received support from DPI (Drought and Rural Development) and DEDT. Negotiations are underway to purchase an innovative processing technology for culinary herbs. Should this prove unsuccessful, two joint ventures using different technology are also being looked at. These would lead to the ultimate aim of revitalising the area through added employment. Grower research continues with 300ha of semi commercial coriander trials underway.




Project Title Marketing the Australian Bushfood Industry RIRDC Project No: BUS-1A Start Date: 2 February, 1998 Finish Date: 30 May, 1999 Researcher: Mr. Vic Cherikoff Organisation: Bush Tucker Supply Australia

Pty Ltd PO Box B103

BORONIA PARK NSW 2111 Contacts: Phone: (02) 9817 1060

Fax: (02) 9817 3587 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • Determine the market's awareness and current

perceptions of bushfoods to ascertain whether the image of bushfoods needs to repostitioned.

• To determine an industry strategy to align efforts in addressing the image change and future marketing directions.

• Determine the critical considerations which motivate commercial customers to use bushfoods

• To assess the potential link marketing strategies to other industries eg: wine, tourism

• To assess likely sources of support funding from government, private, industry and semi-government organisations

Current Progress The project had somewhat of a slow start due to communication between the researchers and representatives from the Associations being laboured and an Executive change of the QBC. Liaison for the SBN also changed. Milestones met include two survey documents prepared, one for chefs and the second for bushfood industry members. The latter is currently in circulation with members of ARBIA, the SBN and through subscribers to the Bushfood Magazine. The surveys are also available for completion on the Internet at www.bushtucker.com.au which is a popular site with over 40,000 hits per month and should elicit significant responses. Survey documents have been posted to QBC, SVBN and AQIA for circulation and are expected to be distributed over the next few weeks with a return deadline of 31/7/98 for collation, analysis and reporting. Briefing the consultants, Dangar Research Group, proved arduous as the details were elucidated due to the scope of the topic, the range of potential markets and the diverse nature of the industry and the need to service all bushfood industry sectors. Some running sheets on concepts developed over numerous meetings have been posted with hard copy of this report. The next stage of research, the consumer interviews will commence in the next few weeks.

Project Title Development of quality management systems (QMS) for the Australian walnut industry RIRDC Project No: AWI-1A Start Date: 15 June, 1997 Finish Date: 30 September, 1998 Researcher: Dr. John Kenez Organisation: Australian Walnut Industry

Association 5 Rolls Court GLEN WAVERLEY VIC 3150


Objectives • Production of Quality Management Manual for

walnut production in Australia. • Training Workshop for members of the walnut

industry on principles/methods of QMS and its benefit to growers and the Australian Walnut Industry.

• Production of Target Market Selection as part of the QMD Manual.

Current Progress • The Australian Walnut Industry Association’s

Quality Management Committee held meetings in 1997 and 1998 to organise the production of a QMS Manual for the Walnut Production in Australia.

• The third edition of the “Guide to establishing a walnut orchard in Australia” and also part of the QMS Manual was competed in June.

• The QMS Manual is being produced in two stages. Stage 1 to be completed by 30 June 1998. Coverage included: AWIA quality statement, policy, strategy, diagnostic, current mandatory aspects of the use of chemicals, AWIA standard for marketing walnuts and target market selection.

• Stage 2 expected by 31 December 1998. Coverage includes: performance monitoring to assess and upgrade orchard management practices, including development, processing, storing and marketing.

• Training and dissemination of information. Project Title Regulation of Cropping in Lychee RIRDC Project No: CSH-40A Start Date: 1 November, 1991 Finish Date: 18 September, 1997 Researcher: Dr. Cameron McConchie Organisation: CSIRO Division of

Horticulture 306 Carmody Road

ST.LUCIA QLD 4067 Contacts: Phone: (07) 3214 2248

Fax: (07) 3214 2272 E-mail: [email protected]





Objectives: To pursue improvement in flowering and fruit retention in lychee with emphasis on research into: • The morphological changes associated with the

transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. • The relationship between temperature, bud growth

and floral development, leading to an understanding of the prerequisites for floral industries.

• Orchard based pruning treatments to manipulate bud growth and tree structure while monitoring the effects fertility and tree productivity.

• The relationship between yield per tree, fruit size, fruit per panicle, panciles per tree, canopy plants to stimulate precocious flowering.

• The transfer of the floral stimulates that triggers flowering in potted marcots to grafted seedling plants to stimulate precocious flowering.

• Development of selection criteria in seedlings to expedite cultivar improvement.

