netherlands - european food safety authority...vmdc veterinairy microbiological diagnostic centre...

NETHERLANDS

The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC

TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS

including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobialresistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenicmicrobiological agents

IN 2007

INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEMCountry: NetherlandsReporting Year: 2007Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring:Laboratory name Description ContributionVWA Food and Consumer Product safety

AuthorityRIVM National Institute for Public Health

and the EnvironmentGD Animal Health ServicePDV Product Board Animal FeedPVE Product Boards for Livestock, Meat

and EggsVMDC Veterinairy Microbiological

Diagnostic CentreCVI Central Veterinairy Institute Lelystad antimicrobial resistance data

Rabies

Netherlands 2007 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses

Netherlands 2007

PREFACEThis report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Netherlands duringthe year 2007. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals,foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobialresistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiologicalinvestigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country isalso given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole EuropeanCommunity as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in thecountry. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the CommunityLegislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of theepidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given.Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans isevaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that ispublished each year by EFSA.

1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring ofzoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325,17.11.2003, p. 31


Netherlands 2007

LIST OF CONTENTS1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 32.1. SALMONELLOSIS 42.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 42.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 42.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 42.1.4. Salmonella in animals 102.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 162.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 222.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 342.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 672.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 672.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 672.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 672.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 692.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 702.3. LISTERIOSIS 812.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 812.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 812.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 812.3.4. Listeria in animals 842.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 852.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 852.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans 852.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 852.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 872.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 882.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 882.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans 882.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 882.6. BRUCELLOSIS 912.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 912.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 912.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 912.6.4. Brucella in animals 912.7. YERSINIOSIS 952.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 952.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 952.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 952.7.4. Yersinia in animals 952.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 962.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 962.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 962.8.3. Trichinella in animals 96


Netherlands 2007

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 972.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 972.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 972.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 972.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 982.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 982.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 982.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 982.11. RABIES 992.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 992.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 1002.12. QFEVER 1012.12.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1012.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals 101

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE

102

3.1. ENTEROCOCCUS, NONPATHOGENIC 1033.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1033.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus, nonpathogenic isolates 1043.2. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC 1163.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1163.2.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates 117

4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS 1304.1. HISTAMINE 1314.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1314.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs 1314.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII 1324.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1324.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs 1324.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS 1334.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1334.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs 133

5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 134


Netherlands 2007

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS

The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of theanimal population in the country.


Netherlands 2007 1

Table Susceptible animal populations

* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of

animalsNumber of herds orflocks

Number ofslaughtered animals

Livestock numbers(live animals)

Number of holdings

Year* Year* Year* Year*Cattle (bovineanimals)

dairy cows andheifers

449797 2598252 33484

mixed herds 6270meat productionanimals

55135 5318

calves (under 1year)

1390750 532333 3184

in total 1905300 3762784 48256Ducks in total 1134146 95Gallus gallus(fowl)

breeding flocks foregg production line in total

85 1114842 85

breeding flocks,unspecified intotal

418

breeding flocks formeat productionline in total

333 7069284 333

laying hens 1550 41224835broilers 753 43351898 753in total 2721 677771985 92760859 2721

Goats animals under 1year

113545

in total 26800 324014 10406Pigs fattening pigs 5558828 7576

breeding animals unspecified sowsand gilts

1266471 3658

in total 14766589 11662654 11234Sheep mixed herds (1) 12351

animals under 1year (lambs)

690699

in total 610000 1369343 29505Solipeds, domestic horses in total 2656 133524 16109

Turkeys in total 1232354 70

(1): sheep and goats


Netherlands 2007 2

2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS

Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals andhumans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria,fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses.


Netherlands 2007 3

2.1. SALMONELLOSIS

2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation

2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans

2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs

Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof

Source of information

Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Salmonella sp

p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

fresh at retail VWA single 25g 1418 115 1 2 112

minced meat intended to be eatencooked

at retail VWA single 25g 13 4 4

meat preparation intended to be eatencooked


meat products raw but intended to beeaten cooked

at retail VWA single 25g 64 0

cooked, readytoeat at retail VWA single 25g 6 0

Meat from turkey fresh at retail vWA single 25g 595 34 4 30



meat products


Netherlands 2007 4

raw but intended to beeaten cooked


Meat from duck at retail VWA single 25g 4 0


Netherlands 2007 5

Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Milk, cows' pasteurised milk at retail VWA single 25ml 3 0

Cheeses made from cows' milk at retail VWA single 25g 17 0

soft and semisoft made from pasteurisedmilk


Cheeses made from goats' milk

soft and semisoft made from pasteurisedmilk


Dairy products (excludingcheeses)

cream made from pasteurisedmilk

at retail (1) VWA single 25g 3 0

icecream at retail VWA single 25g 28 0

dairy desserts at retail VWA single 25g 8 0

(1) : whipped cream


Netherlands 2007 6

Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Meat from pig fresh at retail VWA single 25g 277 9 5 4


at retail VWA single 25g 34 2 1 1



Meat from bovine animals fresh at retail VWA single 25g 401 1 1

minced meat intended to be eaten raw at retail VWA single 25g 952 4 1 3

intended to be eatencooked




Meat from sheep fresh at retail VWA single 25g 91 0

minced meat at retail VWA single 25g 6 0

Meat from bovine animals andpig




Netherlands 2007 7



Meat, mixed meat at retail VWA single 25g 346 1 1


Netherlands 2007 8

Table Salmonella in other food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Senftenberg

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Eggs table eggs at retail VWA batch 25g 975 0

Crustaceans unspecified cooked at retail VWA single 25g 27 1 1

Seeds, sprouted readytoeat VWA single 25g 581 9 4 1 4

Fruits and vegetables precut readytoeat VWA single 25g 1811 1 1

Infant formula dried intended for infants below 6months

VWA single 25g 24 0

Chocolate VWA single 25g 17 0

Sauce and dressings VWA single 25g 625 0

Spices and herbs VWA single 25g 978 5 5


Netherlands 2007 9

2.1.4. Salmonella in animalsTable Salmonella in breeding flocks of G

allus gallus


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Salmonella spp.

S. Thompson

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

S. Hadar

S. Infantis

S. Virchow

Salmonella spp., unspecified

S. Bovismorbificans

S. Mbandaka

S. Heidelberg

Gallus gallus (fowl)

parent breeding flocks for

egg production line

dayold chicks (1)

PVE

flock

640

during rearing period (2)

PVE

flock

640

at farm

GD

flock

786

31

2

during production period (3)P

VE

flock

691

1

at farm

GD

flock

106

11

grandparent breeding flocks

for m

eat production line (8)

PVE

flock

114

0

at farm

GD

flock

151

22

parent breeding flocks for

meat production line

dayold chicks (4)

PVE

flock

433

0

during rearing period (5)

PVE

flock

433

11

at farm

GD

flock

499

11


Netherlands 2007 10

during production period (6)P

VE

flock

601

54

1

at farm

GD

flock

396

85

11

1

grandparent breeding flocks

for egg production line (7)

PVE

flock

160

at farm

GD

flock

580

(1) : boxpapers

(2) : faeces

(3) : faeces

(4) : boxpapers

(5) : faeces

(6) : faeces

(7) : faeces

(8) : faeces


Netherlands 2007 11

Table Salmonella in other poultry


Sampling unit

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens during rearing period (1) PVE flock 1386 0

at farm GD flock 1460 21 18 3

during production period (2) PVE flock 1870 109 109

at farm GD flock 2161 105 105

broilers dayold chicks (3) PVE flock 27953 77 2 6 69

during rearing period (4) PVE flock 28310 843 5 21 817

Turkeys meat production flocks (5) PVE flock 216 4 4

at farm Survey (6) GD flock 175 19 2 17

(1) : blood(2) : blood(3) : boxpapers(4) : faeces(5) : faeces(6) : framework of the turkey baseline survey


Netherlands 2007 12

Table Salmonella in other birds


Sampling unit

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Pigeons GD animal 31 7 7

Partridges GD flock 2 0

Ostriches GD flock 1 0

Ducks GD animal 7 2 2

Parrots GD animal 10 0


Netherlands 2007 13

Table Salmonella in other animals


Sampling unit

Units tested


S. Montevideo

S. Dublin

S. London

S. enterica subsp. arizonae

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium


S. group B

S. Derby

S. Brandenburg

S. Bovismorbificans

S. Manhattan

S. enterica subsp. enterica

S. Bredeney

Cattle (bovine animals)

GD

animal

5421

126

9927

calves (under 1 year)

at farm Surveillance (1) V

WA

holding

172

51

32

dairy cows

at farm Surveillance

VWA

holding

140

22

Sheep

GD

animal

782

11

Goats

GD

animal

315

0

Pigs

GD

animal

4744

8282

fattening pigs

at farm Surveillance (2) V

WA

holding

228

441

326

16

21

16

1

Solipeds, domestic

horses

VMDC

animal

194

55

Deer

GD

animal

131

1

Dogs

VMDC

animal

376

1010

Cats

VMDC

animal

245

33


Netherlands 2007 14

Birds

VMDC

animal

120

22

Reptiles

VMDC

animal

92

2

(1) : At one holding S. dublin as w

ell as S

. montevideo were found.

(2) : A few times more than one Salmonella serovar w

as found into one holding.


