Prevention and control of zoonotic disease in companion animals

Dr.Shilpi DasDeputy Asst Director

National Centre for Disease Control

Delhi

Dr.Sashanka Sekhar DuttaChief functionary-JBF-India Trust

(Just be friendly)

OurCompanions

An infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions between vertebrate animals and human beings

“A dictionary of Epidemiology” 3rd edition ,1995 editied by John M.Last

Zoonoses

Importance of Zoonoses

Of these 868 (61%) are considered zoonotic.

70% of newly recognized pathogens are zoonoses

1,415 microbes are infectious for human

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to human

Category Diseases

Bacterial Salmonellosis, Brucellosis, Cat Scratch Disease,Leptospriosis,Lyme disease

Viral Rabies, Monkey Pox, Influenza,Hendra

Fungal Dermatophytosis, Aspergillosis,sarcoptes

Parasitic

Protozoal Babesiosis,Leishmaniasis,Toxoplsmosis

Helminth Toxocariasis, Hydatidosis,Cysticercosis

How is zoonotic disease transmitted ?

Prevention and control of Zoonotic diseases

Prevention of zoonotic disease

Animal oriented

Human oriented

Animal Hygiene

Animal hygiene is important because it may transmit disease like ringworm,lyme disease, food poisoning &Toxoplasmosis.

Animal cleanliness Clean Kennel/ housing

Oral cleanliness

Vaccinating animals

SPECIES VACCINES

Dogs Rabies, Distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, kennel cough (Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus).

Cats Feline infectious enteritis, feline leukemia, Chlamydia, cat 'flu' (feline herpes virus and feline calicivirus

Rabbits Myxomatosis, viral hemorrhagic disease

Pigeons Paramyxovirus, pigeon pox ,infectious bronchitis,

Diet Visit to Vet• Ensure health of the

animal

• Early diagnosis

Healthy Diet is healthy immunity

Human oriented

Maintaining personnel hygieneMaintaining personnel hygiene:

DF2-bacillus is found in about 8% of healthy dog.Pasterulla multocida is a common commensual of upper respiratory tract of dogs (prevalence 12-55%) and cats (prevalence 52-90%).Hemophylus,streptococcous,Diphylidium caninum infection may be transmitted by dogs.

Worms &Germs blog

Visit to Doctor

Consult your physician May be fatal

Role of Veterinarian and Medicos in preventing zoonotic disease

Surveillance & reportingDiagnosis

Intersectoral coordination

Endemic zoonotic diseases of public health importance in India and its challenges

Disease Challenge

Rabies SurveillanceIntersectoral coordinationStrengthening of diagnostic facilitiesAwareness

Brucellosis

Toxoplasmosis

Cysticercosis

Echinococcos

Food borne zoonoses

Role of Govt agencies and NGOs in preventing zoonoses

Registration Pets

IEC activities

Setup of laboratories

Surveillance and information sharing

Intersectoral coordination

Existing Activities for Prevention & Control of

Zoonotic Disease

•Facilities for Diagnosis ---------- BSL 2, BSL 3, BSL4 •Trained manpower development•National Programmes/Projects•Operational guidelines on prevention and control of various diseases •Disease surveillance •Applied Research

Areas need to be strengthened

•Assessment of Magnitude•Strengthening of diagnostic facilities•Strengthening intersectoral co-ordination•Strengthening emergency preparedness

•Strengthening IEC, health education and risk education•Strengthening disease surveillance through IDSP•Building Public Private Partnership•Collaborative research•Collaboration at national, regional and international level

Special reference to Rabies

Disease Rabies Disease Rabies Acute progressive viral encephalomyelitis which can infect all mammals and is usually fatal.

Case fatality rate highest of any infectious disease, 60,000 people die annually.

The disease is caused by viral infection with a Lyssavirus

Worldwide Worldwide more than 98 % more than 98 % of the human of the human rabies deaths rabies deaths follow exposure follow exposure to a rabid dog!to a rabid dog!

INDIA

Endemic except in Lakshadweep and Andaman.India accounts for 36% of the Global and 65% of the Asian human rabies deaths.

Although rabies viruses are endemic on five of seven continents, the geographic distributions of the other lyssaviruses are more localized:

Epidemiology in India

Reservoir

•Major : Dog

•Estimated dog population : 25 million

•Majority : stray, un-owned and unprotected

Animal bites

•Estimated 17.4 million/ yr

•No age or sex predilections

•Higher incidence in children and males

•30-50% PEP given to children 5-14 yrs

Transmission &

Pathogenesis

Site of rabies infection

Brain

Transneuronalmovement toward CNS

After replication in the brainSpread to periphery (salivary glands –excretion, other organs)

Bite of rabid animalMucus membrane exposureAerosols (bat caves, mishandling)

People at risk should take Pre exposure People at risk should take Pre exposure vaccinationvaccination

Pre exposure prophylaxis of rabies vaccine

DAY

0 7 28 Booster after 1yr

Individual who have completed the pre exposure schedule should have to take 0 and 3 day of vaccine after bite without

any serum.

High exposure risk people should have there neutralizing antibody titre checked every 6 months

Principles of Treatment

Wound treatment

(It is a Medical urgency if not Emergency)

Vaccination : Post exposure vaccination (I/M or I/D route)

Immunoglobulins/anti sera : Category III bite

Advice to patient

Govt initiative in control of Rabies in IndiaA pilot project was undertaken with the objective of reducing mortality due to rabies in human .

• Enhancing awareness• Training of health professionals • Operationalize ID route in selected centers• Strengthen diagnostic capabilities• Interface with animal husbandry department• Involvement of NGOs and Community

Future activities:

• Human component• Animal component

Function of Rabies laboratory

(a) Provide laboratory facilities for the diagnosis of rabies in animal and human post mortem specimens and antemortem specimens from hydrophobia cases.

(b) Assessment of anti rabies antibodies in humans and animals vaccinated with different vaccines (assessment of vaccine efficacy).

Approaches to coping with zoonotic infections

Control of Zoonotic Infections

Diagnostic facilities

Early clinical recognition and

prompt intervention

Global Surveillance

Immunizations

Improved public health

infrastructure

Prudent antimicrobial

usage

Health Educat

ion Intersectoral co-ordination

Reservoir control

Vector Control

The total benefit of having a companion is higher

than the fear of zoonotic disease.

THANK YOU