NewImperialism

Chs. 25 & 26

1800-1914

What is it?• Imperialism - Latin for Empire,

the domination by one country over the political, economic, and cultural life of another.

• New Imperialism

– Aggressive European expansion, w/ speed & nationalistic mania, 1870-1914.

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

•100x’s larger than Britain, the largest the world had known.•Ruled over 400 million people.•Every continent except Antarctica.•¼ of all the land & people lived under British rule.

Africa Asia

Why? The 4 C’s of Imperialism1. Commerce-Industrial Rev. created needs and desires;

natural resources/raw materials for factories and new markets to sell factory goods were needed = Economic Motives

2. Competition-colonies became essential to increase a nation’s status/prestige (nationalism), a rush to plant the flag = Political Motives

3. Christianity-most westerners took a paternalistic view of Africans and Asians. Europeans saw them as children in need of guidance and viewed it as their duty to spread the “blessing” of western civilization like religion, medicine, and law.

4. Civilization-many Europeans believed in Social Darwinism. They applied the idea of survival of the fittest to human societies believing in their own white European racial superiority.

Reasons for Success of New Imperialism• Weakness of nonwestern states

– Africa: slave trade and slave wars– Empires in decline: Ottoman Middle

East, Mughal India, Qing China• Western Advantages; the “Tools of Empire”

– Strong centrally Governed Nation-states – Strong Industrial Economies– Powerful militaries = armies & navies– Technology: machine guns, steam-driven warships– Medical Knowledge: Quinine conquered deadly tropical

diseases.• Resistance

– Some fought the invaders and some tried to strengthen their societies against outsiders with reform?

3 Forms of New Imperialism1. Colonies

– direct rule, France sent soldiers and officials to be in charge with a goal to impose French culture.

- indirect rule, Britain used local rulers and “westernized” their children by educating them in Britain to continue spreading British rule and civilization.

2. Protectorate - allows the nation to have its own government run by local rulers, but its policies are regulated by a foreign power

-costs less and needs a smaller military force

3. Sphere of influence – an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges; examples are China and Latin America.

• Describe what today’s historians call the “new imperialism.”

• What were the causes of the “new imperialism”?

• Why was western imperialism so successful?

• How did people resist western imperialism?

• What did critics of Imperialism argue?

• How did governments rule their empires (forms)?

By the end of the 1800s, imperialist powers of

Europe claimed control over most of Africa.

• Well into the 1800s explorers and missionaries were the only Europeans in Africa

• 1875 only 10% of Africa was ruled by Europeans & by 1900 90% was. Only Liberia & Ethiopia were independent.

• glorified stories of adventure, mystery and excitement in distant places led to mass appeal for Africa and Asia

• The most famous European explorer of Africa was Dr. David Livingston.

• Starting in 1840 he explored Africa for 40 years.

• believed that European rule in Africa was the best way to end slavery. It was outlawed in 1880.

Henry Stanley

• Found Livingstone in Zanzibar in 1871.

• “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

1880

1914

• King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the Congo River Basin

• It was his personal plantation for 30 yrs.

1884-1885 Berlin Conference

• Europeans decided that any country could claim land in Africa by setting up a government office

there and sending troops to occupy strategic points or locations that assured their control.

1880

1914

South Africa• The continents wealthiest

country

• best farmland in Africa

• the world’s leading producer of gold and diamonds

• The British took control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1806

• "Being an Englishman is the greatest prize in the lottery of life." – Cecil Rhodes

• native African people were living there, as well as, Dutch settlers called Boers.

• Pushed into Africa by the British they were forced to fight the Zulu’s for a place to live

• When gold and diamonds were discovered on their land the British moved in

• 1899-1902 the Boers fought the British

• Black S. Africans made up 75% of the population but had few rights and freedoms.

• In 1931 South Africa became independent

• Nationalism led to independence in Africa following WWII

• Most of Africa became independent in the 1960s

• Southern nations such as Angola, Mozambique, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa became independent much later

Imperialism in India

• Valued above all other colonies in the British Empire, and envied by other countries.

• A market of 300 million people

• Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli called it “The brightest jewel in her majesty’s crown.”

A Little History• 1498 Vasco da Gama of Portugal sailed

around Africa to India.

• At that time spices from India were being sold in Europe for 27x’s their worth.