Netherlands 2007 15

2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs

Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

S. group C1

S. Livingstone

Feed material of land animalorigin

dairy products PDV batch 25g 209 0

meat and bone meal PDV batch 25g 64 6 1 2 3

blood meal PDV batch 25g 2 0

animal fat PDV batch 25g 6 0

Feed material of marineanimal origin

fish meal PDV batch 25g 272 1 1

other fish products PDV batch 25g 36 0


Netherlands 2007 16

Table Salmonella in other feed matter (Part A

)


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


S. Infantis

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium


S. Rissen

S. Tennessee

S. Agona

S. London

S. Mbandaka

S. Senftenberg

S. Havana

S. Adelaide

S. Cubana

S. Derby

S. Hadar

Feed material of cereal grain

origin

barley derived

PDV

batch

25g

185

0

wheat derived

PDV

batch

25g

1309

41

11

1

maize

PDV

batch

25g

703

11

derived

PDV

batch

25g

143

0

other cereal grain derived

PDV

batch

25g

790

Feed material of oil seed or

fruit origin

rape seed derived

PDV

batch

25g

4461

492

116

46

42

palm kernel derived

PDV

batch

25g

820

soya (bean) derived

PDV

batch

25g

5316

124

315

26

94

1536

42

2

sunflower seed derived

PDV

batch

25g

893

81

61

linseed derived

PDV

batch

25g

690

Other feed material


Netherlands 2007 17

legume seeds and similar

products

PDV

batch

25g

101

0

tubers, roots and similar

products

PDV

batch

25g

470

other seeds and fruits

PDV

batch

25g

101

0

forages and roughages

PDV

batch

25g

610

other plants

PDV

batch

25g

1962

202

98


Netherlands 2007 18

Table Salmonella in other feed matter (Part B

)

S. Kentucky

S. group B

S. Livingstone

S. Anatum

S. Lexington

S. Paratyphi B var. Java

S. group C1

S. Virchow

S. Minnesota

Feed material of cereal grain

origin

barley derived

wheat derived

maize

derived

other cereal grain derived

Feed material of oil seed or

fruit origin

rape seed derived

1

14

41

21

palm kernel derived

soya (bean) derived

2

42

18

sunflower seed derived

linseed derived

Other feed material

legume seeds and similar

products

tubers, roots and similar

products


Netherlands 2007 19

other seeds and fruits

forages and roughages

other plants

1


Netherlands 2007 20

Table Salmonella in com

pound feedingstuffs


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


S. Typhimurium

S. Enteritidis


S. Yoruba

S. Alachua

S. Mbandaka

S. group B

S. Livingstone

S. Derby

S. Senftenberg

S. Infantis

Com

pound feedingstuffs for

cattle

final product

PDV

batch

25g

2428

52

11

1

Com


pigs

final product

PDV

batch

25g

2898

31

11

Com


poultry (non sp

ecified)

final product

PDV

batch

25g

659

11

Com


poultry breeders

final product

PDV

batch

25g

2045

11

Com


poultry laying hens

final product

PDV

batch

25g

2757

142

71

12

1

Com

pund feedingstuffs for

poultry broilers

final product

PDV

batch

25g

1936

81

51

1


Netherlands 2007 21

2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution

The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters aboverespectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can beused to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars andphagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species inquestion serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potentialsources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution.


Netherlands 2007 22

Table Salmonella serovars in animals

Serovars


Pigs


Other poultry

Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens

Turkeys

Solipeds, domestic horses

Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers

Sources of isolates (*)

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num

ber of isolates in the laboratory

N=

107

447

404

69101

4101

Num

ber of isolates serotyped

N=

107

0447

0404

00

069

0101

04

0101

0

Num

ber of isolates per type

S. Agona

74

18

S. Bovismorbificans

83

21

S. Brandenburg

19

S. Bredeney

15

S. Cerro

14

13

S. Coeln

2

S. Derby

491

41

S. Dublin

681

S. Enteritidis

417

3014

4

S. Fluntern

55

S. Give

2

S. Goldcoast

6

S. Hadar

618

1

S. Heidelberg

133

3


Netherlands 2007 23

S. Infantis

2348

41

13

S. Kimuenza

3

S. Kottbus

34

S. Livingstone

82

1

S. London

119

S. M

anhattan

2

S. M

bandaka

18

16

S. M

ontevideo

46

1

S. New

port

110

S. Panam

a 5

S. Rissen

61

S. Saintpaul

12

19

S. Senftenberg

415

49

S. Thompson

310

81

S. Typhimurium

24172

203

203

11

S. Virchow

317

52


170

334

Other serotypes

426

4018

66

S. I 1,4,5,12:i:2ef nat

149

61

15

Footnote

(*) M

: Monitoring, C : Clinical


Netherlands 2007 24

Table Salmonella serovars in food

Serovars

Meat from turkey

Meat from bovine animals

Meat from pig

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)

Other poultry

Other products of animal origin

Meat from horse

Seeds, sprouted


MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num


N=

11187

134

Num

ber of isolates serotyped

N=

71

110

185

0134

00

00

310

10

0

Num


S. Agona

11

51

S. Blockley

11

S. Bovismorbificans

21

S. Brandenburg

9

S. Bredeney

1

S. Derby

224

S. Dublin

71

S. Enteritidis

14

S. Hadar

12

S. Heidelberg

5

S. Indiana

61

S. Infantis

113

1

S. Kimuenza

1

S. Livingstone

3


Netherlands 2007 25

S. London

10

S. M

anhattan

2

S. M

bandaka

1

S. M

ontevideo

1

S. Ohio

2

S. Panam

a 1

S. Saintpaul

37

S. Schwarzengrund

1

S. Typhimurium

41

107

2

S. Virchow

16


31

83

S. enterica subsp. enterica

11

225

Footnote

(*) M



Netherlands 2007 26

Table Salmonella Enteritidis p

hagetypes in animals

Phagetype



Pigs


Other poultry



MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num


N=

144

1730

4

Num

ber of isolates phagetyped

N=

140

40

170

300

00

40

Num


PT 1

11

3

PT 4

33

9

PT 6

1

PT 8

12

33

1

PT 14b

11

1

PT 21

11

2

Not typable

73

92

PT 1b

2

PT 6a

12

PT 6b

1

PT 7

11

PT 5b

1

PT 11

1


Netherlands 2007 27

Footnote

(*) M



Netherlands 2007 28

Table Salmonella Enteritidis p

hagetypes in food

Phagetype


Meat from pig


Other poultry


Crustaceans shrimps


MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num


N=

11187

134

Num


N=

10

00

40

00

00

10

Num


PT 1

1

PT 4

11

Not typable

1

PT 6a

2

Footnote

(*) M



Netherlands 2007 29

Table Salmonella Typhimurium phagetypes in animals

Phagetype


Pigs


Other poultry



Turkeys


MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num


N=

24172

2011

320

Num


N=

240

172

020

00

011

03

020

0

Num


DT 7

13

FT 507

933

42

other

676

73

25

FT 506

633

74

12

FT 3

11

11

FT 350

2

FT 80

11

FT 61

2

FT 20

1

FT 510

110

FT 301

2

FT 296

11

FT 60

2

FT 655

2


Netherlands 2007 30

FT 450

12

FT 351

2

FT 110

2

Footnote

(*) M



Netherlands 2007 31

Table Salmonella Typhimurium phagetypes in food

Phagetype

Meat from turkey


Meat from pig


Other poultry



MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num


N=

11187

134

58

Num


N=

40

10

107

02

00

08

0

Num


FT 507

122

1

Not typable

231

other

11

181

FT 506

226

15

FT 560

1

FT 350

2

FT 80

11

FT 20

1

FT 508

2

FT 510

4

FT 301

2

FT 401

2

FT 281

1

FT 110

2


Netherlands 2007 32

Footnote

(*) M


For phagetyping S. typhimurium the Dutch phagetyping scheme is used (FT)


Netherlands 2007 33

2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in the presence of a givenconcentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit the microorganism species in question.Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferred from animals or foodstuffs to humans.


Netherlands 2007 34

Table Antimicrobial su

sceptib

ility testing of S. D

erby in Pigs Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution

method]

S. Derby

Pigs Surveillance

Isolates out of a monitoring

programme

yes

Num

ber of isolates available in

the laboratory

17

Num

ber of resistant isolates (n) and num

ber of isolates with

the concentration (u/ m

l) or zone (m

m) of inhibition equal to

Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

217

06

83

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

42

02

4128

Neomycin

415

112

21

1128

Streptom

ycin

322

02

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1617

013

42

128

Florfenicol

1617

01

151

2128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

170

133

10.125

16

Ceftazidim

217

08

81

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

170

116

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

417

114

21

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

82

02

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1617

01

151

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

178

44

18

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

817

71

97

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

217

89

26

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 35

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in S. Derby

n = Number of resistant isolates

S. DerbyPigs Surveillance Gallus gallus (fowl)

broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens


Isolates out of a monitoringprogramme

yes

Number of isolatesavailable in the laboratory

17

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N nAminoglycosides

Gentamicin 17 0Kanamycin 2 0Neomycin 15 1Streptomycin 2 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 17 0Florfenicol 17 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 17 0Ceftazidim 17 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 17 0

Fully sensitive 17 8

PenicillinsAmpicillin 17 1

PolymyxinsColistin 17 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 17 0

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 17 1

Resistant to 2antimicrobials

17 2


17 5


17 0

Resistant to >4antimicrobials

17 1

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 17 8

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 17 7

Trimethoprim 17 8


Netherlands 2007 36

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in S. Dublin


S. DublinCattle (bovine animals) Surveillance



Pigs Surveillance


yes


59












59 2


59 1


59 0


59 0



Trimethoprim 59 1


Netherlands 2007 37


sceptib

ility testing of S. D

ublin in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows

Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution method]

S. Dublin

Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cow

s Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

59

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

259

037

202

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

42

02

4128

Neomycin

458

01

561

1128

Streptom

ycin

322

02

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1659

37

3910

21

2128

Florfenicol

1659

01

2729

22

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

590

255

20.125

16

Ceftazidim

259

048

92

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

592

255

11

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

459

136

211

10.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

82

02

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1659

232

241

20.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

594

4015

40.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

859

113

3312

10.5

64

Trimethoprim

259

156

21

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 38

Footnote

These data contains M

IC's of Salmonella Dublin collected from

dairy cow

s and veale calves.


Netherlands 2007 39

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals


S. EnteritidisCattle (bovineanimals)

Pigs Gallus gallus(fowl)

Turkeys Gallus gallus(fowl) layinghens

Gallus gallus(fowl) broilers


yes yes


8 11

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N nAminoglycosides

Gentamicin 8 0 11 0Kanamycin 0 0 6 2Neomycin 8 0 5 0Streptomycin 0 0 6 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 8 0 11 0Florfenicol 8 0 11 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 8 0 11 0Ceftazidim 8 0 11 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 8 2 11 5

Fully sensitive 8 6 11 6

PenicillinsAmpicillin 8 0 11 0

PolymyxinsColistin 0 0 6 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 8 2 6 5

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 8 6 11 3


8 2 11 2


8 0 11 0


8 0 11 0


8 0 11 0

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 8 0 11 0

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 8 0 11 0

Trimethoprim 8 0 11 0


Netherlands 2007 40


sceptib

ility testing of S. E

nteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at

slaughterhouse Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution method]

S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers at slaughterhouse Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

11

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

211

05

60.25

32

Kanam

ycin

46

24

24

128

Neomycin

45

05

1128

Streptom

ycin

326

03

32

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1611

01

102

128

Florfenicol

1611

08

32

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

110

28

10.125

16

Ceftazidim

211

01

91

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

115

24

41

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

411

01

91

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

86

06

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1611

51

54

10.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

110

47

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

811

03

80.5

64

Trimethoprim

211

010

10.5

64


Netherlands 2007 41


sceptib


nteritidis in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine

animals) veal calves at slaughterhouse Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution method]

S. Enteritidis

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves at slaughterhouse S

urveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

100

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest


Netherlands 2007 42


sceptib


nteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens at


ilution method]

S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) laying hens at slaughterhouse Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

