March 11, 2005 Benasque

Neutrinos Theory Neutrinos Theory

Carlos Pena Garay

IAS, Princeton

~

References References

Neutrino Unboundhttp://www.nu.to.infn.it/

Massive Neutrinos : Dirac Massive Neutrinos : Dirac

(p,h) (p,-h)CPT

(p,h)(p,-h)CPT

Boost, if m ≠ 0

Boost, if m ≠ 0

Standard Model + right handed Standard Model + right handed

... h.c. m

h.c. cos2

-

cos2i

i

0

ii

iijiW

iiW

ii

WUlg

Zg

L

)1(2

1

)(2

vm

5,

LR

RLLR

P

vvvvy

Standard Model + right handed Standard Model + right handed

... h.c. m

h.c. cos2

-

cos2i

i

0

ii

iijiW

iiW

ii

WUlg

Zg

L

)1(2

1

)(2

vm

5,

i

LR

RLLRii

P

vvvvy

Parameters : Dirac Parameters : Dirac

100

0

0

0

010

0

0

0

001

1212

1212

1313

1313

2323

2323

321

321

321

cs

sc

ciδes

iδesc

cs

sc

UUU

UUU

UUU

U

τττ

μμμ

eee

i

im

20

ij 002 mΔ 02 MΔ0m

Exercise

2

22

2

22

2

2

)(

322**

)(4

)(

~

2

),(

E

mLL

E

mi

jjii

tEpxi

pp

pi

ji

x

ji

ip

i

eeUUUUvP

eedp

tx

Osc. 24l 4

l If2

2

coh2osc

m

E

m

Ex

Wave packets : Neutrino osc. Wave packets : Neutrino osc.

Relativistic neutrinos :

Same result

npropagatio Incoherent Ll if

nsoscillatio average Ll if

coh

osc

Coherent neutrino emission in plasma : Interrupted by e.m interactions of the source particles (pressure broadening)

Reactor : e.m. interactions of produced e-

Accelerator : time scale of weak interactions

(Sun) 1010 Km 104.1~3

231

~v

l~ 1112

322

21

2/3

17

2

222

21 Km

cmN

ZZ

MeVT

m

mT

eZZT

Nx

or)(Accelerat Km 10~

(Reactor) Km 10

3

9

c

Size of the wave packet Size of the wave packet

Only the difference of potential is relevant

Net effect :

i

0

vei

e

Nee

Nee

eF NG2

2lmatt

eFeeeF NGeepdvv

GH 2 )1( T),f(E )1(

25e

35int

Matter effects Matter effects

Some Neutrino SourcesSome Neutrino Sources

Km 10 Km 10-10 Km 10-10 Accel

Km 10-10 Km 10-10 Km 10-10 Atmos

Km 10 Km 10 ,10 Km 10 1, React

Km 10 Km 1010 Km 10-10 Snova

Km 10 Km 1010 Km 10-10Solar

2

2l 24l

4l

4181632

4322145

4862

1048-711-

2753

ematt2

2

coh2osc

eF

xNGm

E

m

E

SolarSolar

),2solsolae mP(Δ)νP(

Neutrino spectrum%1

%10%10

%5.1

%16%20

?

e

AtmosphericAtmospheric

),2ATMATMMP(Δ)νP(

Reactor : …,Chooz/Palo Verde,…Reactor : …,Chooz/Palo Verde,…),( 2

choozatmee MΔP)ννP(

%7.2%8.201.1 R

Reactor : …,KamLANDReactor : …,KamLAND),( 2

sunsunee mΔP)ννP(

Accelerator : K2KAccelerator : K2K),2

ATMATMMP(Δ)νP(

LSND, MinibooneLSND, Miniboone

e

8GeVBooster

magnetic hornand target

decay pipe25 or 50 m

LMC

450 m dirt detectorabsorber

e

0.64.229.87

Proton beam producing

)( eN

MeVEMeV 6020 md 30

GeVEGeV 15.0 md 500

The Neutrino Matrix :SM + The Neutrino Matrix :SM + massmassALL oscillation neutrino data BUT LSND

