new design for sustainability in the hill road corridor precinct, … · 2014. 5. 13. · 31 foint...

Design for sustainability in the Hill RoadCorridor precinct, Millennium Parklands,Homebush Bay, Sydney, Australia

A,R. McCormickHassell Pty Ltd, Australia

Abstract

The Millennium Parklands site comprises nearly 500ha of highly disturbedlandscapes and sensitive habitats including woodlands, saltmarshes and intertidalwetlands. Once complete, the parklands wil~ be one of the largest metropolitanparks in Sydney, The initial stage of development was completed prior to theSydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The parklands played a majorrole in providing a setting for the games. The Sydney Olympics were known asthe Green Games, Sustainability was a key requirement of all Olympic projects.The design for the Millennium Parklands was used extensively to publicise howthe Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA) met its sustainability objectives.This paper focuses on how the Hill Road Corridor precinct of the parklands wasdesigned for water conservation and wetland habitat development. Locatedbetween the Athletes Village and the Olympic Stadium, the corridor was the siteof a former landfill and ordinance disposal area. The parklands areacknowledged as one of the greatest legacies of the Sydney 2000 OlympicGames. The design is widely regarded as a model for how degraded sites can bereturned to productive natural and cultural landscapes in major urban areas.

1 Introduction

A multidisciplinary team led by HASSELL was appointed to undertake theconceptual design of Millennium Parklands in March 1997. An extension to thiswork involved the design development of the water management infrastructureand wetlands of the Hill Road Corridor Precinct in September 1997, Furtherconcept refinement was done by team members in 1998/99, This paper drawsupon the work done by the team over this period. The team membership is listedin Appendix A,

© 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved.Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] from: The Sustainable City II, CA Brebbia, JF Martin-Duque & LC Wadhwa (Editors).ISBN 1-85312-917-8

A project such as the design of Millennium Parklands is complex, and thediversity of skiils available via the team assembled for the project was necessaryto ensure a holistic approach could be pursued and sustainable outcomesdelivered.

The Homebush Bay site selected for the development of many Olympicsporting venues and the Athletes Village was highly degraded. Some 160ha ofthe 760ha site was used for the mainly uncontrolled disposal of much ofSydney’s waste since the 1940’s. The residue of the site was developed for avariety of industrial uses including Sydney’s main abattoir and brick makingplants and the navy’s largest armaments depot. Chemical, building products andother manufacturing industries also existed on the site.

In addition to industrial pollution, the gradual filling of the bay/chanellisationof tributary waterways meant that about 80% of the land area at Homebush Baywas “new” lands ie, those derived from development.

A key principle in the development of the Homebush Bay site for theOlympic Games was the desire to decontaminate and reinstate the degradedlands.

For the Millennium Parklands, this meant not only the healing of the land butthe re-establishment of the ecology and sustainable natural processes of theestuarine landscape,

What made the design concept for Millennium Parklands novel was that theteam proposed a “program” concept as well as a “physical” concept. This wasaimed at providing a wider ownership or constituency for the parklands. Onethat extended beyond the obvious recreation consumer. The parklands were tobe used to tell the story of how degraded sites can be healed, habitats re-createdand natural processes reinstated.

The program envisaged the involvement of scientists, artists and thecommunity under the egis of the “Millennium Institute” to use the developingparklands for monitoring, research and inspiration. The Millennium Institutewas also to be the vehicle for the “virtual park” to involve distant interestedparties in the activities and evolution of the parklands. Such an initiative was totake advantage of the web based infrastructure, developed for the Sydney 2000Olympic Games, and extended to explore various parkland themes,

The design concept and some of the matters that led to its resolution, withparticular emphasis on water conservation are the subject of this paper.