Current Progress The demand for lychees is increasing but production remains problematic due to irregular glowering and failure of trees to retain a crop. This project aimed to understand the mechanisms that regulate flowering in lychee. Lychee flowers develop from terminal buds. Prior to commencing this research it was considered that these buds should be dormant during inductive cool temperatures in winter. Recommendations had been made to enforce democracy but regular flowering had nor followed. Our experiments demonstrated that buds forced to begin growth at high temperatures (florally non-inductive) and then transferred to low temperatures produced inflorescences, so the whole process of floral induction can occur in growing buds. Field and glasshouse experiments indicated that the interval available for floral induction in growing buds is short and may take as little as three successive cool days. Growth in lychee occurs by the repeated formation and release of terminal buds. The timing of growth may be able to be predicted using the cumulative intervening temperatures. Various management strategies including mechanical pruning and chemical treatments were evaluated to synchronise growth with inductive conditions but insufficient time was available to optimise these treatments. Resource supply was shown to be the major factor that regulates fruit production in lychee. The amount of leaf area needed to produce a fruit varied greatly between cultivars with the most efficient sill shedding 40% of the resources allocated to fruit productions as premature drop. Efficient orchard design to optimise light interception and partitioning into fruit needs to be evaluated and integrated into a management scheme. Targeting methods to prevent this loss such as branch girdling may also further increase yields.

It is concluded through the understanding of the environmental mechanisms that trigger flower combined with the tools to regulate the tree growth and improved orchards designs that platform to develop management strategies to regulate yields in lychee now exists. Results have been presented in grower publications and meetings, and in refereed international journals. Project Title Removing pre and post harvest constraints to custard apple marketing RIRDC Project No: DAQ-167A Start Date: 1 July, 1994 Finish Date: 30 June, 1997 Researcher: Ms. Jodie Campbell Organisation: Department of Primary I ndustries (Qld)

PO Box 5083 Sunshine Coast Mail Centre

NAMBOUR QLD 4560 Contacts: Phone: (07) 5441 2211

Fax: (07) 5441 2235 Objectives: • To improve fruit quality, industry wide, by

improving cultural and postharvest techniques and by aiding the decision making process with a management decision package and extension and training.

Current Progress The pre and post harvest components of this project were completed at the end of the 1997/98 financial year, when the project was scheduled for completion. The pre harvest work completed included nutrition, irrigation, crop manipulation, tree size control and the development of phenological cycles for custard apples in each of the major growing areas. The post harvest work completed included the establishment of parameters for storage, packaging recommendations to maximise fruit protection, harvesting and handling recommendations, transport requirements, and investigations on disinfestation treatments. The findings of this work are being incorporated into the “Custard Apple Decision Management Package” and will be written up in the final report. The final component of the project is the development and publication of the “Custard Apple Decision Management Package”. This had to be postponed because Ms Campbell was on Maternity leave until October 1997. The information package is going to be included in the Custard Apple AGRILINK kit which is scheduled for publication by the end of July 1998. The outline of the decision management package outline includes the following headings – Introduction, Markets and Prices, Crop Phenology and production, Varietal Description Guide, Preharvest (Nutrition, Irrigation, Pruning and Training, Pest and Disease Management, Pollination), Postharvest (Quality, harvesting and



handling; Storage, Packaging, Transport, Disinfestation) and Economics and Business Management. Training in its use will take place shortly after the publication date. Project Title Nutritional requirements of coffee trees in northern New South Wales RIRDC Project No: CPE-1A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: Mr. John Zentveld Organisation: Coffee and Processing

Equipment Australia Broken Head Road

NEWRYBAR NSW 2479 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6687 1004

Fax: (02) 6687 1335 Objectives • To establish optimal nutritional requirements of

Arabica coffee grown under sub-tropical conditions in northern New South Wales for sustainable yields of high quality cofee using N.P.K fertilisers together with leaf and soil analysis.

Current Progress In the last twelve months the designated area has been set out , strips cleared and made ready, P.H. levels raised and pre-plant fertilizers applied . The irrigation sub-mains have been installed and all the lateral irrigation lines are ready to be rolled out . It was intended to plant the trees in late December or early January, however, due to continuing extreme hot and dry conditions we were advised to postpone the planting till the coming spring season as it was considered , by all involved, that if we had gone ahead with the planting of the trees it would have resulted in large losses .This of course, would have than created the problem of having to re-plant in spring with having trees of different age and sizes , rendering the trail useless. The trees are now being maintained in the nursery and will be planted out at the first sign of spring. Project Title Condiment paprika breeding, harvesting and commercialisation RIRDC Project No: ASA-1A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: Mr. Nicholas Derera Organisation: ASAS Pty Ltd

5 Lister Street WINSTON HILLS NSW 2153


Objectives • To introduce and further develop genetic material of

condiment paprika to produce cultivars with a high initial pigment (>200 ASTA) and dry matter content suitable for direct seeding and mechanical harvesting.

• To develop a commercially viable integrated production, harvesting and processing system for identified markets by 2002.

