27.01.10 1

NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITNET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS (NEBA) AND OIL

SPILL DISPERSANTSSPILL DISPERSANTS APPLICATION

Semanov G N Head MaritimeSemanov G.N, Head, Maritime Transport Environmental Safety

LaboratoryLaboratoryCNIIMF, St. PetersburgT l 8 812 271 10 15Tel: 8 812 271 10 15,

E-mail <semanov@cniimf.ru>

Oil Spill Response p pObjectives

The main objective of oil spill response at sea:The main objective of oil spill response at sea: To recover the greatest possible amount of oil, or to disperse the oil slick in the open sea without allowingdisperse the oil slick in the open sea, without allowing the spilled oil to approach the coastal zone or be released on shore.OSR operations must begin at the earliest possible stage of the spill.For spills on a regional or federal scale we recommendFor spills on a regional or federal scale, we recommend considering combined use of all available OSR resources, including dispersants.The decision of whether to use dispersants can be made only on the basis of NEBA results.

2CNIIMF

Goals and Objectives of NEBA at the Planning Stagethe Planning Stage

The main task of NEBA is to give answer on the questions: “Is the dispersants application in consideredquestions: Is the dispersants application in considered region and in considered scenario of oil spill will be profitable for environment or not? Will be damage to environment and economic less if we apply dispersantsenvironment and economic less if we apply dispersants or not?”Completing NEBA during the planning stage can significantly reduce decision making time up to fewsignificantly reduce decision-making time up to few hours in a real situation, because it requires analyzing a large amount of factors and involving highly qualified

i li t i diff t fi ld It i i ibl i lspecialists in different fields. It is impossible in a real situation, given the "window of opportunity" of 72 hours when dispersants can be used effectively. According to Russian regulations, it is sufficient to compare the actual conditions of a real situation with situations considered in scenarios in order to decidesituations considered in scenarios in order to decide whether it is feasible to use dispersants.

3CNIIMF

NEBA PHASESNEBA PHASESOil spill scenarios development.Choice of avaible response methods for selected scenarios (monitoring, mechanical recovery, mechanical recovery+dispersants application),Mathematical modeling behavior of spilt oil on water in case of application of selected ppresponse methodsDevelopment of seasonal sensitivity maps forDevelopment of seasonal sensitivity maps for considered region,NEBA analyzeNEBA analyze

CNIIMF 4

CONSIDERED FACTORSCONSIDERED FACTORS

List of protected VEC ranked according toList of protected VEC ranked according to the priority of protection (first of all Red book species, special protected areas) Seasonal changes of VEC;List of economically and socially significantList of economically and socially significant objects, which require protection;Properties of spilt oil,Properties of spilt oil,Impact of floating and dispersed oil;Advantages and disadvantages of differentAdvantages and disadvantages of different OSR options.

5

Who Performs the NEBA?Who Performs the NEBA?

As required by the Regulations for Using Dispersants (STO 318.4.02-2005), NEBA must beDispersants (STO 318.4.02 2005), NEBA must be performed by a group of experts composed of highly qualified biologists, ecologists, g y q g , g ,programmers, and OSR specialists. The appropriate group was convened by CNIIMF as a l d f j d i l d d ileader of project and included experts in mathematical modeling, salvage company, scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciencesscientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences Zoology Institute and Saint Petersburg State University conducted research work on Sea ofUniversity conducted research work on Sea of Okhotsk.

6CNIIMF

Oil Spill Scenarios Examined in theExamined in the Analysis y

Facilities: Offshore Platform, and the underwater pipeline from the platform to the p p ponshore oil processing facility.Potential size of accidental oil spill on the Pl tf 3500 tPlatform: 3500 tTime of spill: 00 hours in spring, summer, and fall given ice concentration less than 30; OSRfall, given ice concentration less than 30; OSR operations are performed only during daylight hours. Oil: density 0.853g/cm3 at 0°C .

