COVER PAGE

PREFACE CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD is a triumph of mind over matter, of reason over instinct, and of the distinctly human over mankind's animal nature. These are what have made possible civilization, as well as culture, its constant and necessary companion. The history of civilizations comprises only a tiny fraction of the time that the genus Homo has inhabited the earth. Civilized societies those that relied on sedentary agriculture, developed social stratification and economic specialization, and created population densities sufficient to support urban life have existed for the last 9,000 years. The main aim of this report is all-round civilization of the world. This project report attemps to bring under one cover, the entire hard work and dedication put in by me in the completion of the seminar work of Social Science.I have expressed my experiences in my own simple way. I hope who goes through it will find it interesting and worth reading. All constructive feedback is cordially invited.

Neha Lalwani

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking , behavior and acts during the course of study.I express my sincere gratitude to .. worthy Principal for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training at..I am thankful to ......... for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings.I also extend my sincere appreciation to who provided his valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my training report.Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to day experience and received lots of suggestions that my quality of work.Neha Lalawani

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I Neha Lalwani Roll No. , B.ed of the K.I.E.T. BANGALORE hereby declare that the Training Report entitled CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD is an original work and data provided in the study is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This report has not been submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree.

Neha Lalwani(Roll No. )

Place: Date:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE2ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS3CANDIDATE`S DECLARATION4TABLE OF CONTENT51.Introduction6

INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS A CIVILIZATION ?CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society.(2) the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species(3) complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultureDEFINATION From civis = citizen or member of a larger group. The cultural achievements of a specific group of people (e.g., Mayan civilization) civilized = refined, polite, opposite of barbaric.CIVILIZATION is a triumph of mind over matter, of reason over instinct, and of the distinctly human over mankind's animal nature. These are what have made possible civilization, as well as culture, its constant and necessary companion. A thorough understanding of what civilization and culture are requires a knowledge of all the qualities that make up human nature and a full understanding of all historical developments. Since this is not possible, it is necessary to explain these terms by the use of definitions and descriptions. Some Basic Meanings Both civilization and culture are fairly modern words, having come into prominent use during the 19th century by anthropologists, historians, and literary figures. There has been a strong tendency to use them interchangeably as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same. Although modern in their usage, the two words are derived from ancient Latin. The word civilization is based on the Latin civis, "inhabitant of a city." Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, is the ability of people to live together harmoniously in cities, in social groupings. From this definition it would seem that certain insects, such as ants or bees, are also civilized. They live and work together in social groups. So do some microorganisms. But there is more to civilization, and that is what culture brings to it. So, civilization is inseparable from culture.Civilization, then, is the "city" of human beings, at any given stage of development, with all of its achievements: its arts, technology, sciences, religions, and politics. The word city may seem strange, but it is used advisedly because the emergence of a civilization and its cultural growth have always originated in specific localities--in specific cities, in fact. To speak in broader terms--of modern Western civilization, for instance--is to gloss over the fact that before such a concept was possible there were first the civilizations of Jerusalem, ancient Alexandria, Athens, Rome, and Constantinople. These in turn were followed by the civilizations of Florence, Milan, Venice, Paris, London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Geneva, Munich, New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and many more. If there is a Western civilization, it is made up of ingredients from all of these original city civilizations.