Current Progress Twelve Hungarian and six American condiment paprika cultivars were introduced. The introductions have shown some variation due to genotype/environment interaction. The Hungarian cultivars were re-selected and their propagation is in process. Variety trials had been conducted both in Merriwa (Hunter Valley) and the PBI, Cobbitty. The American cultivars out-yielded the Hungarians but there were no acceptable significant differences. More likely due to longer sunshine hours and higher light intensity nearly all cultivars produced higher pigment content than in Hungary. The pigment values range from 150 to 286 ASTA. To produce cultivars suitable for mechanical harvesting interspecific crosses have been initiated and the backcrossing program is in progress. Positive results were achieved in the development of a protocol for direct seeding on a commercial scale. Trial processing of some cultivars resulted in product with pigment levels greater than 200 ASTA when harvested and processed in a manner that simulated a once over mechanical harvest regime. During the season a second prototype harvester was constructed, tested, modified and re-tested while suitable crop for trial harvesting was available. Project Title Assessment of olive yield and oil quality and cultivar identification RIRDC Project No: UCS-19A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: A/Prof. Kevin Robards Organisation: Charles Sturt University

PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To develop a database on Australian olives which

may be used to indicate best time to harvest the olives, the variability of individual cultivars between sites and the variability in quality between select cultivars by measuring quality parameters such as oil




content, fatty acid, polyphenols, etc. based on IOOC standards.

• To develop family trees (relatedness) for selected olive cultivars by developing DNA identification procedures and producing a database of DNA fingerprints to meet Objective 1. This is necessary to ensure that future projects identify cultivars correctly and comparisons of data are on the same cultivars.

Current Progress Parameters affecting quality were selected in discussions with staff at University of Adelaide. Analytical techniques for measurement of these parameters have been investigated and literature reviews covering olive polyphenols and assessment of oil quality have been accepted for publication in The Analyst (May 98) and Olivae (June 98) published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the International Olive Oil Council, respectively. Methods for oil extraction were optimised for sample preparation, drying temperature and time. Olives have been harvested on three different occasions from trees in the Wagga Wagga grove along with a selection of 50 trees from the Yanco Agricultural Institute. One harvest remains before the end of the season. Olives have been analysed for moisture and oil content, as well as fatty acid composition. The results so far indicate an increase in oil content with fruit maturity, along with a changing fatty acid composition from the different harvests. It is too early yet to report specific conclusions from the data collected. The olive trees have also been monitored regarding the health of the trees and the fruit. Due to the unusual season in Wagga (long hot summer), some trees suffered significantly from heat related stress, which may have an effect on the final results for the analysis on those particular trees. Indeed 20 trees in the Wagga grove did not bear fruit during the current season. An irrigation system is in the process of being installed to alleviate such problems in the future. For DNA identification procedures, an extraction method was adapted from that used for canola DNA so suitable olive DNA was extracted. After screening 300 UBC Primers, 4 were selected to run RAPD's to produce banding patterns for the 91 trees from which DNA had been extracted. The information generated is being analysed in the first instance to produce a "tree matrix" to show similarities. Project Title Development of an integrated pest management program (IPM) for the control of quandong moth in quandong orchards RIRDC Project No: SAR-4A Start Date: 1 June, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2001 Researcher: Dr. Peter Bailey Organisation: Entomology Section

South Australian Research and Development Institute GPO Box 397

ADELAIDE SA 5001 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8303 9537

Fax: (08) 8303 9542 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives To deliver a package which enables quandong growers to control quandong moth with minimum use of insecticides. Current Progress Regular monitoring and sampling of quandong trees at field sites in SA is continuing. This provides data on the number of generations of the moth in the field each season, the location of each stage on the tree, and may also be used to predict outbreaks of the moth. Sampling also involves collecting natural enemies of the quandong moth to evaluate their potential for use as biological control agents. In the laboratory, the requirements for moths to mate and lay eggs have been determined, and alternative food sources for newly hatched larvae are now being investigated. Rearing the moth in the laboratory is an important part of the project as it will facilitate the study of the moth's biology and development, and provide insects for use in bioassays to evaluate manage-ment strategies. Biological characteristics are being recorded, including a description and duration of all stages of the moth. In addition, there is regular contact with members of the Australian Quandong Industry Association (AQIA) regarding their observations on the incidence and severity of the pest problem, and the management techniques being employed. Progress for the first 12 months will be presented at the AQIA annual conference in July 1998 and feedback and suggestions received. Project Title Research and development and production of virus-tested garlic, garlic seeds and garlic by-products RIRDC Project No: BIO-1A Start Date: 1 July, 1989 Finish Date: 30 June, 1997 Researcher: Dr. Darren Moses Organisation: Biofresh Australia Pty Ltd

66 Glyndon Road CAMBERWELL VIC 3124 Contacts: Phone: (03) 9889 7652

Fax: (03) 9889 2910

Objectives • To enable commercial scale production of selected

varieties of virus-tested garlic by development suitable tissue-culture methods to provide a commercial advantage to Australian garlic growers for both the domestic and export market.

