needs to know for a, b, c distribution - cdn.ymaws.com · b. advantages and disadvantages of...

1

Needs To Know

For

A, B, & C Distribution

System Operators

Prepared by the Water Board of Education and Examiners of the NC AWWA‐WEA in Cooperation with the North Carolina Water Treatment Facility Operators Certification Board and the North Carolina Division of Environmental Health, Department of Environment and

Natural Resources.

3/2/2017

2

References

1. Water Transmission and Distribution Textbook, AWWA (4th Edition)

2. WSO Water Distribution, Grades 1 & 2, AWWA (1st Edition)

3. WSO Water Distribution, Grades 3 & 4, AWWA (1st Edition)

4. Rules Governing Public Water Systems, North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 15A, Subchapter

18C ‐ (Can be downloaded from https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water‐

resources/planning/classification‐standards/rules).

5. Rules Governing Water Treatment Facility Operators, North Carolina Administrative Code, Title

15A, Subchapter 18D ‐ (Can be downloaded from https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water‐

resources/planning/classification‐standards/rules).

How To Use This Outline

The outline is not a list of facts; therefore, it cannot be studied by itself. The entire manual should then be read and particular attention given to the highlighted sections. The individual is responsible for knowing this material for the examination.

If the operator is deficient in basic math skills, it is recommended courses be taken in the community college system, or elsewhere, to correct the deficiency.

The operator should not expect to study and learn the material necessary to be a distribution system operator or pass the certification examinations in a short period of time, such as the annual school. The annual school is only intended as a review. Distribution system techniques continually change and continuous study is required even after certification. Study of the outlined material and on the job training is recommended. The manuals are designed as a self‐teaching guide and can be studied at the operator’s own study rate.

Table of Contents (by Reference): Water Transmission and Distribution Textbook (4th Edition) pages 3‐33

WSO Water Distribution AWWA (1st Edition), Grades 1 & 2 pages 38‐68

WSO Water Distribution AWWA (1st Edition), Grades 3 & 4 pages 38‐68

Rules Governing Public Water Systems Title 15A, NC Administrative Code Subchapter 18C pages 34‐35

Rules Governing Water Treatment Facility Operators Title 15A, NC Administrative Code Subchapter 18D

page 36

Math Review Guide page 37

3

Reference information for Water Transmission and Distribution

Textbook ‐ 4th edition

TOPIC 4th Edition Page C B A

Distribution system design 1‐6

A. System planning 2

1. Types of water systems 1‐2 X X X

a. Surface water systems 2‐3 X X X

b. Groundwater systems 3 X X X

c. Purchased water systems 3 X X X

d. Rural water systems 4 X X X

2. System Planning Issues 4 X X X

3. Policy considerations 4 X X X

B. Drinking water Supply and Distribution Systems 4‐6 X X X

Pipe Systems and Piping Materials 9‐43

A. System layout 9‐12

1. Configuration 9 X X X

a. Arterial‐loop systems 10 X X X

b. Grid systems 10 X X X

c. Tree systems 10‐11 X X X

d. Dead ends 11 X X X

2. Mapping 11‐12 X X X

3. Valving 12‐15 X X X

B. Sizing mains 12

1. Quantity mains 12 X X X

a. Domestic usage 14 X X X

b. Fire flow requirements 14 X X X

2. Pressure requirements 14 X X X

3. Velocity requirements 15 X X X

4. Network analysis 15 X X X

5. Quality Requirements 15 X X X

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C. Material selection 16‐22

1. Selecting Pipeline Materials 18‐22

2. Pipe characteristics 18‐20 X X X

a. Strength 19 X X X

1. External load 19 X X X

2. Internal pressure 19 X X X

3. Tensile strength 19 X X X

4. Flexural strength 19 X X X

b. Pressure rating 19‐20 X X X

c. Durability 20 X X X

d. Corrosion resistance 20 X X X

e. Smoothness of the inner surface 20 X X X

f. Ease of tapping and repair 20 X X X

g. Water quality maintenance 20 X X X

3. Economy 21 X X X

a. Installation cost 21‐22 X X X

D. Piping systems 22

1. Transmission lines 22 X X X

2. In‐plant piping systems 22 X X X

3. Distribution mains 22 X X X

4. Service lines 22 X X X

E. Types of pipe materials 22‐

1. Overview 22‐23 X X X

a. AWWA standards 23 X X X

b. Advantages and disadvantages of various piping

materials

26 X X X

c. Considerations that may be factors in pipe selection 24‐25 X X X

2. Gray cast‐iron pipe 24 X X X

a. Centrifugally cast pipe 24 X X X

b. Lead joints 24 X X X

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3. Ductile‐iron pipe 25 X X X

a. Comparisons to cast‐iron pipe 25 X X X

b. Cement‐motar lining 25 X X X

c. Advantages and disadvantages of DIP 28 X X X

4. Ductile‐iron pipe joints 28‐29 X X X

a. Flanged joints 29 X X X

b. Mechanical joints 29 X X X

c. Ball‐and‐socket joints 29 X X X

d. Push‐on‐joints 30 X X X

e. Restrained joints 30 X X X

f. Grooved and shouldered joints 30‐31 X X X

5. Fittings for iron pipe 31 X X X

6. Steel pipe 31‐32 X X X

a. Advantages and disadvantages of steel pipe 33 X X X

1. Sizes available 33 X X X

2. Protection from corrosion 33 X X X

c. Steel pipe joints and fittings 33‐34 X X X

d. Steel plant piping 35 X X X

7. Asbestos‐cement (AC) pipe 23 X X X

a. Asbestos ban 23 X X X

8. Plastic pipe 35‐36 X X X

a. Plastic materials 36 X X X

b. Permeation 36 X X X

c. Polyvinyl chloride pipe 37 X X X

1. Advantages and disadvantages 37 X X X

2. PVC joints and fittings 37 X X X

d. Polyethylene and polybutylene pipe 38 X X X

9. Concrete pipe 39 X X X

a. Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) 39‐40 X X X

b. Pretensioned concrete cylinder pipe 41 X X X

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c. Reinforced concrete cylinder pipe 41 X X X

d. Reinforced concrete noncylinder pipe 41‐42 X X X

e. Advantages and disadvantages of concrete pipe 42 X X X

f. Joint and bends 43 X X X

Valves 137 ‐ 160

A. Uses of water utility valves 137 ‐ 141

1. Valves designed to start and stop flow 137 ‐ 138 X X X

a. Distribution system isolation valves 137 X X X

b. Hydrant auxiliary valves 137 ‐ 138 X X X

c. Pump control valves 138 X X X

d. Water service valves 138 X X X

2. Valves for regulating pressure and throttling flow 138 ‐ 139 X X X

a. Pressure‐reducing valves 139 X X X

b. Altitude valves 139 X X X

3. Valves for preventing backflow 139 X X X

4. Valves for relieving pressure 140 ‐ 141 X X X

a. Pressure‐relief valves 140 X X X

b. Air‐relief valves 140 ‐ 141 X X X

B. Classifications of water utility valves 141 ‐ 152

1. Gate valves 142 ‐ 148 X X X

a. Nonrising‐stem gate valves 144 X X X

b. Rising‐stem gate valves 144 X X X

c. Horizontal gate valves 144 X X X

d. Bypass valves 145 ‐ 146 X X X

e. Tapping valves 146 X X X

f. Cutting‐in valves 146 X X

g. Inserting valves 147 X X

h. Resilient‐seated gate valves 148 X X X

I. Slide valves 148 X X

2. Globe valves 148 X X

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3. Needle valves 150 X X

4. Pressure‐relief valves 150 X X X

5. Air‐and‐vacuum relief valves 150 X X

6. Diaphragm valves 150 X X

7. Pinch valves 150 X X

8. Rotary valves 150 ‐ 151 X X X

a. Plug valves 150 – 151 X X X

b. Ball valves 150 ‐ 151 X X X

9. Butterfly valves 152 X X X

a. Body styles 152 X X X

10. Check valves 152 X X X

C. Valve operation 153 ‐ 156

1. Manual operation 153 X X X

2. Power actuators 154 X X

a. Electrical actuators 154 X X

b. Hydraulic actuators 154 ‐ 155 X X

c. Pneumatic actuators 156 X X

d. Actuator operating speed 156 X X

D. Valve storage 156 X X X

E. Valve joints 156 X X X

F. Valve boxes and vaults 156 ‐ 158 X X X

G. Valve records 158 X X X

Water main installation 303 ‐ 340

A. Pipe shipment 303‐304 X X X

B. Pipe handling 305‐308 X X X

1. Pipe and fitting inspection 305 X X X

2. Unloading 305‐306 X X X

3. Stacking 306‐307 X X X

4. Stringing 307‐308 X X X

C. Excavation 308‐323

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1. Preparations for excavation 308‐309 X X X

a. Plans and approval 308‐309 X X X

b. Location of other utilities 309 X X X

c. Notifying the public 309 X X X

d. Work area protection 309 X X X

e. Selection of construction equipment 309 X X X

f. Pavement removal 309 X X X

2. Trenching 310‐313

a. Consideration that affect trenching 310 X X X

b. Trench depth 310‐311 X X

1. Ground frost considerations 310 X X

2. Insulating shallow mains 310 X X

3. Depth considerations in warm climates 310 X X

c. Trench width 311 X X

d. Trenching operations 311‐313 X X

1. Placement of excavated material 311 X X

2. Trench bottom grade 311‐312 X X

3. Minimizing length of open trench 312‐313 X X

3. Special excavation problems 313‐314 X

a. Rock excavation 313 X

b. Poor soil 314 X

c. Groundwater 314 X

4. Avoiding trench‐wall failure 314‐319

a. Types of soil 315 X X X

b. Causes of trench failure 315 X X X

c. Danger signs 315 X X X

d. Methods of preventing cave‐in 316 X X X

1. Sloping 316 X X X

2. Shielding 316 X X X

3. Shoring 317‐319 X X X

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‐‐Parts of a shoring assembly 318‐319 X X X

‐‐Installation 319 X X X

‐‐Removal 319 X X X

4. Sheeting 319 X X X

5. Avoiding other utilities 320 X X

a. Dangers and costs related to damaging other utilities 320‐321 X X

b. Maintaining adequate separation from sewers 321 X X

6. Bedding 321 X X X

a. Need for continuous pipe support 321 X X X

b. Special pipe bedding 322 X X X

c. Haunching 322‐323 X X X

d. Excavating bell holes 323 X X X

D. Laying pipe 323‐340

1. Inspection and Placement 323‐328 X X X

a. Inspection 323 X X X

b. Cleaning 323‐324 X X X

c. Placement 324 X X X

2. Jointing 324 X X X

a. Push‐on joints 325‐326 X X X

b. Mechanical joints 326‐328 X X X

c. Asbestos‐cement pipe joints n/a X X X

3. Connecting to existing mains 328‐332 X X

a. Tee connections 328 X X

1. Cutting‐in sleeve method 331 X X

2. Two‐sleeve method 331‐332 X X

b. Pressure taps 331‐334 X X

4. Tunneling 334 X

5. Thrust restraint 336‐338

a. Thrust locations 336‐337 X X X

b. Thrust control 337‐338 X X

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1. Thrust blocks 337‐338 X X

