2016

Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and

Distribution

Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean PotteryArchaeopress Series

EDITORIAL BOARD(in alphabetical order)

Series Editors

Michel BONIFAY, Centre Camille Jullian, (Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, MCC, CCJ, F-13000, Aix-en-Provence, France)Miguel Ángel CAU, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB) Paul REYNOLDS, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB)

Honorary editor

John HAYES, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

Associate editors

Philip KENRICK, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

John LUND, The National Museum of Denmark, Denmark

Scientific Committee for Pottery

Xavier AQUILUÉ, Paul ARTHUR, Cécile BATIGNE, Moncef BEN MOUSSA, Darío BERNAL, Raymond BRULET, Claudio CAPELLI, Armand DESBAT, Nalan FIRAT, Michael G. FULFORD, Ioannis ILIOPOULOS, Sabine LADSTÄTTER, Fanette LAUBENHEIMER, Mark LAWALL, Sévérine LEMAÎTRE, Hassan LIMANE, Daniele MALFITANA, Archer MARTIN, Thierry MARTIN, Simonetta MENCHELLI, Henryk MEYZA, Giuseppe MONTANA, Rui MORAIS, Gloria OLCESE, Carlo PAVOLINI, Theodore PEÑA, Verena PERKO, Platon PETRIDIS, Dominique PIERI, Jeroen POBLOME, Natalia POULOU, Albert RIBERA, Lucien RIVET, Lucia SAGUI, Sara SANTORO, Anne SCHMITT, Gerwulf SCHNEIDER, Kathleen SLANE, Roberta TOMBER, Inês VAZ PINTO, Caterina VIEGAS, Yona WAKSMAN

General advisors

Richard HODGES, Richard REECE, Gisela RIPOLL, Bryan WARD-PERKINS, Chris WICKHAM, Enrico ZANINI

Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and

Distribution

edited by

Inês Vaz Pinto,* Rui Roberto de Almeida** and Archer Martin***

* CEAACP – Centro de Estudos em Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património / TROIA RESORT

** UNIARQ – Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de Lisboa. / FCT Doctoral Grant

*** American Academy in Rome / Universität zu Köln

Published on the occasion of the30th Congress of the Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores

(Lisbon, 2016)

Archaeopress Publishing LtdGordon House

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ISBN 978 1 78491 427 1ISBN 978 1 78491 428 8 (e-Pdf)

© Archaeopress and the authors 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,

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Printed in England by Short Run Press, ExeterThis book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com

i

Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... v

I - The Production of Lusitanian Amphorae

Production during the Principate in Peniche (Portugal).Raw Materials, Kilns and Amphora Typology......................... 3Guilherme Cardoso, Severino Rodrigues, Eurico de Sepúlveda and Inês Ribeiro

Roman Pottery Workshop of Quinta do Rouxinol (Seixal): Quantification and Classification of Amphora Production ........................................................................................................................................... 19Jorge Raposo, Cézer Santos and Olga Antunes

The Roman Figlina at Garrocheira (Benavente, Portugal) in the Early Empire ........................................................... 47Clementino Amaro and Cristina Gonçalves

Roman Amphora Production in the Lower Sado Region ........................................................................................... 59Françoise Mayet and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal) ........................................................................... 73João Pimenta, Marisol Ferreira and Ana Catarina Cabrita

Roman Amphora Production in the Algarve (Southern Portugal) ............................................................................ 81João Pedro Bernardes and Catarina Viegas

II – Archaeometry, Contents and Quantification of Lusitanian Amphorae

Geochemical Fingerprints of Lusitanian Amphora Production Centres: Tagus, Sado, Algarve and Peniche ................ 95M. Isabel Dias and M. Isabel Prudêncio

Lusitanian Amphorae of the Augustan Era and their Contents: Organic Residue Analysis ....................................... 105Rui Morais, César Oliveira and Alfredo Araújo

Fish Bones and Amphorae: New Evidence for the Production and Trade of Fish Products in Setúbal (Portugal) ...... 111Sónia Gabriel and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Myth of ‘Laccatum:’ a Study Starting from a New Titulus ....................................... 117David Djaoui

Do We Have the Capacity to Understand the Economy of Lusitanian Commodities? Volumetric Calculations of Lusitanian Amphora Types ..................................................................................................................................... 129Victor Martínez

III – The Distribution of Lusitanian Amphorae

Amphorae at the Origins of Lusitania: Transport Pottery from Western Hispania Ulterior in Alto Alentejo ............. 139Rui Mataloto, Joey Williams and Conceição Roque

Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) .............. 153Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

ii

Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) .............. 153Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian Amphorae and Transport Coarse Ware from the Roman Anchorage of Praça D. Luís I (Portugal) ........... 167Jorge Parreira and Marta Macedo

