new kingdom - case.edu · 10 tons of copper, 1 ton of tin (ratio for making bronze 10:1) 149...
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New KingdomLand of the Living
Chronology
3100 – 2686 BC Early Dynastic (Dynasty 0 – 2)2686 – 2181 BC Old Kingdom (Dynasty 3 – 6)2181 – 2025 BC First Intermediate Period (Dyn. 7 – 10)2025 – 1700 BC Middle Kingdom (Dyn. 11 – 13)1700 – 1550 BC Second Intermediate Period (Dyn. 14 – 17) 1550 – 1069 BC New Kingdom (Dyn. 18 – 20) 1069 – 664 BC Third Intermediate Period (Dyn. 21 – 25)664 – 332 BC Late Period (Dyn. 26 – 31) 332 – 30 BC Ptolemaic Period
Second Intermediate Period
(Selected)
New Kingdom Rulers18th Dynasty (ca. 1550 – 1300 BC)• Ahmose I• Hatshepsut • Thutmose III• Amenhotep III• Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten• Tutankhamun
(Selected)
New Kingdom Rulers19th Dynasty ( ca. 1300 – 1190 BC)Ramesses ISeti IRamesses IIMereneptahTauseret
20th Dynasty (ca. 1190 – 1077 BC)Ramesses III - XI
Uluburun wreck discovered by a sponge diver in 1982 off the coast of Uluburun, near Kas in Turkey
Located at 44-61 m depth, which prevented looting
Excavated between 1984-1994 over the course of 22,400 dives by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M
George F. Bass and Cemal Pulak
Lab analysis and conservation based at Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey
15 m long and 5 m wide
Built of Lebanese cedar
Capable of carrying 20 tons of cargo, about 17 tons of artifacts brought up from sea floor
10 tons of copper, 1 ton of tin (ratio for making bronze 10:1)
149 Canaanite amphorae mostly filled with pistachia resin
9 Cypriot pithoi filled with olive oil, grapes, pomegranates and Cypriot ceramics
175 glass ingots
African hardwood
70,000+ glass and amber beads
1 elephant tusk and more than a dozen hippo teeth
Gold, silver and bronze jewelry and vessels
Swords and other metal tools
Spices, herbs, food stuffs, murex shells and orpiment
A stowaway mouse
Tomb of Rekhmire, ca. 1400 BC
Amarna Letters
Discovered around 1887, date from ca. 1360 – 1332 BC
Gift Exchange
• Diplomatic exchange of raw materials and gifts between the great kings of the time – Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni, Hatti
• Copper• Semi-precious stones• Luxury goods: oils, perfumes, fine vessels, etc.• Jewelry• Chariots and horses• Spouses
Rise of (the priesthood of) Amun-Ra
Akhetaten (ca. 1348 – 1335 BC)
Monotheism?
Like father (Amenhotep III) like son
John Reinhard Weguelin –The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat (1886)
Types of Temples
Temples of GodsEast Bank of Nile
Mortuary TemplesWest Bank of Nile
“Houses of Millions of Years”
Upper Egypt Lower Egypt Beginning of Egypt
Hapy/Nile
Edward John Poynter –Feeding the sacred ibis in the halls of Karnac
Gods could take many forms:
• Animal-headed humans (form which facilitated interaction with the king)
• One god can be many different animals
• Physical examples of these animals could be kept in temples
• Gods could be worshipped in particular regions of Egypt (Thoth in Hermopolis, Amun in Thebes, Osiris in Abydos, etc.)
Ibis coffin; Ptolemaic Period; Brooklyn Museum, 49.48
King as chief priest
Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Procession of the bull Apis; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington D.C.
Houses of the gods
Karnak Temple precinct, Luxor
Cult statue of Amun (EA60006); Late Period; British Museum
Cult statue of Bastest, aka Gayer-Anderson cat (EA64391); Ptolemaic Period; British Museum
The Priesthood
• Hem-Netcher (“servant of the god”) priests main body of priests who served the gods
• Wab (“purification”) priests performed physical duties and rituals within the temples
• Sem & Ka (“mortuary”) priests served mainly at tombs and memorial temples, performing the elaborate rituals of burial, and offering
Scenes of daily ritual from the temple of Seti I at Abydos
Exclusivity
Religion in the home
Figurine of Bes (EA20865); British MuseumEar stela (OIM 10758); Oriental Institute of Chicago
Ancestor bust from Deir el-Medina (66.9945); Metropolitan Museum of Art
Party time!
Festivals
Party Time!
• Food• Music• Dancing • Drinking
Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Procession of the bull Apis; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington D.C.
Sacred Barques
• Used for carrying the god or goddess’ cult statue
• Used for oracles and answering prayers
Opet Festival
Moulid of Abu el-Haggag