2. Thrust anchors 338 X X

3. Tie rods 338 X X

4. Restraining fittings 338 X X

6. Air vents 338‐340 X

Backfilling, main testing, and installation safety 343‐359

A. Backfilling 343‐346

1. Placing backfill 343 X X X

2. Compacting 343 X X X

a. Tamping 343‐344 X X X

b. Saturating with water 344‐345 X X X

c. Granular backfill 345 X X X

d. Shoring removal 345 X X X

3. Backfilling and tamping equipment 346 X X X

B. Pressure and leak testing 346‐349

1. Testing procedure 347‐348 X X X

a. Allowable leakage 347 X X X

b. Test sequence 347‐348 X X X

2. Measuring makeup water 348 X X X

3. Failed pressure tests 348 X X X

a. Retesting 348 X X X

b. Checklist of possible causes 348‐349 X X X

C. Flushing and disinfection 350‐354

1. Flushing 350 X X X

2. Disinfection 350‐351 X X X

a. Application point 350 X X X

b. Chlorine dosage 350‐3561 X X X

c. Procedures 351‐353 X X X

1. Continuous feed method 351 X X X

2. Slug method 352‐353 X X X

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3. Tablet method 353 X X X

d. Contact period 535 X X X

3. Bacteriological testing 353 X X X

D. Final inspection 354

1. As‐built plans 354 X X X

2. Records of types of equipment and locations 354 X X X

3. Checks of the operation of valves and hydrants 354 X X X

E. Site restoration 354

1. Backfilling trenching 354 X X X

2. Pavement repair 354 X X X

3. Grass replacement 354‐355 X X X

4. Ditches and culverts 355 X X X

5. Trees and shrubs 355 X X X

6. Utilities 355 X X X

7. Curbs, gutters, and sidewalks 355 X X X

8. Machinery and construction sheds 356 X X X

9. Watercourses and slopes 356 X X X

10. Roadway cleanup 356 X X X

11. Traffic restoration 356 X X X

12. Restoration of private property 356 X X X

F. Water main installation safety 356‐359

1. Material‐handling safety 357 X X X

a. Lifting heavy objects 357 X X X

b. Manual labor safety guidelines 357 X X X

2. Trench safety 357 X X X

3. Traffic control safety 357‐358 X X X

4. Personal protection equipment 358 X X X

5. Chemical safety 358‐359 X X X

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6. Portable power tool safety 359 X X X

7. Vehicle safety 359 X X X

Fire hydrants 161‐179

A. Fire hydrant uses 161

1. Fire fighting 161‐162 X X X

2. Miscellaneous fire hydrant uses 162‐163 X X X

a. Typical uses 162 X X X

b. Restricting miscellaneous uses 162 X X X

c. Allowing miscellaneous uses 162‐163 X X X

1. Requiring permits for use 162 X X X

2. Specifying hydrants to be used 162‐163 X X X

3. Instructing users in proper operation 163 X X X

4. Reporting unauthorized use 163 X X X

3. System problems caused by operating hydrants 163 X X X

a. Negative pressure in parts of the system 163 X X X

b. Discolored water 164 X X X

c. Water hammer 164 X X X

B. Types of fire hydrants 164

1. Dry‐barrel hydrants 164‐165 X X X

a. Wet‐top hydrants 165 X X X

b. Dry‐top hydrants 165 X X X

c. Valve types 166 X X X

d. Breakaway hydrants 167 X X X

2. Wet‐barrel hydrants 167‐169 X X X

3. Warm‐climate hydrants 169 X X X

4. Flush hydrants 169‐170 X X X

C. Hydrant Parts 170

1. Upper section 170 X X

a. Operating nut 170 X X

13


b. Bonnet 170 X X

c. Upper barrel 170 X X

d. Outlet nozzles 170 X X

e. Outlet‐nozzle caps 170 X X

2. Lower section 170 X X

a. Lower barrel 170 X X

b. Main valve assembly 170‐171 X X

c. Base 170‐171 X X

3. Auxiliary valves 171‐172 X X X

D. Inspection and installation 172‐175 X X

1. Inspection of new hydrants 172 X X

2. Installation procedures 172 X X

a. Location 173 X X

b. Footing and blocking 173‐174 X X

c. Drainage 174 X X

d. Hydrant painting 174 X X

3. Testing 174‐175 X X

a. Restriction against testing hydrants along with mains 174 X X

b. Test procedure 174‐175 X X

c. Loose bolts 175 X X

d. Proper operation of dry‐barrel hydrant drains 175 X X

E. Operation and maintenance 175‐178 X X

1. Hydrant operation 175‐178 X X

2. Hydrant maintenance 176 X X

3. Inspection procedures 176 X X

4. Hydrant repair 177 X X

5. Flow testing 178 X X

F. Hydrant records 178 X X

G. Hydrant safety 178‐179 X X

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Water storage 45‐71

A. Water storage requirements 45 X

1. Purposes of water storage 45 X X

a. Equalizing supply and demand 45‐46 X X

b. Increasing operating convenience 46 X X

c. Leveling out pumping requirements 46‐47 X X

d. Decreasing power costs 47 X X

e. Providing water during source or pump failure 47‐48 X X

f. Providing water to meet fire demands 48 X X

g. Providing surge relief 48 X X

h. Increasing detention times 48 X X

i. Blending water sources 48 X X

2. Capacity requirements 48‐49 X X

B. Types of treated‐water storage facilities 49‐55

1. Type of service 49 X X

2. Configuration 50‐51 X X

a. Elevated tanks 50 X X

b. Standpipes 50 X X

c. Reservoirs 50‐51 X X

d. Hydropneumatic systems 51 X X

3. Type of construction material 51‐55 X X

a. Earth‐embankment reservoirs 52 X X

b. Steel tanks 52 X X

1. Bolted steel tanks 52 X X

2. Welded tanks 52 X X

3. Precoated steel panels 52 X X

c. Concrete tanks and reservoirs 52‐55 X X

1. Cast‐in‐place concrete tanks 52‐54 X X

2. Circular prestressed‐concrete tanks 54 X X

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3. Hydraulically applied concrete‐lined reservoirs 54 X X

C. Locations of distribution storage systems 56‐58

1. Elevated storage 56‐57 X

a. Relationship to system hydraulics 56‐57 X

1. Location near the pumping station 56 X

2. Location beyond the service area 56 X

3. Location in a primary service area 56 X

4. Several smaller storage units on the system 56 X

b. Minimizing pumping and transmission costs 56 X

c. Aesthetic concerns 57 X

2. Ground‐level storage 58 X

D. Water storage facility equipment 58‐66

1. Elevated storage tanks 58‐64 X

a. Inlet and outlet pipes 58‐59 X

b. Overflow pipe 59 X

c. Drain connection 60 X

d. Monitoring devices 60 X

e. Valving 60 X

f. Air vents 60 X

g. Access hatches 61 X

h. Ladders 61‐62 X

1. Exterior ladders 61 X

2. Interior ladders 61 X

3. Climbing safety devices 62 X

i. Coatings 62‐63 X

1. Interior coatings 63 X

2. Exterior coatings 63 X

3. Coating standards 63 X

4. Inspecting the work of a painting contractor 63 X

j. Cathodic protection 63‐64 X

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k. Obstruction lighting 64 X

2. Ground‐level storage facilities 64‐66 X

a. Inlet and outlet pipes 64‐64 X

b. Overflow pipe, vents, and hatches 65 X

c. Drains 65 X

d. Corrosion protection 66 X

E. Operation and maintenance of water storage facilities 66‐70

1. Cold‐weather operation 66‐67 X X

2. Basic maintenance 67‐68 X X

a. Elevated tanks 67 X X

b. Ground‐level tanks 67 X X

c. Disinfection 67‐68 X X

1. Disinfecting the entire volume of the tank 67‐68 X X

2. Coating interior surfaces with chlorine solution 68 X X

3. Testing for bacteriological safety 68 X X

3. Inspection 68‐70 X X

a. Structural damage 68 X X

b. Accessory equipment 68 X X

c. Signs of vandalism or forced entry 70 X X

4. Records 70 X X

F. Water storage facility safety 70 X X

1. Dangers of working in a confined space 70 X X

2. Checking of safety devices 70 X X

3. Worker personal safety equipment 70 X X

System Operations 361‐427

A. Maintaining Water Quality 361‐387 X X X

1. Water quality monitoring Routine Monitoring 361‐363 X X X

a. Development of a Sampling Plan 362‐363 X X X

2. System Design for Water Quality 364‐367 X

3. Operations and Maintenance Practices to Maintain Water 367‐386 X X X

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Quality

a. Flushing programs 368‐369 X X X

b. Flushing procedures 370‐372 X X X

c. Directional flushing 372 X X X

d. Water main cleaning 372‐377 X X X

1. Main‐cleaning preparations 373 X

2. Air purging 373 X

3. Swabbing 373‐374 X

4. Pigging 374‐375 X

a. Bare pigs 374 X

b. Cleaning pigs 374‐375 X

c. Scraping pigs 375 X

d. Pigging procedures 375 X

5. Metal scrapers 375 X

6. Power‐driven cleaning 376 X

7. Final cleaning procedures 376 X

8. Chlorine Treatment 376‐377 X X X

e. Lining water mains 377‐378 X

1. Cement‐mortar lining 377 X

2. Sliplining 378 X

f. Booster disinfection 378 X

g. Source water blending 379‐380 X

h. Source water treatment 380‐384 X

i. Seasonal considerations 384 X

j. Pressure requirements 384‐385 X

k. Emergency operations 385‐386 X

l. Energy management 386 X

4. Direction and Velocity Control 386‐387 X X

B. Maintaining Flow and Pressure 387‐397 X X X

1. Distribution System Inspection 388‐390 X X X

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a. Pressure and flow tests 388‐389 X X X

