neurobiology of addiction and craving: advances in our understanding scott e. lukas, ph.d. director,...

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Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory McLean Hospital Professor of Psychiatry (Pharmacology) Harvard Medical School Neurobiología de la Adicción y el “Craving”: Avances en su Comprensión Simposium Innovación en Neurociencia de las Adicciones

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Page 1: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Neurobiology of Addiction and

Craving: Advances in our Understanding

Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

McLean HospitalProfessor of Psychiatry (Pharmacology)

Harvard Medical School

Neurobiología de la Adicción y el

“Craving”: Avances en su Comprensión

Simposium Innovación en Neurociencia de las

Adicciones

Page 2: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

These studies were supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Grants DA03994, DA11098 and DA00343.

Estos estudios fueron patrocinados por el National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)Grants DA03994, DA11098 and DA00343.

Page 3: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction Introducción• We are beginning to understand the “reward” circuitry in the brain.

• A number of neurotransmitters are involved in reward and many different drugs share reinforcing effects.

• Estamos empezando a entender el circuito de recompensa cerebral.

• Varios neurotrasmisores están involucrados en la recompensa y muchas drogas comparten efectos reforzadores.

Page 4: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction• “Craving” or urge to use drugs accounts for the “loss of control” that can lead to abuse.

• New developments in imaging technology allow us to see these changes in brain function.

Introducción

• “Craving” es la urgencia o necesidad de consumir la droga que lleva a una “pérdida de control” que puede conducir al abuso

• Nuevos hallazgos en la tecnología de imágenes nos permite ver cambios en las funciónes del cerebro.

Page 5: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction

• It is a psychiatric condition

• Out of control urges and desires for the drug

• Significant differences in mood swings may lead to experimentation

• Tolerance and dependence are hallmark effects

Introducción

• Es una condición psiquiátrica

• Impulsos y deseos descontrolados

• Diferencias significativos en cambios de humor pueden terminar en

experimentación• Tolerancia y dependencia son efectos fundamentales

Page 6: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

IntroductionWe will discuss the

following topics:1) Reward circuitry.

2) EEG Markers of marihuana craving in adolescents and adults.

3) fMRI measures of cocaine craving.

4) fMRI measures of non drug reinforcers.

IntroducciónVamos a discutir los siguientes temas:1) Circuito de recompensa

2) Marcadores EEG del deseo por la marihuana en adolescentes y adultos

3) Medidas del “craving” por la cocaína por fMRI

4) Medidas de reforzdores diferentes a las drogas por fMRI

Page 7: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Basic brain circuitry in addiction

Circuitos cerebrales en adicciones

Page 8: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Alimentos

Agua

Sexo

Alimentos del Alma

Natural Rewards

Food

Water

Sex

Nurturing

Reforzadores Naturales

Page 9: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

AdicciónAddiction

• A state in which an organism engages in a compulsive behavior.

• Behavior is reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable).

• Loss of control in limiting intake.

• Estado en el cual el organismo adopta una

conducta compulsiva

• Comportamiento es reforzador

• Pérdida de control para limitar la ingesta.

Page 10: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Brain Electrical Activity (EEG)

Actividad Eléctrica Cerebral (EEG)

Page 11: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

EEG

• Electrodes applied to scalp

• Amplifies small electrical currents generated by the brain.

• High speed computers used to create topographic EEG maps.

• Electrodos aplicados al cuero

cabelludo.

• Amplifica pequeñas corrientes electricas

generadas por el cerebro.