Lusitanian Amphorae at a Fish-Salting Production Centre: Tróia (Portugal) ............................................................ 173Inês Vaz Pinto, Rui Roberto de Almeida, Ana Patrícia Magalhães and Patrícia Brum

On the Way to Augusta Emerita. Historiographical Overview, Old and New Data on Fish-Product Amphorae and Commerce within the Trade to the Capital of Lusitania .......................................................................................... 195Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian and Imported Amphorae from the Roman Town of Ammaia (Portugal). A Short Overview .................... 219Caterina P. Venditti

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Roman City of Conimbriga ......................................................................................... 231Ida Buraca

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Maritime Economy and Palaeo-Environment of Southern Roman Lusitania.......................................................................................... 241Felix Teichner

The Lusitanian Amphorae from the Roman Villa of Vale da Arrancada (Portimão, Algarve, Portugal) ..................... 257Carlos Fabião, Catarina Viegas and Vera de Freitas

2 – Lusitanian Amphorae in Gallaecia, Baetica and Tarraconensis

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula............................................................................ 273Adolfo Fernández Fernández

Amphora Circulation in the Lower Guadalquivir Valley in the Mid Imperial Period: the Lusitana 3 Type ................. 285Enrique García Vargas

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Strait of Gibraltar: Interprovincial Food Supply .......................................................... 299Darío Bernal-Casasola

Lusitanian Amphorae in Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain): Distribution and Research Questions ......................... 311Alejandro Quevedo and Sónia Bombico

................................ 323Felipe Cerezo Andreo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Tarraco (3rd-5th Century AD) ........................................................................................... 333Josep-Anton Remolà Vallverdú

Early Imperial Lusitanian Amphorae from the Eastern Iberian Coast ...................................................................... 343Ramón Járrega Domínguez and Horacio González Cesteros

3 – Lusitanian Amphorae Beyond Hispania

Lusitanian Amphorae from the Dump Layer above the Arles-Rhône 3 Shipwreck ................................................... 357David Djaoui and José Carlos Quaresma

Lusitanian Amphorae in Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica. Scarcity, Identification Problems, Contexts and Interpretations ................................................................................................................................. 369Patrick Monsieur

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Lusitanian Amphorae found on the Punta Sardegna A Shipwreck (Palau, Sardinia). A Preliminary Report on Typologies and Fabrics ........................................................................................................................................... 381Alessandro Porqueddu, Claudia Giarrusso and Pier Giorgio Spanu

Lusitanian Amphorae at Ostia and in the Vesuvian Region ..................................................................................... 389Archer Martin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Naples between the 3rd and the 5th Century AD ............................................................. 399Luana Toniolo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Rome ............................................................................................................................... 409Giorgio Rizzo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Adriatic Italy: Commercial Routes and Distribution .......................................................... 419Rita Auriemma and Stefania Pesavento Mattioli (with an Appendix by Manuela Mongardi)

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northern Adriatic Region: the Western Part of the Decima Regio ............................... 429Silvia Cipriano and Stefania Mazzocchin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Northern Adriatic Italy: the Eastern Part of Decima Regio ................................................ 437Dario Gaddi and Valentina Degrassi

Lusitanian Amphorae on Western Mediterranean Shipwrecks: Fragments of Economic History ............................. 445Sónia Bombico

73

The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal)

João Pimenta,* Marisol Ferreira** and Ana Catarina Cabrita***CEAX - Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos de Vila Franca de Xira /

UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de LisboaPimentamarques@iol.pt

**Câmara Municipal Alcácer do SalMarisol.ferreira@m-alcacerdosal.pt

catarinav.scabrita@gmail.com

The extensive area called ‘Fornos da Parvoíce’ is located in the urban area of Alcácer do Sal. The first archaeological remains were identified in 1984 because of work for road widening and basic public sanitation. More than 20 years later, a project of urban redevel-opment led to an emergency archaeological intervention in this area.

This excavation, although quite small, was able to identify a combustion structure that we interpreted as a kiln for pottery production. Simultaneously, it allowed us to verify the existence of a stone structure and dump layer with discarded wasters.

The main goals of this work are the study of all the structural and contextual evidence detected in this part of town, as well as to char-acterize and place them within the wider evidence for regional production.

KEYWORDS: SADO; POTTERY PRODUCTION; AMPHORAE; COARSE WARE; URBANISM.

J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita

Introduction

The present town of Alcácer do Sal corresponds mainly to the Roman city of Salacia Urbs Imperatoria, mentioned by Pomponius Mela (De Chorogr. III, 1, 8) and Pliny (HN, IV, 35, 116). It occupied a dominant position above the Sado River, in a place not far from the river’s estuary with a long tradition of Mediterranean contacts (Faria 2002).