Current Progress Procedures are now in place to induce rapid shoot multiplication in tissue culture of four virus-tested




varieties. Adjustments to mediums, temperature and light regimes are now being made to induce plantlets to singulate so that they can be quantitatively and successfully acclimatised for growth outside the flask. The production of tiny microbulbs from shoot clusters has been achieved. As many have produced multiple shoots, investigative work is underway to determine if they can be successfully reproduced at increased size and used to establish plants out of culture. After two seasons of aphid-proof screenhouse plantings to produce mother stock seed, open field trials have been undertaken in Toolangi and Waikerie. 1998 harvest produced more well formed multi-cloved bulbs with increasing clove weight. Protocols for soil, fertiliser, irrigation and cold-treatment of seed are being conducted to induce maximum clove and bulb sizes and weights, resulting in best yields per acre. All material is regularly tested and there has been no detection of viral pathogens. Current season will also see the first trial of direct field planting of plantlets rather than cloves in an attempt to reduce by one generation the large-scale production of virus-tested seed. Project Title Assembly and Preliminary Evaluation of Imported Tea Clones RIRDC Project No: DAQ-122A Start Date: 1 July, 1991 Finish Date: 30 June, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Richard Steel Organisation: Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) GPO Box 46

BRISBANE QLD 4001 Contacts: Phone: (07) 4061 2144

Fax: (07) 4061 2795 Objectives • To assemble a range of clones which have the

potential to show significant yield improvement over seedling material and, to test their adaptation to the local environment.

• Adaptation to the local environment includes: vigour, tolerance of mechanical harvesting, tolerance of mechanical pruning, tolerance of pest and disease pressure, and tolerance of seasonal factors such as heat and cold stress, seasonal drought and waterlogging.

Current Progress The collection of tea clones at South Johnstone Research Station is currently made up of 32 locally selected clones, 24 clones of Indian origin and 18 clones imported from Africa. These are currently maintained in a hedge configuration and evaluated for vigour and adaptation. The clones need to be kept in a vegetative form for potential future use by industry. Agreement has been reached for exchange of clones with a local plantation to enhance the collection with a further 6 clones which have

shown promise. There has been no further propagation carried out in the past year. The majority of assembled clones have shown good vigour and adaptation. One of the clones of African origin has shown poor vigour and survival. Further propagation of several Indian clones is required to fill gaps, and the exchange material will need to be propagated for planting in the collection. This should be achieved by June 1999. Project Title Value added culinary herbs RIRDC Project No: DAV-103A Start Date: 1 July, 1995 Finish Date: 28 February, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Bruce Tomkins Organisation: Department of Natural

Resources & Environment Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176


Objectives • Minimise quality loss and add value to culinary

herbs and fresh herb products by developing optimum postharvest protocols and new modified atmosphere packaging systems.

Current Progress The project has examined the storage behaviour of 8 major culinary and salad herbs, basil, chervil, coriander, continental parsley, mibuna, mizuna, rocket and supreme cress. Their respiration rates were determined at 0Co and 8oC to gather information to design a modified atmosphere package (MAP). In addition their storage potential was determined in high humidity air and under a range of controlled atmospheres at 4o and 8oC. A number of MAP systems were tested at 4o and 8oC including 50μm thick low-density polyethylene zip-lock bags and 30, 50 and 70μm thick biaxially orientated polypropylene bags. In the best packaging system at the products favoured temperature, MAP extended the storage life of basil to 14 days, chervil to 27 days, mizuna to 23 days, supreme cress to 24 days, coriander to 46 days, continental parsley to 52 days, mibuna to 45 days and rocket to 21 days. In most cases this was a substantial increase compared to existing storage and marketing practices and in some instances doubled and trebled storage life. A generic postharvest handling protocol was developed for all the herb species which may have to be fine-tuned for each herb species in the future. Briefly, it recommends to harvest less mature product than older leaves as they deteriorate faster, wash immediately after



harvest in chilled, filtered and sanitised water, dewater product thoroughly, package appropriately, minimise physical injuries during handling and packaging, and maintain product temperature as close to 0oC as is practical through out storage distribution and marketing. Adoption of these practices by industry will reduce wastage, add value and are already enabling export of some perishable products. Project Title The establishment and production of the French black truffle Tuber melanosporum in Tasmania RIRDC Project No: PTT-1A Start Date: 1 August, 1993 Finish Date: 30 June, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Peter Cooper Organisation: Perigord Truffles of Tasmania

GPO Box 252C HOBART TAS 7001 Contacts: Phone: (03) 9261 2213

Fax: (03) 9261 1822 Objectives • To develop a detailed understanding of the technical

production aspects, post harvest practices and marketing strategies necessary to successfully establish a French Truffle Industry in Tasmania.

Current Progress The development of the French truffle industry in Tasmania is progressing on schedule. There are now 26 trufferies established across Tasmania with a total area of just under 50 hectares another 20 hectares will be established in 1998. Regular root sampling and soil analysis is being maintained on the established sites and the results are very encouraging. The training of the truffle dogs is well under way in anticipation of our first small truffle harvest. PTT will have three fully trained dogs available by July 1998. The weed control trial has been successfully completed and we are currently analysing the mycorrhiza root samples and the data. Once finalised we believe the results will allow for the development of improved weed control strategies in the trufferies. The two irrigation trials are continuing. The data collected from the first year of the trial has significantly changed the irrigation management on a number of the trufferies. We have expanded the trial to undertake some preliminary work on the effect mulching has on maintaining soil moisture and temperature levels. The PhD student’s thesis has been completed and recently submitted to the examiners for assessment.