2 Millennium Parklands design concept overview

2.1 Vision

The Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA) was committed to the delivery of aquality, visionary, ecologically sustainable and innovative design inthe development of Homebush Bay (Refer Figure 2, over page).OCA’S vision for the landscape design at Homebush Bay is stated asfollows,


Figure 1: The Hill Road Corridor is centrai}y located within the Homebush Baydevelopment area between the CNympic Village and major sportsfacilities. It comprises the initial stage of Millennium Parklandsdevelopment. The precinct is one of the most visible parts of theparklands and some two thirds of its length will comprise a parkdominated by water. The partly constructed forms of Haslams Creekand the freshwater wet\ands can be seen in this photograph.Photograph Skycam, 10 August 1998.


“Homebush Bay will be a place of recreation, sport, education, training,employment and industry. One can visualise all of Homebush Bay as a hugepark, a future park in which the interaction of development and landscapeenables a sustainable relationship between our society and our ecosystems, andat the same time is a place which fosters positive human exchanges.

The future park of Homebush must move beyond the concept of thepicturesque landscape, beyond images of embalmed nature, and beyond therealm of landscape as a spectacle for the masses. The landscape at HomebushBay is not intended to be experienced as a fixed element, nor an object of desire,but an on-going process of evolution”.

The concept developed for Millennium Parklands is to provide a place and aprogram which is treasured by the community for the opportunities it providesfor recreational, inspirational and educational experiences derived frominteraction with a diversity of distinctly Australian natural and cultural settings.The designers strove to deliver a design that not only responded to the inherentcomplexity of natural systems, but was an artful interpretation that helped tell thestory of the place in a setting of great beauty.

3 Hill Road Corridor

3.1 Context

Commissioning of the team to design the Millennium Parklands happenedrelatively late in the planning process for Homebush Bay. This wasunderstandable given the imperatives dictated by the requirements to delivermajor urban infrastructure capable of supporting the 2000 Olympic Games on asignificantly degraded site.

At the time of park concept team appointment, various governmentauthorities and private enterprise organisations were involved in a range ofprojects along the Hill Road Corridor. These were largely focused on dealingwith the resolution of single issues. In effect, those responsible for the variousprojects were lobbyists for realising their objectives with limited consideration ofissues beyond their immediate area of concern. What was to be the titure primeuse of the Hill Road Corridor (ie. as parklands) was not well represented at theproject “table” at that time.Progress was moving apace on many fronts which would have a significanteffect on the quality and function of the parklands. Some of the key projectsunderway at the time were as follows:● remediation of both contaminated soils and unexploded ordinance;● flood mitigation;● freshwater wetland habitat enhancement;● major road, busway and car park design;● Athletes Village design;c Olympic related sports facilities design; and● major services infrastructure design.