What Civilization Meant The emergence of the world's first civilization in Sumer brought to fruition the key features of this form of organization. Sumerian society certainly met the basic criterion of civilization in that it built on fairly regular economic surpluses. Sumerian farmers produced enough that they couldbe taxed in order to support a small but crucial number of priests and government officials. They produced enough to allow some trade and specialization, thus encouraging groups of artisans and merchants who did not farm. The Sumerian economy also stretched out along the great irrigationsystems of the Tigris-Euphrates. One of the tasks of regional government was to elaborate and maintain these systems: regional coordination was thus a vital feature. The advent of civilization in Sumer also involved additional innovations building on the key features of surplus and coordination: the creation of cities beyond the scope of individual centers, such as Jericho, where at least several thousand people lived and considerable specialization developed; and the invention of writing. While these innovations were not found in allcivilizations, they were vital in Sumer and other early centers such as Egypt and the Indus River.OriginsThe 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes asserted that the life of primitive mankind was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." From what is known of primitive tribes that have survived into the 20th century, his statement seems to be correct. At some time before recorded history, however, people began to group themselves into settlements and, by cooperative endeavor, to make better lives for themselves (see Ancient Civilization).These first settlements, so far as archaeologists have discovered, were in the river valleys of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. These ancient peoples developed tools by a slow and tortuous process of trial and error. But with these tools came a true culture. The people devised implements with which to farm, dig irrigation ditches, construct housing, and make everyday utensils. To aid them in their endeavors, they must have achieved the use of the tool called language, first spoken and later written. They also had to learn rudimentary mathematics: how to measure land and to count objects such as animals and possessions.At some very early period, too, people developed the tools to engage in the decorative, musical, and literary arts. The decorative arts probably appeared first, even before any significant advances in technology. It is known, for instance, that the remarkable cave paintings of southern France and northern Spain are perhaps as much as 30,000 years old. Literary arts--poetry and song--could only come along once spoken language had evolved. It seems likely that before people wrote to each other they expressed themselves by drawings or pictograms such as the hieroglyphics used by the ancient Egyptians.Before Civilization Between 9000 B.C. and the beginning of the Christian era, western civilization came into being in Egypt and in what historians call Ancient Western Asia (modern-day Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, southwestern Russia, Iraq and Iran). The earliest permanent settlements occurred between 9000-6000 B.C. and were accompanied by the domestication of plants and animals. Between 4000-3000 B.C., the first cities appeared in response to the pressures of population growth, the organizational requirements of irrigation and the demands of more complex trade patterns. According to our previous definitions, these societies of Egypt and Ancient Western Asia correspond to what we would call civilization.Around 10,000 B.C., many hunter-gatherers living along the coastal plains of modern Syria and Israel and in the valleys and hills near the Zagros Mountains between Iran and Iraq began to develop special strategies that led to a transformation in the human community. Rather than constantly traveling in search of food, people stayed in one region and exploited the seasonal sources of food, including fish, grain, fruits and game. At a community such as Jericho, people built and rebuilt their mud brick and stone huts rather than moving on as had their ancestors. In general, these communities began to focus on seasonal food sources and so were less likely to leave in search of new sources.EIGHT BASIC FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION: (1) Writing Systems Writing was needed for record keeping regarding taxes, trade, written laws and calendars. Early writing was made up of pictograms (simple drawings)(2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc. Keeping cities functioning required public works like irrigation systems, roads, bridges, defensive walls and in some cases plumbing(3) Government / Laws Early cities needed a strong government to administer unity, protection, law, justice and welfare. Early rulers had heredity rule. This meant they inherited their status and claimed a right from the gods to rule.(4) Art / Architecture The art and architecture of a civilization expressed the values and beliefs of the people that create them. Such monuments reassure people of the power of their government and religion.(5) Social Classes In cities people were ranked according to their jobs. Priests and nobles (top) merchants and artisans (middle) Farmers (near the bottom) Slaves (at the bottom) (6) Organized Religion Most ancient people were polytheistic, which means they believed in many gods who controlled the forces of nature and peoples lives.(7) Job Specialization City people developed many new jobs with many different skills. Cities needed craftsmen, warriors, government officials, priests and builders.(8) Development of Cities As farmers settled in river valleys, they began to grow surplus or extra food; this extra food increased the population of the settlements; in time, the settlements grew into cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon).

Common Features of Civilization Civilizations have certain characteristics in common. These include: Advanced Cities and Architecture Cities are centers of trade. They generally have large and diverse populations and advanced forms of architecture (like the Ziggurat in Babylonia) Advanced Technology Technology is defined as any tool, invention, or discovery that allows humans to work faster or more efficiently. These can be as simple as stone tools and farming implements or as advanced as todays computers. Complex Institutions - Including government, religion, and other formal institutions. Specialized Workers - People who do one or a few things well. Examples include farmers, potters, basket weavers, stone masons, iron workers, priests, scribes, government workers, etc. Systems of Recordkeeping History doesnt really begin until the first written records. Everything before it is considered pre-history. Keeping a written record of even the simplest things in a society (such as trade) and/or forms of literature, personal recollections, diaries, etc. help historians understand the collective past. It is how we communicate with future generations.

