The Republic of Seychelles consists of an archipelago of 115 islands scatteredover an of 1.3 million square kilometres of ocean. Asthe custodian of this large marine territory, the country is host to abundant anddiverse marine life. Much of this life remains a mystery to people. Many,however, want to acquire a greater insight into the underwater world. We haveput together this short booklet with this in mind.

The booklet is not intended as an identification tool; fish and marine lifeidentification books covering the Seychelles and Indian Ocean region havealready extensively covered this topic. It is rather a first step to help teachers,students and amateurs learn more about the natural history and ecology of themarine environment around the coastal areas of Seychelles, as well as abouthow they can help promote conservation of marine life.

Exclusive Economic Zone

KENYA

Ther

eare

many

fasc

inati

ng

natu

ralh

abit

ats

tobe

obse

rved

inour

isla

nds.

Thes

ein

clude

ones

that

are

easi

lyacc

essi

ble

toanyo

ne

such

as

mangro

ves

and

rock

yand

sandy

shore

s.O

ther

habit

ats

incl

udin

gco

ral

reef

sca

nbe

acc

esse

dat

low

tide

but

bet

ter

enjo

yed

by

snoke

ller

sand

div

ers.

The

table

bel

ow

list

sth

em.

Inth

isbook

we

des

crib

eso

me

of

thes

ehabit

ats

and

conce

ntr

ate

more

on

cora

lre

efs,

since

they

conta

insu

chabundanta

nd

div

erse

life

form

s.

man

grov

efo

rest

s

Mangro

ves

are

unusu

al

habit

ats

centr

edaro

und

pla

nts

that

do

wel

lin

asa

line

envi

ronm

ent.

Mangro

ves

once

cove

red

many

shore

sof

the

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bes

t-dev

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are

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ted

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ind

bea

ches

nea

ropen

stre

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mouth

s.O

nth

eW

este

rnco

ast

of

Mahé,

am

angro

vebel

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ists

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wee

nP

ort

Launay

and

Port

Gla

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tensi

veare

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ous

oth

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ces

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Mahé,

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East

Coast

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ldabra

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do

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ove

are

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velo

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ties

on

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lands.

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Ald

abra

mangro

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tal

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mangro

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inth

egra

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lands

are

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pla

ces

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at

Port

Gla

ud

at

hig

hti

de

the

mangro

vehas

inte

rest

ing

mari

ne

life

and

one

can

snork

eland

canoe

inth

ech

annel

s.F

iddle

rcr

abs

(Kra

bse

mafo

t)and

Gia

nt

Land

crabs

or

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crabs

(Tya

ngom

an)

and

seve

ral

spec

ies

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usc

sin

habit

the

muddy

shore

s.T

he

mangro

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ab

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ror

Kra

bka

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mon

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as

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ited

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afo

od

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Sey

chel

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Atl

ow

tide

fish

life

isch

ara

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spec

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ofm

udsk

ipper

s(K

abots

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ake

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spec

ies

wit

htu

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souts

ide

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hole

.A

thig

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ism

ore

div

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and

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call

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juve

nil

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rms

of

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fish

es.

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ever

inA

ldabra

adult

sof

vari

ous

spec

ies

such

as

snapper

s,gro

uper

s(V

yey)

,and

emper

ors

(Kapte

n)and

oth

ers

occ

ur.

Rocky shores are common in our islands. There are approximately 69 kms ofrocky shores on Mahé, 22 kms on Praslin and 7 kms on La Digue. These areareas characterised mostly by high energy waves. Many of the animals andplants display interesting adaptations for life in turbulent waters and to heavypounding by waves

On the rocks bordering these areas are various shells particularly littorina,small limpets (Bernik), nerites (Bigorno), crabs such as

and small barnacles (Granban). In rock pools, brittle stars andsmall sea urchins are seen Underwater granite rock faces often are dotted with afew coral species. Shells such as Turbo (Birgo) live attached to the granitefaces. Some cowries (Pislaz) are still moderately abundant in crevices. Certainherbivorous fish species such as the are prominent nearthe current swept rocks. Large parrotfish (Kakatwa) and wrasses sometimesgraze around the rocks as well .

sally lightfoot(Karkasaye)

lined tang (Sirizyen)

Sea grasses are flowering plants that live beneath the sea. They form forests inshallow waters although some species have been found up to depths of 25 metresin the coral islands. There are 8 species in Seychelles. Almost one third the innerreef area of Mahe, Praslin and La Digue is covered by seagrassess. Sea grassesare not only important biologically but also form barriers to wave energy andthus protect the shoreline.

The animal life here is characterised by a high concentration of. Three or more species of , some camouflaged amidst the

vegetation, are also quite widespread, while shells can be common and includethe . In shallow and muddy areas hundreds of pinna shells(Larsdam) bury themselves in the soft sediments. Certain species of shells showa preference for certain levels of the sea grass forest .

Burrowing animals include the powerful mantis shrimp and snapping shrimps.The fishes found in sea grass areas in Seychelles comprise some 50 species.Some fish species are limited to the grass beds. Although many of the species arealso found in other marine habitats, often they consist of individuals in variousstages of growth. The grass beds therefore serve as nursery areas for differentspecies of fish.

sea cucumberssea urchins

tiger cowrie

(Banbara)

(Pislaz)

The granitic islands have abundant communities of marine algae commonlyreferred to as sea weeds (Gomon), dominated by Sargassum. The dominantgroups in the granitic islands are Brown followed by Red and Green algae. OnMahé and Praslin there are about 28 and 32 square kilometres respectively ofalgal beds in coastal areas. Marine algae are very important habitats inSeychelles.