Project Title Broad acre dried herb production RIRDC Project No: LWP-1A Start Date: 30 November, 1995 Finish Date: 30 September, 1998 Researcher: Mr. David Coleman Organisation: Living Waters Permaculture Foundation

RMB 1495, Mt Shadforth DENMARK WA 6333 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9848 2171

Fax: (08) 9848 2291 Objectives • To replace imports with as many Australian-grown

herbs as possible. • To process and value-add. • To enhance the viability of farming ventures which

will offset low prices of traditional commodities. • To create new jobs by the development of this new

industry. Current Progress The progress of this project in the last 12 months has been largely structural, with the building on its way to completion. We have employed local labour throughout, and sourced and milled the timber locally. In the meantime, we have been creating awareness of the project, and encouraging people in the region to start growing herbs or other products for the dryer, and possibly value-adding. With a number of people already growing in the region, a network of growers, suppliers and retailers is emerging. We have held workshops at properties growing herbs, and will keep in touch with people via a newsletter. We are stepping up our own herb production with a newly created half-acre plot that is to be planted with trial crops to supply the dryer in its first experimental year. To date, five people have been employed as part of the project, either in construction or research and horticulture. Project Title A field evaluation of the productivity of hazelnut varieties RIRDC Project No: USO-1A Start Date: 1 October, 1994 Finish Date: 30 September, 1998 Researcher: Dr. Basil Baldwin Organisation: Orange Agricultural College

University of Sydney PO Box 883

ORANGE NSW 2800




E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To determine the most productive hazelnut varieties

that could be used for the establishment of a hazelnut industry in south-eastern Australia and that would meet the nations requirements for hazelnut kernels.

• To assess the effects of geographical region on hazelnut production and varietal performance.

Current Progress Field trials have been established at four sites, in south-eastern Australia, to assess the performance of 20 commonly grown hazelnut varieties of both overseas and Australian origin. The trials are of a randomised block design, with four replications at each site. The four sites have been chosen to represent different climatic regions and provide data on interactions between varieties and site location. Automatic weather stations have been installed at each site. Visual observations were made of tree growth at each site, during the 1997-98 growing season. Tree butt diameters have also been measured. The climatic data from all four sites has been collated to compare site differences. Plant tissue tests have been undertaken and data is available to compare with previous tests and soil analysis data. An article that includes this background data on the trial sites is in preparation, it is to be included in the spring edition of the Australian Nutgrower. Several articles have been included in that journal describing site management and experimental methods. The trees are just coming into bearing, some data was collected last winter on the period of pollen shed and female bloom for the varieties under study. Some nut samples have been obtained. Project Title Durian germplasm evaluation for tropical Australia phase 1 RIRDC Project No: ZTR-1A Start Date: 1 July, 1996 Finish Date: 30 June, 2001 Researcher: Mr. Guiseppe Zappala Organisation: Zappala Tropicals

Cmb No. 2 Bellenden Kerr

via CAIRNS QLD 4871 Contacts: Phone: (07) 4067 5266

Fax: (07) 4067 5315

Objectives • The introduction of the best durian clones of Asia

from guaranteed budwood sources. • Propagation of these clones (single and multi-

rootstocked) with the best nursery practices.

• Development of an Industry Strategic Plan • To compare growth rates and performances under

different clonal tolerances to pests, diseases and strong winds.

• To identify clones best suited for Phase 2 (Yield and Fruit Quality Assessment) for future Australian planting and export potential.

Current Progress Forty new durian clonal introductions from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia are now successfully established in Australia from reliable budwood sources fostered by the project’s researchers since 1992. These clones were propagated and two evaluation areas of 300 trees, on differing soil types, are planted. Plantings were damaged from the combined effects of Cyclone Justin in March 1997 and the fungal disease phytophthora palmavora resulting in losses of 15%. Replacement trees were planted in December 1998. The Industry Strategic plan was successfully developed in 1997. SWOT meetings identified and gave priority to all issues. The implementation / work program will ensure continued momentum by stakeholders to complete the tasks. Phytophthora palmavora was identified as the major grower management issue. One of our major industry strengths is that Australia is free of Durian seed and rind borers. These insects are serious economic pests in Thailand. Our major industry threat identified was the possible introduction of these insects through any future “fresh” durian imports. Regular tree growth measurements and pest observations are completed. This data when matched to the project’s weather station data will identify the most suitable clones for Australian conditions and Phase 2 by 2001. Project Title Business and strategic plan for the lychee industry RIRDC Project No: ALG-1A Start Date: 1 December, 1997 Finish Date: 30 April, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Rick Bronson Organisation: Australian Lychee Growers