Theories of CivilizationMost modern theories of civilization and culture place great emphasis on progress. But in the ancient world philosophers examined the events of history and compared them with the processes of nature. In so doing they concluded that civilizations went in cycles. Aristotle noted in his 'Rhetoric' that "In most respects, the future will be like what the past has been." The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius stated in his 'Meditations' that "Constantly consider how all things such as they now are, in time past also were." This cyclic view was typical of the ancient world with a striking exception: St. Augustine of Hippo, one of the greatest of Christian theologians, was the first to enunciate a progress theory but one quite different from modern ones. His notion of progress was not technological. Rather it was the idea of a journey, from the city of mankind to the end of history and on to the city of God.With only the exception of French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who regarded civilization as a decadence from the state of natural man, most modern theories of culture have emphasized progress. Here again the emphasis was not necessarily technological. The 18th-century Enlightenment focused upon mankind as comprised of rational beings who could control their own destiny and remake the world on their way to perfection. In the 19th century, especially after the publication of biologist Charles Darwin's works on evolution, there was the theme of natural and inevitable progress through the means of natural selection. The great socialist writer Karl Marx worked out a theory of progress that called for revolution growing out of class conflict. In the 20th century a reaction took place against evolutionary theories in the writings of two noted authors: Oswald Spengler, author of 'Decline of the West' (2 vols., 1918, 1922), and Arnold Toynbee, author of the 12-volume 'Study of History', published between 1934 and 1961. Both of these men rejected ideas of permanent progress in favor of cyclic theories. Spengler regarded civilizations as organisms that are born, mature, and decay. It was his belief that modern Western civilization had reached the stage of irreversible decay and would soon be replaced by another civilization. For Toynbee cultures arose through mankind's response to the challenges offered by the environment, declining through exhaustion because of decreasing ability to meet challenges. One of the more interesting views of culture was put forward by the American archaeologist Henri Frankfort. He argued that all comprehensive theories are probably futile because the forces that motivated the development of civilizations may never be known. Cradle of civilization:The term refers to sites of the emergence of civilization. As the cradle is a place or region in which anything is nurtured or sheltered in its earlier stage. The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities, create writing systems, experimented in techniques for making pottery and using metals, domesticated animals, and developed the complex social structures involving class systems. Now many scholars believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres.Ancient civilizations: The Columbia Encyclopedia, in its article titled "Civilization," says that the earliest civilizations developed in the following parts of the world: "Mesopotamia Egypt, China, India, the central Andes, and Mesoamerica. However, we will focus on the most influencing or mysterious civilization of past.Mesopotamia:Mesopotamia is an ancient Greek word meaning land between the rivers. The term now refers to the area between the river Euphrates and Tigris River in Iraq. Probably the earliest civilization of the human being, As many scholars believe that Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization, included Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires.Mesopotamian civilization came into being existence due to the fertile soil with efficient system of irrigation that produces the constant supply of food. People started to settle themselves into a village shape community which evolved into the independent city. Due to rare communication and transportation means each city is a state of itself. Even the Akkadian and Babylonian unite all the cities into an empire. The peoples live in the mud houses. Their basic profession was farming however there were some craftsmen, laborers, merchants and government employees like governor tax collector or army etc. they develop an education system. Both men and women are learned to read and write. The importance of education shown by a Mesopotamian proverb, "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn."Egypt civilization:Egypt the gift of river Nile is also considered as one of the earliest civilization. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society. The Egypt was united from Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt to a territory lead by almost 30 dynasties. The king was the supreme leader of the country the commander in chief of the military and also the highest level spiritual leader. Under him was the vizier with many of the religious and bureaucratic officials. These bureaucratic officers collects the tax coordinate irrigation projects to improve the crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction and established a justice system to maintain peace and order.Most Egyptians were farmer. However the rich agricultural economy allows them to use their potential in other fields of life like architecture music art science and mathematics. They made many innovations discoveries in these fields especially the construction and architecture. They develop many of the musical instruments and mathematical and astrological methods. Indus valley civilization:The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as Harappas culture, is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.The Indus civilization grew out of the culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sindh and Punjab in contemporary Pakistan and Northern India. It was discovered by RD banerjee in 1920. Indus valley is a mysterious civilization with many of their aspects is still hidden. The Archeologists could not find much of the answers they needed. Their writing system is still not deciphered. Its means of subsistence and the causes for its sudden disappearance are still to answer. We dont know what they call themselves. However the Indus valley civilization is known as the largest of ancient civilization as it covered almost 1260,000 km. The ruins of Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Lothal Dholavira Kalibanga and Rakhigarhi remind the preceding glory, dignity, advancement and maturation of a great civilization. It tells a sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture of the Indus civilization. Ancient Greece civilization:Due to the enduring influence of its ideas, ancient Greece is known as the cradle of Western civilization. There history comprises of almost 3000 years ago, however our focus will be on the Greece classical age (480-323) BC in which Greeks reached their highest prosperity and produced amazing cultural accomplishments.The Greece is a mountainous region and there cities are located in the valleys or coastal plains. In ancient time these cities acts as individual states based on the concept of shared social and political rights of citizen such as Athens Sparta and Thebes. These states guaranteed a share identity, rights and responsibilities to the citizen.