)2.8( 3.9eV10

3.725

2m

Δ

)2.2( 6.3eV10

M6.1

23

2

Δ

3 ranges

81.056.074.044.053.020.0

82.058.073.042.052.019.0

20.000.061.047.088.079.0

||||||

||||||

||||||

||

321

321

321

τττ

μμμ

eee

i

UUU

UUU

UUU

U

(0.39) 60.0tan0.28 122

(1.0) 1.2tan0.51 232

(0.005) 041.0sin 132

The Neutrino Matrix : SM + The Neutrino Matrix : SM + massmass

ALL oscillation neutrino data BUT LSND

)1(2

1)cos1(

2

1)cos1(

2

1

)1(2

1)cos1(

2

1)cos1(

2

1

)1(2

1)1(

2

1

~||

iU

04.023.0 06.000.0

12.01cos1

1 ranges

SM + SM + massmass

0001.00009.0

Neutrinos: Cosmological dark matter to be discovered

eV) 1( 03.0~

If lowest mass is negligible, and normal hierarchy

If highest mass is 1 eV

PlanPlan

I. Neutrinos as Dirac Particles

II. Making Neutrinos

III. Neutrinos as Majorana Particles

Neutrino SourcesNeutrino Sources

Reactor

Accelerator

Cosmic Neutrino BackgroundCosmic Neutrino Background

56 cm-3 at 1.9K (0.17 meV)

Possible mechanical effect : torque of order GF if target and neutrino background are polarized (Stodolsky effect) and net neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry

Still far from observability, awaiting for future technology

Neutrinos from Thermal PlasmaNeutrinos from Thermal Plasma

BremsstrahlungBremsstrahlung

Photo (Compton)Photo (Compton) Plasmon decayPlasmon decay Pair annihilationPair annihilation

Solar (thermonuclear) NeutrinosSolar (thermonuclear) Neutrinos

SK, SNOClGa

Thermonuclear NeutrinosThermonuclear Neutrinos

GeoneutrinosGeoneutrinos

Site U

(106 cm-2s-1)

Th

(106 cm-2s-1)

Kamioka 3.7 3.2

GS 4.2 3.7

Sanduleak Sanduleak 69 69 202202

Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud Distance 50 kpcDistance 50 kpc (160.000 light years)(160.000 light years)

Tarantula NebulaTarantula Nebula

Supernova 1987ASupernova 1987A 23 February 198723 February 1987

Stellar Collapse and Supernova ExplosionStellar Collapse and Supernova ExplosionCollapse (implosion)Collapse (implosion)ExplosionExplosionNewborn Neutron StarNewborn Neutron Star

~ 50 km~ 50 km

Proto-Neutron StarProto-Neutron Star

nucnuc 3 3 10101414 g cm g cm33

T T 30 MeV 30 MeV

NeutrinoNeutrinoCoolingCooling

Neutrino Signal of Supernova 1987ANeutrino Signal of Supernova 1987A

Within clock uncertainties,Within clock uncertainties,signals are contemporaneoussignals are contemporaneous

Kamiokande (Japan)Kamiokande (Japan)Water Cherenkov detectorWater Cherenkov detectorClock uncertainty Clock uncertainty 1 min1 min

Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (US)Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (US)Water Cherenkov detectorWater Cherenkov detectorClock uncertainty Clock uncertainty 50 ms50 ms

Baksan Scintillator TelescopeBaksan Scintillator Telescope(Soviet Union)(Soviet Union)Clock uncertainty +2/-54 sClock uncertainty +2/-54 s

Limits on Supernova Relic NeutrinosLimits on Supernova Relic Neutrinos

Super-Kamiokande

MeV 19.3 (90%CL) scm 1.2 -1-2 e

Ando et al (2004)

Atmospheric NeutrinosAtmospheric Neutrinos

+

Undiscovered neutrino sourcesUndiscovered neutrino sources

Neutrinos fromthe Sun

Neutrinos fromthe Earth

GRBs?

by Eli Waxman

Sources above 10GeV Sources above 10GeV

Sources above 10GeV Sources above 10GeV

90% CL upper limits in 10-8 cm-2s-1 for E-2 spectrum

from AMANDA II (2000-2002)

E-2.7

E-3.0

Flavor ratio for far Flavor ratio for far sources sources

basisflavor in 1:1:1 with end We

10%) ~precision (present basis massin 1:1:1 with end We

) 1 ,cossin ,sincos ( 0,2

||2||)(

separate packets wave: eDecoherenc

0:2:1 start with We

122

122

122

122

1323

22

ieii

i

UU

Man-made Neutrino Sources : ReactorsMan-made Neutrino Sources : Reactors

E

Lm27.1sin2sincos

E

Lm27.1sin2sin1P

212

122

134

213

132

ee

Goal : Measure

Man-made Neutrino Sources : AcceleratorMan-made Neutrino Sources : Accelerator

• conventional beams / superbeams

• -beams• neutrino factories