Association Inc PO Box 181

EUDLO QLD 4554 Contacts: Phone: (07) 5445 9945 Objectives • The devleopment of a busines and strategic plan for

the lychee industry. Current Progress On November 12th 1997 a meeting was convened between growers, QDPI Extension and Research Officers and CSIRO for the purpose of developing a SWAT analysis for the lychee industry. The detail of this




analysis formed the basis upon which the draft Business/Strategic Plan was developed. Upon receipt of RIRDC funding approval for project ALG-1A, expressions of interest were called from appropriately qualified business consultants to assist in the compilation of the Business/Strategic Plan. Steve Fairbairn of Fairbairn Business Consultants was awarded the contract. The plan was completed in December 1997 and presented to RIRDC R&D workshop in Cairns on 8th January 1998. Distribution of the plan included RIRDC/ALGA executive, QFVG, DPI and CSIRO. An abridged version of the plan including the executive summary and R&D objectives was published in the April edition of the lychee industry’s national quarterly publication “Living Lychee”. A survey form was included, giving the opportunity to all lychee growers to give their input into prioritising of the identified R&D goals. The results of this survey are being finalised and will be distributed along with RIRDC funding guidelines to appropriate service providers calling for funding applications to cover the specific priority Research and Development projects identified in the survey. Project Title Improved canopy management to maximise market opportunities for the tree crops lychee, longan and rambutan (Sapindaceae) RIRDC Project No: DAQ-177A Start Date: 1 July, 1994 Finish Date: 30 June, 1999 Researcher: Dr. Christopher Menzel Organisation: Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) PO Box 5083 SCMC

NAMBOUR QLD 4560 Contacts: Phone: (07) 5444 9600

Fax: (07) 5441 2235 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives To improve profitability in the lychee, longan and rambutan industries by: • Developing pruning strategies to synchronise and

promote flowering, leading to increased and regular yields.

• Developing protocols for the application of Ethrel sprays to control winter flushes which prevent flowering in lychee.

• Evaluating early growth of lychee trees in high density plantings.

• Developing high density orchard management systems for early production and profitability.

• Working closely with industry to assist the rapid adoption of best crop management systems.

Current Progress Lychee trees have been pruned at various times over summer and autumn in experimental plots in Queensland and in northern NSW. In northern Queensland, the various treatments have provided a range in flushing cycles, although it is too early to tell their potential flowering and crop. In southern Queensland, potential flowering appears best with pruning from mid February to early March, while in northern New South Wales, pruning in early February seems better than a pruning in late February. In the second part of the research, demonstration blocks have been set up in the major lychee growing areas of eastern Australia. Sets of lychee trees with young red flushes going into winter have been manually trimmed in early and late May and their subsequent flush development, flowering and yield determined. A model is being developed to predict the best time to prune longan trees for maximum flowering and cropping. The effects of three pruning treatments on the yields of rambutan were examined in Darwin. Responses have varied with season. In some years the pruned trees have had similar yields to the non-pruned trees, while in other cases their yields have been lower. Further experiments are underway with the same treatments this year. Project Title To undertake a pre-feasibility study to assess the market potential and establish the commercial viability for the development of an olive industry in Australia RIRDC Project No: DAQ-210A Start Date: 1 July, 1996 Finish Date: 30 June, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Denis McEvoy Organisation: Department of Primary

Industries (Qld) PO Box 46

BRISBANE QLD 4001 Contacts: Phone: (07) 4688 1251

Fax: (07) 5430 4917 Objectives • The overall objective of the pre-feasibility study is to

assess the potential for the development of an olive industry in Australia, by making an assessment of an Australian industry's capability of producing and processing olives that will be competitive. This requires assessing the potential to replace imports, expand the domestic and or the export market.

Current Progress The project has been divided into two stages. Stage I, ‘A Potential for Establishing an Olive Industry in Australia’, has been completed and is being sold through RIRDC and DPI outlets. The report examined the main olive




producing countries. Olive importing countries in the Asian region were also identified. The report conducted a qualitative consumer marketing study, where the main issues affecting consumption of olive products were analysed. Finally, the report investigated the costs of producing olive oil and pickled olives in Australia and compared this with the price of imported products. Stage II is currently being conducted and builds on the findings of the first report. In this stage a more detailed competitors’ analysis has been undertaken, paying close attention to trends in world production, consumption and trade. The main olive producing countries have also been examined. Furthermore, this report is examining market opportunities for olive products in the Asian region, with special attention given to the Japanese market. The overseas section of the report has been completed and is currently being edited by members of the reference group. A quantitative consumer marketing study is being conducted. Fieldwork will be conducted in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne during the 2nd week of June. Project Title A cholesterol-lowering extract from garlic: opportunities for an Australian industry RIRDC Project No: DAV-124A Start Date: 1 July, 1996 Finish Date: 30 June, 1999 Researcher: Dr. David Eagling Organisation: Department of Natural

Resources & Environment Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176


Objectives • To identify garlic varieties and develop production

protocols that optimise yields of a bioactive extract used as a cholesterol lowering agent in human preventative medicine.