1. Checking pressure 388‐389 X X X

2. Checking the loss of head 389 X X X

3. Checking flow 389 X X X

b. Routine inspection 389‐390 X X X

2. Leak detection and repair 390‐401

a. Locating leaks 391 X X

1. Large leaks 391 X X

2. Small leaks 391 X X

b. Leak detection methods 391‐395 X X

1. Listening surveys 391‐392 X X

2. Correlator method 393 X X

3. Statistical noise analyzer 393 X X

4. Acoustic Leak detection procedures 393‐395 X X

5. Factors affecting leak detection 395 X X

c. Water audits 395‐397 X X

d. Emergency repairs 398‐400 X X X

1. Preliminary steps 398 X X X

2. Locating the leak 398‐399 X X X

3. Excavation 399‐400 X X X

4. Leak repair 400‐401 X X X

5. Restoration 401 X X X

6. Record keeping 401 X X X

e. External pipeline corrosion 401‐408 X

1. Factors affecting external corrosion 402 X

2. Methods to prevent external corrosion 402‐403 X

3. Bimetallic corrosion 404‐407 X

4. Stray‐current corrosion 407‐408 X

3. Operation and Maintenance Safety 408 X X X

Water services 411‐428

19


A. Meter locations 411‐413 X X X

1. Exposed meters 411 X X X

2. Meter boxes 411‐412 X X X

3. Meters located in buildings 412‐413 X X X

B. Service line sizes, materials, and equipment 413‐419

1. Service line size 413‐414 X X X

2. Types of service line pipe and tubing 414‐418 X X X

a. Lead pipe 414 X X X

b. Galvanized iron pipe 415 X X X

c. Copper tubing 415 X X X

d. Plastic tubing 415 X X X

3. Adapters and connectors 416 X X X

4. Corporation stops 416 X X X

5. Curb stops and boxes 416‐418 X X X

a. Arch‐pattern stops and boxes 417 X X X

b. Minneapolis‐style stops and boxes 417 X X X

c. Advantages and disadvantages 418 X X X

C. Water service taps 419‐423

1. Direct insertion 419‐421 X X X

2. Service clamps Saddles 421 X X X

3. Small drilling machines 422 X X X

4. Self‐contained taps 423 X X X

5. Tap location 423 X X X

D. Leaks and breaks 423‐427 X X X

E. Thawing 425‐426 X X

1. Electrical thawing 425 X X

2. Hot‐water thawing 425‐426 X X

F. Service line responsibility 426‐427 X X X

G. Service line records 427 X X X

Water Meters 241‐268

20


A. Customer water meters 241‐246 X X X

1. Positive‐displacement meters 242‐243 X X X

2. Large‐customer meters 244‐245 X X X

a. Compound meters 244‐245 X X X

b. Current meters 244 X X X

c. Detector‐check meters 244 X X X

3. Meter selection 246‐247 X X X

a. Residential meters 246 X X X

b. Commercial meters 246‐247 X X X

B. Customer meter installation 247‐253

1. General considerations 247 X X X

2. Manifold installations 248‐249 X X

3. Meter connections 250‐251 X X X

4. Indoor installations 251‐252 X X X

5. Outdoor installations 252‐254 X X X

a. Small‐meter installation 252‐253 X X X

b. Large‐meter installation 253‐254 X X

C. Meter reading 253‐259

1. Meter registers 253‐254 X X X

2. Direct readout 254‐255 X X X

3. Remote reading devices 255‐259 X X X

a. Plug‐in type readers 257 X X X

b. Electronic meter reading 257 X X X

4. Automatic meter reading 257‐259 X X X

D. Meter testing, maintenance, and repair 259‐262

1. Testing new meters X X

2. Frequency requirements for testing meters 259‐260 X X

3. Testing procedures 260‐261 X X

4. Maintenance and repair 261‐262 X X

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5. Record keeping for meters 262 X X X