Alexander the Great: Alexander led the most astonishing military campaign in ancient history by conquering Persian Empire which spreads all the lands from present-day Turkey to Egypt from Iran to Afghanistan and also in the India. His greatness consisted of his ability to motivate his men to follow him into hostile, unknown regions.

Legacy of ancient civilization:Throughout the history, ancient civilization developed many unique and fascinating ideas that only made mark in history, but influenced society today. These civilizations confined the beliefs of both scholars and the public. Many of the fascinating and ingenious ideas that were developed throughout that time, including their distinct social classes, their exceptional government systems, and their strong belief in religion, influenced today's society. Science, Art, Philosophy, Language, Literature, Beliefs, Values, Sculptures, Theatre, Architecture, Engineering techniques, War strategy, Rules, Laws and constitutions all were due to the legacy of the ancient civilizations to the modern society. Moreover the ancient monuments their cultural depicters highly attract the tourists from all over the world which not only a big source of the government revenue but also a strong element to build the strong relations among the nations. CONCLUSIONThe development of civilization continued the process of enhancing humancapacity for technological and political organization, and the production ofincreasingly elaborate and diverse artistic and intellectual forms. In thisquite restricted sense, the term has meaning and legitimately commands theattention of most historians. Because of the power and splendor civilizationscould provide, they did tend to spread as other societies came under theirinfluence or deliberately tried to imitate their achievements. Earlycivilizations, however, spread slowly because many peoples had no contact withthem and because their disadvantages, such as greater social inequality, mightbe repellent. Thus the initial advent of civilization, while an importanthistorical milestone, came in clearly circumscribed regions like theTigris-Euphrates valley. The history of early civilization focuses attentionon the generation of the first forms of civilized activity - writing and cityadministration - and on the construction of linkages in medium-sizedgeographical units.Civilization, then, is the "city" of human beings, at any given stage of development, with all of its achievements: its arts, technology, sciences, religions, and politics. The word city may seem strange, but it is used advisedly because the emergence of a civilization and its cultural growth have always originated in specific localities--in specific cities, in fact. To speak in broader terms--of modern Western civilization, for instance--is to gloss over the fact that before such a concept was possible there were first the civilizations of Jerusalem, ancient Alexandria, Athens, Rome, and Constantinople. These in turn were followed by the civilizations of Florence, Milan, Venice, Paris, London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Geneva, Munich, New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and many more. If there is a Western civilization, it is made up of ingredients from all of these original city civilizations.

REFRENCE-

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2. http://sanskrit.farfromreal.com/index.php?x=hist_orig 3.https://docs.google.com/a/iitgn.ac.in/viewer?a=v&q=cache:X0oGapk0jNQJ:sanskrit.safire.com/pdf/ORIGINS.PDF+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj7hcJmArwnQVz_4YgwvhuAXwe56IMKeJDJSXLWOzJ4O0YS5j9OGIqEIzIBQe80g7XG1VCOUeSwVyiMbqYPCUGTbLWVhUeyAdhJNXB4bP4V78EWdoVUg7lHcZ8udw8P-HVHCp&sig=AHIEtbSn2gs_cvWO_lsjpONeeivji5qqpw 4. http://www.thevedicfoundation.org/valuable_resources/Sanskrit-The_Mother_of_All_Languages_partI.htm 5. http://www.hinduwebsite.com/general/sanskrit.asp 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit 7. http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/sanskrit_exposure.htm

BIBLOGROPHY-

I. Friedrich Max Mller (1859), A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, Williams and Norgate, page-1 II. Sheldon Pollock(2006), The Language OF The Gods In The World Of Men

6