neuron-based communications challenges dr. olga kara nano communication centre department of...
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Neuron-based CommunicationsNeuron-based CommunicationsChallenges Challenges
Dr. Olga KaraNano Communication Centre
Department of Electronic and Communication EngineeringTampere University of Technology
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Neuron-based communication in Neuron-based communication in NeurotechnologyNeurotechnology
RoboticsHuman spare parts
Human-computer interactionInformation technology
Effective resource managementSelf-organization
Memory storage and retrieval
Neurotechnology is an integration of neurobiology with information technology and engineering
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Robotics and nanoroboticsRobotics and nanorobotics– Robotic vision is one of the most
complex sensory system that takes around 1/3 of human cortex
– Robotic today need camera and huge computational power
– Neurons simplify visual processing, by compressing information at the source and apply specific encodings in a form of spikes.
– To resolve the problem of high speed motor control
– Decision making-The complex network of single biological nano-units – neurons able to solve the complex problems in milliseconds by separating the problem into small problem and resolving them without understanding of global picture.
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Bionics - robotic spare partsBionics - robotic spare parts
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NanoroboticsNanorobotics• Neurodust by Michel Maharbiz from
Berkeley
• We need some system that will be able to record simultaneously thousands of individual neurons in multiple brain areas.
• Communication???
Dr. Michel Maharbiz: Neural dust system diagram showing the placement of ultrasonic interrogator under the skull and the independent neural dust sensing nodes dispersed throughout the brain.
Source: arXiv:1307.2196v1
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-08-world-itskov-futurists-convene-gf2045.html#jCp
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Human Computer InteractionHuman Computer Interaction• Information System Research
– Microsoft – research on the potential of neuroscience
• Cognition• Usability engineering (implement real-time
ergonomic for adaptive fitting of the task to the user). Embedded nanodevices?
• Artificial intelligence (neurochip with real neurons instead of computer components?)
• Diagnostic and monitoring
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Information processingInformation processing• Neuron networks perform effective
information processing and transfer• Information coding, transfer and
decoding• Information theory
– Neural system as a communication channel
– Neural coding: how the activity of neuron (measured as output) represent input?
– When neurons face with new information they will try to develop a strategy to encode this information and store it for later usage.
– The mechanism of information compression…
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Sensory information processing performed on many levels
Information processingInformation processing
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Neural circuitsNeural circuits• Neurons are interconnected
with one another to form circuits with dense synaptic connectivity to process specific information.
• Circuits regulate itself by feedback loop.
• Many neural circuits together form a neural system (as many electronic circuits together form a computer)
Afferent (sender)Afferent (sender)
Interneuron - modulator with
inhibitory properties
Interneuron - modulator with
inhibitory properties
Efferent (receiver) -carry information away from the cell
body
Efferent (receiver) -carry information away from the cell
body
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Information coding
Information coding
Information transmissionInformation transmission
Information receiving
Information receiving
Information decoding
Information decoding
Syntesis Release Reception Processing
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Information processing in postsynaptic Information processing in postsynaptic neuron (receiver) neuron (receiver)
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Resource managementResource management• Effective resource management in the brain
– Two targets can be processed simultaneously even in a limited information capacity situation
– T1 – presented first and occupied short term memory for 500ms, T2 may not be seen
• Brain can be adjusted by training the neurons to effectively distribute brain resources
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Self-organization, adaptation and Self-organization, adaptation and learninglearning
• Neurons self-organized in an effective communication network during the development
• Communication within and between network parties– Principles and
mechanism of this process will help to develop effective communication network between nano devices
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Neuronal plasticityNeuronal plasticityNeuronal plasticity is a fundamental property of the
neuronal tissue. This enables learning and adaptation.
• Activity in neurons can strengthen or weaken signalling at a synapse.
• High activity of neuron leads to recruitment of more axon terminals from the same neuron. Reduced activity leads to loss of synapses.
• If two synapses are active at the same time, the strength of the postsynaptic response may increase at both synapses, mediated by long-term potentiation.
• Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons as a results of synchronous stimulation
• LTP plays a major role in memory formation, that thought to be related to the modification of synaptic strength
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MemoryMemory
• Memory is attributed to strengthened synaptic connections among particular brain neurons, yet synaptic membrane components are transient, whereas memories can endure. This suggests synaptic information is encoded and ‘hard-wired’ elsewhere, e.g. at molecular levels within the post-synaptic neuron.
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Memory storage and retrievalMemory storage and retrieval• memory is the process in which
information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Encoding or registration: receiving, processing and combining of received information
• Storage: creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
• Retrieval, recall or recollection: calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
• 1 Sensory memory• 2 Short-term memory• 3 Long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Cytoskeleton : actin filaments, microtubuline and intermediate
filaments establish the form of neuron, maintains synaptic connections. It is a part of eukaryotic (absent in bacteria) cells cytoskeleton.
• In the brain tubulin account for 10-20% of all soluble proteins.• Microtubules are hollow tubes formed from tubulin molecules• Microtubule is electrically polar structures composed of α and β
subunits (which can be a different subtypes, located at different parts of the cell and involved in different functions (mutation may lead to a loss of some specific function (sensitivity in nematode)).
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MicrotubulesMicrotubules• Microtubules are dynamically instable and undergo
rapid cycles of growth and shrinkage • Microtubules constructed of α/β heterodimers (α
and β subunits of tubuline) that compose a protofilament s, and form a hollow tubule (24 nm)
• α-tubuline is bound to DTP
• β is bound to GDP in microtubule (as it will hydrolyze from GPT to GDP during the binding process).
• The β tubuline + GTP at the end is called “GTP cup” that will be hydrolysed by binding – the rescue process.
• If GTP at the end hydrolysed without binding the shrinkage will occur - catastrophe
• The number of protofilaments can be different from 10 to 15. In mammalian cells is usually 13
• Microtubules are interconnected by linking proteins (microtubule-associated proteins: MAPs) to other microtubules and cell structures to form cytoskeletal lattice networks
• Microtubule dynamics – growth and shrinkage rates,– rescue and catastrophe frequencies,– sometimes supplemented by pause
duration.
MT formation can be regulated by calcium signals