8

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

28

07

10.25

32

Neomycin

48

08

1128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

168

01

16

2128

Florfenicol

168

01

72

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

80

80.125

16

Ceftazidim

28

02

60.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

82

62

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

48

01

61

0.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

168

21

52

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

80

35

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

88

04

40.5

64

Trimethoprim

28

08

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 43

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella Enteritidis


S. Enteritidishumans


yes


439

Antimicrobials: N nAminoglycosides











439 11


439 3


439 2


439 2



Trimethoprim 439 7


Netherlands 2007 44


sceptib


nteritidis in humans Surveillance quantitative data

[Dilution method]

S. Enteritidis

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

439

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2439

0188

226

250.25

32

Kanam

ycin

4125

4121

31

4128

Neomycin

4314

0298

142

1128

Streptom

ycin

32125

036

834

11

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16439

220

410

71

12

128

Florfenicol

16439

21

293

139

41

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

439

277

337

221

11

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

2439

116

398

231

10.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

439

59109

271

736

151

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

4439

2322

366

253

221

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

8125

0125

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16439

5550

319

1511

440.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

439

10160

256

111

110

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8439

775

347

107

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

2439

7424

87

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 45

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in S. Hadar


S. Hadarhumans


yes


7






Fully sensitive 7 0






7 4


7 3


7 0


7 0



Trimethoprim 7 0


Netherlands 2007 46


sceptib

ility testing of S. H

adar in hum

ans Surveillance quantitative data

[Dilution method]

S. Hadar

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

7

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

27

06

10.25

32

Kanam

ycin

41

01

4128

Neomycin

46

03

31

128

Streptom

ycin

321

11

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

167

04

32

128

Florfenicol

167

06

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

70

16

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

27

06

10.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

77

15

10.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

47

21

42

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

81

01

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

167

71

60.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

60

51

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

87

76

10.5

64

Trimethoprim

27

07

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 47

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in S. Infantis


S. Infantishumans


yes


16












16 0


16 1


16 1


16 3



Trimethoprim 16 3


Netherlands 2007 48


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in hum


[Dilution method]

S. Infantis

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

16

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

216

24

91

11

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

43

03

4128

Neomycin

413

310

12

1128

Streptom

ycin

323

02

12

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1616

212

21

12

128

Florfenicol

1616

11

122

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

162

112

12

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

216

06

82

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

167

27

23

20.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

416

311

22

10.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

83

03

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1616

76

31

60.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

165

92

50.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

816

47

54

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

216

310

31

20.5

64


Netherlands 2007 49


sceptib

ility testing of S. T

yphimurium in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at


ilution method]

S. Typhimurium

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers at slaughterhouse Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

11

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

211

08

30.25

32

Neomycin

411

19

11

1128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1611

31

43

32

128

Florfenicol

1611

31

71

22

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

110

110.125

16

Ceftazidim

211

09

20.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

110

110.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

411

65

60.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1611

01

81

10.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

118

21

80.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

811

74

34

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

211

29

20.5

64


Netherlands 2007 50

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals


S. TyphimuriumCattle (bovineanimals)





yes yes yes


8 84 11


Gentamicin 8 0 84 0 11 0Kanamycin 0 0 8 0 0 0Neomycin 8 0 76 0 11 1Streptomycin 0 0 8 3 0 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 8 1 84 25 11 3Florfenicol 8 1 84 23 11 3

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 8 0 84 0 11 0Ceftazidim 8 0 84 0 11 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 8 0 84 3 11 0

Fully sensitive 8 3 84 18 11 1

Number of multiresistant S. Typhimurium DT104resistant to otherantimicrobials

1 0 22 3 5 0

with penta resistance 1 1 22 17 5 3Penicillins

Ampicillin 8 5 84 46 11 6Polymyxins

Colistin 0 0 8 0 0 0Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 8 0 84 3 11 0

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 8 1 84 14 11 4


8 0 84 2 11 0


8 2 84 17 11 2


8 2 84 25 11 3


8 0 84 8 11 1

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 8 4 84 53 11 8

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 8 4 84 56 11 7

Trimethoprim 8 1 84 24 11 2


Netherlands 2007 51


sceptib


yphimurium in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows

at slaughterhouse Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution method]

S. Typhimurium


s at slaughterhouse S

urveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

8

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

28

02

6

Neomycin

48

06

11

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

168

11

61

Florfenicol

168

15

21

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

80

8

Ceftazidim

28

01

7

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

80

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

48

51

21

4

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

168

05

3

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

84

22

4

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

88

41

31

3

Trimethoprim

28

17

1


Netherlands 2007 52


sceptib


yphimurium in Pigs at slaughterhouse Surveillance

quantitative data [D

ilution method]

S. Typhimurium

Pigs at slaughterhouse Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

84

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

284

018

5214

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

48

08

4128

Neomycin

476

064

102

1128

Streptom

ycin

328

31

41

11

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1684

2550

91

321

2128

Florfenicol

1684

2319

402

1012

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

840

671

70.125

16

Ceftazidim

284

06

708

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

843

774

12

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

484

464

331

442

0.5

128

Polymyxins

Colistin

88

08

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1684

317

5210

23

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

8453

265

530.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

884

566

2220

927

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

284

2459

14

200.5

64


Netherlands 2007 53

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella Typhimurium


S. Typhimuriumhumans


yes


245







Number of multiresistant S. Typhimurium DT104resistant to otherantimicrobials

47 7

with penta resistance 47 47Penicillins

Ampicillin 245 132Polymyxins

Colistin 46 0Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 245 6



245 8


245 50


245 49


245 27



Trimethoprim 245 52


Netherlands 2007 54


sceptib


yphimurium in hum

ans Surveillance quantitative

data [D

ilution method]

S. Typhimurium

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

245

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2245

247

162

331

11

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

446

1036

81

14

128

Neomycin

4199

7162

301

32

11

128

Streptom

ycin

3246

2011

87

25

132

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16245

364

185

200

09

272

128

Florfenicol

16245

3081

130

47

164

32

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

245

022

203

182

00.125

16

Ceftazidim

2245

00

7209

281

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

245

837

200

26

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

4245

132

794

111

25107

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

846

046

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16245

644

178

152

00

24

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

245

138

6938

138

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8245

130

2191

21

123

1294

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

2245

52187

611

410.5

64


Netherlands 2007 55

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in S. Virchow


S. Virchowhumans


yes


23












23 0


23 3


23 4


23 4



Trimethoprim 23 8


Netherlands 2007 56


sceptib

ility testing of S. V

irchow

in hum


[Dilution method]

S. Virchow

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

23

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

223

33

134

21

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

48

44

31

4128

Neomycin

415

013

21

128

Streptom

ycin

328

24

22

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1623

23

182

2128

Florfenicol

1623

014

81

2128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

232

614

12

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

223

23

153

11

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

2315

17

37

41

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

423

73

133

40.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

88

08

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1623

153

58

70.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

239

95

90.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

823

88

76

20.5

64

Trimethoprim

223

815

53

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 57


sceptib

ility testing of Salmonella sp

p. in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers


ilution method]

Salmonella sp

p.

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

128

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2128

274

438

11

10.25

32

Kanam

ycin

441

635

64

128

Neomycin

487

776

42

12

21

128

Streptom

ycin

3241

143

816

66

22

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16128

314

8130

32

128

Florfenicol

16128

03

5259

142

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

128

229

6625

66

412

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

2128

212

4353

81

42

312

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

128

6117

505

2222

93

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

4128

5911

4014

416

430.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

841

041

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16128

5620

4210

11

1935

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

128

5843

233

11

570.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8128

3420

5816

727

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

2128

9036

228

620.5

64


Netherlands 2007 58


sceptib


p. in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows


ilution method]

Salmonella sp

p.


s Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

11

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

211

12

62

1

Neomycin

411

010

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1611

11

91

Florfenicol

1611

06

41

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

110

11

Ceftazidim

212

12

91

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

110

11

Penicillins

Ampicillin

411

12

81

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1611

03

8

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

111

55

1

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

811

15

51

Trimethoprim

211

011


Netherlands 2007 59


sceptib


p. in Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens


ilution method]

Salmonella sp

p.

Gallus g

allus (fowl) laying hens Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

6

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

26

04

20.25

32

Kanam

ycin

44

04

4128

Neomycin

42

01

11

128

Streptom

ycin

324

01

12

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

166

11

13

12

128

Florfenicol

166

12

12

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

60

12

30.125

16

Ceftazidim

26

02

22

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

62

13

11

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

46

03

30.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

84

04

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

166

11

22

10.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

61

32

10.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

86

12

12

10.5

64

Trimethoprim

26

14

11

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 60


sceptib


p. in Pigs Surveillance quantitative data

[Dilution method]

Salmonella sp

p.

Pigs Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

43

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

243

213

235

20.25

32

Kanam

ycin

49

18

14

128

Neomycin

434

129

22

11

128

Streptom

ycin

329

33

33

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1643

53

278

13

12

128

Florfenicol

1643

018

205

2128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

430

436

30.125

16

Ceftazidim

243

03

2811

10.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

432

833

11

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

443

135

232

14

80.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

89

09

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1643

28

276

11

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

4322

137

122

0.25

32

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

843

1312

152

11

120.5

64

Trimethoprim

243

1923

13

160.5

64


Netherlands 2007 61

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in animals


Salmonella spp.Cattle (bovineanimals)





yes yes yes yes


11 43 6 128


Gentamicin 11 1 43 2 6 0 128 2Kanamycin 0 0 9 1 4 0 41 6Neomycin 11 0 34 1 2 0 87 7Streptomycin 0 0 9 3 4 0 41 14

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 11 1 43 5 6 1 128 3Florfenicol 11 0 43 0 6 1 128 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 10 0 43 0 6 0 128 22Ceftazidim 10 0 43 0 6 0 128 21

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 10 0 43 2 6 2 128 61

Fully sensitive 11 9 43 17 6 4 128 26

PenicillinsAmpicillin 11 1 43 13 6 0 128 59

PolymyxinsColistin 0 0 9 0 4 0 41 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 11 0 43 2 6 1 128 56

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 11 1 43 4 6 1 128 15


11 0 43 9 6 0 128 19


11 0 43 4 6 0 128 29


11 0 43 5 6 1 128 15


11 1 43 4 6 0 128 24

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 11 1 43 22 6 1 128 58

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 11 1 43 13 6 1 128 34

Trimethoprim 11 1 43 19 6 1 128 90


Netherlands 2007 62

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella spp.


