ndt technology fruit biotec june 2006 2

Kasetsart University

Non Destructive Technology Non Destructive Technology for for

Fruits and Vegetables in Fruits and Vegetables in

ThailandThailand Anupun Terdwongwora Anupun Terdwongwora

kulkul Department of Food Engineering, Fa Department of Food Engineering, Fa

culty of Engineering at Kamphaengs culty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaenaen

Warunee Thanapase Warunee ThanapaseAgricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute


OverviewOverview•History of the developmentHistory of the development of non destructive technology of non destructive technology for fruits and vegetables in for fruits and vegetables in Thailand Thailand•Trend of future developmentTrend of future development


ProblemsProblems• Durian (King of fruits) Durian (King of fruits)

1 . Harvest: proper maturity 1 . Harvest: proper maturity

2 . Consumer: proper ripeness 2 . Consumer: proper ripeness• Mangosteen (Queen of fruits) Mangosteen (Queen of fruits) 1. Translucency 1. Translucency 2. Yellow gum 2. Yellow gum


Durian maturity Durian maturity indicesindices

•Days after blossomDays after blossom•Tapping soundTapping sound•Stem related Stem related characteristicscharacteristics•Thorn strengthThorn strength•Color etc.Color etc.


Mangosteen defect Mangosteen defect inspectioninspection

•Cut open and Cut open and wrap wrap up with tape up with tape

•Specific gravitySpecific gravity


The first research on non destructive tes The first research on non destructive tes

ting of fruit quality in Thailand was proba ting of fruit quality in Thailand was proba

bly conducted by Bundit bly conducted by Bundit

et al., et al., in 1 9 8 7 when durian maturity in 1 9 8 7 when durian maturity

index was objectively investigated. This index was objectively investigated. This

was based on was based on “The more mature the d “The more mature the d

urian the greater its stem strength” urian the greater its stem strength”

..

DURIANDURIAN:: Stem Stem strengthstrength


Durian maturity was determined by m Durian maturity was determined by m

easuring the strength of the stem. By easuring the strength of the stem. By

radially compressing the stem with a fl radially compressing the stem with a fl

at plate at a constant rate, the maturit at plate at a constant rate, the maturit

y as described by Young’s modulus wa y as described by Young’s modulus wa

s quantified. s quantified.


The deflection of the stem end was The deflection of the stem end was

also studied. By fixing one end and also studied. By fixing one end and

loading the other end with constant loading the other end with constant

load, the end deflection as elasticity load, the end deflection as elasticity

was showed to be positively related was showed to be positively related

to the maturity.to the maturity.


In 1 9 9 7 the impulse response tec In 1 9 9 7 the impulse response tec

hnique was used to follow the maturity hnique was used to follow the maturity

stage of durians growing on trees. Th stage of durians growing on trees. Th

e frequency index f e frequency index f22ln(mln(m2323 ) (f is freq ) (f is freq

uency and m is mass calculated from v uency and m is mass calculated from v

olume)monotonously reduced with ma olume)monotonously reduced with ma

turity. turity.

(Terdwongworakul et al., 1997)

Acoustic responseAcoustic response


Durian was scanned for the pulp image toDurian was scanned for the pulp image toobtain CT numbers using the medicalobtain CT numbers using the medical

X-ray computed tomography. The X-ray computed tomography. The

methods were evaluated and compared to methods were evaluated and compared to

the sensory test of the ripened pulp. The the sensory test of the ripened pulp. The

results showed that there was significant results showed that there was significant

correlationcorrelationbetween the maturity stages and the CT between the maturity stages and the CT numbers.numbers.

(Yantarasri et al., 1999)

X-ray computed tomographyX-ray computed tomography


Ultrasonic measurement was implemen Ultrasonic measurement was implemen

ted to quantify the gap between the pul ted to quantify the gap between the pul

p and the rind of durian in 2 0 0 2 . Th p and the rind of durian in 2 0 0 2 . Th

e gap is wider for mature durian than th e gap is wider for mature durian than th

e immature one. e immature one.