LEGEND

1, RECREATIONAL/ COMMERCIAL

2, COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL

3. RESIDENTIAL

4 GRASSLANDS

5 MANCROVE

6 ARCK3RY FIELD

7 INTENSIVE RE.13WATION

8 BRICK P2T

Y NEWINGTON FOREST

1(1 GQLF DSJVING RANGE

I I TENNIS CENTRE

12 BIC ,ENTENIIAL PARK SOUTH

13 BUS PARKING

14 HILL ROAD CAR PARK

Ii, RA5 FACILITIES 2° PARRAMATTA RIVF.R

i6 WATER STORAGE POND

17 TEMTORARY CAIWIVAL

18 PLAZA PARK

1c, OLYMWC VENUES

211 FRES14-WATER WETLAND

21, SALTWATER WETLAND

21, HASLAMS CREEK

23 HERITAGE BUILDINGS

24, NORnfmu-4 WATER ~ATIJRE

25. WASTE 2XEATMEhT V&ANT

26 OLYMPIC VILLAGE

27, NEMINGTON HOUSE

28 FUTURE HISTORIC SITE

1[) MILLENNIuM MARKER

31 FOINT PARK

12 FERRY TERMINAL

31 OLYMPIC PARK RAIL STAT[oN

34 MILLENNIUM ENTRANCE MARKER

75 NORTHERN VILLAGE AccESS RCIALI

36 TREILLAGE

37. NAW WHARF

3s. SL’H120L SITE

33. APARTMENTS

40, PARXVIEW CAF6

41, NORIH NEWINGTON GRASSLANDS

42, AUSTRALIA CENTRE

31

Figure 2: Millennium Parklands Illustrative Concept Plan (November 1997),


One of the first actions in the team’s appointment was to liaise with all theplayers and draw up a plan showing the extent and nature of committedproposals and stakeholder wish lists. The plan illustrated (notwithstanding theapparent large size of the corridor) there was insufficient room to accommodateall aspirations as they were being designed at the time. Additionally, it wasapparent there was not enough room to achieve parkland related functions andaspirations for sustainability.

3.2 Issuessummary

The design for the Hill Road Corridor had to address a variety of issues. Themain ones are overviewed below.

3.2.1 Flood managementDesigns for flood management required a greater channel capacity in a realignedHaslams Creek, greater flood plain storage and an overland flow path for floodmajor events. This posed constraints on channel size and ground levels.

3.2.2 Habitat replacementIn order to honour RAMSAR Convention and agreement obligations with Chinaand Japan, 8ha of freshwater wetlands needed to be accommodated, New habitatfor the endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) needed to becreated through the area to extend the frog’s core habitat beyond the brickpit.

3.2.3 Ath Ietes Village aspirationsConsultants on the village project had prepared plans outlining their aspirationsfor five water quality control ponds in the parklands, a hard edged ornamentallake and a “golf course” like setting for the parklands along the eastern boundaryof the Athletes Village. Limitations on grading across the village site posed bythe need to conform to the OCA access policy also had ramifications for groundlevels along the parklands/village interface.

3.2.4 SoilThe precinct was located on some of the most contaminated land on the site.Due to the presence of unexploded ordinance and random contaminants, thewhole area was excavated and the material replaced. The parklands in this areaare being developed on “new” (ie. remediated) land.

The nature of remediation works along the corridor resulted in the removal ofal1 soil. Additionally the millions of cubic metres of spoil generated fkom theconstruction of Olympic facilities had to be accommodated on the parklands site.This posed significant hurdles for grading design and the establishment of plantson the site.

3.2.5 RoadsPlans were well advanced for three roads across the corridor (Holker Road andNorthern and Southern Village access roads), These placed horizontal and


vertical design constraints in their vicinity.

3,2.6 Mosquito controlWetlands are the natural habitat of mosquitos. Opportunities to assist in thecontrol of rnosquitos via wetland design needed to be explored to reduce the riskof mosquito borne infection,

3,2.7 Olympic facilitiesCommitments had been made for training and recreation facilities associatedwith the Olympic Games, including warm up/warm down areas, training track,ball sports courts and possibly throwing sports training areas.

3.2.8 Irrigation water storageThe team recommended that 1OO-2OOM1of storage be accommodated in thecorridor for parkland use. This storage would be fed by catchments both in theparklands and adjacent to them (Hill Road Car Park and Athletes Village).

In addition to accommodating the plethora of uses/needs/aspirations of othersin the corridor, it was necessary to accommodate a range of recreation, educationand other park infrastructure needs (access, circulation, water supply, etc.) withina beautit%l setting consistent with the overall parklands design concept andsustainability objectives.

3.3 Design approach

The Hill Road Corridor was to be the first area within which the principles of theMillennium Parklands concept plan were to be applied at Homebush Bay. Thepark is organised into a series of ‘rooms’ defined by edges. The edges arecomposed of vegetated shelterbelts forming a circulation and spatial networkover the entire site. The designed elements within this network are of two basictypes: upland/landforms and lowland/wetlands,Given the extensive commitments already made for specific functionalrequirements for this area, the design challenge was to find a single expressionfor a wetland park which is both beautiful and provides a series of spaces andsettings for people’s recreation. Common to all the components of the site is thesinuous form of water movements and the gradation of vegetation types inrelation to the presence of water in the soil. The design uses this ‘language ofform’ which is inherent to water. The forms of all the components have beendrawn out into elongated curvilinear shapes following a sort of ‘grain’ generatedby direction of stream, flood and tidal iiows. The intended result is a wetlandpark which appears and fimctior,s as a wiified swath of lakes, ponds and streamsexpressing the presence and movement of water on the site (Refer Figure 3).