Salmonella spp.humans


yes


420











420 46


420 28


420 21


420 13



Trimethoprim 420 42


Netherlands 2007 63


sceptib

ility testing of Other serotypes in humans Surveillance quantitative

data [D

ilution method]

Other serotypes

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

420

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2420

1689

254

565

17

35

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

4112

1894

123

34

128

Neomycin

4308

7270

274

23

11

1128

Streptom

ycin

32112

181

838

389

12

152

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16420

201

28327

441

415

2128

Florfenicol

16420

102

197

199

121

41

42

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.5

420

554

334

234

21

20.125

16

Ceftazidim

2419

540

268

101

55

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

420

5794

269

615

165

22

38

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

4419

8568

238

271

1669

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

8112

0112

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16420

4196

250

2310

1031

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

420

108

211

983

108

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8420

991

129

163

262

57

870.5

64

Trimethoprim

2420

42363

132

1230

0.5

64


Netherlands 2007 64

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Broth dilution

Standards used for testing

NCCLS

Salmonella Standard for

breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ ml) Range tested

concentration (microg/ ml)Disk content Breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=

Intermediate Resistant>

lowest highest microg Susceptible>=

Intermediate Resistant<=

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol EUCAST/

EFSA16 16 2 128

Florfenicol EUCAST/EFSA

16 16 2 128

TetracyclinesTetracyclin EUCAST/

EFSA8 8 0.5 64

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin EUCAST/

EFSA0.06 0.06 0.06 8

Enrofloxacin QuinolonesNalidixic acid EUCAST/

EFSA16 16 0.5 128

Trimethoprim EUCAST/EFSA

2 2 0.5 64

SulfonamidesSulfonamide Sulfamethoxazol CLSI 256 256 0.25 1024

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin EUCAST/

EFSA32 32 2 128

Gentamicin EUCAST/EFSA

2 2 0.25 32

Neomycin EUCAST/EFSA

4 4 1 128

Kanamycin EUCAST/EFSA

4 4 4 128

Trimethoprim +sulfonamides

CephalosporinsCefotaxim EFSA/

EUCAST0.5 0.5 0.125 16

Ceftazidim EFSA/EUCAST

2 2 0.125 16

3rd generationcephalosporins

PenicillinsAmpicillin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 0.5 64

PolymyxinsColistin EFSA/

EUCAST8 8 8 16


Netherlands 2007 65

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Humans

Test Method Used

Broth dilution


NCCLS

Salmonella Standard for



Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol EUCAST/

EFSA16 16 2 128

Florfenicol EUCAST/EFSA

16 16 2 128

TetracyclinesTetracyclin EUCAST/

EFSA8 8 0.5 64

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin EUCAST/

EFSA0.06 0.06 0.06 8

Enrofloxacin EFSA/EUCAST

QuinolonesNalidixic acid EUCAST/

EFSA16 16 0.5 128

Trimethoprim EUCAST/EFSA

2 2 0.5 64


AminoglycosidesStreptomycin EUCAST/

EFSA32 32 2 128

Gentamicin EUCAST/EFSA

2 2 0.25 32

Neomycin EUCAST/EFSA

4 4 1 128

Kanamycin EUCAST/EFSA

4 4 4 128


CephalosporinsCefotaxim EFSA/

EUCAST0.5 0.5 0.125 16

Ceftazidim EFSA/EUCAST

2 2 0.125 16



EUCAST4 4 0.5 64

PolymyxinsColistin EFSA/

EUCAST8 8 8 16


Netherlands 2007 66

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS


2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans

2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs

Table Campylobacter in poultry meat


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for thermophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p.

C. coli

C. lari

C. upsaliensis

C. jejuni

Therm

ophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

fresh at retail VWA single 25g 1407 153 153







Meat from turkey fresh at retail VWA single 25g 711 112 112


Netherlands 2007 67

Table Campylobacter in other food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


pylobacter sp

p.

Therm

ophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

Meat from pig fresh


Meat from bovine animals fresh


minced meat

intended to be eaten raw




Meat from sheep fresh


minced meat




Netherlands 2007 68

2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals

Table Campylobacter in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested


pylobacter sp

p.

C. jejuni

C. coli

C. lari

C. upsaliensis

Therm

ophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

Cattle (bovine animals) GD animal 3005 20 20

Sheep GD animal 782 22 22

Goats GD animal 315 0

Solipeds, domestic horses VMDC animal 194 0

Gallus gallus (fowl) GD flock 1623 0

Turkeys GD flock 42 0

Ducks GD flock 13 0

Dogs VMDC animal 376 75 75

Cats VMDC animal 245 20 20

Birds VMDC animal 120 0

Reptiles VMDC animal 9 0


Netherlands 2007 69

2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates


Netherlands 2007 70


sceptib

ility testing of C. coli in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows


ilution method]

C. coli


sIsolates out of a monitoring

programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

6

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

26

03

30.25

32

Neomycin

26

05

10.5

32

Streptom

ycin

46

14

11

1128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

166

05

12

128

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

16

13

11

10.125

16

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

166

01

22

10.5

64

Penicillins

Ampicillin

86

51

50.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

326

11

31

11

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

62

12

11

18

512

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

26

23

12

0.125

128


Netherlands 2007 71


sceptib

ility testing of C. coli in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine animals)

veal calves quantitative data [D

ilution method]

C. coli

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

71

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

271

521

3411

50.25

32

Neomycin

271

2033

162

14

510

0.5

32

Streptom

ycin

471

5316

22

1423

81

51

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1671

21

1149

82

2128

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

171

5213

611

2417

0.125

16

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

1671

144

2027

61

130.5

64

Penicillins

Ampicillin

871

492

713

415

30.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

3271

529

91

1141

1128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

7126

126

113

112

1610

8512

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

271

692

168

0.125

128


Netherlands 2007 72


sceptib

ility testing of C. coli in Pigs quantitative data [D

ilution method]

C. coli

Pigs


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

103

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2103

061

3111

0.25

32

Neomycin

2103

577

201

12

11

0.5

32

Streptom

ycin

4103

7822

38

3321

41

111

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16103

07

4148

72

128

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

1103

1073

181

11

63

0.125

16

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

16103

195

2124

313

21

160.5

64

Penicillins

Ampicillin

8103

212

331

4613

17

0.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

32103

101

4638

87

31

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

103

6222

123

436

179

8512

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

2103

9111

18

830.125

128


Netherlands 2007 73

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in C. coli


C. coliCattle (bovine animals) dairy cows



Pigs


yes yes yes yes


6 71 21 103


Gentamicin 6 0 71 5 21 0 103 0Neomycin 6 0 71 20 21 1 103 5Streptomycin 6 1 71 53 21 0 103 78

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 6 0 71 2 21 0 103 0


Fully sensitive 6 0 71 1 21 1 103 4

MacrolidesErythromycin 6 0 71 14 21 3 103 19

PenicillinsAmpicillin 6 5 71 49 21 11 103 21

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 6 1 71 52 21 16 103 10



6 1 71 9 21 10 103 30


6 0 71 10 21 1 103 35


6 0 71 17 21 103 21


6 1 71 33 21 1 103 6

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 6 2 71 38 21 1 103 62



Netherlands 2007 74


sceptib

ility testing of C. coli in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers Surveillance


ilution method]

C. coli

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

21

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

221

018

30.25

32

Neomycin

221

120

10.5

32

Streptom

ycin

421

019

11

1128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1621

012

81

2128

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

121

161

31

27

25

0.125

16

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

1621

36

54

11

13

0.5

64

Penicillins

Ampicillin

821

112

83

80.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

3221

161

410

61

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

211

213

41

18

512

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

221

106

41

100.125

128


Netherlands 2007 75


sceptib

ility testing of C. jejuni in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers quantitative

data [D

ilution method]

C. jejuni

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

45

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

245

042

30.25

32

Neomycin

245

341

13

0.5

32

Streptom

ycin

445

144

11

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1645

02

314

82

128

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

145

2614

41

910

70.125

16

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

1645

04

1920

11

0.5

64

Penicillins

Ampicillin

845

2611

82

321

0.5

64

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

3245

2612

52

224

1128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

451

12

1819

41

8512

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

245

2317

14

21

713

0.125

128


Netherlands 2007 76

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in C. jejuni


C. jejuniCattle (bovine animals) dairy cows



Pigs


yes yes yes


32 39 45


Gentamicin 32 0 39 0 45 0Neomycin 32 1 39 8 45 3Streptomycin 32 0 39 0 45 1

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 32 0 39 0 45 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 32 6 39 14 45 26

Fully sensitive 32 23 39 4 45 4

MacrolidesErythromycin 32 0 39 0 45 1

PenicillinsAmpicillin 32 0 39 5 45 24

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 32 6 39 14 45 26

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 32 7 39 14 45 16


32 1 39 16 45 14


32 1 39 2 45 9


32 0 39 3 45 2


32 0 39 0 45 0

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 32 3 39 0 45 1

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 32 2 39 35 45 23

Footnote

Breakpoints differ from C. coli.


Netherlands 2007 77


sceptib

ility testing of C. jejuni in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine animals)

veal calves quantitative data [D

ilution method]

C. jejuni



programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

39

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

139

034

41

Neomycin

139

830

15

21

Streptom

ycin

239

236

12

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1639

08

254

2

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

139

1420

32

11

102

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

439

08

1514

2

Penicillins

Ampicillin

1639

51

319

92

14

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1639

141

515

31

311

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

390

129

69

3

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

239

353

14

31


Netherlands 2007 78


sceptib

ility testing of C. jejuni in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows


ilution method]

C. jejuni


sIsolates out of a monitoring

programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

32

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

132

028

4

Neomycin

132

128

31

Streptom

ycin

232

032

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1632

015

17

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

132

622

42

31

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

432

09

138

2

Penicillins

Ampicillin

1632

01

125

5

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1632

62

244

2

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

323

73

610

12

21

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

232

230

2


Netherlands 2007 79

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Broth dilution


NCCLS

Campylobacter Standard for



Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol EFSA/

EUCAST16 16 2 128

TetracyclinesTetracyclin EFSA/

EUCAST2 2 0.125 128

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin EFSA/

EUCAST1 1 0.125 16

QuinolonesNalidixic acid EFSA/

EUCAST32 32 1 128

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 1 128

Gentamicin EFSA/EUCAST

2 2 0.25 32

Neomycin EFSA/EUCAST

2 2 0.5 32

MacrolidesErythromycin EFSA/

EUCAST16 16 0.5 64


EUCAST8 8 0.5 64

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol EFSA/

EUCAST256 256 8 512

Footnote

The breakpoints used in this table are for Campylobacter coli. They differ from the breakpoints we use for Campylobacterjejuni.