• Usa computadoras de alta velocidad que crean

mapas topográficos

Page 12: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Joystick

Questionnaire Monitor

Cocaine Delivery Device

EEG Laboratory Setting

Drinking tube

Brain Imaging

Computer

EEG Polygraph

Blood Withdrawal Pump

Experimental ChamberComputer

67

11890

EKG/BP/°C

Escena del Laboratorio del EEG

Cámara de experimentación

Bomba de extracción sanguíneaComputadora de

imágenes cerebrales

tubo de beber

Computadora

Page 13: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Cue Reactivity and Drug Abuse

Reactividad a las Señales y Abuso de Droga

Page 14: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Effects of Drug Cue Exposure on Cue Reactivity Measured by Event-Related

Potential Responses in Marihuana-Dependent Adolescents

L.D. Nickerson, J.R. Berko, J.M. Rodolico and

S.E. Lukas

Supported by NIDA T32 DA15036-03 and KO5 DA00343

Efectos de la exposicion a Señales de Drogas en mediciones de Reactividad por Señal en base a

respuestas potenciales relacionadas a eventos en adolescentes dependientes a la Marihuana.

Page 15: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction Introducción

• Adolescent marihuana use is at one of highest levels since 1979.

• A major problem for treatment is that teens must return to an environment strongly associated with drug use.

• El nivel de uso de marihuana entre

adolescentes es uno de los mas altos desde

1979.

• El problema con el tratamiento es que los

adolescentes regresan a un ambiente fuertemente asociado con el uso de

drogas.

Page 16: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction• Studies of cue reactivity and cue- induced craving in adolescents are crucial for understanding adolescent drug use.

• Estudios de reacción a los

estímulos y craving inducido por señales son cruciales

para entender el abuso de marihuana en

adolescentes.

Introducción

Page 17: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Design Diseño

• Marihuana-dependent adolescents (13-18 years old).

• Recruited from the

Adolescent Residential Treatment Program at McLean Hospital.

• Adolescentes dependientes de

marihuana (13-18 años de edad).

• Reclutados del Programa de

Tratamiento Residencial Adolescente en el Hospital McLean.

Page 18: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Design• Study approved by the IRB and all participants gave informed consent.

• Up to five ERP laboratory visits to study response to drug pictures after exposure to drug paraphernalia and to neutral objects.

• El estudio esta aprobado por el IRB y los participantes dieron su consentimiento informado.• Se requieren hasta cinco visitas al laboratorio ERP para estudiar la respuesta producida al ver imagenes de drogas, luego de ver objetos relacionados con drogas y objetos neutrales.

Diseño

Page 19: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Design

Neutral items: paper clips, paper, pencils

-10

Cue Exposure (handle)

0 10 20 30 40-30

Elapsed Time (min)

Heart Rate & Skin Temp

Blood Pressure

P300 ERP

-20 50 60 70

Questionnaires

Objetos Neutrales: sujetapapeles, papel, lápiz

Drug items: pipe, rolling papers, roach clipObjetos de Droga: pipa, papel para fumar marihuana, grapa

Elapsed Time (min)

Señal de Exposición (asa)

P300 ERP

Ritmo de Corazón y Temperatura de Piel

Presión Sanguínea

Encuestas

Diseño

Page 20: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

ERP Procedure Proceso de ERPNon specific

Arousing (20%)

Time (ms)

500 20000 250015001000 3000 3500 4000 4500

Press button 1

ISI = 1500 ms

Press button 1 Press button 2 Press button 1

Estimulación no específica (20%)

Neutral (60%)

Neutral (60%)

Drug-Related (20%)

Relacionado a droga (20%)

Neutral (20%)

Neutral (20%)

Pulsa botón 1 Pulsa botón 1 Pulsa botón 2 Pulsa botón 1

Tiempo (ms)

Page 21: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results Resultados

Amplitude (µV)

Elapsed Time [ms]

Amplitud (µV)

-5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

[µ V]

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

[ms]

Drug Pictures

Non - Specific Pictures

Neutral Pictures

Drug Paraphernalia Neutral Objects

-5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

[µ V]

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Drug-Related

Non-Specific

Neutral

Drug Paraphernalia Neutral Objects

Objects Handled

Pic

ture

s

Tiempo Transcurrido [ms]

Marihuana-dependent adolescents (N=15)

Adolescentes dependientes a la

Marihuana (N=15)Objetos Usados

Adornos de Droga Objetos Nuetrales

Page 22: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results

Amplitude (µV)