a. Meter history cards 262 X X X

b. Computer record systems 262 X X X

E. Mainline metering 262‐268

1. Uses of mainline meters 262‐263 X X

2. Types of mainline meters 263‐268 X X

a. Current meters 263‐264 X X

1. Turbine meters 263‐264 X X

2. Multijet meters 264 X X

3. Propeller meters 264 X X

b. Proportional meters 264‐265 X X

c. Venturi meters 265‐266 X X

d. Orifice meters 265‐267 X X

e. Magnetic meters 266‐267 X X

f. Ultrasonic meters 268 X X

H. Metering safety 268 X X X

Backflow Prevention and Cross‐connection control 271‐301

A. Terminology 271 X X X

1. Backflow 271 X X X

2. Cross‐connections 271 X X X

B. Cross‐connection Locations 27272 X X X

C. Types of cross‐connections 272‐279 X X X

1. Actual cross‐connections 272‐273 X X X

2. Potential cross‐connections 273‐274 X X X

3. Cross‐connection examples 275‐279 X X X

a. Backflow due to backpressure 277‐278 X X X

b. Backflow due to backsiphonage 278‐279 X X X

D. Public health significance of cross‐connections 279‐283 X X

1. Contaminants associated with cross‐connections 282‐283 X X

22


a. Chemical contaminants 282 X X

1. Pesticides 282 X X

2. Metals 282 X X

3. Organic compounds 282 X X

4. Nitrates and nitrites 282 X X

b. Biological contaminants 282‐283 X X

E. Backflow control methods and devices 283‐292 X X

1. Air gaps 284 X X

2. Reduced‐pressure‐zone backflow preventers 285‐287 X X

3. Double check‐valve assemblies 287‐289 X X

4. Vacuum breakers 290‐291 X X

5. Barometric loops 291 X X

6. Other methods and devices 292 X X

7. Level of protection 292 X X

F. Cross‐connection control programs 292‐300 X X

1. Developing a cross‐connection control program 292‐299 X X

a. Program content 293 X X

b. Procedures 293‐299 X X

c. Backflow‐prevention devices 299‐300 X X

G. Records and reports 300‐301 X X

1. Water customer reports 300 X X

2. Utility or agency operating records 300 X X

3. Testing and repair personnel reports 301 X X

Pumps 73‐108

A. Types of pumps 79‐88 X X

1. Velocity pumps 79‐82 X X

a. Velocity pump designs and characteristics 79‐80 X X

1. Radial‐flow designs 80‐81 X X

2. Axial‐flow pumps 80‐81 X X

3. Mixed‐flow designs 82‐83 X X

23


b. Centrifugal pumps 82‐83 X X

c. Vertical turbine pumps 84‐86 X X

1. Deep‐well pumps 84‐85 X X

2. Submersible pumps 85 X X

3. Booster pumps 85 X X

d. Centrifugal Jet pumps 87 X X

2. Positive‐displacement pumps 87‐88 X X

a. Reciprocating pumps 87‐88 X X

b. Rotary pumps 88 X X

B. Operation of centrifugal pumps 88‐93 X X

1. Pump starting and stopping 89‐92 X X

a. Pump starting 90 X X

b. Pump stopping 90‐91 X X

c. Flow control 91‐92 X X

2. Monitoring operational variables 92‐93 X X

a. Suction and discharge heads 92 X X

b. Bearing and motor temperature 92 X X

c. Vibration 93 X X

d. Speed 93 X X

e. General observations 93 X X

C. Centrifugal pump maintenance 93‐107 X

1. Mechanical details of centrifugal pumps 93‐94 X

a. Casing 94 X

b. Single‐suction pumps 94 X

c. Double‐suction pumps 94‐96, 98 X

d. Impeller 96, 98 X

e. Wear rings 96‐98 X

f. Shaft 96, 98 X

g. Shaft sleeves 97‐98 X

h. Packing rings 97‐98 X

24


I. Lantern rings 97‐99 X

j. Mechanical seals 99‐100 X

k. Bearings 100‐101 X

l. Couplings 101‐102 X

2. Inspection and maintenance 100‐107 X

a. Priming 102 X

b. Packing 102‐103 X

c. Mechanical seals 103 X

d. Bearings 104‐105 X

1. Oil‐lubricated bearings 104 X

2. Grease‐lubricated bearings 104‐105 X

3. Bearing replacement 105 X

e. Vibration monitoring 105 X

f. Alignment 106‐107 X

g. Sensors and controls 106 X

h. Head 106 X

I. Cavitation 106 X

j. Major repairs 107 X

D. Record keeping 107‐108 X

E. Pump safety 108 X

Motors and engines 181‐207 X

A. Electricity terminology review 181 X

1. Alternating current 181 X

2. Electrical measurement 181 X

a. Volts 181 X

b. Amperes 181 X

c. Ohms 181 X

B. Principles of electric motor operation 182‐183 X

1. Speed 182 X

2. Starting current 182‐183 X

25


C. Single‐phase and three‐phase motors 183‐184 X

1. Single‐phase motors 183 X

a. Split‐phase motors 183 X

b. Repulsion‐induction motors 183 X

c. Capacitor‐start motors 183 X

2. Three‐phase motors 184 X

a. Squirrel‐cage induction motors 184 X

b. Synchronous motors 184 X

c. Wound‐rotor induction motors 184 X

3. Variable‐frequency drives 185 X

D. Electric motor construction 186 X

1. Temperature 186 X

2. Mechanical protection 186 X

E. Motor control equipment 186‐187 X

1. Motor starters 186‐187 X

2. Full‐voltage and reduced‐voltage controllers 188 X

3. Motor control systems 188‐191 X

a. Location of the control point 189 X

b. Control methods 189‐190 X

c. Multiple‐pump controls 190 X

4. Accessory controls 191 X

5. Motor protection equipment 191 X

a. Thermal overload relays 191 X

b. Fuses and circuit breakers 191 X

c. Overcurrent relays 191 X

d. Lightning surge arresters 191 X

e. Voltage relays 191 X

f. Frequency relays 191 X

g. Phase‐reversal relays 192 X

h. Loss‐of‐phase relays 192 X

26


i. Differential relays 192 X

j. Reverse‐current relays 192 X

k. Time‐delay relays 192 X

l. Bearing‐temperature sensors 192 X

m. Speed sensors 192 X

F. Improving the efficiency of electrically driven pumps 192‐195 X

1. Reducing the total electric power usage 193 X

2. Reducing peak‐demand charges 193 X

a. Gravity‐feed storage 193 X

b. Engine‐driven pumps 193 X

c. Reducing peak water usage 194 X

d. Changing the time of demand 194 X

3. Power‐factor improvement 194 X

a. Changing the motor type 194 X

b. Changing the motor loading 195 X

c. Using capacitors 195 X

G. Maintenance of electric motors 195‐198 X

1. Housekeeping 195 X

2. Alignment and balance 196 X

3. Lubrication 196 X

4. Brushes 197 X

5. Slip rings 197 X

6. Insulation 197 X

7. Connections, switches, and circuitry 198 X

8. Phase imbalance 198 X

H. Types of combustion engines 199‐200 X

1. Gasoline engines 199 X

2. Diesel engines 200 X

3. Steam engines 200 X

I. Operation and maintenance of internal‐combustion engines 200‐205 X

27


1. Service prior to operation 201 X

2. Initial‐operation service 202 X

3. Service during operation 204 X

4. Service after operation 205 X

5. Regular maintenance 205 X

J. Motor and engine records 205 X

K. Motor and engine safety 206‐207 X

1. General 206 X

2. Electrical devices 207 X

3. Fire safety 207 X

Instrumentation and control 209‐240 X

A. Primary instrumentation 209‐222 X

1. Basic instrument components 210 X

2. Flow sensors 210‐211 X

a. Differential‐pressure flowmeters 210 X

b. Velocity‐type flowmeters 211 X

c. Other flowmeters 211 X

3. Pressure sensors 211‐213 X

a. Strain gauges 211 X

b. Direct‐reading pressure gauges 211 X

4. Level sensors 213‐217 X

a. Float mechanisms 213 X

b. Diaphragm elements 213 X

c. Bubbler tubes 213‐214 X

d. Direct electronic sensors 214‐217 X

5. Temperature sensors 217 X

a. Thermocouples 217 X

b. Thermistors 217 X

6. Electrical and equipment sensors 217 X

28


a. Electrical sensors 217 X

1. Voltage 217 X

2. Current 217 X

3. Resistance 217 X

4. Power 217 X

b. Equipment status monitors 218‐219 X

7. Process analyzers 219‐222 X

a. Turbidity monitors 220 X

b. pH monitors 221 X

c. Residual chlorine monitors 221 X

d. Particle counters 221‐222 X

B. Secondary instrumentation and telemetering 223‐229 X

1. Pneumatic and electronic signal transmission 223 X

2. Receivers and indicators 224‐225 X

a. Display units 224 X

b. Recorders 224 X

c. Totalizers 224 X

d. Combination units 224‐225 X

3. Telemetry 225‐226 X

a. Telemetry transmission channels 225‐226 X

b. Analog signal systems 225 X

1. Current 226 X

2. Voltage 226 X

3. Pulse‐duration modulation 226 X

4. Variable frequency 226 X

c. Digital signal systems 227 X

d. Multiplexing 227 X

e. Scanning 227 X

f. Polling 227 X

29


g. Duplexing 229 X

1. Full duplex 229 X

2. Half duplex 229 X

3. Simplex 229 X

C. Control systems 229‐230 X

1. Control system components 229 X

a. Signal conditioners 229 X

b. Actuators 229 X

c. Final elements 229 X

2. Control classifications 230‐233 X

a. Direct manual control 230 X

b. Remote manual control 230 X

c. Semiautomatic control 231 X

d. Automatic control 232 X

1. On‐off differential control 232 X

2. Proportional control 232 X

3. Feedforward control loops 233 X

4. Feedback control loops 233 X

3. Direct‐wire and supervisory control 234 X

D. Supervisory control and data acquisition 234‐237 X

1. SCADA system components 235 X

a. Master station 235 X

1. Centralized computer control 235 X

2. Distributed computer control 235 X

b. Human‐machine interface 235 X

2. The future of supervisory control 236 X

E. Operation and maintenance 237‐240 X

1. Maintenance of sensors and transmitters 237 X

a. Pressure sensors 237 X

b. Flowmeters 238 X

30


c. Transmitters 238 X

2. Maintenance of receivers and indicators 238 X

3. Troubleshooting guidelines 238‐239 X

4. Maintenance records 239‐240 X

5. Safety 240 X

Information management 429 ‐ 460

A. Computers 429 ‐ 434 X X

1. Water utility computer uses 429 ‐ 430 X X

a. Supervisory control 430 X X

b. Data retention and reports 430 ‐ 432 X X

c. System analysis 432 X X

1. Distribution system analysis 432 X X

2. Main failure analysis 432 X X

3. Financial planning 432 X X

4. Corrosion control 432 X X

5. Fire‐flow simulations 432

d. Records and inventory control 432 ‐ 433 X X

2. Computer integration trends 434 X

B. Maps and records 434 ‐ 446 X X

1. Distribution system maps and records 434 ‐ 435 X X X

a. Mapped records 435 X X X

1. Comprehensive maps 435 ‐ 436 X X X

2. Sectional maps 436 ‐ 440 X X X

3. Valve and hydrant maps 440 ‐ 443 X X X

‐‐Plat‐and‐list method 440 ‐ 443 X X X

‐‐Intersection method 440 ‐ 443 X X X

b. Plan and profile drawings 443 X X X

c. Supplemental mapped records 443 ‐ 444 X X X

d. Card records X X X

e. Statistical records 444 X X X

31


f. Record requirements for small and large systems 444 ‐ 445 X X X

g. Map symbols 446 X X X

2. Automated mapping/facility management geographic

information systems (AM/FM/GIS)

446 ‐ 452 X

a. Basic elements of AM/FM/GIS 446 X

b. System hardware X

c. System software 448 X

d. Water utility applications 448 ‐ 452 X

1. Water resource management 450 ‐ 451 X

2. Customer services 451 X

3. Operations 451 X

4. Water demand forecasting 452 X

5. Water system modeling 452 X

C. Maintenance management 452 ‐ 457 X

1. Work orders 453 X X

2. Technical information 453 ‐ 454 X X

3. Computerized maintenance management 454 ‐ 457 X X

a. Reporting 455 X X

b. Preventive maintenance 456 X X

c. Equipment histories 456 X X

d. System integration 456 ‐ 457 X X

D. Other major information systems 458 ‐ 460 X

1. Source‐of‐supply systems and treatment plant process

control systems

458 X

2. Laboratory information management system 458 X

3. Leakage control and emergency response 458 ‐ 459 X

4. Customer information system 459 X

Public relations 477 ‐ 485

A. The role of public relations 477 X X X

32


B. The role of water distribution personnel 478 ‐ 482 X X X

1. Meter readers 478 ‐ 479 X X X

2. Maintenance and repair crews 480 X X X

3. Public relations behind the wheel 481 ‐ 482 X X X

4. Public relations and the media 482 X X X

C. The role of informed employees in public relations 482 ‐ 483 X X X

1. Employee training 482 ‐ 483 X X X

2. Procedural manuals as a public relations tool 483 X X X

D. Formal public relations programs 483 ‐ 485 X X X

1. Customer service 484 X X X

2. Public information 484 X X X

3. Media relations 484 X X X

Hydraulics of Water Distribution Systems 111‐135 X X

A. Hydraulics of Pipe Flow 111‐113 X X

B. Hydraulics of the System 113‐116 X X

1. Water Demand Patterns 113‐114 X

2. Water Age 115 X X

3. Mixing Time in Cylindrical Tanks 115‐116 X

C. Hydraulics of Dead Ends 116 X X X

D. Hydraulics of System Performance 116‐123 X X

1. Pumping Capacity 116‐117 X

2. Pipe Capacity 117 X

3. Tank Volume 117‐119 X

4. Tank Elevation 119 X

5. Low Pressures in System 119 X

6. Pressure‐Reducing Valves 119 X

7. Hydraulic Performance During a Fire Event 119 X

8. Hydraulic Performance during a Pipe break 123 X

E. Network Analysis 123‐127 X

1. Network Analysis 123‐124 X

33


2. Uses of Network Analysis 124‐125 X

3. EPANET Capabilities 125‐127 X

a. Hydraulic Modeling Capabilities 125‐126 X

b. Water Quality Modeling Capabilities 126‐127 X

4. Output of Network Analysis 127 X

F. Hydraulic Transients: Water Hammer 127‐135 X X

1. What is Water Hammer 127‐128 X X X

2. How Water Hammer Causes Damage 128‐129 X X X

3. Surge Control in Pumping Stations and Pipelines 130‐135 X X

Systems Security and Emergency Response 461‐475 X X X

A. Water Supply System Threats 461‐462 X X X

1. Cyber Threats 461 X X X

2. Physical Threats 461‐462 X X X

3. Chemical Threats 462 X X X

4. Biological Threats 462 X X X

B. Water Supply System Vulnerabilities 462‐465 X X X

1. Vulnerability of Water Supply Systems 462‐463 X X X

2. Vulnerabilities of Computer System Infrastructure 463‐465 X X X

C. Vulnerability Assessments 465‐466 X X X

1. SCADA Systems 466 X X X

D. Early Warning Systems 466‐468 X X X

E. Security Hardware and Surveillance Systems 468‐471 X X X

1. Intrusion Detection Systems 468‐469 X X X

2. Closed Circuit Television 470 X X X

3. Access Control Systems 470 X X X

4. Role of SCADA Systems for Security 470‐471 X X X

E. Emergency Response Plans 472‐473 X X X

1. Components of an ERP 472‐473 X X X

34

North Carolina Rules Governing Public Water Supplies (Green Book)

Subchapter 18C ‐ Water Supplies C B A

A. Section .0100 ‐ Protection of Public Water Supplies

.0102 Definitions

B. Section .0300 ‐ Submission of plans, specifications, and Reports

.0301 Applicability X X X

.0303 Submission required by engineer and water supplier X X X

.0304 Application for approval: by whom made X

.0305 Approval of plans necessary before contracting X

.0306 Changes in plans or specifications after approval X

.0307 Engineer’s report X

.0308 Type and form of exhibits X

C. Section .0400 ‐ Water supply design criteria

.0405 Storage of finished water X X X

.0406 Distribution systems X X X

.0407 Electrical systems X X X

.0408 Lead free construction X X X

.0409 Service connections X X X

D. Section .0600 ‐ Raw surface water facilities

.0604 Pumps; Power facilities X

E. Section .0800 ‐ Hydropneumatic storage tanks

.0801 Capacities; Determining minimum effective volume X X X

.0802 Capacities; Determining peak demand X X X

.0803 Capacities; Determining total volume X X X

.0804 Capacities; Ground storage plus hydropneumatic tanks X X X

.0805 Capacities; Elevated storage X X

F. Section .0900 ‐ Distribution systems

.0901 Size of the water mains X X X

.0902 Number of residences on a water main X X X

.0903 Dead‐end water mains X X X

35

Subchapter 18C ‐ Water Supplies C B A

.0904 Pipe laying X X X

.0905 Testing new water mains X X X

.0906 Relation of water mains to sewers X X X

.0907 Valves X X

G. Section .1000 ‐ Disinfection of water supply systems

.1001 Disinfection of new systems X X X

.1002 Disinfection of wells X X X

.1003 Disinfection of storage tanks and distribution systems X X X

.1004 Disinfection of filters

K. Section .1800 ‐ Local plan approval program

.1801 Local approval program X X

.1802 Application for certification X X

.1803 Certification X X

.1804 Notice X X

.1805 Departmental enforcement X X

L Section .1900 ‐ Administrative penalties

.1913 Right of entry and inspection X X X

M. Section .2100 ‐ Operating permits

.2101 Permits X X X

Appendix A Guidelines X X X

36

Rules Governing Water Treatment Facility Operators (Blue Book)

Subchapter 18D ‐ Water Treatment Facility Operators C B A

A. Section .0100 ‐ General Policies

.0102 Organization X X X

.0103 Meetings of the Board X X X

.0105 Definitions X X X

B. Section .0200 ‐ Qualification of applicants and classification of facilities

.0201 Grades of certification X X X

.0202 Examinations X X X

.0203 Determination of various classes of certification X X X

.0205 Classification of water treatment facilities X X

.0206 Certified operator required X X X

C. Section .0300 ‐ Applications and fees

.0301 Application for exam X X X

.0302 Application for reciprocity X X X

.0303 Application for temporary certificate X X X

.0304 Fee schedule X X X

.0305 Waiting period X X X

.0307 Revocation of certificate X X X

.0308 Professional growth hours X X X

.0309 Certification reinstatement X X X

D. Section .0400 ‐ Issuance of certificate

.0401 Notification of classification X X X

.0403 Issuance of grade certificate X X X

.0404 Temporary certificate X X X

.0405 Reciprocal certificates X X X

E. Section 0.500 ‐ Rule making procedures

.0501 Petitions X X X

F. Section .0600 ‐ Contested cases

G. Section .0700 ‐ Operations and Management X X X

.0701 Operator in Responsible Charge X X X

37

Math Review Guide Page C B A

Percentages 4 x x x

Conversions 5, 8, 10, 11 x x x

Area 5‐6 x x x

Volume 5‐6 x x x

Slope 6‐7 x x x

Pressure/Head 8 x x x

Average 3 x x x

Velocity 4 x x

Flow Rate 4 x x

Force 8 x x

Temperatures 10 x

Dosage (mg/l) 7‐8 x

Feed Rate (lbs/med) 7 x

Contact Time 8 x

Electricity 9 x

Pumps (Horsepower) 9‐10 x

38

Reference information for WSO Water Distribution, Grades 1 & 2 or WSO Water Distribution, Grades 3 & 4. Topic Grades 1&2

