A Western Dominated World

Imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, social and economic life of another country or region.

• “The sun never sets on the British Empire”

http://www.regiments.org/img/maps/bemap.gif

Industrial Revolution = Imperialism

• The Industrial Revolution greatly strengthened European economies and gave westerners new confidence.

• Thus, European nations started on a path of aggressive expansion known as the “new imperialism”.

Motives

• What is a motive?

• Why would European nations want to claim territories elsewhere in the world?

• How do they go about doing this?

Motive #1 Economic Interests

• The Industrial Revolution created a need for raw materials and natural resources.

• It also created a need for markets. Someone to sell their finished products to so they can make a profit.

• The newly claimed territories offered an outlet for the rapidly expanding empire. A new frontier. An adventure.

Motive #2 Political and Military Interests

• Tied to the Industrial Revolution all the new steam powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies.

• Nationalistic rivalries also encouraged many nations to expand for fear of becoming the “weaker” nation.

Motive #3 Social Reasons

• Many westerners felt a genuine obligation to “improve” the lives of others.

• Missionaries wanted to spread their religion. They built churches and started conversion.

• Europeans saw themselves as superior due to the fact that they had industrialized.

Superior Beliefs (Theories)

• The White Man’s Burden

• Social Darwinism

White Man’s Burden by Rudyard Kipling

• Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

• What is the white man’s burden according to the poem?

• How do you think the natives felt about this perception?

• The white man’s burden is a euphemism what does this mean?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden

Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwin's theory can be extended and applied to the social realm.

• The idea was promoted by Herbert Spencer

• Just as competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary change through "survival of the fittest", competition between individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies.

Do you agree with this statement?

• Within the human species, nations are locked in a struggle for survival. Everywhere, civilized nations are supplanting barbarous nations. Advanced civilization, obviously, has inherited valuable traits from its ancestors. Underdeveloped cultures, except in hostile climates, will soon die off. Therefore, natural order obligates powerful, civilized nations to appropriate the limited resources of the weak.

Social Darwinism

• Whether you agree or disagree Social Darwinism has been used as a justification for Imperialism.

• Powerful countries claim lands and subjugate peoples under the belief in Social Darwinism.

• The application of this theory has created racism.

How do the westerners take control?

• European nations were militarily superior.

• Most had stable governments.• They possessed superior weaponry (Maxim

machine gun).

• They had medical advances such as vaccines for deadly diseases.

Imperial Control• How do you think France or Britain

might control an area in the middle of the continent of

Africa?

Colonies

• Some countries sent out governors, officials and soldiers to run the colonies.

• Britain used indirect rule – the use of locals to govern.

• France used direct rule – the use of Frenchman to govern.

Protectorate Rule

• In a protectorate, local rulers are left in place. The ruler was however expected to accept the advice of the European advisors. (puppets)

Sphere of Influence

• An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading rights.

• China was carved out this way.

• It eliminates the to “take over” officially the region or area.

Create your own picture!

• Topic:

• European Imperialism

Imperialism in Africa

The Partition of Africa

• Partition = Divide

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/maps/africa1914.jpg

Africa at the height of European Imperialism.

http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/divdept/sscience/history/imperialism_colonialism.htm

Why Africa?• Africa is a huge continent, four times the size of

Europe.

• It contains many diverse cultures and regions. The people of Africa spoke 100’s of different languages.

• This vast continent also possessed many valuable natural resources and raw materials that were needed by the Industrialized nations of the world.

European Contact Increases• In the 1500’s and 1600’s the coastal areas

of Africa had been used for trading with other nations but the interior was considered uncharted territory.

• Africa was referred to as the “Dark Continent” because the interior was unknown.

• Technology encourages exploration and many Europeans took on the challenge of the unknown in Africa.

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”Stanley

• For 30 years Dr. Livingstone explored the continent as a missionary.

• He got to know many of the different cultures and fell in love with the beauty and nature of the lands.

• His perspective was one of the first that offered less bias.

• He proposed the ending of slavery and the opening up of Christianity for the peoples of Africa.

• He disappeared for a few years and upon the discovery of him in what is today Tanzania, Henry Stanley said

“Dr. Livingstone , I presume?”

The Great Scramble Begins!

http://us-africa.tripod.com/scramble.jpg

http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/scrambleafrica.htm

Berlin Conference 1884

• To avoid bloodshed and save money, European nations decided to sit down in Berlin at the table and carve out the map of Africa for themselves.

• The interesting part is that no Africans were invited.

Berlin Conference

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://

• “We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white man’s foot has ever trod. We have been giving away mountains and rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by small impediment that we never knew exactly where the mountains and rivers and lakes were.”

A British Politician

The Boer War 1899-1902

• Dutch Boers

• Versus

• The British

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War

Boer

Guerillas

• The Boers (Dutch farmers) resented British rule and had migrated north to found their own republics.

• In the late 1800’s the Boers discovered gold and diamonds and this set off the Boer War.

• In the end the British won, but at great cost.

• In all, the war had cost around 75,000 lives — 22,000 British soldiers (7,792 battle casualties, the rest through disease), 6,000-7,000 Boer soldiers, 20,000-28,000 Boer civilians and perhaps 20,000 black Africans.

Impact of the Boer War

• In 1910, the British took over the area and set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that remained in effect until 1993.

= apartheid

http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/images/1906LeopoldCaricPunch100dpi.jpg

Zulu Wars• The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.

• The British gave an unreasonable ultimatum to the Zulus on 11 December 1878.

• The 4,000 word ultimatum could not be met.

• The was lasted six months.

• 1,727 Zulus died 10,500 British died

Suez Canal

The Suez Canal located in Egypt is strategic because….

Cecil Rhodes and entrepreneur

• Cecil John Rhodes was an English-born businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa.

• He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%.

• He was an ardent believer in colonialism and imperialism, and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him. Rhodesia, later Northern and Southern Rhodesia, eventually became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively.

• South Africa's Rhodes University is named after him, and he is also known for the Rhodes Scholarship which is funded by his estate.

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/portrait/colonial-legacy_2.jpg

Cecil Rhodes “From the

Cape to Cairo”

1. Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s?

1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries

2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded

3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers

4. African unity was encouraged

2. After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

1. in need of land for their surplus populations

2. competing of raw materials and markets

3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world

4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

3. The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans

2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help

3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans

4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

4. In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.

Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?

1. socialism 2. isolationism 3. imperialism 4. monotheism

5. During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between European and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in

1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents

2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents

3. a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe

4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples

6. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to

1. provide jobs for the colonists

2. obtain raw materials needed for industrialization

3. impress the colonists with their technological knowledge

4. help missionaries spread Christianity