Figure 3: The expression of the sinuous form of water movement is complete inthe tidal portion of Haskuns Creek. This sinuosity of water elementstogether with the stratification of vegetation based on naturaloccurrences are the key unifying elements of the design for this areaof the parklands. Photograph Skycam, 10 November 2000.

3.4 Principal zones of Hill Road Corridor

The Hill Road Corridor forms a major gateway to the parklands. It extendsapproximately 4.35km, from the Hill Road/M4 Motorway intersection, to the endof Bennelong Road adjacent to the Parrarnatta River Ferry terminal. Thecorridor is linear in nature in both its form and the fimctions of the lowlands,which occupy its length.

Within the corridor three distinct landscape settings are connected by acomprehensive circulation system. These are Haslams Creek tidal wetlands, the


freshwater wetlands, and North Newington remediated Iandforms, The firststage of implementation involved establishment of these landforms, wetlandhabitats, tree planting and the movement systems.

The Hill Road Corridor has quite a large wetland component due to therealignment and expansion of Haslams Creek, freshwater wetland re-establishment and irrigation storages. The new Haslams Creek channel has amuch-eniarged flood capacity. Large areas for tidal exchange are provided alongwith new salt marshes and mangroves,

The freshwater wetland zone is also part of the overall flood channel but isseparated from the tidal waters of Haslams Creek. This area has two importantfunctions. One, is to generate at least 8ha of wetland ecosystem replacement.Another, is to accommodate a complex system of water storages to the harvestrunoff from the Athletes Village, Hill Road car park and the remainingwatershed, This area will contain a variety of water management facilitiesincluding irrigation storage ponds, water quality control ponds, wetland habitatponds and ornamental lakes linked by overland flows, gravity and pumped pipenetworks.

3.5 Some elements of Hill Road Corridor wetland park design

Key elements of the Concept Plan of interest to this conference are likely to be:● planting philosophy;● water management; and● wetIand development.These are overviewed in the following sections.

Figure 4: Hill Road Corridor Planting Strategy. Source: Bruce Mackenzie.

3.5,1 Planting conceptThe planting strategy proposed the arrangement of species according to anoverall ‘bowl-shaped’ cross section, This was typical of the cross section of theoriginal estuarine landscape. Flat, open water is typically at the centre with somefloating plants. Moving into shallower water, emergent macrophytes are locatedand extend up to an elevation about 500mm above the waterline, Movingupslope, the ‘edges’ or shelter belts proposed in the concept plan are composedof swathes of Melaleucas, which give way to Casuarina and eventuallyEucalyptus forest creating a high canopy over Hill Road. Due to the form of theland, these gradations of vegetation reinforce the form of the wetland system in


172 7/1(,.Sl{.)[[{ilmhl[’( i(l’ [/

long curvilinear shapes as well as providing the habitats required to supportpermanently resident, animals as well as migratory species. Refer Figure 4.

P]ant species used were drawn from a palette of plants native to the Sydneyregion with particular emphasis, where appropriate, on species endemic toHomebush Bay.

3.5.2 Wetland designThe wetlands compensate for the removal of wetlands that previously existed inthis area, which provided habitat for the Japanese Snipe and the Green andGolden Bell Frog. The wetlands also improve and maintain the quality of waterthat is stored within deep-water ponds and which will be used to irrigateMillennium Parklands.