7CNIIMF

Designated Limits for Using g gOSR Resources

Mechanical recovery was limited to conditions with waves less than 1 m high, currents less than 0.35 m/s, and oil g , / ,slick thickness more than 0.01 mm. Dispersant application was limited to water depths greater than 10 meters and winds less than 14 m/s (27 knots).I d h f fi d f h i f hIt was assumed that, after five days from the time of the spill, the oil slick on the water surface would be too thin and/or significantly wind-blown to be recovered byand/or significantly wind-blown to be recovered by mechanical means, and that after three days the above conditions would not permit dispersants to be used. p p

8CNIIMF

Mechanical Oil Recovery ResourcesMechanical Oil Recovery Resources Vessel with Lamor brush skimmer, Slickbar DIP systemVessel with Sea Skimmer 50, Slickbar DIP systemsystemVessel with Lamor Minimax skimmer, rope mop)mop)Vessel Transrek 250, Desmi 250, Onshore rope mops (2)ope ops ( )

Resources for Applying Dispersants:Helicopters,p ,Fixed Wing Aircraft ,Vessels.

9

Mathematical Modeling of Oil Spill Behavior: Procedures and Results

1 Modeling was performed by with the mathematical1. Modeling was performed by with the mathematical model developed using the designated limits indicated above.

2. The following parameters were estimated:Amounts of oil evaporated, washed onshore, recovered,

i i h f di d i h bremaining on the sea surface, dispersed into the sea by naturally and chemically, Oil concentrations in the marine environment after theOil concentrations in the marine environment after the use of dispersants; changes in this parameter over time

3. The following response methods were compared: g p pnatural processes (monitoring), mechanical recovery, and combined use of mechanical recovery and dispersantsdispersants.

4. It was analyzed 168 oil spill scenarios10CNIIMF

Overall Wind RegimesOverall Wind Regimes

11CNIIMF

Baseline, Mechanical Mechanical Monitoring,Whether :wind regime: May-September

recovery,Whether :wind regime: May-September

recovery +dispersants,Whether :wind regime: May-September

0831 rga 08 s08 09 4227 Results ASEB ENL E/Tr TMS/Ed YK AVT/10 06 08

12CNIIMF

Baseline, Mechanical Mechanical Monitoring,Whether :wind regime: September-October

recovery,Whether :wind regime: September-October

recovery +dispersants,Whether :wind regime: September -OctoberO O

0831 rga 08 s08 09 4227 Results ASEB ENL E/Tr TMS/Ed YK AVT/10 06 08

13CNIIMF

Comparative Assessment of the Quantitative Distribution of Oil in the Environment after Deployment of Various Response Methods. p y pOffshore Platform: Spill – 3500 t, Wind regime – Summer, Ice – None

Note: Combined use of dispersants and mechanical recovery (compared toNote: . Combined use of dispersants and mechanical recovery (compared to mechanical recovery alone) eliminates contamination of the coastal zone and decreases oil concentration on the sea surface. 14CNIIMF

Wind regime – Early Summer, Ice coverage – 15%, g

Note: . Combined use of dispersants and mechanical recovery reduces oil contamination of the coastline and waters. 15CNIIMF

Example of Changes in Dispersed Oil Concentration Due to CurrentsCurrents

25

Dispersed Oil as Total Hydrocarbons, Layer 1143.376E, 52.3943N

Dispersed Oil as Total Hydrocarbons, Layer 3143.374E, 52.3943N

15

20

25

ion

(ppm

)

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

ion

(ppm

)

0

5

10

Con

cent

rati

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Con

cent

rati

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120Time (hours)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120Time (hours)

A. Dispersed oil concentrations are shown with tidal flux over 5 days at two depths in the dispersed oil plume.

- Layer 1 = surface water- Layer 3 = 10m

B. The dispersed oil plume extent is shown in color at the time when (28 hours) an ( )area of maximum concentration (green) intersects the 10m isobath.