-5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900-5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Non Specific Pictures

Neutral Pictures

Drug (cocaine) Pictures

Elapsed Time [ms]

Healthy Adults (N=26)14 males

ResultadosAdultos Sanos (N=26) 14 Hombres

Tiempo Transcurrido [ms]

Amplitud (µV)

Imagenes de Droga (cocaína)

Imagenes que no son especificos

Imagenes Neutrales

Page 23: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Findings• Adolescents have

greater P300 response to drug-related

pictures.• Responses are

increased further after handling marihuana-

related objects.• Adolescents have

greater responses than adults.

• Los adolescentes tienen mayores respuestas P300 a imagenes

relacionadas a drogas.

• Las respuestas aumentan cuando manipulan

objetos relacionados a la marihuana.

• Los adolescentes presentan mas respuestas

que los adultos.

Resultados

Page 24: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Future Directions Futuras Direcciones• Repeat study using healthy adolescents (ongoing).• Use fMRI to detect changes in brain activation in adolescents and adults (healthy and marihuana-dependent).

• Repetir estudio utilizando adolescentes sanos (continuado).• Usar fMRI para detectar cambios en la activación cerebral en adolescentes y adultos (sanos y dependientes de marihuana).

Page 25: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Alcohol-Related Cues and Brain Activity

Señales relacionadas con alcohol y actividad cerebral

Page 26: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction

• Studies with twins have shown that genetics can play a role in alcoholism.

• Family history of alcoholism can increase the risk of drinking, but how?

Introducción

• Estudios con gemelos han demostrado que la genética puede jugar un papel en el alcoholismo.

• La historia familiar del alcoholismo puede aumentar el riesgo de beber, ¿pero como?

Page 27: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Methods

• Subjects were recruited who either have (FH+) or do not have (FH-) alcoholic family members.

• Subjects sat in the EEG laboratory and were exposed to alcohol and neutral cues.

• Se reclutaron sujetos que tienen (FH+) o no tienen (FH-) miembros familiares alcohólicos.

• Los sujetos se sientan en el laboratorio de EEG y están expuestos a alcohol y a señales neutrales.

Métodos

Page 28: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Methods

• Brain wave activity, craving, skin temperature and saliva were measured.

• Fueron medidas: actividad de onda

cerebral, antojo,

temperatura cutánea y

saliva.

Métodos

Page 29: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Alcohol-Related Cues and Brain Activity

Procedure

Elapsed Time (min)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

Baseline Neutral Alcohol Recovery

Skin Temp

Heart rate

Saliva

P300/EEG

Questionnaires

Procedimiento

Señales relacionadas con alcohol y actividad cerebral

Linea de base

Señales neutrales

Señales de alcohol

Recuperación

Temperatura cutánea

Cuestionarios

Ritmo Cardiaco

Page 30: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Ski

n T

empe

ratu

re

( °C

Cha

nge

from

Bas

elin

e)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Neutral Cue

Alcohol Cue

Recovery

FH - FH +

Alcohol-Related Cues and Skin TemperatureSeñales relacionadas con alcohol y temperatura cutánea

Page 31: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Cra

vin

g fo

r A

lcoh

ol

(Ch

ang

e fr

om

Ba

selin

e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Neutral Cue

Alcohol Cue

Recovery

FH - FH +

Alcohol-Related Cues and Craving

-1

Señales relacionadas con alcohol y antojo

An

tojo

de

l alc

oho

l (c

amb

io d

e L

inea

de

bas

e)

Page 32: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

P30

0 A

mpl

itude

V c

hang

e fr

om b

asel

ine)

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Neutral Cue

Alcohol Cue

Recovery

FH - FH +

Alcohol-Related Cues and Brain ActivitySeñales relacionadas con alcohol y actividad cerebral

Page 33: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Summary

• People who have a positive family history of alcoholism are more “reactive” to alcohol cues and so craving is increased.• But, they have more tolerance for alcohol, so they can drink more before getting drunk.