Current Progress Garlic contains a compound, alliin, which has been shown in clinical trials to lower cholesterol. The project is based on perceived opportunities to either: • re-position Australian garlic on world markets based

on the levels of alliin, and/or • develop Australian garlic for supply to pharmaceutical

companies This project is a collaboration between Pharmaction Pty. Ltd., RIRDC, the Australian Garlic Industry Association, Agriculture Victoria and State agricultural organisations. Results to date have shown:

• Australian grown garlic has levels of up to 20 mg/g alliin by fresh weight, which are the highest recorded levels worldwide.

• The production of garlic in Australia with high alliin levels is not restricted by variety or geographical location. Alliin levels considered economically viable for processing by pharmaceutical companies (over 10 mg/g by fresh weight) were achieved for a number of garlic varieties and Australian climates.

• Storage trials have shown that garlic maintains its level of alliin over a range of storage conditions. Now in its final year, the project is optimising protocols for the Australian production of garlic with elite levels of alliin.

Project Title Total quality management for the production and marketing of buckwheat and honeybee pollination of buckwheat RIRDC Project No: DAV-136A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: Mr. Chris Bluett Organisation: Department of Natural

Resources & Environment Cnr Mail and Doveton Streets

BALLARAT VIC 3340 Contacts: Phone: (03) 5333 6784

Fax: (03) 5333 6540 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To export 5,000 tonnes per year of buckwheat and

buckwheat products and increase the use of buckwheat in new and existing food products in Australia to 3,000 tonnes per year, by the year 2000.

• To determine the effect of honeybee pollination on buckwheat seed yield and quality, refine the agronomy required for consistent yield and quality and publish grower guides.

• To develop a total quality management package for the production and marketing of buckwheat.

• To achieve export quality grain from 75% of total harvest by the year 2000 by supporting grower's efforts to optimise production technology.

Current Progress The buckwheat season for 1997/1998 has just finished with some major accomplishments being achieved. A trial shipment of about 200 tonnes has been sent to Japan by the major buckwheat marketing company in Victoria, Food Link Asia Pty Ltd. The feedback from this trial shipment was very encouraging. The customers are so impressed with the quality that they hope to buy 1,000 tonnes next season. This success demonstrates that we can produce high quality buckwheat in difficult seasons. Buckwheat trials this season were situated around Armidale and Orange in New South Wales and also




around Ballarat in Victoria. Results suggest there may be significant differences in the honeybee pollination trials and the nutrition trials. Other trials on varieties, rates and times of sowing, harvest methods and herbicides also appear to have shown some definite trends, which will help the commercial buckwheat growers. This season saw the introduction of a trial Quality Assurance scheme to key buckwheat growers. It is hoped that next season this will flow through to all buckwheat growers to improve the consistent production of high quality buckwheat. Other significant developments to occur in the last twelve months include the opening of the Hakubaku noodle factory in Ballarat. Although initially only producing Udon noodles from Rosella wheat, they have already had discussions with buckwheat industry members in regard to potentially sourcing buckwheat in the future to produce ‘Soba’ noodles. Project Title Characterisation of antiviral compounds in Australian bush medicines RIRDC Project No: USA-5A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 1998 Researcher: Dr. Robert Flower Organisation: University of South Australia

GPO Box 2471 ADELAIDE SA 5001 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8302 2236

Fax: (08) 8302 2389 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • The aim of this project is the isolation and

identification of the chemical structure of antiviral compounds from Australian bush medicine plants and thus development of demand for cultivation of these plants.

Current Progress A report detailing the screening of forty different plant species used as bush medicines for antiviral activity has been published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Two extracts having activity against a picornavirus, poliovirus, were identified in the initial screening: an extract of the green aerial parts of Pterocaulon sphacelatum and an extract of the roots of Dianella longifolia. Activity-guided fractionation and structural elucidation techniques have been used to identify the anti-picornaviral compound from Pterocaulon sphacelatum as Chrysosplenol C (5,6,4'-trihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone), not previously isolated from the plant genus Pterocaulon. Two other compounds, which were not antiviral, were simple coumarins that also had not previously been isolated from this plant.

Activity-guided fractionation of the extract of Dianella longifolia has been completed. Two compounds, the naphthalene derivatives dianellin and dianellidin, have been isolated from the extract but were not antiviral. The active component is a compound not previously isolated from this plant species and preliminary NMR analysis suggests that the antiviral compound is a quinone. Further experiments, to elucidate the exact structure of the antiviral compound, are in progress. We also plan to test the antiviral spectrum and mechanism of action of this compound. Project Title Wild olive selection for quality oil production RIRDC Project No: UA-41A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: Prof. Margaret Sedgley Organisation: Waite Agricultural Research

Institute Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology The University of Adelaide

GLEN OSMOND SA 5064 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8303 7249

Fax: (08) 8303 7116 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • The aim of the project is selection, oil analysis, DNA

fingerprinting, breeding and propagation of new improved olive cultivars based on wild southern Australian material. This will improve yield and quality of olive oil for domestic and export markets, and provide quality assurance to the industry.