Page Grade 3 & 4

Page C B A

USEPA Drinking Water Regulations 1 ‐ 19 1 ‐ 23

Federal Regulations 1 ‐ 9

Safe Drinking Water Act Requirements 1 ‐ 2

State Primacy 2

Classes of Public Water Systems 2 ‐ 3

Regulation of Contaminants 3

Public Notification 3 ‐ 4

Monitoring and Reporting 4

Water Quality Monitoring 4 ‐ 8

Methods of Collecting Samples 5

Sample Storage and Shipment 6

Sample Point Selection 6

Sample Faucets 6 ‐ 7

Sample Collection 7 ‐ 8

Special Purpose Samples 8

Laboratory Certification 8

Consumer Confidence Reports 8

USEPA Regulation Information 9

State Regulations 9 ‐ 10

Operator Certification 9

Cross‐Connection Control 9

Construction Approval 9

Technical Assistance 10

Enforcement 10

Types of Water Systems 1 ‐2

Disinfection By‐product and Microbial Regulations 2 ‐ 23

Requirements of Special Interest to Distribution . System Operators

10 ‐ 19

Total Coliform Rule (TCR) & Revised Total Coliform . Rule (RTCT)

10 ‐ 12

Disinfectant and Disinfection By‐product Rules (DBPR) 12 10 – 15

Stage 1 DBPR 12 10 ‐ 12

Stage 2 DBPR 13 ‐ 14 12 ‐ 13

39

Topic Grades 1&2 Page

Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Enhanced Coagulation Requirement of the Stage 1 DBPR and Stage 2 DBPR

13 ‐ 14

Bromate 14 ‐ 15

USEPA Drinking Water Regulations 1 ‐ 19 1 ‐ 23

Chlorite 15

Residual Disinfectants 15

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 14 15 ‐ 17

Interim Enhanced SWTR 14

Sanitary Surveys 14 ‐ 15 16 ‐ 17

C x T Requirements 17

Long‐Term 1 (LT1ESWTR) 15

Long Term 2 (LT2ESWTR) 15 ‐ 16 17

Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) 16 ‐ 17 20 ‐ 21

Filter Backwash Recycle Rule (FBRR) 17 ‐ 18

Ground Water Rule (GWR) 17 18

Total Coliform Rule (TCR) and Revised Total Coliform Rule . (RTCR)

18 ‐ 20

Chemical Contaminant Rules 21

Public Notification Rule 21

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) 22

Operator Certification 22

Arsenic MCL 22

Radionuclides Rule 23

Analytical Methods 23

National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 18 ‐ 19

Operator Math 21 ‐ 66 27 ‐ 54

Volume Measurements 21 ‐ 28

Rectangles, Triangles, and Circles 22 ‐ 26

Cones and Spheres 26 ‐ 28

Conversions 28 ‐ 51

Conversion Tables 28 ‐ 29

Box Method 30 ‐ 31

Conversions of US Customary Units 31 ‐ 40

Conversions From Cubic Feet to Gallons to Pounds 31 ‐ 33

Flow Conversions 31 ‐ 36

Linear Measurement Conversions 36

40


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Area Measurement Conversions 37 ‐38

Volume Measurement Conversions 38 ‐ 40


Concentration Conversions 40 ‐ 42

Milligrams per Liter to Grains per Gallon 40 ‐ 41

Milligrams per Liter to Parts per Million 41 ‐ 42

Metric System Conversions 42 ‐ 49

Metric to Metric Conversions 43 ‐ 47

Cross‐System Conversions 47 ‐ 49

Temperature Conversions 49 ‐ 51

Per Capita Water Use 52 ‐ 53

Average Daily Flow 53 ‐ 57

Basic Pipeline Disinfection Calculations 57 ‐ 59

Flushing Rate 57 ‐ 58

Tablet Method 58

Chlorination Feed Rate 58 ‐ 59

Basic Storage Facility Disinfection Calculations 59 ‐ 61

Storage Facility Volume 59

Storage Facility Walls Surface Area 59

Chlorination Spray Solution 60

Chlorine Amount for Full Facility Method 60

Chlorine Amount for Chlorinate‐and‐Fill Method 61

Calculating Heads 61 ‐ 63

Instantaneous Flow Rate Calculations 63 ‐ 66

Plezometric Surface and Hydraulic Grade Line 27 ‐ 35

Plezometric Surface 27 ‐ 28

Hydraulic Grade Line 29 ‐ 35

Locating HGLs From Plezometric Surface Information 29 ‐ 32

Locating HGLs From Pressure Gauge Information 33 ‐ 35

Head Loss 35 ‐ 38

Friction Head Loss 35 ‐ 38

Pumping Rates 38 ‐ 39

Pump Heads 39 ‐ 42

Suction and Discharge 39 ‐ 40

Static Heads 40

41


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Dynamic Heads 41 ‐ 42

Horsepower 43 ‐ 45


Efficiency 45 ‐ 48

Reading Pump Curves 48 ‐ 51

Description of Pump Curves 48 ‐ 50

The H‐Q Curve 49

The P‐Q Curve 49 ‐ 50

The E‐Q Curve 50

Reading the Curve 50 ‐ 51

Calculations for Chlorine Dosage, Demand, Residual, and . Contact Time

51 ‐ 54

Water Use and System Design 69 ‐ 86 57 ‐ 63

Water Use 69‐ ‐73

Domestic Use 69

Industrial Use 69 ‐ 70

Public Use 71

Variations in Water Use 71 ‐ 73

Time of Day and Day of Week 71

Climate and Season 71 ‐ 72

Type and Size of Community 72

Metering 72 ‐ 73

Dependability and Quality of Water 73

Sewer Connection 73

Condition of the Water System 73

Industrial Use 69 ‐ 70

Public Use 71

Water Rights 73 ‐ 76

Allocation of Surface Water 74 ‐ 75

Riparian Doctrine 74

Prior Appropriation Doctrine 74 ‐ 75

Priority in Time 75

Beneficial Use 75

Legal Complications 75

Allocation of Groundwater 75 ‐ 76

42


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Absolute Ownership 75 ‐ 76

Reasonable Use 76

Water Use and System Design 69 ‐ 86 57 ‐ 63

Correlative Rights 76

Appropriation‐Permit System 76

Distribution System Purpose and Planning 77 ‐ 81 X X X

Water Source Effects on System Design 57 ‐ 59 X X X

Types of Water Systems 77 ‐ 79 X X X

Surface Water Systems 77 ‐ 78 57 X X X

Groundwater Systems 78 57 ‐ 58 X X X

Purchased Water Systems 78 ‐ 79 58 X X X

Rural Water Systems 58 ‐ 59 X X X

System Planning Issues 79 X X X

Policy considerations 79 X X X

Drinking Water Supply and Distribution System 79 ‐ 81 X X X

System Layout 82 X X X

Types of Water System Layout 59 ‐ 60 X X X

Arterial‐Loop System 82 X X X

Grid System 82 X X X

Tree System 82 X X X

Dead Ends 82 60 X X X

Valves and Hydrants 60 X X X

Mapping 83 X X X

Valving 83 ‐ 84 X X X

Sizing Mains 84 ‐ 86 60 ‐ 63 X X X

Water Use Terms 61 X X X

Residential and Commercial Water Use 61 X X X

Quantity Requirements 85 X X X

Domestic Use 85 X X X

Fire Flow Requirements 85 61 ‐ 62 X X X

Pressure Requirements 85 ‐ 86 62 X X X

Velocity Requirements 86 62 X X X

Network Analysis 86 62 ‐ 63 X X X

Quality Requirements 86 62 X X X

Hydraulics 89 ‐ 97 65 ‐ 72

43


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Fluids at Rest and in Motion 89 ‐ 90 X X

Static Pressure 89 X X

Hydraulics 89 ‐ 97 65 ‐ 72

Dynamic Pressure 89 ‐ 90 X X

Velocity 90 X X

Measuring Pressure 90 ‐ 94 X X

Head 95 ‐ 97 X X

Types of Head 95 ‐ 97 X X

Pressure Head 95 ‐ 96 X X

Elevation Head 96 X X

Velocity Head 96 ‐ 97 X X

Fluids at Rest and in Motion 65 ‐ 69 X X

Static Pressure 65 X X

Dynamic Pressure 65 ‐ 66 X X

Velocity 66 X X

Friction Loss 66 ‐ 69 X X

Hydraulic Gradient 69 ‐ 70 X X

Hydraulic Transients 70 ‐ 72 X X

Water Hammer 70 X X

Surge Control 71 ‐ 72 X X

Pipe 99 ‐ 120

Pipe Material Selection 99 ‐ 104

ANSI/AWWA Standards 100

ANSI/NSF Standard 61 and Certification 100 ‐ 101

Selecting Pipeline Material 101 ‐ 104 X X X

Pipe Characteristics 101 ‐ 103 X X X

Strength 101 ‐ 102 X X X

Pressure Rating 102 X X X

Durability 102 X X X

Corrosion Resistance 102 X X X

Smoothness of the Inner Surface 103 X X X

Ease of Tapping and Repair 103 X X X

Water Quality maintenance 103 X X X

Economics 103 ‐ 104 X X X

Piping Systems 104 X X X

44


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Types of Pipe Materials 105 ‐ 120 X X X

Ductile‐Iron Pipe 108 ‐ 111 X X X

Pipe 99 ‐ 120

Ductile‐Iron Pipe Joints 109 ‐ 111 X X X

Mechanical Joints 110 X X X

Ball‐and‐Socket Joints 110 X X X

Push‐on Joints 110 X X X

Restrained Joints 110 X X X

Grooved and Shouldered Joints 111 X X X

Fittings for Iron Pipe 111 X X X

Steel Pipe 112 ‐ 114 X X X

Advantages and Disadvantages 112 ‐ 113 X X X

Steel Pipe Joints and Fittings 113 ‐ 114 X X X

Steel Plant Piping 114 X X X

Plastic Pipe 114 ‐ 117 X X X

Plastic materials 115 X X X

Permeation 115 X X X

PVC Pipe 115 ‐ 116 X X X

PVC Joints and Fittings 116 X X X

PE and PB Pipe 116 X X X

Fiberglass Pressure Pipe 116 ‐ 117 X X X

Concrete Pipe 117 ‐ 120 X X X

Prestressed Concrete Pipe 117 ‐ 118 X X X

Bar‐Wrapped Concrete Cylinder Pipe 119 X X X

Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipe 119 X X X

Reinforced Concrete Noncylinder Pipe 120 X X X

Joints and Bends 120 X X X

Water Main Installation and Rehabilitation 123 ‐ 150

Pipe Shipment 123 ‐ 124 X X X

Pipe Handling 124 ‐ 127 X X X

Pipe and Fitting Inspection 124 X X X

Unloading 124 ‐ 126 X X X

Stacking 125 ‐ 126 X X X

Stringing 126 ‐ 127 X X X

Excavation 127 ‐ 138

45


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Preparations for Excavation 127 ‐ 128 X X X