• Las personas que tienen una historia familiar positiva de alcoholismo son más "reactivas" a las señales de alcohol y esto aumenta el antojo.• Pero, tienen mayor tolerancia para el alcohol, así que pueden beber más antes de pasar a un estado de embriaguez.

Sumario

Page 34: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Summary

• These two factors may contribute to the increased risk of alcoholism and highlight the importance of genetics and environment.

• Estos dos factores pueden contribuir a un riesgo aumentado del alcoholismo y destacan la importancia de la genética y entorno.

Sumario

Page 35: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Locating the Source of Addiction

Localizando la Fuente de Addicción

Page 36: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Combine MRI and EEG Activity

MRI EEG

vitamin E capsules

EEG electrodes

Cz

T4

Oz

FPz

Source of Brain Wave Activity During Euphoria

El Origen de Actividad en el Cerebro Durante la Euforia

MRI de monipodio y actividad de EEG

cápsulas de

vitamina E

electrodos de EEG

Page 37: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and

Spectroscopy (MRS)

Page 38: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

MR Technology

• No radioactivity• Strong magnetic field• Aligns electrical charges within the field• Body is pulsed with radio waves• Protons shift

Tecnología MR

• Sin radioactividad• Campo magnético fuerte• Alinea cargas electricas dentro del campo• El cuerpo es pulsado con olas de radio• Cambio de protones

Page 39: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• Briefly remove magnetic field• Protons return to natural state

MR Technology Tecnología MR

• Brevemente elimina el campo magnético• Los protones vuelven a su estado natural

Page 40: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• Radio waves are given off as protons • Tune a receiver to pick up the emitted waves• Perform mathematical reconstruction• Images represent the anatomy

MR Technology Tecnología MR

• Olas de radio son emitidas en forma de proton• Afina un receptor que anota las olas emitidas• Desempeña una reconstrucción matemática• Las imágenes representan la anatomía

Page 41: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• MR Spectroscopy measures the concentration of specific chemicals

MR Technology Tecnología MR

• MR Spectroscopy mide la concentración de químicos específicos

Page 42: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of cue-induced cocaine craving in the human

brain

Supported by NIDA DA03994 and KO5 DA00343

MRI Funcional del Antojo de Cocaina inducido por señales en el Cerebro Humano

Maas LC, Lukas SE, Kaufman MJ, Weiss RD, Daniels SL, Rogers VW, Kukes TJ, Renshaw PF.

Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:124-6

Page 43: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Cue Reactivity

Drug-Related Cues• things associated with drug use• can be items, odors, sounds, or people• act as “reminders” of drug taking• can cause relapse after successful treatment

Reactividad por señalesSeñales relacionadas a drogas

• cosas relacionados con el uso de droga• pueden ser objetos, olores, sonidos, o gente• actuan recordatorios del consumo de droga• pueden causar recaídas despues de un tratamiento exitoso

Page 44: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

neutralscenes

cocainescenes

neutralscenes

cocainescenes

0 2 1/2 7 1/25 10

time (minutes)

Stimuli Presentation

Cue Reactivity Reactividad por señales

Presentación de estímulo

tiempo (minutos)

escenas neutrales

escenas neutrales

escenas cocaína

escenas cocaína

Page 45: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 90 180 270 360 450 540

Rdlpfc

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 90 180 270 360 450 540

Ldlpfc

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 90 180 270 360 450 540

AC

cocaine: 0.15±0.14 neutral: 0.06±0.10

p = 0.22

cocaine: 0.25±0.10 neutral: 0.05±0.16

*** p = 0.027

cocaine: 0.29±0.15 neutral: 0.00±0.12

*** p = 0.0041

Average regional signal change (%)

Cue Reactivity-fMRI Reactividad por Señales-fMRI

Cambio promedio en el signo regional

Page 46: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

02468

0 4 8 12 16 20

Change in Activity (%)

