need of urban-planning in india

8/17/2019 Need of Urban-Planning in India

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Emerging Challenges of Urban Planning in India

Presentation for Indian Urban Congress, Mysore November 19, 2011

Dinesh Mehta, CEPT University


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Meeting the Urban Challenge: We have made some valiantattempts

• Decentralisation and Governance:

– 74 th Amendment and its subsequent implementation by various states

– Reforms in urban sectors – removal of ULC, rent controls, reduction ofstamp duty, ease of land acquisition

– “Voice” of people – RTI, citizen charters, media interest in urban

• Large numbers cities have done well to cope with problems

– Urban Development on State Agenda -Tamil Nadu, Gujarat

– Growth in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities

• Urban Finance and Development :

– Massive infrastructure investment in cities through JNNURM/UIDSSMT

– New Housing for Poor through IHDP/BSUP

– Private investments in townships


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SOME STYLISED FACTS

India: Urban growth


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India’s urbanisation: Has it kept pace with economic growth?

Current level

Source : Mario Polese, Pamela Echeverria and Mila Freire, 2002

I ndia has low urbanization combined with hi gh economic growth .


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India’s Urbanisation: acceleration in 2011?

90 million added in Urban and Ruralareas

Bhagat, (2011), Urbanisation in India, EPW, August 20, 2011


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6.

Growth of large cities in India


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Growth Rates of large cities


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Myth of Rural-Urban Migration


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Emergence of Census Towns in 2011


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Urban Poverty: Slums a manifestation

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10.00

20.00

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40.00

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Percent Slum Population in Cities


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• The debate over Rs. 32 per capita per day as Urban Poverty line• Rural Poverty decline much faster than Urban Poverty• Urbanisation helped decline in rural poverty – increase in rural non-farm

employment

Urbanisation and Declining Poverty


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Krishna and Bajpai (2011), Lineal spread of growth, EPW, Sept 17-23, 2011

Rural Poverty by distance from a town

The further away one is from an urban area, one is more likelyto be poor -decline in rural non-farm employment as onemoves away from a city


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Lanjou and Murgai, urban growth and rural poverty in India, presentation DelhiApril 14-16, 2011

Poverty by size class of towns


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URBAN PLANNING


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If planning is everything..may be its nothing*

• *Aaron Wildavsky Policy Sciences, 1973

• What do Planner do?• Planners aim to "understand, analyze, and influence the variety

of forces — social, economic, cultural, legal, political,ecological, technological, aesthetic, and so forth — shaping the

built environment.“

• “ Planners can no longer define a role for themselves. ……….planners have difficulty in explaining who they are and what

they should be expected to do….. planners never seem to do theright thing….plans are never implemented

http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavskyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=Aaron+Wildavsky


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“Is Planning a Trivial Profession?"

What has happened over t ime?

• Today’s planners are busy creating a bureaucratic maze, issuingpermits and enforcing planning and building codes,

• reactive rather than proactive, corrective instead of pre-emptive

• the disc ip l inary ident i ty of p lann ing has d imin ished (did i t everexis t in India?)

• Dom inance of Pol i tica l Processes , land sp ecula t ions ,bui lder /developer lobb y h as meant a loss of pro fess ion al

ident i ty for p lanners .

• Pauci ty am ong p lanners today of the sp ecula t ive cou rage andvis ion .

• Source: Adapted from Thomas J. Campanella, Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of

American Planning, Blog Posted on PERMALINK, 25 April Nov 2011


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Planning and the Poor : Planners are anti-Poor?

• Why do the poor have no place in our planning?

• Vision to make world-classcities: neglect of the poor

• Urban planning is pre-occupied with land and its

use• Slums have 20-25% of

population but use less than 3 percent of land

• The poor do not have anyformal stake over land andhence are not a part of the

planning process


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Challenge of Planning Indian Cities

• Crisis of Prosperity in Indian Cities

– High Economic Growth leading to Rapid Changes in Consumption

– Infrastructure – water, roads, transport etc. unable to cope with risingdemand

– Poverty among Plenty..the poor continue to be neglected

• Mega Cities and Mega Urban regions – – Many large cities of the world are in India and development taking place

40-50 Km away from these cities

– We have little experience of planning large cities

• Lack of Capacity – DO we have adequate number of planners?

– Small towns in India lack adequate capacity to plan and implement

– Public sector (government) fails to attract good planners


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Too many plans for Cities

Every new government Programme contemplates a city-wide approach and hence a new set of plan


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WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?