16CNIIMF

Sensitivities to floating oil film spring summer autumn

d d lSensitivities to dispersed oil

17CNIIMF

Sensitivity to Slicked and yDispersed Oil

Assessment of potential environmental risk from oil slicks vs dispersed oil withfrom oil slicks vs dispersed oil, with comparison across sensitivity maps, shows that in all seasons marine communities are less sensitive to dispersed oil than to oil pslicks. For dispersed and floating oil, the sensitivity diminishes in the followingsensitivity diminishes in the following order: summer > spring > fall.

18CNIIMF

Environmental Risk of Response Methods UsedAssessing the environmental risk of using variousAssessing the environmental risk of using various OSR methods for the most important components of marine and coastal ecosystems p yenabled us to rank the environmental effectiveness of these measures for different

f h I h h hseasons of the year. It was shown that the environmental risks increase in the following order: use of dispersants > mechanical oilorder: use of dispersants > mechanical oil recovery on water > mechanical oil recovery on shore The seasonal trend of environmental riskshore. The seasonal trend of environmental risk parameters shows a minimum in the wintertime, a maximum in the spring and summer, and p g ,intermediate values in the fall.

19CNIIMF

Environmental Risk of Response Methods U dUsed

i t

43%

25% 26%

44%

35% 52%

13%

Natural Natural

spring summer autumn

32% 30%

35% %

Oil recovery at Oil recovery at 44%

14% 14%

48% 47%

11%

seasea

OilrecoveryOilrecovery on on

42% 38% 42%

37%

24% 21%

42%

13%

shoreshore

DispersantsDispersants

39% 37%39%

48%

2%

36%

2%

36%

0%

Dispersants Dispersants applicationapplication

L l f iL l f i

55%

43%

62% 64%

Level of impactLevel of impact

Low Middle HighLow Middle High 20CNIIMF

NEBA RESULTS1 After examining the consequences of spilt oil impact on1. After examining the consequences of spilt oil impact on

bioresources, and assessing the environmental risk from various response methods, it is observed that the

i l d h il hgreatest environmental damage occurs when oil reaches the coastal zone and the shoreline.

2 Sakhalin Island has practically no sites along the2. Sakhalin Island has practically no sites along the shoreline that could be considered "sacrificial" – i.e., areas with low sensitivity to oil contamination, where it

ld b i ibl l l i i f ilwould be permissible to release large quantities of oil for purposes of subsequent recovery. Therefore, it is not possible to divert the oil slick with booms andnot possible to divert the oil slick with booms and redirect it to "sacrificial" sites in the Sakhalin area.

3. Modeling shows that, under prevailing weather di i i h il il i hconditions in the area, spilt oil in most cases reaches

the shallow coastal zone (which is especially sensitive to oil contamination) within 5 days from the time of theoil contamination) within 5 days from the time of the spill.

21CNIIMF

Continuation4. Modeling the consequences of using various response g q g p

methods shows – in every examined spill scenario - that using only mechanical oil recovery cannot prevent oil from reaching the coastal zone and being washed g gonshore.

5. Only when both mechanical recovery and dispersants are used oil can be completely prevented from reachingare used oil can be completely prevented from reaching the coastal zone.

6. As dispersed oil approaches the 10-meter isobath, its t ti ill t d 10 /L/ It i d RFconcentration will not exceed 10 mg/L/ It is under RF

Government Resolution Prohibiting the Release of Harmful Substances (No. 251 dated March 24, 2000).

7. In any case, the impact of dispersed oil at these concentration levels will be many times lower than the impact of a large amount of oil floating in the coastal p g gzone.

8.It was noted that appayed procedures can be used also for analyzing of adequacy of existing in the region oilfor analyzing of adequacy of existing in the region oil spill response recourses.

22CNIIMF

Thank you for yourThank you for your attention!!!

23CNIIMF