4

25

3 6

1

Indu

ced

Cra

ving

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

4

25 1

6 3

02468

Results-- Craving and % Change in Activity

Anterior cingulate L DLPFC

Cue Reactivity-fMRI

Resultados—Antojo y % Cambio en Actividad

Reactividad por Señales-fMRIA

ntoj

o In

duci

do

Cambio en Actividad (%)

Page 47: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Effects of Social and Monetary Stimuli on the Reward Circuitry Activation in

Healthy Volunteers

I. Elman, B.B. Frederick, D. Ariely, S. Dunlap, J. Rodolico, D. Penetar, and S.E. Lukas

Supported by NIDA DA17959 (IE), DA14013 (BBF) and KO5 DA00343 (SEL)

Efectos del estimulo social y monetario en la Activación del Circuito de Recompensa en

Voluntarios Sanos

Mantenido por NIDA

Page 48: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Introduction

• Reward circuitry involves both cortical and subcortical structures in MFB and from VTA to NAc.

• Separate reward into its two primary dimensions: “liking” and “wanting”.

Introducción

• El Circuito de Recompensa involucra estructuras corticales y subcorticales en MFB y de VTA a NAc.• Separa la recompensa en sus dos dimensiones primarias: “gusto” y “querer”.

Page 49: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Aims Metas

• Use models of “social” and “monetary” reward to look at different aspects of the reward circuit.

• Identify sex-related differences in reward

• Uso de modelos de recompensa “social” y

“monetaria” para examinar diferentes

aspectos del circuito de recompensa.

• Identificar diferencias en recompensa

relacionados al sexo.

Page 50: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Methods

• A total of 19 healthy heterosexual volunteers (9 female), age 23.6 ± 1.5 years old.

• Two different types of stimuli presented during single MR session

Métodos

• 19 voluntarios sanos y heterosexuales (9 mujeres) de edad 23.6 ±1.5 de edad• Dos diferentes tipos de estímulo presentados durante una sesión MR

Page 51: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Social Reward Recompensa Social

• View human faces that are either male, female, average or beautiful.

• Show faces during scanning and ask them to push button in order to “see more” or “not see more” of a particular face.

• Observar rostros humanos de hombre, mujer, de facciones promedio o bellas.• Mostrar rostros durante el escaneo y pedir que pulsen el botón de “ver mas” o “ya no ver” a un rostro en particular.

Page 52: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• An arrow spins around a disk (spinner) and stops on one of 3 areas that represent different amounts of money that are earned or lost.

• A 6 second expectancy phase occurs just before the spinner is spun

Money Reward Recompensa Monteraria

• Una flecha da vueltas alrededor de un disco (hilador) y para en una de 3 areas que representan diferentes cantidades de dinero que se ganan o pierden• Una fase de espera de 6 segundos ocurre antes que el hilador comience a dar vueltas.

Page 53: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Examples of the 3 spinners used in this task

Bad Medium Good

-$6

-$1.50

-$1.50

+$2.50

+$10

+$2.50$0

- $6

-$1.50$0

- $1.50

+$2.50$0

+$10

+$2.50$0

Outcomes

Money Reward Recompensa Monteraria

Ejemplos de 3 hiladores usados en este ejercicio

Page 54: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• Given 115 trials of mixed order of possible spinner and outcome.

• All subjects win $78.50, but they are unaware of this during the study.

• After session, they are asked to rate their gains or losses

Money Reward Recompensa Monteraria

• Se entregaron 115 pruebas al azar de tipo de hilador y resultado• Todos los examinados ganan $78.50, pero no saben esto durante el estudio• Despues de la sesión, los examinados valoran sus ganancias o perdidas

Page 55: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

fMRI Procedure

• All scans conducted at

McLean Hospital

NeuroImaging Center

• Images acquired on a

3 Tesla Siemens Trio

MR Imaging

system

(whole body

scanner)

El Proceso de fMRI

• Todos los examenes fueron conducidos en el Hospital McLean en el Centro de Neuroimaging• Las imagenes adquiridas en un sistema de Imaging 3 Tesla Siemens Trio (escaneo de todo el cuerpo)