Netherlands 2007 80

2.3. LISTERIOSIS


2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans

2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs

Table Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for L.monocytogenes

Units tested with

detection method

Listeria monocytogenes presence in x g

Units tested with

enumeration method

> detection lim

it but <

= 100 cfu/ g

L. m

onocytogenes > 100 cfu/ g

Cheeses made from cows' milk

soft and semisoft

made from pasteurisedmilk

at retail VWA single 25g 26 1 26 1 0

hard

made from raw or lowheattreated milk



at retail VWA single 25g 52 1 6 0 49 1 0

Cheeses made from goats' milk

soft and semisoft



Dairy products (excludingcheeses)

cream



Netherlands 2007 81

Table Listeria monocytogenes in other foods


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for L.monocytogenes

Units tested with

detection method

Listeria monocytogenes presence in x g

Units tested with

enumeration method

> detection lim

it but <

= 100 cfu/ g

L. m

onocytogenes > 100 cfu/ g

Meat from pig

fresh VWA single 1020g 271 1 271 0 1

meat products

raw but intended to beeaten cooked


minced meat



fresh VWA single 1020g 271 1 271 0 1

meat products

cooked, readytoeat


raw and intended to be eatenraw

VWA single 1020g 56 0 56 0 0

minced meat


Fish

smoked

at retail VWA single 25g/1020g

820 177 709 160 820 35 38

Meat from sheep

fresh


minced meat


meat products

raw but intended to be eatencooked

VWA single 1020g 2 0 0 2

Meat from bovine animals andpig

minced meat



Netherlands 2007 82

Fruits at retail VWA single 1020g 769 0 769 0 0

Seeds, sprouted



Netherlands 2007 83

2.3.4. Listeria in animals

Table Listeria in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Listeria spp.

L. m

onocytogenes

Listeria spp., unspecified



Goats GD animal 85 8 8

Gallus gallus (fowl) GD flock 1623 0

Turkeys GD flock 42 0


Netherlands 2007 84

2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS


2.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans

2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs

Table VT E. coli in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC O157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC nonO157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC, unspecified

Meat from pig fresh VWA single 25g 270 0







Meat from bovine animals fresh at retail VWA single 25g 271 0

minced meat intended to be eaten raw at retail VWA single 25g 921 1 1




Netherlands 2007 85





Meat from sheep fresh at retail VWA single 25g 97 0

Vegetables precut at retail VWA single 25g 1852 0

Meat, mixed meat at retail VWA single 25g 17 0


Netherlands 2007 86

2.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals

Table VT E. coli in animals


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC O157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC nonO157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC, unspecified

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) (1) VWA holding 174 23 23

dairy cows at farm (2) VWA holding 157 6 6

(1) : surveillance(2) : surveillance


Netherlands 2007 87

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES


2.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans

2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals

A. Mycobacterium bovis in bovine animals

Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year

The entire country free

The Dutch cattle population is officially free from tuberculosis. This recognition has beenratified by Decision 99/ 467/ EC from August 1999 and amended by Desicion 03/ 467/ EC.

Control program/ mechanisms

The control program/ strategies in place

All slaughtered animals are subject to ante mortem and post mortem investigation. Routinly allcattle at AIstations are subject of tuberculination. Cattle destined for export to some thirdcountries are tuberculinated.

Notification system in place

Tuberculosis (M. bovis) is notifiable for bovine animals in the Netherlands.


Netherlands 2007 88

Table Tuberculosis in other animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Mycobacterium

spp.

M. bovis

M. tuberculosis

Mycobacterium

spp., unspecified

Sheep GD animal 782 0

Goats GD animal 315 0

Pigs GD animal 3766 10 10

Poultry, unspecified GD flock 1473 0

Birds GD animal 141 2 2


Netherlands 2007 89

Table Bovine tuberculosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programmes

Region

Total num

ber of

existin

g bovine

Officially free

herds

Infected herds

Routin

e tuberculin

testing

Num

ber of tuberculin

tests carried out

before the

introduction

Num

ber of animals

with

suspicious

lesions of tuberculosis

Num

ber of animals

detected positive in

bacteriological

exam

ination

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

herds

%

Interval

between

routine

tuberculin

tests (*)

Num

ber of

animals

tested

into the herds (Annex

A(I)(2

)(c) third

indent (1) of

Directive 64/ 432/

EEC)

exam

ined and

subm

itted to

histopathological and

bacteriological

exam

inations

NED

ERLA

ND

48256

3762784

48254

99.996

2 0.004

0 0

0 19

2

Total

48256

3762784

48254

99.996

2 0.004

0 0

19

2

(*) L

egend:

In colum

n "Interval between routine tuberculin tests" use the following numeric codes: (0) no routine tests; (1) tests once a year; (2) tests each two years; (3) tests

each three years concerning 24 monthold animals; (4) tests each 4 years; (5) others (please give details).


Netherlands 2007 90

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS


2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans

2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs

2.6.4. Brucella in animals

A. Brucella abortus in bovine animals

Status as officially free of bovine brucellosis during the reporting year


The Dutch cattle has been free from bovine brucellosis since 1996. This recognition has beenratified by Desicion 99/ 466/ EC from August 1999 and amended by Desicion 03/ 467/ EC.

B. Brucella melitensis in sheep

Status as officially free of ovine brucellosis during the reporting year


Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis has never been diagnosed in the Netherlands in sheepand goats. The Netherlands has the official EU "free of B. melitensis status" which confirmedin the Order 93/ 52/ EC.


Brucellosis is notifiable for sheep.

C. Brucella melitensis in goats

Status as officially free of caprine brucellosis during the reporting year


Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis has never been diagnosed in the Netherlands in sheepand goats. The Netherlands has the official EU "free of B. melitensis status" which is confirmedin the Order 93/ 52/ EC.


Brucellosis is notifiable for goats.


Netherlands 2007 91

Table Brucellosis in other animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Brucella sp

p.

B. m

elitensis

B. abortus

B. suis

Brucella sp

p., unspecified

Pigs GD animal 5789 0

Pet animals, all GD animal 114 0


Netherlands 2007 92

Table Bovine brucellosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programme

Region

Total num

ber

of

Officially free

herds

Infected

herds

Surveillance

Investigations of suspect cases

existin

gbovine

Serological tests

Examination of bulk

milk samples

Inform

ation about

abortions

Epidemiological investigation

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

bovine

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

infected

Num

ber of

bovine

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

infected

Num

ber of

notified

Num

ber of

isolations

Num

ber of

abortions

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

suspended

Num

ber of positive animals

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

animals

herds tested

tested

herds tested

herds tested

or pools tested

herds

abortions

whatever cause

of Brucella

infection

due to Brucella

abortus

tested with

serological

blood tests

herds

Serologically

BST

exam

ined

microbio

logically

positive

microbio

logically

NED

ERLA

ND

48256

3762784

48256

100

0 0

13399

0 0

13399

63

23

0

Total

48256

3762784

48256

100

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

13399

0 0

13399

63

0 0

23

0


Netherlands 2007 93

Ovine or Caprine Brucellosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programme

Region

Total num

ber of

existin

g ovine /

caprine

Officially free herds

Infected herds

Surveillance

Investigations of suspect cases

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of herds

%

Num

ber of herds

%

Num

ber of herds

tested

Num

ber of animals

tested

Num

ber of infected

herds

Num

ber of animals

tested with

serological

blood tests

Num

ber of animals

positive serologically

Num

ber of animals

exam

ined microbio

logically

Num

ber of animals

positive microbio

logically

Num

ber of su

spended

herds

NED

ERLA

ND

52262

1693357

52262

100

0 0

1521

14790

0 16

0 0

1

Total

52262

1693357

52262

100

0 0

1521

14790

0 16

0 0

0 1


Netherlands 2007 94

2.7. YERSINIOSIS


2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans

2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs

2.7.4. Yersinia in animals

Table Yersinia in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Yersinia spp.

Y. enterocolitica

Yersinia spp., unspecified

Y. enterocolitica O:9

Y. enterocolitica O:3

Y. enterocolitica unspecified




Pigs GD animal 899 0

at slaughterhouse animalsample faeces (1)

VWA animal 20 0 0

at slaughterhouse animalsample tonsil

VWA animal 20 3 3

(1) : sampling unit 25g


Netherlands 2007 95

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS


2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans

2.8.3. Trichinella in animals

Table Trichinella in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Trichinella sp

p.

T. spiralis

Trichinella sp

p., unspecified

Pigs VWA animal 14766589 0

Solipeds, domestic horses VWA animal 1808 0

Wild boars wild (1) VWA animal 881 0

Surveillance (serology) RIVM animal 449 1 1

(1) : serology


Netherlands 2007 96

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS


2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans

2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals

Table Echinococcus in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Echinococcus spp.

E. granulosus

E. m

ultilocularis

Echinococcus spp., unspecified

Cattle (bovine animals) (1) RIVM 29 9 9

Dogs (2) RIVM animal 1 1 1

Foxes (3) RIVM animal 116 11 11

(1) : PCR/ microscopycattle originated from Romania(2) : PCRintermediate host(3) : PCR/ microscopy


Netherlands 2007 97

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS


2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans

2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals

Table Toxoplasma in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Toxoplasm

a

T. gondii

Cattle (bovine animals) (1) RIVM animal 1072 424 424

(1) : serologyELISA based


Netherlands 2007 98

2.11. RABIES


A. Rabies general evaluation

History of the disease and/ or infection in the country

Rabies is only found in bats (EBLvirus). In the Netherlands a VWAprotocol is used for direct andindirect contact of humans and pets with bats. In these cases bats are euthanised and tested for rabiesat the CVI in Lelystad. Humans or pets which have direct contact with a bat are vaccinate when thebat is found positive for EBLVvirus in the test.