• The Muslim Mughal Dynasty controlled India and kept Europeans in check.

• By 1700, maharajahs were starting smaller kingdoms

25.4 The British Take Over India. Despite Indian opposition, Britain gradually extended its control over most of India. Use the textbook to fill in notes on the following flowchart to show the events that

led to increased British control of India. Text pages 631-634.

1919: The Amritsar Massacre was a turning point for many Indians. 379 unarmed Indian protesters were killed and 1,100 wounded when fired upon. It convinced them of the evils of British rule.

Early 1600sThe British East India Co. won trading rights on the

fringe of the Mughal Empire.

mid-1800sThe Br. East India Co. controlled 3/5th of India.

Early 1800sBritish officials

introduced western education , legal

procedures, & pressed for social change.

Missionaries tried to convert Indians to

Christianity.

1850sBr. E. In. Co. required

sepoys to serve anywhere even

overseas. Passed a law allowing Hindu women to

remarry.

1857The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern

and central India.

1858 (2)Parliament ended the rule of the E. In. Co. & put India directly under

the British crown and set up a system of colonial rule . A viceroy rules.

1869British trade with India soars after the Suez

Canal opens.

1885Nationalist leaders form

the Indian National Congress calling for

greater democracy and eventual self-rule.

1906Muslims formed the

Muslim League talking of a separate Muslim state.

Early 1900sProtest and resistance to

British rule increased and more Indians demand complete

independence.

1947The goal of Indian independence is

achieved after a long struggle against the British and a bloody

conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

• The British East India Company built trading post & forts all over India.

• By 1757, they were the leading power in India and the British Gov’t didn’t interfere.

Sepoy Rebellion (May-Dec. 1857)• The company had

its own army staffed by Sepoys (Indian soldiers).

• A rumor started that the British-made rifle cartridges being used by the sepoys were sealed with beef & pork fat.

• A whole regiment was jailed by the British after refusing to use the cartridges.

• Sepoy in North India rebelled.

• British troops were sent in to help the company stop the one yr. revolt.

Results• 1858, the British gov’t took direct

command of India. - The Raj.• A Viceroy or governor-general now

ruled India• Parliament passed the Act for

Better Government of India (built schools, hospitals, bridges, dams, canals, railroads, and European style buildings).

Indians were discriminated against, forced to change their

ancient ways, & became second class citizens in India.

Indian Nationalism• In 1885, the Indian National Congress

was formed to lead the struggle for Independence.

• In WW I 1 million Indian soldiers fought along side Britain. Indian wheat feed soldiers

• Britain promised to support “the gradual development of self-governing institutions” in return

Suppression of Opposition

1.Indians could be arrested without cause and jailed without a trial

2.Gatherings of more than 5 people were outlawed

The Amritsar Massacre• April 13,1919: 10,000 unarmed Indians met

in Amritsar for a Hindu festival• 90 British troops under the command of

General Reginald Dyer blocked the entrance to the walled in festival and ordered his men to “shoot to kill.”

• He wanted to teach the nationalist a lesson and make a wide impression. “I have no regrets.”

• 400 Indians were killed and 1,000 were wounded in the 10 minutes of firing, the troops left without helping the wounded.

Result of the Massacre• Overnight millions of loyal British

subjects in India change into revolutionaries.

• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) brought together the Indian National Congress and the uneducated common people who had previously been uninterested in politics in the struggle for an independent India.

“A man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he

becomes.”

• "It is not nonviolence if we merely love those that love us. It is nonviolence only when we love those that hate us."

• "An eye for an eye makes the whole world go blind."           -M.K. Gandhi (1869-1948)

“Be the change that you want to see in the world.”

“My life is my message.”

“In a gentle way, you can shake the world.”

Imperialism in

China

Background• 1644 the last Ming Emperor hung

himself from a Locust tree.

• Ching (Qing) Dynasty ruled (1644-1911).

• It was a dynasty ruled by outsiders from Manchuria. Manchu rulers forced all Chinese men to shave their heads & braid their hair into a long pony tail.

• A land of 300 million people in 1800.

• In the 19th century, Great Britain was facing a huge trade deficit with China. There was a growing demand in Britain for Chinese products like tea, silk, and porcelain. China, on the other hand, felt itself to be self-sufficient and didn't really desire a great deal of what they considered inferior foreign products. As a result, purchases made from China were costing Britain millions in silver currency.