Gras4 andForesl assoclaticr and heath

The key components of the wetland design are outlined below.

3.5.2.1 Deep water zones ( 1400mm deep minimum) These were provided inindividual wetlands for eight main reasons.

The deeper zones are not expected to be drained, and so provide habitat andrefuge for many species (fish, amphibians, and invertebrates) during droughtor draining operations. It is important to provide a suitable habitat for thesespecies because they are mosquito predators, and should be encouraged asan ecological component of mosquito management.The deeper water zones were identified as part of the preferred habitatrequirements of the migratory Japanese Snipe.Open water zones provide an aesthetic contrast to the macrophyte margins.Open water zones complement the water quality functions, which occurwithin shallow wetland zones.Mixing processes in open water (wind and thermal-induced currents)improve the hydrology of wetlands by reducing the impact of short-circuiting.Sedimentation processes occur in zones of open deep water.UV light penetration through the water column can reduce pathogenspresent in the water body, Open water also attracts bird life, which willinput pathogens and pollutants into the system.Deeper zones up to 2400mm would also enable better mosquito control.

3.5.2.2 Small and full berms Small (shallow) berms are incorporated into the


711<.~l/,s[(l;ll([/J/l>[’it?, [1 173

design to separate two wetland cells at the RL 101.0 level. This enables water tobe drained from two wetland cells using a common pump. It also facilitateswater circulation between wetlands.

Full berms completely separate wetland cells. They are designed to a level ofRL 101.5. This enables wetlands to be operated and managed in isolation,allowing selective draining and filling.

3.5.2.3 Batter design The maximum batter slope for landscape purposes is 1:5slope. This was determined to provide a balance between planting substrate andsafety considerations (gentle slopes) against other concerns such as increasingwater storage volume and minimizing mosquito habitat by using steep slopes. Aminimum longitudinal grade of 1:100 was adopted to drain the wetland.

A slope design on the edge of the deep-water zones steeper than 1:5 wasadopted in order to reduce the ability of reeds to encroach into the open waterzone. Species selection in this zone accommodated this. Plants that aggressivelyinvade deep water were not positioned on the edges of deep-water zones.

3,5.3 Water management conceptDevelopment of the concept design for the irrigation storages, wetlands, ponds

and transfer infrastructure was influenced by many factors, including:. parkland irrigation requirements;. Olympic Village requirements;. Waste Service site remediation requirements;. OCA requirements and commitments;. grading;● water transfer between storages, ponds and wetlands;● wetland operation; and. flood hydraulics.

3.5.3.1 Irrigation requirements Approximately 180ha of the parklands willrequire irrigation to some degree. This amounts to an estimated annual demandof between 650-1450 ML during the initial establishment period and 550-1200ML in the long term. These irrigation demands were calculated by a daily waterbalance model using 50 years of rainfall data. The range indicates the differencein demand between the wettest and driest years in this period.Stormwater harvesting was the most cost effective source for irrigation supply.A number of different catchment and storage capacity scenarios wereinvestigated to determine the optimum storage capacity. Due to space limitationswithin the Hill Road corridor, the maximum storage attainable was estimated tobe approximately 120 ML. This constitutes a storage depth of 6,3m. While thisis short of the total requirement, itwould be augmented by water sourced fromthe Water Recycling and Management Scheme (WRAMS) which collectedstormwater and grey water from other site activities. This is stored, cleaned anddistributed throughout the Homebush Bay site for use in irrigation, toilets andother suitable uses.


3.5,3.2 Proposed pond/wetland configuration Wetlands and WQCPS weredesigned in accordance with the EPA guidelines “Managing Urban Stormwater”.They have an elongated sinuous form. Depths of macrophyte planting zonesvary between 0.1- 0.4m and the depth of deep water zones between 1.4- 2.5m tolimit the occurrence of mosquitoes, WQCPS were designed with maintenancepipes to enable them to be emptied as required.