Netherlands 2007 99

2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals

Table Rabies in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Lyssavirus (rabies)

Unspecified Lyssavirus

European Bat Lyssavirus unspecified

Classical rabies virus (genotype 1)

Dogs CVI animal 2 0

Cats CVI animal 5 0

Bats wild (1) CVI animal 154 7 7

Foxes wild CVI animal 10 0

(1) : six bats were not suitable for investigation


Netherlands 2007 100

2.12. QFEVER


2.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals

Table Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Coxiella (Q

fever)

C. burnetii


Sheep GD animal 144 0




3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE



3.1. ENTEROCOCCUS, NONPATHOGENIC




3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus, nonpathogenic isolates



Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in E. faecium


E. faeciumGallus gallus (fowl) broilers Monitoring

Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows Monitoring

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) vealcalves Monitoring

Pigs Monitoring


yes yes yes yes


15 68 87 61


Gentamicin 15 0 68 0 87 3 61 0Streptomycin 15 3 68 1 87 37 61 6



Fully sensitive 15 5 68 27 87 10 61 2

Glycopeptides (Cyclic peptides, Polypeptides)Bacitracin 15 5 68 26 87 27 61 11Vancomycin 15 0 68 0 87 1 61 2

IonophoresSalinomycin 15 4 68 0 87 2 61 17


OxazolidinesLinezolid 15 0 68 0 87 0 61 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 15 0 68 0 87 10 61 1



15 0 68 14 87 15 61 17


15 3 68 6 87 22 61 14


15 2 68 0 87 16 61 8


15 2 68 0 87 15 61 5

StreptograminsQuinupristin/ Dalfopristin 15 5 68 21 87 32 61 38





sceptib

ility testing of E. faecium

in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers quantitative

data [D

ilution method]

E. faecium

Gallus g



programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

15

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

150

15128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

153

123

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3215

011

22

264

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

415

01

47

30.5

64

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

155

55

52

256

Vancomycin

415

010

23

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

415

42

54

40.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

415

66

21

15

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

415

013

20.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

415

012

12

1128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

215

52

35

31

10.5

32

Tetracyclines

215

78

70.5

128




sceptib


in Pigs M

onitoring quantitative data

[Dilution method]

E. faecium

Pigs Monitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

61

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

610

61128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

616

514

24

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3261

044

172

64

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

461

011

2320

70.5

64

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

6111

218

22

210

143

82

256

Vancomycin

461

251

82

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

461

1716

271

152

0.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

461

225

1717

121

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

461

01

3624

0.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

461

123

2215

11

128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

261

382

417

344

0.5

32

Tetracyclines

261

5110

129

210.5

128




sceptib


in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine

animals) veal calves M

onitoring quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. faecium

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

87

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

873

831

3128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

8737

473

1324

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3287

31

6310

103

264

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

487

51

2716

385

0.5

64

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

8727

12

14

943

1314

2256

Vancomycin

487

160

1511

10.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

487

246

392

0.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

487

5513

109

91

144

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

487

01

6224

0.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

487

1059

144

25

12

1128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

287

3219

1026

302

0.5

32

Tetracyclines

287

5729

13

540.5

128




sceptib


in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows

Monitoring quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. faecium


s M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

68

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

680

68128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

681

671

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3268

056

122

64

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

468

44

1721

224

0.5

64

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

6826

12

13

3522

42

256

Vancomycin

468

048

164

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

468

06

611

0.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

468

1128

1514

91

11

128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

468

016

520.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

468

066

21

128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

268

2126

219

210.5

32

Tetracyclines

268

459

41

11

20.5

128




sceptib

ility testing of E. faecalis in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows


ilution method]

E. faecalis


s M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

16

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

160

16128

1024

Streptom

ycin

2000

163

133

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3216

113

21

264

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

416

01

123

0.5

64

Glycolipids

Bam

bermycin

1616

014

11

4512

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

162

22

102

2256

Vancomycin

416

02

68

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

416

012

40.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

416

46

24

22

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

416

016

0.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

416

016

1128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

3216

01

13

110.5

32

Tetracyclines

216

75

42

23

0.5

128




sceptib

ility testing of E. faecalis in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine

animals) veal calves M

onitoring quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. faecalis

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

34

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

342

311

2128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

3413

201

310

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3234

1018

68

22

64

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

434

06

226

0.5

64

Glycolipids

Bam

bermycin

1634

032

24

512

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

347

39

151

62

256

Vancomycin

434

01

2211

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

434

02

311

0.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

434

1510

63

151

128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

434

032

20.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

434

034

1128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

3234

11

1118

31

0.5

32

Tetracyclines

234

209

51

316

0.5

128



Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in E. faecalis


E. faecalisGallus gallus (fowl) broilers Monitoring

Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows Monitoring

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) vealcalves Monitoring

Pigs Monitoring


yes yes yes yes


4 16 34 34


Gentamicin 4 0 16 0 34 2 34 5Streptomycin 4 1 16 3 34 13 34 18



Fully sensitive 4 0 16 7 34 13 34 2

GlycolipidsBambermycin 4 0 16 0 34 0 34 0

Glycopeptides (Cyclic peptides, Polypeptides)Bacitracin 4 1 16 2 34 7 34 2Vancomycin 4 0 16 0 34 0 34 0

IonophoresSalinomycin 4 0 16 0 34 0 34 0


OxazolidinesLinezolid 4 0 16 0 34 0 34 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 4 0 16 0 34 0 34 0



4 2 16 3 34 3 34 5


4 1 16 1 34 3 34 7


4 0 16 1 34 4 34 9


4 0 16 0 34 6 34 1

StreptograminsQuinupristin/ Dalfopristin 4 0 16 0 34 1 34 0





sceptib

ility testing of E. faecalis in Gallus gallus (fowl) at slaughterhouse


ilution method]

E. faecalis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) at slaughterhouse M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

4

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

40

4128

1024

Streptom

ycin

2000

41

31

512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

324

04

264

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

44

02

20.5

64

Glycolipids

Bam

bermycin

164

04

4512

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

41

31

2256

Vancomycin

44

03

10.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

44

01

12

0.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

44

21

12

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

44

04

0.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

44

04

1128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

324

02

20.5

32

Tetracyclines

24

40

00

00

00

13

0.5

128




sceptib

ility testing of E. faecalis in Pigs M

onitoring quantitative data

[Dilution method]

E. faecalis

Pigs Monitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

34

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

500

345

295

128

1024

Streptom

ycin

1024

3418

161

17512

2048

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

3234

618

103

32

64

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

434

010

186

0.5

64

Glycolipids

Bam

bermycin

1634

033

14

512

Glycopeptides (C

yclic peptid

es, Polypeptid

es)

Bacitracin

128

342

114

171

12

256

Vancomycin

434

01

2310

0.5

64

Ionophores

Salinom

ycin

434

01

275

10.5

64

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

434

205

72

119

1128

Oxazolidines

Linezolid

434

01

312

0.5

64

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

434

033

11

128

Streptogramins

Quinupristin/ D

alfopristin

3234

01

823

20.5

32

Tetracyclines

234

313

116

140.5

128



Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus, nonpathogenicin Animals

Test Method Used

Broth dilution


NCCLS

Enterococcus,nonpathogenic

Standard forbreakpoint

Breakpoint concentration (microg/ ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ ml)

Disk content Breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines EFSA/EUCAST

2 2 0.5 128

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol EFSA/

EUCAST32 32 2 64

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 0.5 64

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin EFSA/

EUCAST1024 1024 512 2048

Gentamicin EFSA/EUCAST

500 500 128 1024

MacrolidesErythromycin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 1 128

GlycolipidsBambermycin EFSA/

EUCAST16 16 4 512

Glycopeptides (Cyclic peptides, Polypeptides)Bacitracin EFSA/

EUCAST128 128 2 256

Vancomycin EFSA/EUCAST

4 4 0.5 64

IonophoresSalinomycin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 0.5 64

OxazolidinesLinezolid CLSI 4 4 0.5 64

PenicillinsAmoxicillin EFSA/

EUCAST4 4 1 128

StreptograminsQuinupristin/Dalfopristin

EFSA/EUCAST/CLSI

32 32 0.5 32

Footnote

The breakpoints in this table are the breakpoints for Enterococcus faecalis. For Enterococcus faecium the breakpoint forQuino/ dalfopristine is 2 microg/ ml (CLSIbreakpoint).



3.2. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC




3.2.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows

Surveillance (E. coli O

157) quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. coli


s Surveillance (E

. coli O

157)


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

18

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

218

010

71

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

418

216

24

128

Neomycin

81

128

Streptom

ycin

1618

210

62

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1618

24

122

2128

Florfenicol

1618

04

142

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

181

116

10.125

16

Ceftazidim

0.5

181

152

10.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

181

171

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

818

23

132

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

818

117

18

16

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1618

017

10.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

182

162

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

818

214

22

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

218

216

20.5

64




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine animals)

veal calves at farm Surveillance (E. coli O

157) quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. coli

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves at farm Surveillance (E. coli O

157)


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

87

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

287

259

242

11

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

487

1374

61

64

128

Neomycin

81

128

Streptom

ycin

1687

1843

265

49

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1687

65

6115

62

128

Florfenicol

1687

16

6911

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

871

7214

10.125

16

Ceftazidim

0.5

871

842

10.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

871

861

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

887

1811

571

180.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

887

186

18

16

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1687

085

20.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

8718

6918

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

887

861

183

50.5

64

Trimethoprim

287

876

38

0.5

64




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows


ilution method]

E. coli


s Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

152

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2152

17

8850

61

0.25

32

Kanam

ycin

467

1354

103

4128

Neomycin

885

168

142

11

128

Streptom

ycin

1667

821

353

11

24

2128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16144

2117

251

12

128

Florfenicol

16152

21

17121

111

12

128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

152

059

921

0.125

16

Ceftazidim

0.5

152

047

987

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

152

166

851

Penicillins

Ampicillin

8152

85

4788

41

61

0.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

867

067

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16152

163

853

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

152

9143

18

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8152

1014

6958

11

27

0.5

64

Trimethoprim

2152

8138

51

15

20.5

64



Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in animals


E. coliCattle (bovineanimals)


Turkeys Cattle (bovineanimals) calves(under 1 year) veal calves atfarm Surveillance

Cattle (bovineanimals) dairycows at farm Surveillance


no yes no no no


152 169 43 87 18


Gentamicin 152 1 169 9 43 1 87 2 18 0Kanamycin 67 13 81 32 43 16 87 13 18 2Neomycin 85 1 88 4Streptomycin 67 8 81 42 43 22 87 18 18 2

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 152 2 169 21 43 7 87 6 18 2Florfenicol 152 2 169 1 43 1 87 1 18 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 152 0 169 2 43 9 87 1 18 1Ceftazidim 152 0 169 2 43 9 87 1 18 1

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 152 1 169 5 43 21 87 1 18 1

Fully sensitive 152 129 169 28 43 2 87 56 18 16

PenicillinsAmpicillin 152 8 169 62 43 26 87 18 18 2

PolymyxinsColistin 67 0 81 0 43 0 87 1 18 1

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 152 1 169 4 43 21 87 0 18 0

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 152 12 169 29 43 5 87 3 18 0


152 1 169 14 43 6 87 0 18 0


152 2 169 24 43 5 87 2 18 0


152 2 169 35 43 5 87 0 18 0


152 6 169 39 43 20 87 8 18 2

SulfonamidesSulfamethoxazol 152 9 169 93 43 27 87 18 18 2

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 152 10 169 123 43 24 87 8 18 2

Trimethoprim 152 8 169 86 43 21 87 8 18 2

Footnote

Cattle(bovine animals) contains the data of E. coli (not O157) from dairy cows.Gallus gallus (fowl) contains the datafrom broilers.