Trenching 128 ‐ 131


trenching considerations 128 X X X

Trench Depth 128 ‐ 129 X X

Trench Width 129 X X

Trenching Operations 129 ‐ 131 X X

Special Excavation Problems 131 X

Rock Excavation 131 X

Poor Soil 131 X

Groundwater 131 X

Avoiding Trench‐Wall Failure 131 ‐ 136 X X X

Types of Soil 131 ‐132 X X X

Causes of Trench Failure 132 X X X

Danger Signs 132 ‐ 133 X X X

Methods of Preventing Cave‐In 133 ‐ 136 X X X

Sloping 133 X X X

Shielding 133 ‐ 134 X X X

Shoring 134 ‐ 135 X X X

Sheeting 135 ‐ 136 X X X

Avoiding Other Utilities 136 ‐ 137 X X

Bedding 137‐ 138 X X

Laying Pipe 138 ‐ 150

Inspection and Placement 138 ‐ 139 X X X

Inspection 138 X X X

Cleaning 138 X X X

Placement 139 X X X

Jointing 139 ‐ 142 X X X

Push‐on Joints 139 ‐ 141 X X X

Mechanical Joints 142 X X X

Connecting to Existing Mains 142 ‐ 146 X X

Tee Connections 142 ‐ 144 X X

Pressure Taps 144 ‐ 146 X X

Tunneling 146 X

Thrust Restraints 147 ‐ 148

46


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Thrust Locations 147 X X X

Thrust Control 147 ‐ 148 X X


Air Vents 149 ‐ 150 X

Backfilling, Main Testing, and Installation Safety 153 ‐ 167

Backfilling 153 ‐ 155 X X X

Placing Backfill 153 X X X

Compacting 153 ‐ 155 X X X

Tamping 153 ‐ 154 X X X

Saturating With Water 154 X X X

Granular Backfill 154 ‐ 155 X X X

Shoring Removal 155 X X X

Backfilling and Tamping Equipment 155 X X X

Pressure and Leak Testing 156 ‐ 158 X X X

Testing Procedure 156 ‐ 157 X X X

Measuring Makeup Water 157 ‐ 158 X X X

Failed Pressure Tests 158 X X X

Flushing and Disinfection 158 ‐ 162 X X X

Flushing 159 X X X

Disinfection 159 X X X

Application Point 159 X X X

Chlorine Dosage 159 ‐ 160 X X X

Procedures 160 ‐ 161 X X X

Contact Period 161 X X X

Bacteriological Testing 161 ‐ 162 X X X

Final Inspection 162 X X X

Site Restoration 162 ‐ 164 X X X

Backfilling Trenches 162 X X X

Pavement Repair 162 X X X

Grass Replacement 163 X X X

Ditches and Culverts 163 X X X

Trees and Shrubs 163 X X X

Utilities 163 X X X

Curbs, Gutters, and Sidewalks 163 X X X

Machinery and Construction Sheds 163 X X X

47


Grade 3 & 4 Page

C B A

Watercourses and Slopes 164 X X X

Roadway Cleanup 164 X X X

Backfilling, Main Testing, and Installation Safety 153 ‐ 167

Traffic Restoration 164 X X X

Restoration of Private Property 164 X X X

Water Main Installation Safety 164 ‐ 167 X X X

Material‐Handling Safety 164 X X X

Trench Safety 165 X X X

Traffic Control Safety 165 ‐ 166 X X X

Personal Protection Equipment 165 X X X

Chemical Safety 166 X X X

Portable Power Tool Safety 166 X X X

Vehicle Safety 167 X X X

Water Services 169 ‐ 181

Meter Locations 169 ‐ 171 X X X

Exposed Meters 169 X X X

Meter Boxes 169 ‐ 170 X X X

Meter Located In Buildings 171 X X X

Service Line Sizes, Materials, and Equipment 171 ‐ X X X

Service Line Size 171 X X X

Types of Service Line pipe and Tubing 172 ‐ 173 X X X

Lead Pipe 172 X X X

Galvanized Iron Pipe 172 X X X

Copper Tubbing 172 X X X

Plastic Tubbing 172 ‐ 173 X X X

Adapters and Connectors 173 X X X

Corporation Stops 173 X X X

Curb Stops and Boxes 174 ‐ 175 X X X

Water Service Taps 175 ‐ 178 X X X

Direct Insertion 175 ‐ 176 X X X

Service Saddles 177 X X X

Small Drilling Machines 177 X X X

Self‐Contained Taps 177 X X X

Tap Location 177 ‐ 178 X X X

Leaks and Breaks 179 X X X

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Thawing 179 ‐ 180 X X

Electrical Thawing 179 X X

Water Services 169 ‐ 181

Other Methods 180 X X

Service Line Responsibility 180 ‐ 181 X X X

Service Line Records 181 X X X

Valves 183 ‐ 198

Uses of water Utility Valves 183 ‐ 186 X X X

Valves to Start and Stop Flow 183 X X X

Distribution System isolation Valves 183 ‐ 184 X X X

Hydrant Auxiliary Valves 183 X X X

Pump Control Valves 184 X X X

Water Service Valves 184 X X X

Valves for Regulating Pressure and Throttling Flow 184 ‐ 185 X X X

Pressure‐Reading Valves 184 X X X

Altitude Valves 184 ‐ 185 X X X

Valves for Preventing Backflow 185 X X X

Valves for Relieving Pressure 185 ‐ 186 X X X

Pressure‐Relief Valves 185 X X X

Air‐Relief Valves 186 X X X

Classification of Water Utility Valves 187 ‐ 194

Gate Valves 187 ‐ 190 X X X

Nonrising‐Stem Gate Valves 188 X X X

Rising‐Stem Gate Valves 188 X X X

Horizontal Gate Valves 188 X X X

Bypass Valves 189 X X X

Tapping Valves 189‐ 190 X X X

Cutting‐In Valves 190 X X

Inserting Valves 190 X X

Resilient‐Seated Gate Valves 190 X X X

Slide Valves 190 X X

Globe Valves 191 X X

Needle Valves 191 ‐ 192 X X

Pressure‐Relief Valves 192 X X X

Air‐and‐Vacuum Relief Valves 192 X X

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Diaphragm Valves 192 X X

Pinch Valves 192 X X

Valves 183 ‐ 198

Rotary Valves 193 X X X

Butterfly Valves 193 ‐ 194 X X X

Check Valves 194 X X X

Valve Operation 195 ‐ 196

Manual Operation 195 X X X

Power Actuators 195 ‐ 196 X X

Electric Actuators 196 X X

Hydraulic Actuators 196 X X

Pneumatic Actuators 196 X X

Actuator Operating Speed 196 X X

Valve Storage 196 X X X

Valve Joints 196 ‐ 197 X X X

Valve Boxes and Vaults 197 ‐ 198 X X X

Valve Records 198 X X X

Fire Hydrants 201 ‐ 215

Fire Hydrant Uses 201 ‐ 203 X X X

Fire Fighting 201 ‐ 202 X X X

Miscellaneous Fire Hydrant Uses 202‐203 X X X

Restricting miscellaneous Uses 202 X X X

Allowing Miscellaneous Uses 202 ‐ 203 X X X

System Problems Caused by hydrant Operation 203 X X X

Types of Fire Hydrants 203 ‐ 206 X X X

Dry‐Barrel Hydrants 204 ‐ 206 X X X

Wet‐Top Hydrants 204 X X X

Dry‐Top Hydrants 204 X X X

Valve Types 206 X X X

Breakaway Hydrants 205 ‐ 206 X X X

Wet‐Barrel Hydrants 206 X X X

Warm‐Climate Hydrants 206 X X X

Flush Hydrants 206 X X X

Hydrant Parts 207 ‐ 209 X X

Upper Section 207 ‐ 208 X X

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Lower Section 208 X X

Auxiliary Valves 208 ‐ 209 X X X

Fire Hydrants 201 ‐ 215 X X

Inspection and Installation 209 ‐ 211

Inspection of new Hydrants 209 X X

Installation Procedures 210 ‐ 211 X X

Location 210 X X

Footing and Blocking 210 X X

Drainage 210 X X

Hydrant Painting 210 ‐ 211 X X

Testing 211 X X

Operation and Maintenance 212 ‐ 214 X X

Hydrant Operation 212 X X

Hydrant Maintenance 212 X X

Inspection Procedures 212 ‐ 213 X X

Hydrant Repair 213 X X

Flow Testing 214 X X

Hydrant Records 214 X X

Hydrant Safety 214 ‐ 215 X X

Water Storage 217 ‐ 237

Water Storage Requirements 217 ‐ 220 X

Purposes of Water Storage 217 ‐ 220 X X

Equalizing Supply and Demand 217 ‐ 218 X X

Increasing Operating Convenience 218 X X

Leveling Out Pumping Requirements 218 ‐ 219 X X

Decreasing Power Cost 219 X X

Providing Water During Source or Pump Failure 219 X X

Providing Water to Meet Fire Demands 219 X X

Providing Surge Relief 219 X X

Increasing Detention Times 220 X X

Blending Water Sources 220 X X

Capacity Requirements 220 X X

Types of Treated‐Water Storage Facilities 220 ‐ 224

Type of Service 220 ‐ 221 X X

Configuration 221 ‐ 222 X X

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Elevated Tanks 221 X X


Standpipes 221 X X

Reservoirs 221 ‐ 222 X X

Hydropneumatic Systems 222 X X

Type of Construction Material 222 ‐ 224 X X

Earth‐Embankment Reservoirs 222 ‐ 223 X X

Steel Tanks 223 ‐ 224 X X

Concrete Tanks and Reservoirs 224 X X

Location of Distribution Storage 225 ‐ 227

Elevated Storage 225 ‐ 226 X

Relationship to System Hydraulics 225 ‐ 226 X

Minimizing Pumping and Transmission Costs 226 X

Aesthetic Concerns 226 X

Ground‐Level Storage 226 ‐ 227 X

Water Storage Facility Equipment 227 ‐ 233

Elevated Storage Tanks 227 ‐ 232 X

Inlet and Outlet Pipes 227 X

Overflow Pipe 228 X

Drain Connection 228 X

Monitoring Devices 228 X

Valving 228 ‐ 229 X

Air Vents 229 X

Access Hatched 229 X

Ladders 229 X

Coatings 230 ‐ 231 X

Cathodic Protection 231 ‐ 232 X

Obstruction Lighting 232 X

Ground‐Level Storage Facilities 232 ‐ 233 X

Inlet and Outlet Pipes 232 X

Overflow Pipes, Vents, and Hatches 232 ‐ 233 X

Drains 233 X

Corrosion Protection 233 X

Operation and Maintenance of Water Storage Facilities 233 ‐ 236

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Cold‐Weather Operation 233 ‐ 234 X X