The inlets to the irrigation storages are drop structures which discharge waternear the base of the storage. A minimum of 1 m depth of water is maintained inthe storage at all times.

3.5.3.3 Proposed water transfer between storages The success of stormwaterharvesting in supplying irrigation demand is dependent on the amount of runoffthat can be diverted into the irrigation storage. The Hill Road car park and thecatchment north of the corridor drain directly to the irrigation storage ponds. Tomaximise the runoff collected, outflows from the GPT’s within the AthletesVillage were piped to the WQCPS adjacent to the lake.

The obstruction of the Holker Street floodway crossing necessitated a facilityto equalise the two irrigation storages to maximise the total storage capacity.

Filling and draining issuesInlet pipes into the wetland were located in the deep-water zone of the wetlandcells to avoid erosion if the cells are filled from the shallow zone. Once full,water can enter the wetlands from either the shallow or deep zone.

By filling from the deep end, fish would be pushed up into the shallow zones,which is desirable as they feed on mosquito larvae. However, the ability to flushlarvae and move fish is dependent on vegetation density. In areas of densevegetation invertebrates help to control mosquito populations.

The wetland is drained through pumps positioned in the deeper zones.

Drain ingfor mosquito managementA draining cycle of seven days was initially proposed to control mosquitoes.The logic behind the strategy was to obstruct the mosquito reproduction cycle, sobreeding would not occur. However, the impact of repeated draining and fillingwith such frequent turnover was found to adversely effect the survival of mostflora and fauna within the wetland. As fish are predators of mosquito larvae,they were used as a key controller of mosquitos.It was found to be more effective and ecologically sustainable to conduct weeklymonitoring/surveillance of mosquito presence as part of the regular maintenanceoperation, and only drain the wetland when a problem occurs.

3.5.3.4 Planting zones Three main plant zones were used within the wetlands.

Wetland edge zoneThe edge zone occurs between RL 101.35 and RL 101.7 (ie. it starts just belowthe top water level and extends approximately one metre up the bank). Thewidth of this zone depends on the slope of the batters, however a bandwidth of


7JIL’.$’lLYloi}?f//)/f?( ‘i/j // 175

one metre was generally used irrespective of the slope, in order to reduceirrigation requirements. Plants that are planted away from the water requiredirrigation until established.

Consideration was also given to the low water levels expected during initialplant establishment. immediately after planting of the shallow wetland zones themaximum water level within the ponds was 100 mm. Hence, the edge plantswere further away from the water. Because of this, either the timing of the edgeplantings was delayed until the water levels were increased. or the plants were tobe irrigated.

Shallow’ wetland zoneThe shallow wetland zone is the largest zone within the wetlands. Itencompasses approximately seven eighths of the total area (7ha). The waterdepth varies from 100 to 400mm (RL 101.3- RL 101.0). This zone is dominatedby emergent reed species, some growing as tall as 2-3 metres. Duringestablishment, temporary berms were used within this zone. Initial water depthswere monitored so they did not exceed 100mm, to ensure two thirds of the plantstems remained above water,

Deep poolsApproximately 1ha of the total wetland area is deep-water pools. The depths ofthese pools are between 1400mm and 2500mm. These areas are open water withno plant growth. This is designed to attract bird life. As the birds land on thesewater bodies and then move into the shallow wetland zones, there was stronggrazing pressure on the plants on the edge of the deep water zones. This effectedplant growth and establishment and required control during the initial phases ofimplementation.

4 Postscript

This project demonstrates the importance of applying the expertise of amultidisciplinary team led by landscape architects as designers who can envisagean end product that deliver sustainability in urban areas by going well beyondsatisfying individual utilitarian and functional objectives alone.