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers quantitative data

[Dilution method]

E. coli

Gallus g



programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

43

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

243

113

236

1

Kanam

ycin

443

1627

112

3

Streptom

ycin

1643

223

108

22

216

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1643

75

274

34

Florfenicol

1643

110

284

1

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

439

304

18

Ceftazidim

0.5

439

322

21

24

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

4321

2210

81

11

Penicillins

Ampicillin

843

262

96

26

Polymyxins

Colistin

843

043

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1643

2120

11

417

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

4327

166

21

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

843

247

84

816

Trimethoprim

243

2120

11

21




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in calves (under 1 year) Cattle (bovine animals)

veal calves Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution method]

E. coli

Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) veal calves Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

175

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2202

397

7570

111

11

360.25

32

Kanam

ycin

475

3045

121

174

128

Neomycin

8100

2256

165

11

39

91

128

Streptom

ycin

1675

391

1417

44

56

242

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16175

4913

9617

58

1620

2128

Florfenicol

16175

171

24107

264

58

2128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

175

857

102

84

21

10.125

16

Ceftazidim

0.5

175

553

106

112

12

0.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

175

2962

841

66

41

74

0.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

8175

822

4444

31

232

470.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

875

075

816

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16175

2855

892

11

1314

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

174

8985

584

0.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8175

122

530

171

228

920.5

64

Trimethoprim

2175

73101

11

3438

0.5

64




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Pigs Surveillance quantitative data [D

ilution

method]

E. coli

Pigs Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

169

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2169

98

8654

127

11

Kanam

ycin

481

3249

217

13

Neomycin

888

450

2410

12

1

Streptom

ycin

1681

4214

214

65

625

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

16169

2121

114

136

65

4

Florfenicol

16169

11

34117

161

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

169

266

100

11

1

Ceftazidim

0.5

169

262

101

42

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

169

577

872

21

Penicillins

Ampicillin

8169

625

5349

128

33

Polymyxins

Colistin

881

081

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

16169

473

893

13

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

169

9375

15

88

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

8169

123

1119

142

54

4173

Trimethoprim

2169

8677

51

4046



Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in humans


E. colihumans


no


88


Gentamicin 88 0Kanamycin 88 6Neomycin 0Streptomycin 88 6










88 1


88 2


88 0


88 1



Trimethoprim 88 2




sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in humans Surveillance quantitative data

[Dilution method]

E. coli

humans Surveillance


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

88

Num




l) or zone (m


Antimicrobials:

Break

point

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowesthighest

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

288

09

6115

30

00

00.25

32

Kanam

ycin

488

682

41

00

01

4128

Neomycin

81

128

Streptom

ycin

3288

62

719

00

12

32

128

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

1688

20

04

739

00

22

128

Florfenicol

1688

10

1371

30

01

2128

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0.25

880

7810

00

00

00.125

16

Ceftazidim

0.5

880

853

00

00

00.125

16

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0.06

880

880

00

00

00

00.06

8

Penicillins

Ampicillin

888

30

030

550

00

30.5

64

Polymyxins

Colistin

888

088

08

16

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

1688

086

20

00

0.5

128

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazol

256

886

820

00

00

00

60.25

1024

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

888

21

814

00

01

11

64

Trimethoprim

288

286

00

00

00

20.5

64



Footnote

The data concerns E

. coli O

157.



Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Broth dilution


NCCLS

EUCAST

Escherichia coli,nonpathogenic




Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol EUCAST 16 16 2 128

Florfenicol EUCAST 16 16 2 128

TetracyclinesTetracyclin EUCAST 8 8 0.5 64

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin EUCAST 0.06 0.06 0.06 8

Enrofloxacin QuinolonesNalidixic acid EUCAST 16 16 0.5 128

Trimethoprim EUCAST 2 2 0.5 64


AminoglycosidesStreptomycin EUCAST 16 16 2 128

Gentamicin EUCAST 2 2 0.25 32

Neomycin EUCAST 8 8 1 128

Kanamycin EUCAST 4 4 4 128


CephalosporinsCefotaxim EUCAST 0.25 0.25 0.125 16

Ceftazidim EUCAST 0.5 0.5 0.125 16


PenicillinsAmpicillin EUCAST 8 8 0.5 64

PolymyxinsColistin EUCAST 8 8 8 16



Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Humans

Test Method Used

Broth dilution


NCCLS

EUCAST

Escherichia coli,nonpathogenic




Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 128

Florfenicol 128

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 0.5

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 0.06

Enrofloxacin QuinolonesNalidixic acid 0.5 128

Trimethoprim 64

SulfonamidesSulfonamide Sulfamethoxazol 0.25

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 16 16 2 128

Gentamicin Neomycin EUCAST 8 8 1 128

Kanamycin 4 4 4 128


CephalosporinsCefotaxim 0.125 16

Ceftazidim EUCAST 0.125


PenicillinsAmpicillin 0.5 64

PolymyxinsColistin 8 8 8 16



4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS



4.1. HISTAMINE


4.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs

Table Histamine in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units in non conform

ity

<= 100 mg/ kg

>100 <=

200 mg/ kg

>200 <=

400 mg/ kg

> 400 mg/ kg

Fish

Fishery products from fishspecies associated with a highamount of histidine notenzyme maturated

VWA batch 1020g 1792

Cheeses made from cows' milk

hard

at retail VWA 1020g 74 ?

soft and semisoft

at retail VWA 1020g 7 ?

Crustaceans

at retail VWA 1020g 9 0



4.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII


4.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs

Table Enterobacter sakazakii in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Enterobacter sakazakii

E. sakazakii

Infant formula (1) VWA 25g 16 0

(1) : Prepared infant formule from hospitals



4.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS


4.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs



5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS

Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infection where thecases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which the observed human casesexceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source is suspected, is also indicative of afoodborne outbreak.

A. Foodborne outbreaks

System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks

In the Netherlands, two authorities are involved in investigations of foodborne outbreaks: the nationalfood safety authority (VWA) and the municipal public health services (GGD). Doctors are legally obliged to report foodborne outbreaks (defined as 2 or more persons ill within 24hours who have consumed the same food) to the GGD and to report individual cases of foodbornediseases if they work in the food preparation or as a caretaker. The GGD is reponsible for theepidemiological investigation of these reports and for the reporting of these cases to the RIVM(national institute of public health and the environment). Reports to the RIVM are realtime.Consumers who think they have become ill due to food consumption can use a special telephone lineto report their illness to the VWA. The VWA is responsible for the investigation of food implied.They visit the place where food is prepared and take samples for microbiological investigation. TheVWA report these incidents to the RIVM. Reports to the RIVM are usually done about 2 months afterthe incident.Thus, the GGDs are focussed on the human cases and the epidemiological investigation and the VWAis focussed on the microbiological investigation of food. Reports from GGDs are notifiable, butreports from the VWA are voluntary. In foodborne outbreaks with large numbers of cases both VWAand GGD are involved in the investigation.In previous years, only foodborne outbreaks reported by the GGD have been reported to EFSA,because these reports have a legal basis and in most reported outbreaks a causative agent was found insamples from patients. Reports of the VWA were not reported to the EFSA, because these reports arebased on voluntary reports of consumers and in most of these incidents a causative agent in foodcould not be found. However, now that EFSA uses special definitions for verified and possibleoutbreaks, in the current report over 2007, also VWAreports are included. Most of them are possible,but foodborne outbreaks where a causative agent in food was found, are mentioned as verifiedoutbreaks. Outbreaks in which both VWA and GGD were involved have been reported once (althoughin the national surveillance these are reported twice: once by the VWA and once by the GGD).Therefore, the report over 2007 includes (many) more foodborne outbreaks than in previous years

Description of the types of outbreaks covered by the reporting:

Both in the VWAreports and in the GGDreports, foodborne outbreaks in which the food wasconsumed in a restaurant or other outdoor facility are mostly reported. In GGDreports, mostly largeoutbreaks (with a high number of cases) are reported. Defition for reporting of foodborne outbreaks by the GGD: 2 or more persons that have become ill witin 24 hours who have consumed the same foodIn 2008, this definition will be changed into: 2 of more persons with the same illness who have consumed the same food.



For the reporting of foodborne outbreaks by the VWA there is no definition used. The VWA report allincidents that are reported by consumers. To EFSA only those incidents with 2 or more persons ill arereported (whereas in the national surveillance also invidual illness is reported).Causative agents in the GGDreports are mainly Salmonella, Norovirus and Campylobacter (becausethese are the agents that cause illness in humans and can be found in (fecal) samples). Causativeagents in the VWAreports are mainly Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus (because these arethe agents that are mainly found in food samples taken). In VWAreports Norovirus is sometimesfound in environmental samples (for example a swab from the handle of the refrigerator), butaccording to the definitions used by EFSA, these incidents should not be reported as verified.Therefore, these incidents are reported as possible, unless epidemiological evidence exists thatNorovirus was the cause of the outbreak.

National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:

Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved

In 2007, the number of incidents reported by the VWA increased from 530 in 2006 to 621 in2007 (these incidents include reports of individual cases and foodborne outbreaks) and morepatients were involved (1723 in total, in 2006: 1329 patients). Of these incidents, 315 werefoodborne outbreaks (295 in 2006).The number of incidents reported by the GGDs remained at the same level: 44 foodborneoutbreaks in 2007 and 49 in 2006, but the number of patients involved, increased from 476 in2006 to 759 in 2007. This was mainly due to a few very large outbreaks.

Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/ foodcategory combinations

VWAreports: of the 315 foodborne outbreaks reported by the VWA, a causative agent wasfound in 9% (29 outbreaks). Just as in the previous years, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcusaureus were the agents that were mostly found. In 2006, in 11% of the outbreaks, a causativeagent was found. The food products in which a causative agent could be found were mainlyrice/ chinese dishes, such as fried rice or fried noodles (with vegetables and/ or meat). In someincidents a causative agent was found in more than one food product.GGDreports: in 77% of the foodborne outbreaks, a causative agent was found (34 outbreaks).Salmonella was mostly found (16 outbreaks, 36%), followed by Campylobacter (10 outbreaks,23%) and Norovirus (7 outbreaks, 16%). Foods implied were mostly unknown or wellknownrisk products were reported (such as eggs for S. Enteritidis). In some instances (especially inlarge outbreaks) an epidemiological investigation was done (these are reported as verifiedoutbreaks).

Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks

Both in the VWAreports and in the GGDreports, restaurants are the main place of foodproduction in outbreaks. Outbreaks where food has been prepared in a private home are largelyunderreported. In 58% of the VWAreports (all reports including individual cases (n=621)) andin 43% of the foodborne outbreaks reported by the GGD, the food implied was prepared in arestaurant.Snack bars were reported in 17% of the VWAreports, a shop (such as a supermarket, bakery,



or butcher were reported in 14% of the reports, the home in 3% and an institution in 1%.In GGDreports: in 27% the home was reported, in 7% an institution and in 16% other(including supermarkets or other shops, farms, etc.).