Basic Maintenance 234 ‐ 236 X X


Elevated Tanks 234 X X

Ground‐Level Tanks 234 X X

Disinfection 234 ‐ 236 X X

Inspection 236 X X

Records 236 X X

Water Storage Facility Safety 236 ‐ 237 X X

Electrical and Instrumentation‐and‐Control Systems 239 ‐ 252 75 ‐ 88

Electricity and Magnetism 239 ‐ 241

Static Electricity 239

Dynamic Electricity 239 ‐ 240

Direct Current 239

Alternating Current 239 ‐ 240

Induced Current 240

Electromagnetics 240 ‐ 241

Electrical Measurements and Equipment 241 ‐ 242

Instrumentation and Control Systems 243 ‐ 251 X

Primary Instrumentation – Monitoring Sensors 243 ‐ 247 X

Flow Sensors 243 X

Pressure Sensors 243 X

Level Sensors 243 ‐ 244 X

Temperature Sensors 244 ‐ 245 X

Electrical Sensors 245 X

Equipment Status Monitors 246 ‐ 247 X

Process Analyzers 246 ‐ 247 X

Turbidity Monitors 247 X

pH Monitors 247 X

Disinfectant Residual Monitors 247 X

Other Analyzers Used in Distribution Systems 247 X

Secondary Instrumentation 247 ‐ 249 75 ‐ 80 X

Signal Transmission 247 75 ‐ 76 X

Receivers and Indicators 247 ‐ 248 76 X

Telemetry 248 77 ‐ 80 X

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Analog Signal Systems 78 X

Digital Signal Systems 78 ‐ 79 X

Electrical and Instrumentation‐and‐Control Systems 239 ‐ 252 75 ‐ 88

Multiplexing 248 ‐ 249 79 X

Transmission Channels 249 77 ‐ 78 X

Scanning 79 X

Polling 79 X

Duplexing 80 X

Control Systems 249 ‐ 251 80 ‐ 84 X

Control Classifications 80 ‐ 83 X

Direct Manual Control 249 81 X

Remote Manual Control 249 81 ‐ 82 X

Semiautomatic Control 249 82 X

Automatic Control 250 ‐ 251 82 ‐ 83 X

Direct Wire and Supervisory Control 84 X

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 251 ‐ 252 84 ‐ 85 X

Master Station 84 X

Centralized Computer Control 84 X

Distributed Computer Control 84 X

Human‐Machine Interface 84 ‐ 85 X

The Future of Supervisory Control 85 X

Operation and Maintenance 86 ‐ 88 X

Maintenance of Sensors and Transmitters 86 ‐ 87 X

Pressure Sensors 86 X

Flowmeters 86 X

Transmitters 86 ‐ 87 X

Maintenance of Receivers and Indicators 87 X

Troubleshooting Guidelines 87 X

Maintenance Records 87 ‐ 88 X

Motors and Engines 255 ‐ 259 91 ‐ 99

Motors 255 ‐ 257 X

Single‐Phase Motors 255 ‐ 256 X

Three‐Phase Motors 256 X

Motor Temperature 256 X

Mechanical Protection 256 ‐ 257 X

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Motor Control Equipment 257 X

Motor Starters 257 X

Motors and Engines 255 ‐ 259 91 ‐ 99

Reduced‐Voltage Controllers 257 X

Motor Control Systems 257 X

Internal‐Combustion Engines 258 ‐ 259 X

Gasoline Engines 258 X

Diesel Engines 258 X

Gas Engines 258 X

Steam Engines 258 X

Operation and Maintenance 259 X

Pump, Motor, and Engine Records 259 X

Motor Protection Equipment 91 ‐ 92 X

Improving the Efficiency of Electrically Driven Pumps 92 ‐ 94 X

Reducing Total Electric Power Usage 92 X

Reducing Peak‐Demand Charges 93 X

Using Gravity‐Feed Storage 93 X

Using Engine‐Driven Pumps 93 X

Reducing Peak Water Usage 93 X

Changing the Time of Demand 93 X

Power‐Factor Improvement 93 ‐ 94 X

Changing the Motor Type 94 X

Changing the Motor Loading 94 X

Using Capacitors 94 X

Maintenance of Electric Motors 94 ‐ 97 X

Housekeeping 95 X

Alignment and Balance 95 X

Lubrication 95 ‐ 96 X

Brushes 96 X

Slip Rings 96 X

Insulation 96 X

Connections, Switches, and Circuitry 97 X

Phase Imbalance 97 X

Motor and Engine Safety 97 ‐ 99 X

Electrical Devices 98 X

55


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Fire Safety 99 X

Pumps and Pumping Stations 261 ‐ 278

Type of Pumps 261 ‐ 267 X X

Velocity Pumps 261 ‐ 266 X X

Velocity Pump Design Characteristics 262 X X

Radial‐Flow Designs 262 X X

Axial‐Flow Designs 262 ‐ 263 X X

Mixed‐Flow Designs 263 X X

Centrifugal Pumps 263 ‐ 264 X X

Vertical Turbine Pumps 264 ‐ 266 X X

Deep‐ Well Pumps 265 X X

Submersible Pumps 265 X X

Booster Pumps 265 ‐ 266 X X

Centrifugal‐Jet Pump Combination 266 X X

Positive‐Displacement Pumps 266 ‐ 267 X X

Reciprocating Pumps 267 X X

Rotary Pumps 267 X X

Operation of Centrifugal Pumps 268 ‐ 271 X X

Pump Starting and Stopping 268 ‐ 270 X X

Pump Starting 268 X X

Pump Stopping 269 ‐ 270 X X

Flow Control 270 X X

Monitoring Operational Variables 270 ‐ 271 X X

Suction and Discharge Heads 270 X X

Bearing and Motor Temperature 270 ‐ 271 X X

Vibration 271 X X

Speed 271 X X

General Observations 271 X X

Mechanical Details of Centrifugal Pumps 271 ‐ 277 X

Casing 272 X

Single‐Suction Pumps 272 X

Double Suction Pumps 272 ‐ 273 X

Impeller 273 ‐ 274 X

Wear Rings 274 X

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Shaft 274 X

Shaft Sleeves 275 X

Pumps and Pumping Stations 261 ‐ 278

Packing Rings 275 X

Lantern Rings 275 ‐ 276 X

Mechanical Seals 276 ‐ 277 X

Bearings 277 X

Couplings 277 X

Centrifugal Pump Maintenance 278 X

Meters 281 ‐ 288 101 ‐ 113

Customer Water Meters 281 ‐ 284 X X X

Positive Displacement Meters 282 X X X

Large‐Customer Meters 283 ‐ 284 X X X

Compound Meters 283 X X X

Current Meters 283 X X X

Detector‐Check Meters 284 X X X

Mainline Metering 284 ‐ 288 X X

Types of Mainline Meters 285 ‐ 288 X X

Current Meters 285 ‐ 286 X X

Turbine Meters 285 X X

Multijet Meters 285 X X

Propeller Meters 285 ‐ 286 X X

Proportional Meters 286 X X

Venturi Meter 286 X X

Orifice Meters 286 X X

Magnetic Meters 287 X X

Ultrasonic Meters 287 ‐ 288 X X

Customer Meter Installation 101 ‐ 106

General considerations 101 X X X

Manifold Installations 102 ‐ 103 X X

Meter Connections 103 X X X

Indoor Installations 104 X X X

Outdoor Installations 105 ‐ 106 X X X

Small‐Meter Installations 105 X X X

Large‐Meter Installations 105 ‐ 106 X X

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Meter Reading 106 ‐ 109

Direct Readout 106 ‐ 107 X X X

Meters 281 ‐ 288 101 ‐ 113

Remote Reading Devices 107 ‐ 109 X X X

Plug‐in Readers 108 ‐ 109 X X X

Electronic Meter Reading 109 X X X

Automatic Meter Reading 109 X X X

Meter Testing, Maintenance, and Repair 110 ‐ 113

Testing New Meters 110 X X

Frequency Requirements for Testing Meters 111 X X

Testing Procedures 111 ‐ 112 X X

Maintenance and Repair 112 X X

Record Keeping for Meters 112 ‐ 113 X X X

Operational Practices 115 ‐ 148

Operations and Maintenance Practices to Maintain Water . Quality

115 ‐ 131 X X X

Hydraulic Detention Time 115 X X

Storage Facility Operation 115 ‐ 116

Flushing Programs 116 ‐ 119 X X X

Flushing Procedures 116 ‐ 118 X X X

Directional Flushing 119 X X X

Water Main Cleaning 119 ‐ 123 X X X

Main‐Cleaning Preparation 120 X

Air Purging 120 X

Swabbing 120 ‐ 121 X

Pigging 121 –122 X

Metal Scrapers 123 X

Power‐Driven Cleaning 123 X

Final Cleaning Procedures 123 X

Chlorine Treatment 123 X X X

Lining Water Mains 123 ‐ 124 X

Cement‐Mortar Lining 123 ‐ 124 X

Slip Lining 124 X

Booster Disinfection 124 ‐ 125 X

Customer Complaints 125 X

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Source Water Blending 126 X

Source Water Treatment 126 ‐ 128 X


Seasonal Considerations 129 X

Pressure Requirements 129 X

Cross‐Connection Control 129 ‐ 130 X

Emergency Operations 130 X

Energy Management 130 ‐ 131 X

Redundant Power Supply 131 X

Pumping Strategies 131 X

Pipeline Friction Loss 131 X

Directional and Velocity Control 131 ‐ 132 X X

Fire Flow Testing 131

Pump Startup, Shutdown, and Valve Operation 131 ‐ 132

Maintaining Flow and Pressure 132 X X X

Distribution System Inspection 132 ‐ 134 X X X

Pressure and Flow Test 132 ‐ 134 X X X

Checking Pressure 133 X X X

Checking Loss of Head 133 X X X

Checking Flow 133 ‐ 134 X X X

Routine Inspection 134 X X X

Leak Detection and Repair 134 ‐ 148 X X

Locating Leaks 134 ‐ 135 X X

Large Leaks 134 X X

Small Leaks 134 ‐ 135 X X

Leak Detection Methods 135 ‐ 138 X X

Listening Surveys 135 ‐ 136 X X

Correlator Method 136 X X

Statistical Noise Analyzer 136 ‐ 137 X X

Acoustic Leak Detection Procedures 137 X X

Factors Affecting Leak Detection 138 X X

Water Audits 138 ‐ 139 X X

Emergency Leak Repairs 139 ‐ 143 X X X

Preliminary Steps 139 ‐ 141 X X X

Locating the Leak 141 X X X

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Excavation 141 ‐ 142 X X X

Leak Repair 142 ‐ 143 X X X


Restoration 143 X X X

Record Keeping 143 X X X

External Pipeline Corrosion 143 ‐ 145 X

Factors Affecting External Corrosion 143 ‐ 144 X

Methods of Prevention External Corrosion 144 ‐ 145 X

Bimetallic Corrosion 145 ‐ 146 X

Stray‐Current Corrosion 147 ‐ 148 X

Basic Chlorination 289 ‐ 310

Basics of Chemical Disinfection 289 ‐ 294

Practical Aspects of Chlorination 290 ‐ 294

Properties of Chlorine 290 ‐ 291

Chlorine Reactions 291 ‐ 292

Chlorination With Hypochlorite 292 ‐ 293

Breakpoint Chlorination 293 ‐ 294

Chlorine feed Equipment 294

Gas Chlorination Facilities 294 ‐ 306

Handling and Storing Chlorine Gas 295 ‐ 298

Cylinders 296 ‐ 297

Ton Containers 297 ‐ 298

Feeding Chlorine Gas 298 ‐ 303

Weighing Scales 298

Valves and Piping 299 ‐ 300

Chlorinators 301 ‐ 302

Injectors 302

Diffusers 302 ‐ 303

Gas Chlorination Auxiliary Equipment 303 ‐ 306

Booster Pumps 303

Automatic Controls 304 ‐ 305

Flow Proportional Control 304

Residual flow Control 304

Evaporators 304 ‐ 305

Automatic Switchover Systems 305 ‐ 306

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Chlorine Alarms 306

Safety Equipment 306

Basic Chlorination 289 ‐ 310

Hypochlorination Facilities 307 ‐ 308

Hypochlorite Compounds 307 ‐ 308

Calcium Hypochlorite 307

Sodium Hypochlorite 308

Common Equipment 308

C x T Values 309

Disinfection By‐products 309 ‐ 310

Booster Disinfection 310

System Operations 313 ‐ 318

Maintaining Water Quality 313 ‐ 318 X X X

Water Quality Monitoring 314 ‐ 316 X X X

Routine Monitoring 314 X X X

Development of a Sampling Plan 314 ‐ 315 X X X

Nonroutine Monitoring 315 ‐ 316 X X X

Finished Water Storage Facilities 315 X X X

Customer Complaint Investigations 315 X X X

Construction Activities 315 X X X

Emergency Monitoring 315 ‐ 316 X X X

System Design for Water Quality Enhancement 316 ‐ 318 X

Planning Considerations 316 X

Hydraulic and Water Quality Modeling 316 ‐ 317 X

Pipeline Design 317 X

Pressure Zone Adjustments 317 X

Finish Water Storage Facilities 317 ‐ 318 X

Water Quality Testing 321 ‐ 339 151 ‐ 176

Sampling 321 ‐ 332

Importance of Sampling 321

Types of Samples 321 ‐ 323

Grab Samples 321 ‐ 322

Composite Samples 322

Continuous Sample 323

Sampling Point Selection 323 ‐ 329

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Distribution System Sample Points 324 ‐ 328