• The Chinese did not want to trade with Europeans.

• The British East India Company began to trade opium from India for Chinese goods at Canton.

•China’s gov’t was outraged when Opium use spread.

•Destroyed $6 million worth of opium in Canton.

Two Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) between the British and Chinese.

Results• The Treaty of Nanking.

• China was opened to foreign trade and diplomats.

• Britain was given Hong Kong.

• China was forced to make other unequal treaties with foreign powers.

• Japan, Russia, Germany, France, & the U.S. all gained Spheres of Influence (economic privileges) in China.

China was weakened• Widespread hunger/famine.

• 1852 the Yellow River flooded and a million starved.

• 1853 Taiping Rebellion – 20 million people died in 10 years.

Boxer Rebellion• 1899.

• A secret society that wanted to expel the Manchu and all other “foreign devils”.

An army of troops from eight nations put down the rebellion

Think about it

• Despite its losses in the 1800’s, China remained an independent country. Why was China not carved into colonies as Africa was?

Ch. 26 New Global

Patterns1800-1914

Imperialism in Japan

• For 250 yrs., Tokugawa shoguns est. peace

• allowed no contact with the industrialized countries of the world

• Only Dutch traders could trade at Nagasaki

• In 1853, four U.S. ships under Commodore Matthew C. Perry steamed into Tokyo harbor.

• He came to ask the Japanese to open up their country to foreign trade

Perry’s ships with cannons & rifles astounded the Japanese

• They gave in and signed a Treaty with the U.S.

Last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was overthrown

Japan built a modern nation to rival Europe

Feudalism was ended

• Emperor Meiji took over• A constitution was

adopted• The Diet was formed• “Open the country to

drive out the barbarians”• Studied foreign ways

and chose the best Western civilization had to offer

• Industry was modernized by Zaibatsu

• Military was modernized & Japan became imperialistic

189818981898

1854

1914

Japan

American Imperialism

18981898

The Spanish-American War ended in a crushing defeat for Spain. In the peace treaty ending the war, the U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

Built by the U.S. after backing a revolt by

Panamanians against Colombia, returned to

Panama in 2000.

In July 1853, a fleet of well-armed American ships commanded by Matthew C. Perry sailed into Tokyo bay with a letter from the President demanding Japan open ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange.

Japan

1854

After queen Liliuokalani tried to reduce foreign influence,

American sugar growers overthrew her and asked the U.S. to annex Hawaii.

1914

1898

Rudyard Kipling

• 1865-1936

• British poet born to a wealthy English family in Bombay, India

• Wrote a famous poem about imperialism called “The White Man’s Burden” in response to U.S. imperialism in the Philippines

26.5 Impact of ImperialismDuring the Age of Imperialism, a truly global economy emerged bringing with it both benefits

and challenges to every region of the world. Complete the chart below to describe the impact imperialism had on the world.

Impact of Imperialism

1. Economic A global economy emerged, dominated the west.

Profits went to the industrialized nations of the west.

People of Africa, Asia, and Latin America contributed labor and resources.

Economic dependency of once self-sufficient colonies. Local handcraft industries were destroyed Famines occurred in colonies that one fed themselves

3.PoliticalBy the early 1900, western-educated elites were

organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule in Africa and Asia.

Competition for imperial power was increasing tensions

among western powers.

In 1914 and 1939, imperialist ambitions contributed to the start of two world wars.

2. Cultural Western culture spread around the world.

Westernization became the “modern” ways subject peoples were forced to accept.Some non-westerners resented the pressure to modernize and resisted while others accepted the belief in western superiority.

Western cultures changed too. The Columbian Exchange picked up speed. Knowledge previously unknown to the west was uncovered.

Christianity spread.Missionaries built schools and hospitals and brought modern western medicine to colonies.

“The Age of European Domination”

• A Western-Dominated World

• Period of time lasting over 400 yrs. From the 1500s to the 1900s when Europe dominated much of the world.

• Herbert Spencer: The wealthy in society were superior and fitter than the poor, just as he believed some European nations were stronger than non-European. (Social Darwinism)

• Friedrich Nietzsche: Ubermenschen (superman) would rise above the common herd