Designers informed by an understanding of a wide range of issues can delivera result that is greater than the sum of its parts. This understanding is achievedthrough the application of the expertise of a range of technical specialists on theteam. While ecologists may be able to deliver a sustainable wetland andengineers could deliver cost effective water management system, neither will aresult that is sustainable across a diversity of parameters. Moreover, other valuesWCh as beautiful parkland that responds to a multiplicity of communityaspirations will not result, unless solutions are directed by good designers with awide view.

Such a process also requires that the technical experts are able to look beyondthe immediate bounds of their area of specialist expertise to both understand andhelp resolve wider issues that have an effect on achieving a holistic solution.


The members of Millennium Parklands Concept Plan team were united intheir enthusiasm to deliver an exceptional result via collaborative effort. It was apleasure to work with them and I am grateful for the experience.

A similar approach is recommended in major urban parkland design anddevelopment on other degraded brownfields sites.

Further Reading

[1] Bull, DrCatherin(1999) “Millennium Parklands: A Landscape of Hope” inLand Forum 04 Spacemaker Press.

[2] Duncan, Peter (1998) Millennium Parklands Changes and Challenges inRecreation Provision.

[3] HASSELL Pty Ltd (1997a) Millennium Parklands Concept Plan IssuesReport, unpublished report for the Olympic Co-ordination Authority.

[4] HASSELL Pty Ltd (1997b) Millennium Parklands Cost Plan Report,unpublished report for Olympic Co-ordination Authority.

[5] HASSELL Pty Ltd (1997c) Millennium Parklands Cost Plan Report,unpublished report for Olympic Co-ordination Authority.

[6] HASSELL Pty Ltd (1997d) Millennium Parklands Hill Road CorridorWetlands Design Development Report, unpublished report prepared forOlympic Co-ordination Authority.

[7] HASSELL Pty Ltd (1998a) Millennium Parklands Concept DevelopmentReport, unpublished report prepared for Olympic Co-ordination Authority.

[8] Kinhi]l (1997), Water Balance Modelling Summaty Report, unpublishedreport,

[9] McCOO1,Dr Stephen (1998) Notes from Public Lecture on Park Planning,Marriott Hotel, 27 August 1998.

[1O]NSW Department of Planning (1993) Better Drainage: Guidelines for theMultip/e Use of Draitrage Systems, report prepared by Land Systems EBCPty Ltd.

[11] NSW Environment Protection Authority (1996) Managing UrbanStormwater: Strategic Framework; Treatment Techniques and ConstructionActivities draft reports in 3 volumes.

[12] NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (1997) Regional Parks PolicyStatement.

[13] Olympic Co-ordination Authority (1996) Olympic Co-ordination AuthorityEnvironmental Policy,

[14]Bruce Mackenzie Design Pty Ltd (1999) Millennium Park/ands Site WidePlanting Strategy, unpublished report prepared for the Olympic Co-ordination Authority.

[15] Sydney Olympic Bid 2000 Ltd (1993) Environments/ Guidelines for theSummer Olympic Games.


The .Ymtaimble [Tip 11 177

Appendix A: Millennium Parklands Concept Plan TeamMembership

HASSELLPeter Walker and PartnersBruce Mackenzie Design

Jeff FloydOld Cassowary Consulting

Kinhill Engineers Pty LtdFathom ConsultingHM Leisure Planning Pty Ltd

Northcroft QS Partnership

Barry Webb & AssociatesNatural & Cultural Heritage Pty

LtdRH Amaral and AssociatesFluid Flow Pty Ltd

Sydney Environmental and SoilLaboratoryAustralian Wetlands

Turforce

Barry MitchellChris Grubb

Principal Consultant and DesignersDesignDesignBenchmark - Park ManagementBenchmark - Conservation

EngineeringEMP and EnvironmentRecreation

Cost PlanningLighting, Solar and Communications

Environmental Education and Interpretation

LandtllIrrigation

Soils

Wetlands

Native GrassesIllustrationsIllustrations


new design for sustainability in the hill road corridor precinct, … · 2014. 5. 13. · 31 foint...

Documents