The extensive area with archaeological remains denominated ‘Fornos da Parvoíce’ is located on the plain in the urban nucleus near Rua de Santa Luzia, a street connecting the town to the railroad station (Mantas 1990).

The first vestiges were identified in 1984 as a consequence of work for road enlargement and public sanitation. Besides the various ceramic wasters, some structures were identified in a cut that could correspond to the remains of two pottery kilns, both quite damaged (Diogo, Faria and Ferreira 1987). More than 20 years later, an urban redevelopment project in 2008 led to an emergency archeological excavation by two of the authors (M. F. and A. C. C.) on behalf of the Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal.

The archeological work, although quite fragmented, allowed the identification of part of a combustion chamber. During the ongoing intervention it was possible to register stone structures, as well as a layer of debris with discarded wasters.

In 2012, within the ‘RUAS’, an urban redevelopment project of the riverside area, archaeological excavations were carried out in Avenida João Soares Branco, where we detected an extensive ‘dump’ of discarded deformed pottery that we think should be connected with the pottery workshop.

This paper aims to study the full evidence of structural and contextual remains found in this part of the town.

1. The ceramic production

The analyses of the contexts associated to the combustion structures detected in 1984 and in 2008 allowed a glimpse of the production centre with a minimum of three kilns at the foot of Monte do Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Figure 1).

The study of the ceramic assemblages attests the production of amphorae, coarse ware and building materials. In the ‘dumps’ associated with the kilns we found various examples of deformed pieces with clear signs of exposure to high temperatures.

The macroscopic analyses of the fabrics of these productions enabled the definition of a single fabric group that we identified as the ‘Sado-amont’ fabric group from the amphorae of the Sado Valley (Mayet, Schmitt and Silva 1996: 163). The fabric is compact, with colours varying from reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4). The non-plastic elements are abundant and mostly quartzes of various dimensions, predominantly rolled and sub-rolled, although there are also some black inclusions, spaced elements of grog and elongated voids. The walls are smoothed, pastel-toned or with a light wash of a greyish brown tone.

1�1 The amphora production

Among the amphorae, it is possible to distinguish two types, and their sequence is attested by the stratigraphic record: an amphora with an ovoid body, appearing in the ‘dumps’ directly related with the kiln identified in

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Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

the excavation and Dressel 14, in the extensive dump in Avenida João Soares Branco.

The first type, an amphora with an ovoid body, is characterized by a moulded rim, short, egg-shaped body and neck and handles of small dimension. Its formal characteristics resemble those of Baetican amphorae such as the Haltern 70 and the Dressel 7/11 (Figure 2, nos. 1-5).

Unfortunately, the excavation of the contexts of ceramic production of Parvoíce did not provide any elements that were of help in determining a chronology for its elaboration. But the best parallels we know correspond to the earliest products attested in Lusitanian pottery workshops, going back to the Julio-Claudian period (Fabião 2004) or even to the second half of the 1st century BC (Morais 2003).

In our initial research into the typology of these shapes, the lack of knowledge about these products led them all to be included within Dressel 14, and its earliest variant (A), because of its undeniable antiquity (Mayet and Silva 1998; Mayet and Silva 2002). The recent multiplication of studies of data from consumption centres where these first Lusitanian amphora models are quite well represented led us to reflect and follow Rui Morais’s and Carlos Fabião’s thesis that we have a production of ovoid amphorae similar to the ones produced in the area of the Bay of Cádiz during this phase (Morais and Fabião 2007).

At this point, investigating this proposal seems quite interesting and productive; we must remember that we are dealing with very fragmentary vessels, which limit the reading of the evolution of the full body of the container. Faced with such limitations and until we have more complete examples that allow us to define the first products from Lusitania, it seems safer to keep its classification open.

This volume is an opportunity to bring new elements about the early stages of these Lusitanian amphora productions into discussion.

Since the 1980s, the production of an early Lusitanian form similar to the one found in Parvoíce, Lusitania 12, has been assigned a date from the mid 1st century BC onwards (Diogo1987; Diogo and Faria 1990). However, the elements that allowed this classification were never clearly made public.

As to the issue of the beginning of the production of those first ovoid models, one of us (J. P.) recently had the opportunity to excavate well preserved contexts of late republican date that shed new light on this question.

The fortified settlement of Monte dos Castelinhos is located in Vila Franca de Xira in a prominent position above the Tagus Valley. It has singular characteristics. Apparently founded in the first half of the 1st century

Figure 1. Location of Alcácer do Sal on the map of Portugal and of the combustion structures detected in 1984 and in 2008.