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H o w D o w e “ m a i n s t r e a m s l u m s i n o u r p l a n s ?

Pro-Poor Urban Planning

Under the PAS Project support is beingprovided to the Ahmedabad MunicipalCorporation for

Organizing available data on slums

•Developing a Slum informationsystem on a GIS platform

•Strategy to integrate slums –

networking slums to city infrastructure

•Developing investment plans forslum infrastructure with funding fromGOI and local programmes.


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GIS Based Slum Information System – Conceptual Framework

AHMEDABAD MUNICIPAL COPRORATION

No. of Slums : 518

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Example: GIS Based MIS for Slums

WEST WEST ZONE

No. of Slums : 156

22WEST

VASNA

Example: GIS Based MIS for Slums

VASNA WARD

No. of Slums : 16


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Information System for each Slum household

Full survey of all 500slum Pockets

Biometric survey of325,000 slum householdsHouseholds: 359,625

Pucca House

Semi-puccaHouse

Kutcha House

HousingStructure

Huts having Individual Water

Connection Huts having Individual ToiletFacility Owner and Rental Distribution


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ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES


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India Water Supply – improved basic access butdecline in household level services

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Basic access inurban India has

reached nearly 95%by 2004.

% Household levelconnections in

urban India hasdeclined from 54%in 1990 to 47% by

2004.

Source: WHO-UNICEF JointMonitoring Program, 2000 and 2008

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/PAS_at_AfWA_Meera_March_12_2010-b_(2).pptx


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THE ‘WATER DAY’ ..ONCE IN 2 weeks


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India Urban Sanitation – marginally improved access,high open defecation, and reliance on shared facilities

27Source: WHO-UNICEF JointMonitoring Program, 2000 and 2008

Imp + shared inurban India reached

75%

Basic accessincreased from 49%

to 54%

Estimated OpenDefecation still high at

18%


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India – GDP per capita and Sanitation

ADB (2009), “Sanitation in India: Progress, Differentials, Correlates and Challenges ”, p. 2

India worse off thanother countries with

similar GDP percapita


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Need to link infrastructure investments toservice outcomes

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• Aggregate statistics suggest goodcoverage of water and sanitationin urban areas in India

• BUT little is known about thequality, level and financialsustainability of service

• Only limited information onaccess of urban poor householdsto water and sanitation isavailable

• Lack of WSS information leadsto misallocation of resources

• Difficult to assess impact of pastinvestments

Resources for WSS is not a major constraint – around USD 10 billion invested in urbanWSS over 7 years – Gujarat has allocatedover One Billion USD for Sanitation


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Performance Monitoring

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Gujarat and Maharashtra statewide PAS web portal forperformance monitoring

Alignment of PAS information withstate and central government programs

to track progress on performance

13th Finance Commission has identifiedperformance linked grants requiringreports on key indicators

Many state governments have their ownreform programmes, based on similarapproach as the JNNURM

Project website www.pas.org.in

l hb d


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City Level Dashboard

H il l f i t i g h l ?


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How wi l l per formance moni tor ing he lp ?

Has the investment made anydifference in service level? At city level

one can measure and compareperformance over time.

As monitoring tool, state and nationalgovernments can “name and shame”

cities and refocus investments

Performance linked financing; rewardbetter performing cities

Build capacity of poor performing cities

Use for tracking financial viability. Hasthere been an improvement in cost

recovery? Need for policies related to

tariff setting

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Coverage of individual watersupply connections

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I C l i M f D lhi i


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In Conclusion – Messages for Delhi meeting

• Focus on Per fo rmance Outcom e

– Monito r perfor m ance not exp enditu re.. No need to have a 100 page

mo ni tor ing form at (l ike in JNNURM) tha t has become m eaninglessexercise…Keep monitoring simple and transparent

• No new P lans

– Use the s tatu tory p lans as a bas is ..develop inv es tment p lans tocom plement the Master P lans

• Acc ess to B as ic Serv icesDespi te mass ive inves tments in bas ic serv ic es , the serv ice leve ls a re poor. Ensur ingaccess of w ater and sani ta t ion to a l l , removin g open d efeca t ion shou ld be the pr inc ipa lgoal . Wi th sm al l inves tments , it i s po ss ib le to im prov e serv ice leve ls for a l l , espec ia llythe poor

– Poor Urban Governance has been a bane o f many p rob lemsWe are more cent ra l i sed than before wi th c ent ra l and s ta te funding , res tore loca lautonomy , Need be t ter sys tems of t ransparency and accountabi l i ty, cons iderregula tory agencies for urban serv ices ,


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