Current Progress Collections were made from 121 wild trees during 1997. Oil yield varied from 5.9% w/w to 33.7% w/w. Oleic acid ranged from a low of 49.3% to a high of 86.1%. Linolenic acid levels varied between 0.1% and 4.6%. The levels of total polyphenols measured in the oils ranged from 40 to 500 mg/kg gallic acid equivalent. A successful tasting school was run during 1997, under the tuition of Dr. Luciano Di Giovacchino an Italian instructor recognised by the International Olive Oil Council. This first Australian tasting panel was found to be highly reliable in repeat blind tastings. Research has commenced into identification of the compounds responsible for the desirable pungent flavours of olive oil. Tissue culture research was commenced during 1998, with successful establishment in vitro of the cultivars Koronieki, Kalamata, Picholine and Frantoio. Oil testing and DNA fingerprinting services are now offered to industry, administered through Oltech Pty. Ltd.





Of the 121 trees sampled during 1997, 10 showed superior oil yield and quality characteristics. These trees will be revisited during the 1998 season to ensure reproducibility. Leaves will be taken for DNA fingerprinting and cuttings will be taken for propagation. Project Title Evaluation of the commercial potential of sugarbeet on the Atherton Tableland RIRDC Project No: DAQ-211A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 30 June, 2000 Researcher: Mr. Brett Weeden Organisation: Southedge Research Station

Department of Primary Industries (Qld) PO Box 174

MAREEBA QLD 4880 Contacts: Phone: (07) 4093 2246

Fax: (07) 4093 2237 Objectives • The aim of the project is to assess the commercial

potential of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) on the Atherton Tableland as a sugar source for the Queensland Sugar Industry.

Current Progress An initial literature search on sugar beet indicated an enormous amount of material available for study. A “Compendium of Sugar Beet Information” has been prepared selecting about 1,000 abstracts from about 10,000 studied from research published since 1985. Selected abstracts were grouped under headings like “Nutrition”, “Weed Control” etc. Subject areas con-sidered having particular importance to sugar beet pro-duction on the Atherton Tableland such as “Irrigation”, “Varieties”, “Rotations” etc were given greater emphasis. The Compendium also contains a list of sugar beet research establishments and seed production companies around the world, a number of which have been contacted providing useful information and suggestions. The first of a number of variety trials was planted at Southedge Research Station on 23 April 1998. This trial consists of 9 varieties sourced from a number of overseas companies, in particular 5 varieties used in the Imperial Valley in California USA and bred specifically for hotter environments and a number of varieties from European seed companies including a hybrid with rhizoctonia root-rot tolerance. The beets are growing well with harvest planned for late October. As well a study on the economics of sugar beet production has begun which will use simple gross margin analysis to compare the economics of different production systems ( mainly size and method of irrigation ) of sugar beet in our area.

Project Title Commercial production of medicinal herbs in Tasmania RIRDC Project No: DAT-26A Start Date: 1 Jul 1994 Finish Date: 14 Feb 1998 Researcher: Michele Buntain Organisation: Dept of Primary Industries

and Fisheries GPO Box 192B HOBART TAS 7001


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To investigate the commercial potential of selected

medicinal herbs produced in Tasmania, and • To develop production packages to support the

industry, facilitate the establishment of a regional herb network and establish a plant/seed collection based on elite genetic material to assist growers to produce consistent high quality dried herbs.

Current Progress A resurgence in the popularity of herbs and the rapidly expanding medicinal herb industry in Australia has been attributed to the decreasing availability of synthetics, the increasing difficulty and expense of establishing new drugs on the market, awareness of the unwanted side effects of synthetic drugs, and growing consumer support for natural products. This project was a pilot study in response to market demand. Tasmania has been evaluated as a site for medicinal herb production due to established production systems and its reputation for a clean environment. The herbs initially evaluated as being most suited to Tasmanian environmental conditions and identified by the industry as having the greatest commercial potential were: Echinacea spp Coneflower, purple

coneflower Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal Scutellaria spp. Virginian Skullcap Valeriana offciinalis Valerian Several methods were used to establish the herb trials including direct seeding and seedling transplants. The mixed success of establishment in the field was largely attributed to variations in irrigation design, soil type and time of planting. Herbs produced from trial work were within commercial grade. Site selection should take into account soil type for mixed herb production. A well-drained sandy loam or similar soil would be favoured for both winter survival of perennials and harvestibility of roots. Fine-tuning of the agronomy and more favourable growing seasons would improve quality.




The project has also produced preliminary production guides for Echinacea and valerian to assist growers interested in producing these crops and to ensure information from this project was being distributed. Increasing yield and improving herb quality have been identified as targets for further investigation.

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