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J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita: The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal)

BC, the site was the target of ample destruction already in the 1st century BC, possibly connected with the conflict between Caesar and Pompey. It is precisely in these layers

of sudden abandonment well dated to the early second half of the 1st century BC that we encounter the first Lusitanian amphorae.

Figure 2. Nos. 1 to 5: amphorae with an ‘ovoid shape’; nos. 6 to 8: Dressel 14 amphorae.

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Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Figure 3. Dressel 14 amphorae.

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J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita: The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal)

Figure 4. Coarse ware one-handled jugs.

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Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Their presence in these well-defined contexts categorically attests the beginning of amphora production of Roman typology in the West of the Peninsula in the late republican period (Pimenta forthcoming).

The second type of amphora is Dressel 14 (Class 20-21, Lusitana 2, Beltrán IVb), the typical Lusitanian amphora of the imperial period, and the container par excellence of Lusitanian fish products (Figure 2, no. 6-8 and Figure 3).

These amphorae are one of the most abundantly produced in Lusitanian pottery workshops between the mid 1st century AD and the early 3rd century AD, with several production centres identified in the Sado Valley. Its production is also attested in Peniche (Cardoso, Rodrigues and Sepúlveda 2006; Cardoso et al., in this volume), in the Tagus Valley and in Algarve (Fabião 2004).

1�2 Coarse-ware production

The great number of wasters of coarse pottery gathered in the dump areas, as well as in the interior of one of the kilns provides clear evidence for their production at the site. Although a minority when compared to the amphorae, the range of forms for domestic use includes jars, ewers, pots and frying pans. The production of storage containers is attested as well, although only by one dolium.

Among the coarse ware, there is one type that must be highlighted, a unique type of one-handled jug (Figure 4), which as far as we are aware does not have parallels in the Sado workshops. These vessels appear to be associated with the ovoid amphorae. They are characterized by a beveled, everted rim with a triangular profile, a tall, lightly concave neck, and a distinctive thick, wide handle bearing two groove-mouldings which is joined to slight thickening at the top of the neck. The body is apparently rather globular, but it was not possible to reconstruct a full example. This form appears in larger and smaller modules. Its function seems to be directly associated with the transport and handling of liquids.

The best parallels are found among the imported ceramics with light calcareous fabrics, possibly from production centres in Baetica from the middle of the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. This type of vessel is well attested at sites of late republican date, such as Cabeço de Vaiamonte (Monforte) (Fabião 1998), Cáceres El Viejo (Ulbert 1984) or Castelo da Lousa (Pinto and Morais 2005). There are also coarse ware parallels in the necropoles of the Alto Alentejo (Nolen 1985: e.g. nos. 61, 64, 65 and 67), with dates ranging between the second half of the 1st century and the 2nd century AD. A type of jug similar to these from the Roman anchorage in Praça D. Luís I in Lisbon has also been recently published (Parreira et al. 2013).

1�3 Production of construction material

Although poorly attested from a numerical point of view, some ceramic building materials were collected in the

dump levels, which allows us to consider they were also produced here. A quarter-circle column brick, lateres and tegulae were identified.

Final considerations

Despite the exiguity of the area that was subject to archaeological intervention in 2008, the existence of an area of pottery production right in the ancient nucleus of Alcácer do Sal has definitely been proven. Although the production centre of Parvoíce has been known in the bibliography since the mid 1980s and has even been included in the Roman town cartography in a widely distributed publication (Mantas 1990: fig. 3), it was not mentioned in the Luso-French cartographies of ceramic productions of the Sado Valley in the Roman period (Mayet, Schmitt and Silva 1996).

One of the most interesting questions related to the production centre of Parvoíce is precisely its location right in the suburbia of the Roman city of Salacia. These kilns were abandoned at a precise moment for reasons yet to be understood. This reality has parallels in the nearby city of Setúbal, possibly the Roman town of Caetobriga, where the production centre of Largo da Misericórdia shows evidence of a similar date and disposition (Silva 1996).

Are we dealing with a common dynamic correlated to the organization of the urban centres and the withdrawal of these industries from the cities’ pomerium? A delocalization could be related to security and fire prevention. In Alcácer do Sal, the production centre may have been moved eastward to Barrosinha, where a production centre is known (Mayet, Schmitt and Silva 1996).

Last, we cannot leave unmentioned that this production centre was not fully excavated but only glimpsed during an emergency archaeological intervention. In the future, it will be possible to develop a truly planned study project of the workshop integrated within the research program of the Museu Dom Pedro Nunes in Alcácer do Sal.

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