Page 56: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

ResultsSummary of brain activations

BrainRegion

cingulate

rt. putamen

rt. Lateral prefrontal

cortex

rt. insula

Social Stimuli(faces)

+

+

+

(expectancy)

+

(outcome)

+

Gambling Task

+

ResultadosResumen de activaciones cerebrales

Region del Cerebro

Estimulo Social (rostros)

Tarea de juego con apuestas(expectativa) (resultados)

Page 57: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results-fMRI

• Group activation map of male subjects (beautiful female vs beautiful male faces)

rt. prefrontal and rt. insular cortex

Resultados-fMRI

• Mapa de activación de grupo de hombres examinados (rostro femenino bello contra rostros masculinos bellos)

Page 58: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results-fMRI

• Group activation map of all subjects during expectancy (good vs bad spinner)

cingulate

Resulatados-fMRI

• Mapa de activación de grupo de todos los examinados durante la espera (hilador bueno contra hilador malo)

Page 59: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results-fMRI

rt. putamen

• Group activation map of all subjects during outcome (best vs worse outcome)

Resulatados-fMRI

• Mapa de activación de grupo de hombres examinados durante resultados (mejor contra peor resultado)

Page 60: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Results-fMRI

• Group activation map of all subjects (wanted vs non-wanted faces)

negative activation in left nucleus accumbens

Resulatados-fMRI

• Mapa de activación de grupo de hombres examinados (rostros deseados contra no deseados)

activación negativa en el núcleo accumbens izquierdo

Page 61: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• These results suggest that two different types of reward share many features but also differ in brain activation areas.

• Gender-related differences in motivation and incentive exist.

• Estos resultados sugieren que dos diferentes tipos de recompensa comparten muchas características pero a la vez difieren en areas de activacion cerebral• Existen diferencias en motivación e incentivo relacionadas al género

Summary Sumario

Page 62: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• These data highlight the common and distinctive features of both types of stimuli and their potential role in reward circuitry.

• We are currently studying drug-induced reward (morphine injection)

• Estos datos destacan las características comunes y distintas de los dos tipos de estimulo y sus potenciales papeles en el circuito de recompensa.• Estamos actualmente estudiando la recompensa inducida por droga (inyección de morfina)

Summary Sumario

Page 63: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Conclusions

Conclusiones

Page 64: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Conclusions

• While detoxification is often easy to attain, relapse prevention is the key to long-term success.

• The reasons for relapse are not completely understood, but may involve three factors…

• Mientras que la desintoxicación es facil de alcanzar,

prevenir la recaída es la clave para el exito a

largo plazo.• Las causas de recaída

no estan completamente entendidas, pero pueden involucrar tres factores...

Conclusiones

Page 65: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

1) Stress

2) “Priming” dose of the

drug

3) Cues associated with

drug use

1) Estres

2) “Primando” la dosis de droga

3) Señales asociados con el uso de droga

Conclusions Conclusiones

Page 66: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• Advanced brain imaging techniques can be used to explore the sources of reinforcement and track the reward circuitry.

• Se pueden usar tecnicas avanzadas en reproducir imagenes del cerebro para explorar los origenes de refuerzo y medir el circuito de recompensa.

Conclusions Conclusiones

Page 67: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• This knowledge will help us identify key factors in drug and nondrug reinforcement.

• Este conocimiento nos ayudara a identificar factores importantes en el refuerzo asociado o no asociado a drogas.

Conclusions Conclusiones

Page 68: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

• Such knowledge can help us identify new and improved treatment methods and also help identify persons who are at greater risk for developing drug abuse

• Este conocimiento nos ayudara a identificar nuevos y mejores métodos de tratamiento y nos ayudara a identificar a las personas con mayor riesgo de desarrollar adiccion a las drogas

Conclusions Conclusiones

Page 69: Neurobiology of Addiction and Craving: Advances in our Understanding Scott E. Lukas, Ph.D. Director, Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory

Muchas Gracias