(Chamnongthai et al ., 2 0 0 2 )

UltrasonicUltrasonic


When ultrasonic signals are emitted into d urian, some will return to the device. These

signalsar e t hen compar ed agai nst t he st andar d signalsof mat ur e and i mmat ur e dur i an i n or der todet er mi ne i f t he dur i an i s mat ur e or i mmature.


Acoustic response and stem Acoustic response and stem strengthstrength

(Neamsorn et al., 2004)

Power supply unit

Pararell contr ol board

Strain amplifierPower supply

unit

Stepper motor control board

A/D converter

Strain gauge

Stepper motor Ball screw

Ball bearing

1

23

45

6

7

durian%Dm = 20.663 + 0.182A - 0.056RF%Dm = 20.663 + 0.182A - 0.056RF


Inspection of mangosteen translucency wa

s performed by using near infrared at the w

avelength of 850 nm. A separation accurac

y was about 70%.

MangosteenMangosteen:: N NNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNN NNNN N NNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNN NNNNncence

(Boonrat et al., 1998)


Yantarasri T, Sivasomboon C, Uthaibutra J,

Sornsrivichai J. X-Ray and NMR for

nondestructive internal quality evaluation

of Durian and Mangosteen fruits.

International Conference on Postharvest

Science. Taupo: New Zealand, 1996.

X-Ray and NMRX-Ray and NMR


The sound was recorded when tapping

the mangosteen. It was found that the

impulse response could be used to

separate the translucent mangosteen

with the accuracy of 71.1%. (Chusak,

2000)

Acoustic impulse responseAcoustic impulse response


Chaowapradit (1 9 9 6 ) measured the da -mping characteristics of the spring attache

d plunger. The plunger was released to hit the underside of mango and the resultant fr

ee vibration was produced. The quantified dampedvi br at i on was f ound t o cor r el at e wi t h t her i peness of t he mango.

MangoMango:: Elasticity Elasticity


The NIR interactance was used to predict ri- pe stage eating quality of mango. The cali

bration equations developed were sufficien tly precise for determining DM and starch o

f hard green mango fruit (SEP: 0.41 wt.% fo r DM, 1.71 wt.% for starch).

Near infrared interactance Near infrared interactance

(Saranwong et al., 2004)


Wattanavichean and Aroonyadet (2003) m easured both size and density of oil glands f

rom images taken from pomelo surface. Th ey found that the average size and density of oi l gl ands had posi t i ve and negat i ve

quadr at i c cor r el at i on wi t h pomel o age or mat ur i t y at R2 = 0 .8 6 for both case

s.

PomeloPomelo:: NN NNN NNNNNNNN NN NNN NNNNNNNN


Wireless communication with microwav Wireless communication with microwav

e technology was proposed for develop e technology was proposed for develop

-ment of fruit maturity detector. This on -ment of fruit maturity detector. This on

going research is based on the fact that going research is based on the fact that

fruits with different stages of maturity h fruits with different stages of maturity h

ave different electrical characteristics. ave different electrical characteristics.

Fruits:Fruits: Microwave Microwave technologytechnology

(Krairuek et al., 2006)


As a result the microchip will be As a result the microchip will be

attached on fruit surface developing on attached on fruit surface developing on

trees and serve to transmit the trees and serve to transmit the

maturity to the receiver.maturity to the receiver.


Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is pro Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is pro

bably a growing non destructive techniq bably a growing non destructive techniq

ue in Thailand. This statement could be ue in Thailand. This statement could be

justified by the fact that there are at lea justified by the fact that there are at lea

st four researchers who got PhD degree st four researchers who got PhD degree

s about NIRS. Three from Japan and one s about NIRS. Three from Japan and one

from Germany. from Germany.

Growing non destructive Growing non destructive techniquetechnique


In 2000, the Japan International Cooperation

Agency (JICA) donated the NIR instrument, model

InfraAnalyzer 500, to Agricultural and Agro-

Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI),

Kasetsart university for the purpose of Research

Project for Agricultural plant Materials in

Thailand. Since then, KAPI has invited staffs of

various faculties to do the joint research as inter-

faculty project. Researches on dragon fruit,

orange, durian and so on are currently being

conducted.


Hopeful ly future achievement!


Thanks for Thanks for attention!attention!

ndt technology fruit biotec june 2006 2

Documents

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kasetsart university

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