Evaluation of the severity and clinical picture of the human cases

Of the patients involved in the VWAreports, 80% had diarrhea and 75% vomiting. Of the patients involved in the GGDreports of foodborne outbreaks, 115 were hospitalised. Inprevious years, the number of hospitalised patients was much lower (27 in 2006). This highnumber of hospitalisations was due to a large outbreak in the eastern part of the Netherlandswith 225 patients, of which 62 were hospitalised. This outbreak was caused by cheese producedat a local farm. Furthermore in an outbreak involving 37 children, all children were hospitalised(mainly as a precaution measure). These childeren were at a scouts camp and consumed waterthat was provided by a local farmer.

Descriptions of single outbreaks of special interest

Single outbreaks of special interest in 2007: outbreak in the eastern part of the country, which started already in the beginning of 2006.About 225 patients were identified with S. Typhimurium FT560, 62 were hospitalised. Theoutbreak was caused by cheese produced at a local farm. outbreak of Clostridium perfringens: about 180200 patients were identified. The causativeagent was found in multiple foods consumed at a buffet. It was an Lftarmeal that wasorganised in a theater. Lentil soup was the probable source of infection, since this product wasprepared long before the meal and inadequately chilled. outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni: about 18 patients became ill out of a group of 23 collegeswho visited a dairy farm during a daytrip. 19 persons had consumed unpasteurised milk. outbreak in the eastern part of the country. About 26 patients were identified with S.Typhimurium FT507. The outbreak was probably caused by filet americain (stake tartar)bought in a local supermarket. outbreak of Norovirus among 37 children at a scouts camp. The outbreak was probably causedby contaminated water that was provided by a local farmer.

Control measures or other actions taken to improve the situation

The outbreak of S. Typhimurium FT 560 has been controlled by temporary closure of the farm,temporary pasteurisation of the milk used for production of the cheese and thorough cleaning ofthe farm. In other foodborne outbreaks, the outbreaks were mostly caused by a point sourcecontamination.

Suggestions to the community for the actions to be taken

Some outbreaks, especially norovirus outbreaks with large numbers of cases, are caused by aninfected food handler that worked while he was ill or started working just after he hadrecovered. This suggests that education about food safety and the risks of spreading illnesswhen working during illness is needed for food handlers.




Foodborne Outbreaks: summarized data

12 0 12Bacillus

12 10 2Campylobacter

2 0 2Clostridium

0 0 0Escherichia coli, pathogenic

8 0 8Foodborne viruses

0 0 0Listeria

0 0 0Other agents

0 0 0Parasites

16 13 3Salmonella

11 1 10Staphylococcus

284 284 0Unknown

0 0 0Yersinia

Total number ofoutbreaks

Number of possibleoutbreaks

Number of verifiedoutbreaks

Netherlands 2007


Verified Foodborne Outbreaks: detailed data

B. cereus

VWA_622081Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, Listeria; L. monocytogenesSubagent Choice

UnknownOutbreak type

2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Fish and fish productsFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in implicated foodType of evidence

Restaurant, Cafe, Pub, Bar, HotelSetting

UnknownPlace of origin of problem

UnknownOrigin of foodstuff

UnknownContributory factors

1Outbreaks

B. cereus and L. monocytogenes detected in fishComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 1


B. cereus

VWA_634571Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, Clostridium; C. perfringensSubagent Choice


2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

CheeseFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff


Take-away or fast-food outletSetting




1Outbreaks

B. cereus and C. perfringens detected in cheeseComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 2


B. cereus

VWA_532227Code

Bacillus; B. cereusSubagent Choice


4Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Mixed or buffet mealsFoodstuff implicated

Chicken curry soupMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 3


B. cereus

VWA_533717Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Fried noodles with meatMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 4


B. cereus

VWA_638117Code



4Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Cereal products including rice and seeds/pulses (nuts, almonds)Foodstuff implicated

Boiled riceMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 5


B. cereus

VWA_633351Code



3Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Boiled noodles with vegetablesMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 6


B. cereus

VWA_539195Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, SalmonellaSubagent Choice


2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Boiled noodles and shrimpsMore Foodstuff





Unprocessed contaminated ingredientContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Salmonella and B. cereus detected in shrimps; and B. cereus detected in noodles;Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 7


B. cereus

VWA_558021Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, Listeria; L. monocytogenesSubagent Choice


3Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Fried noodles with meatMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

B. cereus detected in left-over of consumed fried noodles with meat; Listeriamonocytogenes detected in other prepared fried noodles

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 8


B. cereus

VWA_635419Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus spp., unspecifiedSubagent Choice


3Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Fried noodles and eggs (foe yong hai)More Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

B. cereus and S. aureus detected in left-over of fried noodles; B. cereus detected in left-over of egg meal (foe yong hai)

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 9


B. cereus

VWA_622147Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Other foodsFoodstuff implicated

Vegetables: aubergine saladMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 10


B. cereus

VWA_623635Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Boiled rice with eggMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 11


B. cereus

GGD_VWA_12Code


GeneralOutbreak type

15Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


Chinese rice tableMore Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in implicated food, Analytical epidemiological evidenceType of evidence





1Outbreaks

B. cereus detected in fried rice; no stool samples taken from the human cases, but ananalytical epidemiological study was performed indicating eggs as possible source ofinfection.

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 12


C. jejuni

IB_1Code

Campylobacter; C. jejuniSubagent Choice


18Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths

MilkFoodstuff implicated

Unpasteurised milkMore Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in implicated food, Analytical epidemiological evidence,Laboratory characterization of isolates, Laboratory detection in human cases

Type of evidence

Other settingSetting

Farm (primary production)Place of origin of problem

DomesticOrigin of foodstuff


1Outbreaks

Unpasteurised milk, consumed at a farm during a company tripComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 13


Campylobacter spp., unspecified

VWA_622875Code

Campylobacter; Campylobacter spp., unspecifiedSubagent Choice


2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Broiler meat (Gallus gallus) and products thereofFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff


HouseholdSetting




1Outbreaks

Campylobacter detected in raw chickenComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 14


C. perfringens

VWA_606083Code

Clostridium; C. perfringensSubagent Choice


2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


roast mealMore Foodstuff



Catering services, restaurantPlace of origin of problem



1Outbreaks

Contributory factor: unhygienic handling of food by food handlerComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 15


C. perfringens

GGD_VWA_9Code

Clostridium; C. perfringensSubagent Choice


200Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


Lftar mealMore Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in implicated food, Analytical epidemiological evidenceType of evidence




Storage time/temperature abuseContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Clostridium detected in several foods at the buffet; no stool samples taken from thepatients, an analytical epidemiological study was performed indicating rice, lamb meator lentil soup as sources of infection.

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 16


norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)

GGD_481315Code

Food borne viruses; calicivirus (including norovirus); norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)Subagent Choice


18Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths

UnknownFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in human cases, Analytical epidemiological evidenceType of evidence





1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 17



VWA_638059Code



36Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


frankfurter rollMore Foodstuff


Canteen or workplace cateringSetting



Infected food handlerContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 18



GGD_538321Code



37Human cases

37Hospitalized

0Deaths

Tap water, including well waterFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff


Camp, picnicSetting

Water sourcePlace of origin of problem



1Outbreaks

Foodborne outbreak in a scouts camp; Dutch scouts were camping in Belgium underprimitive circumstances; water was provided by a farmer in the neighbourhood

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 19



GGD_VWA_2Code



25Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


More Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 20



GGD_VWA_5Code



22Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


buffetMore Foodstuff


HouseholdSetting

Household, domestic kitchenPlace of origin of problem



1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 21



GGD_VWA_14Code



24Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


potato salad and fishMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 22



GGD_VWA_8Code

Bacillus; B. cereus, Food borne viruses; calicivirus (including norovirus); norovirus(Norwalk-like virus)

Subagent Choice


38Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths


More Foodstuff

Analytical epidemiological evidence, Laboratory detection in implicated food,Laboratory detection in human cases

Type of evidence





1Outbreaks

Contributory factor: unhygienic food handling by food handlerComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 23



GGD_VWA_15Code



6Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths

Dairy products (other than cheeses)Foodstuff implicated

whipped creamMore Foodstuff

Analytical epidemiological evidenceType of evidence





1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 24


S. Typhimurium

GGD_533505Code

Salmonella; S. Typhimurium; FT 560Subagent Choice


225Human cases

62Hospitalized

0Deaths


More Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in implicated food, Laboratory detection in human cases,Laboratory characterization of isolates, Analytical epidemiological evidence

Type of evidence


Farm (primary production)Place of origin of problem


Unprocessed contaminated ingredient, Cross-contaminationContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Contaminated hard cheeses produced at a dairy farm and sold by the farm and onmarkets

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 25


S. group B

GGD_517673Code

Salmonella; S. Typhimurium; FT 507Subagent Choice


26Human cases

5Hospitalized

0Deaths

Bovine meat and products thereofFoodstuff implicated

steak tartar (filet américain)More Foodstuff

Analytical epidemiological evidence, Laboratory detection in human casesType of evidence

HouseholdSetting




1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 26


Salmonella spp.

GGD_VWA_1Code

SalmonellaSubagent Choice


8Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths

UnknownFoodstuff implicated

More Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Setting: holiday parkComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 27


S. aureus

VWA_613659Code

Staphylococcus; S. aureus; S. aureus enterotoxinsSubagent Choice


2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


pastaMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Contributory factor: unhygienic food handling by food handlerComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 28


S. aureus

VWA_606959Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


pastaMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 29


S. aureus

VWA_482803Code



7Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Bakery productsFoodstuff implicated

pancake doughMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 30


S. aureus

VWA_500935Code



7Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths

Pig meat and products thereofFoodstuff implicated

spare ribsMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 31


S. aureus

VWA_637545Code



3Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


goat cheeseMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 32


S. aureus

VWA_618249Code



4Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


riceMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 33


S. aureus

VWA_480217Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Indonesian rice tableMore Foodstuff





Storage time/temperature abuseContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 34


S. aureus

VWA_638313Code



4Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


boiled noodlesMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Contributory factor: unhygienic handling of food by food handlerComment

Value

Netherlands 2007 35


S. aureus

VWA_633873Code



2Human cases

unknownHospitalized

unknownDeaths


Vietnamese spring roll sheetMore Foodstuff






1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 36


S. aureus

GGD_VWA_10Code



24Human cases

0Hospitalized

0Deaths

Bakery productsFoodstuff implicated

cake and biscuitsMore Foodstuff

Laboratory detection in human cases, Laboratory detection in implicated food,Analytical epidemiological evidence

Type of evidence




Inadequate chillingContributory factors

1Outbreaks

Comment

Value

Netherlands 2007 37

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