Sample Faucets 328 ‐ 329


Collection of Samples 329 ‐ 331

Raw‐Water Sample Collection 329 ‐ 330

Treatment Plant Sample Collection 330

Distribution System Sample Collection 330 ‐ 331

Special‐Purpose Samples 331 ‐ 332

Monitoring for Chemical Contaminants 332

Laboratory Certification 333 ‐ 334

Record keeping and Sample Labeling 334

Sample Preservation, Storage, and Transportation 334 ‐ 337

Preservation and Storage 334 ‐ 335

Sample‐Preservation Techniques 335

Time of Sampling 335

Transportation 336

Chain of Custody 336 ‐ 337

Field Log Sheet 336

Sampler’s Liability 337

Sampler’s Responsibility 337

Common Water Quality Tests 337 ‐ 339

Chlorine (Free or Total) 337

Coliform 337 ‐ 338

Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonia 338 ‐ 339

pH 339

Microbiological Organisms 151 ‐ 157

Indicator Organisms 151

Coliform Analysis 151 ‐ 157

Sampling 152

Test Methods 152 ‐ 157

Multiple‐Tube Fermentation 153 ‐ 154

Presumptive Test 153

Confirmed Test 153

Complete Test 153 ‐ 154

Presence‐Absence Test 154 ‐ 155

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Fecal Coliform Procedure 155

E coli Procedure 155


MMO‐MUG Technique 155

Membrane Filter Method 155 ‐ 156

Heterotrophic Plate Count Procedure 156 ‐ 157

Alternate Method 157

Physical and Aggregate Properties of Water 157 ‐ 158

Calcium Carbonate Stability 157 ‐ 158

Significance 157 ‐ 158

Sampling 158

Methods of Determination 158

Inorganic Chemicals 159 ‐ 162

Chlorine Residual and Demand 159 = 161

Significance 159

Chlorine Residual 159 = 160

Chlorine Demand 160 ‐ 616

Disinfection By‐products 161 ‐ 162

Sampling 161 ‐ 162

Treatment Plant Sampling 161

Distribution System Sampling 161 ‐ 162

Methods of Determination 162

Organic Chemicals 162 ‐ 165

Measurements of Organic Compounds 162 ‐ 165

General Analytical Methods 162 ‐ 163

Specific Analytical Methods 163 ‐ 165

Extraction and Concentration 163 ‐ 164

Separation 164

Detection 164

Sampling for Organic Compounds 164 ‐ 165

Radiological Contaminants 165 ‐ 169

Radioactive Materials 165 ‐ 167

Alpha Particles (Radiation) 165 ‐ 166

Beta Radiation 166

Gamma Radiation 166

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Unit of Radioactivity 166 ‐ 167

Radioactive Contaminants in Water 167 ‐ 168


Radium 167 ‐ 168

Uranium 168

Radon 168

Artificial Radionuclides 168

Adverse Health Effects of Radioactivity 169

Radionuclides Monitoring Requirements 169

Customer Inquiries and Complaint Investigation 169 ‐ 176

General Principles 170 ‐ 171

Complaint of Inquiry Form 170

Investigation 171

Final Disposition 171

Specific complaints 171 ‐ 176

Taste and Odor 171 ‐ 173

Receiving Information 172

Investigation 172 ‐ 173

Disposition of the Complaint 173

Physical Appearance 173 ‐ 174




Staining of Laundry and Plumbing Fixtures 174 ‐ 175


Investigation 175


Illness Caused by Water 175 ‐ 176




Backflow Prevention and Cross‐Connection Control 341 ‐ 361

Terminology 341 X X X

Backflow 341 X X X

Cross‐Connection 341 X X X

64


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Cross‐Connection and Locations 342 X X X

Types of Cross‐Connections 342 ‐ 347 X X X

Backflow Prevention and Cross‐Connection Control 341 ‐ 361

Actual Cross‐Connections 343 X X X

Potential Cross‐Connections 343 X X X

Cross‐Connection Examples 343 ‐ 347 X X X

Backflow due to Backpressure 345 X X X

Backflow due to Backsiphonage 345 ‐ 347 X X X

Backflow Control Methods and Devices 347 ‐ 356 X X

Air Gaps 348 X X

Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventers 348 ‐ 350 X X

Double Check Valve Assemblies 351 X X

Vacuum Breakers 351 ‐ 352 X X

Barometric Loops 352 ‐ 353 X X

Other Methods and Devices 353 ‐ 354 X X

Level of Protection 354 X X

Cross‐Connection Control Programs 357 ‐ 360 X X

Developing a Cross‐Connection Control Program 357 ‐ 360 X X

Program Content 357 ‐ 358 X X

Procedures 358 ‐ 359 X X

Backflow‐Prevention Devices 359 ‐ 360 X X

Records and Reports 360 ‐ 361 X X

Water Customer Reports 360 X X

Utility or Agency Operating Records 360 X X

Testing and Repair Personnel Reports 361 X X

Information Management and System Mapping 363 ‐ 371 179 ‐ 189

Distribution System Maps 363 ‐ 367 X X X

Comprehensive Maps 363 ‐ 364 X X X

Sectional Maps 364 ‐ 366 X X X

Valve and Hydrant Maps 366 X X X

Plan and Profile Drawings 367 X X X

Map Symbols 367 X X X

Equipment Records 367 ‐ 370 X X X

Valve Records 367 X X X

Hydrant Records 368 ‐ 369 X X X

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Service Records 369 ‐ 370 X X X

Meter Records 370 X X X

Information Management and System Mapping 363 ‐ 371 179 ‐ 189

Technical Information 370 X X X

Geographic Information Management Systems 370 ‐ 371 X X X

Automated Mapping/Facility Management/Geographic . Information Systems

179 ‐ 183 X X X

Basic Elements of an AM/FM/GIS 179 X X X

System Software 180 X X X

Water Utility Applications 180 ‐ 183 X X X

Water Resource Management 182 X X X

Customer Services 182 X X X

Operations 182 X X X

Water Demand Forecasting 183 X X X

Water System Modeling 183 X X X

Maintenance Management 183 ‐ 188 X X X

Work Orders 183 ‐ 184 X X X

Technical Information 184 ‐ 185 X X X

Computerized Maintenance Management 185 ‐ 188 X X X

Reporting 186 X X X

Preventive Maintenance 186 X X X

Equipment Histories 186 X X X

System Integration 186 ‐ 188 X X X

Other Major Information Systems 188 ‐ 189 X X X

Source‐of Supply Systems and Treatment Plant Process Control Systems

188 X X X

Laboratory Information Management Systems 188 X X X

Leakage Control and Emergency Response 188 ‐ 189 X X X

Customer Information Systems 189 X X X

Safety, Security, and Emergency Response 373 ‐ 380 191 ‐ 202

Personal Safety Considerations 373 ‐ 374

Regulatory Requirements 373

Causes of Accidents 373

Personal Protection Equipment 373 ‐ 374

Equipment Safety 374 ‐ 379

Material Handling 374 ‐ 375

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Trench Safety 375

Confined‐Space Safety 375 ‐ 376

Safety, Security, and Emergency Response 373 ‐ 380 191 ‐ 202

Hand Tool Safety 377

Portable Power Tools 377 ‐ 378

Traffic Control 378 ‐ 379

Chemical Safety 379

Vehicle Safety 379

Water Supply System Security 379 ‐ 380 X X X

Water Supply System Threats 191 ‐ 192 X X X

Cyber Threats 380 191 X X X

Physical Threats 380 191 ‐ 192 X X X

Chemical Threats 380 192 X X X

Biological Threats 380 192 X X X

Water Supply System Vulnerabilities 192 ‐ 194 X X X

Vulnerabilities of Water Supply Systems 192 X X X

Vulnerabilities of computer System Infrastructure 192 ‐ 194 X X X

Vulnerabilities Assessments 194 ‐ 195 X X X

SCADA Systems 194 ‐ 195 X X X

Early Warning Systems 195 ‐ 196 X X X

Security Hardware and Surveillance Systems 196 ‐ 199 X X X

Intrusion Detection Systems 196 ‐ 198 X X X

Closed‐Circuit Television 198 X X X

Access Control Systems 198 X X X

Role of SCADA Systems for Security 198 ‐ 199 X X X

Emergency Response Plans 200 ‐ 202 X X X

Components of an ERP 200 ‐ 202 X X X

Public Relations 383 ‐ 387

The Importance of Public Relations 383 X X X

The Role of Public Relations 383 ‐ 384 X X X

The Role of Water Distribution Personnel 384 ‐ 387 X X X

Meter Readers 384 ‐ 385 X X X

Maintenance and Repair Crews 385 ‐ 387 X X X

Public Relations Behind the Wheel 387 X X X

Public Relations and the Media 387 X X X

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Administration and Public Relations 205 ‐ 229

Managing System Operations 205 ‐ 211

Administration and Public Relations 205 ‐ 229

Developing a System Operations Management Plan 206 ‐ 208

System Performance Assessment 206

Performance Measures and Goals 207


Management Plan Review and Revision 208

System Operations Training 208 ‐ 210

Example Performance Measures 208 ‐ 210

Pipeline Rehabilitation and Replacement 210 ‐ 211

Pipeline R&R Plan 210 ‐ 211

Pipeline Inventory 211

Performance Assessment and Tracking 211

Planning and Prioritization 211

Operational Considerations 211

Employee Management 211 ‐ 214

Policies and Regulations 211 ‐ 213

Policies Affecting Supervisors 212 ‐ 213

Employment Laws 213

Workplace Safety 213 ‐ 214

Supervision of Operations 214 ‐ 223

Defining Supervision 214

Personnel Management 214 ‐ 216

Factors Affecting Supervision 216 ‐ 217

Supervisory Functions 217 ‐ 223

Planning and Budgeting 217 ‐ 219

Organizing and Staffing 219 ‐ 220

Directing 220 ‐ 221

Ensuring Efficient Communications 221

Controlling 221 ‐ 222

Managing Time and Making Decisions 222 ‐ 223

Budgets 223 ‐ 228

Formal Public Relations Programs 228 ‐ 229 X X X

Customer Service 228 X X X

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Public Information 228 ‐ 229 X X X

Media Relations 229 X X X

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