New Nationalism

Madison, Monroe, J.Q. Adams

1815-1829

War Changes Madison

• 13 yrs of Republican programs left key institutions weakened– No army– Banking system a mess– Gov’t bankrupt– Primitive transportation system– Young manufacturing sector

American System

• Improve nation’s financial, transportation, & manufacturing sectors

• Active federal govt• 1815 Madison speech (changing ideas)

– New Nat. Bank– Protective tariff– “Internal Improvements” (roads & canals)

• Calhoun & Clay – roads unite country• Ok b/c LA purchase ok

• 1816 Tariff passed

• 1816 2nd Bank of US created

• 1817 Madison internal improvements controversy – Vetoed bill – Dangerous idea w/o amendment– Protect south

Second Bank of US

• Private, for profit corp.

• Issued paper $, collect taxes, paid debts

• Make sure paper issued by local banks had real value.– Call in gold of silver for local paper– If bank can’t produce they close

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• MD tried to

• States can’t tax or destroy agency created by national. govt.

• Marshall declares bank constitutional– “necessary & proper”– Implied powers of congress– “general welfare”

James Monroe1817-1825

“Era of Good Feeling”

• 1816 Monroe runs as a “New Nationalist”

• Federalist Party destroyed

• 1 party should equal political harmony

Jackson Invades Florida

• 1st Seminole War 1817

• Acquire FL $5M

Monroe Doctrine 1823

• Warn Russia & Spain to stay out.

• No new colonies• Added to by future

Pres.• Cornerstone of

Foreign Policy today

1st Industrial Revolution

• Result of improvements in transportation and technology.

• Transportation– Toll roads– Canals– Steamboats

• NE textile industry

• 20% non farm workers

Land Boom

• 1st speculative boom

• Result of rising cotton prices & cheap credit

• People felt the demand would never end

• Speculation– 160 acre blocks $320 only 20% down– Resell higher - 1818 $150 acre– $65 investment = $24,000 profit

Panic of 1819

• 1st real financial panic

• Post-war speculative bubble burst– European markets for cotton & grain– Western land boom– Easy credit (local & Bank)

• Bankruptcy, unemployment

• Popular distrust of banks

• Debtors vs. Bank

Public Land Act 1820

• Attempted to fix the “land bubble” problem

• Abolished the use of buying land on credit

• Homestead prices were also reduced by 60%.

• Expected business to improve soon

1820 Monroe Reelected

• Public felt economy would improve

• Nationalist policies popular– American pride & purpose

• Federalists didn’t run anyone

• New paradigm firmly in place

1820 MO Controversy

• 1st important sectional dispute

• Sectionalism

• ME would give north political edge (12-11)

• North wants to block MO (slave)– Congressmen Robert Tallmadge (NY)

proposal limiting slavery– passes in House but stalls in Senate

• South threatens secession

The Missouri Compromise 1820

• Henry Clay brokers compromise– MO slave & no slavery above 36/30th latitude– ME free state

• Sectional problems on hold for generation

Republicans Start to Divide

• Economy gets worse– Republicans don’t know what to do– 1st period of hard times

• Republicans lose unity

• Disputes– Tariffs, banks, internal improvements

• Party splitting

Election of 1824

• Sectionalism– 4 candidates (Jackson, Adams, Clay,

Crawford)– Interests– Economic policies

• Andrew Jackson 41% pop. vote• John Q. Adams 31% pop. vote

– Clay makes House of Reps vote for him– Clay chosen as Sec. of State

John Quincy Adams1825-1829

Adams

• Minority president

• Clay Sec. of State

• Calhoun Sec. of War

• “National Republicans

Nationalism of Adams

• American System• World commercial power• Activist national state

– Called for legislation on• Agriculture, commerce, manufacturing• Mechanical & elegant arts• National university & observatory• Naval academy• Metric system

Achievements

• Acceleration of internal improvements

• Steep tariff increase– “Tariff of Abominations”- Lost South

• Went too far for many core Republicans

Jackson

• “corrupt bargain”

• Starts campaigning immediately

• Appeal to the people

• Democrat Party (new)

• Expand suffrage

• 1828 56% pop. vote (record for 75 yrs)

Summary

• 13 yrs

• Programs look like Federalist

• Not a full-scale shift– Until Adams they didn’t lose core beliefs– States rights– Against fed. internal improvements– Limited govt– Agrarian policies