Algal beds around the granitic islands show an interesting zonation pattern withcertain species dominating certain zones. Animal life will be different in eachzone. The fish life is represented by about 100 species. Some species such as the

use these areas mostly as a feedingarea, whilst some others are territorial and are found around boulders of deadcoral either totally or partly covered by algae. Like sea grasses, some zones ofmarine algae in Seychelles act as protected areas where fish can grow until theyare large enough to move to the reef.

blackeye rabbitfish (Kordonyen lafimen )

Sandy areas are found all over the islands but few people pay attention to the lifein and under the sand. Two to three species of sea cucumbers are found as wellas certain goby fish (Cabo) species that live in burrows in association withsnapping shrimps. Various shells such as members of the Olive (Zoliv) andTerebra (Fizo) and Cone (Kon) families burrow in the sandy sediments.

Three main types of coral reefs have been described from the Seychelles:fringing reefs, platform reefs and atolls. Fringing reefs are characteristic of thegranitic islands, the largest being found on Mahe and Praslin. Platform reefsinclude those at Platte, Darros, Cerf islet at Providence, African banks andCoetivy. Atolls include Farquhar, Alphonse, St. Francois and St. Joseph,Aldabra, Cosmoledo and Astove.

Reefs are the result of one of the most fascinating partnerships in the naturalworld. Coral colonies are formed in warm tropical seas by a large number oftiny animals called polyps that secrete the hard skeleton composing the reef.When polyps die, the hard skeleton is left behind. Hundreds of polyps grow ontop of each other over the years and slowly form a reef. However, the animalpolyps are very inefficient at catching preys and rely for food on a special type ofvery small algae, called zooxanthellae, which live within the polyps. .

The corals can only grow in shallow, clear seas because the algae need sunlightto live. Coral bleaching, the response to abnormally high temperatures, is theresult of a breakdown of the partnership between algae and polyps. The polypsexpel the zooxanthellae when the water temperature goes above 32-34 C, toprevent poisoning by the by-products of photosynthesis produced at hightemperatures. The loss of the coloured algae leads to the white appearance ofbleached corals. However, the corals can only survive for a limited amount oftime without their algae. Unless water temperature decreases and the polypsare able to reacquire the zooxanthellae, the whole colony dies of starvation.Global warming is probably responsible for the increased incidence ofbleaching in recent times. The Seychelles had been a relatively safe haven forcorals until 1998, when a dramatic bleaching event killed a large proportion ofthe reefs.

Many species living in the reef, feed on the corals themselves while others grazeon algae growing on the coral surface, or filter feed on the microscopic plants,animals and bits of organic matter floating in the water. A multitude of differentspecies of fish can always be found skirting around the edges of the corals.

swim near caves, ledges or channels. Schools of fish likebatfish (Pouldo) , jacks or trevallies (Karang), and jobfish (Zob) glide by thereef in search of the next meal. Lucky divers will catch sight of a white-tippedreef shark, a nurse shark, or a school of eagle rays (Lare sousouri) passingnoiselessly by.

O

Emperor angelfish

Once the sun goes down and the light starts to fade, familiar daytime species gointo hiding in the various nooks and crannies on the reef, or bury themselves inthe sand. At the same time, nocturnal creatures are waking up and venturingforth in quest of food. Many nocturnal fish such as andsnappers tend to be generalised feeders, with large mouths suited to snapping upwhatever they can find. Many also have large eyes to maximise light forhunting. The red colour of many species such as lionfish (Poisson arme) andsquirrelfish is virtually invisible in the darkness, providing them withcamouflage to protect them from potential predators.

Many molluscs and crustaceans are active at night, presumably too tasty to riskexposing themselves during the day. Look for their eye shine reflected by yourtorch to locate , nocturnal shrimps (Sevret), crabs (Krab) andlobsters (Houmar).

squirrelfish (Lyon)

octopuses (Zourit)

Seychelles reefs host a great diversity of corals, around 178 species of stonycorals and 71 species of octocorallian corals such as sea fans and organ pipecorals. These grow in a variety of shapes, colours and sizes. Individual speciesare often difficult to identify, but it is fascinating to observe the different patternsof growth and marine life associated with different corals.

Generally speaking, corals can be divided into two groups: octocorallian or softcorals, the polyps of which have eight tentacles, and stony corals whose polypshave six or multiples of six tentacles. Only the stony corals have skeletons madefrom limestone, but a few of the soft corals, like organ pipe coral and blue coralalso have hard skeletons but made from a hard protein. The photos show

.

Colonies of some corals are always of a particular shape, while other speciescan grow into many different shapes depending on the local conditions of lightand water movement. Even different parts of the same specimen can grow indifferent ways! Here are the general growth forms which can be observed onmany reefs in Seychelles: Freeliving, Digitate, Massive, Fan, Foliose, Nodular,Columnar, Plate, Encrusting and Branching.

aselection of hard and soft corals

When most people think of dangers in the sea, they think of sharks. In fact, sharkattacks are almost unheard of in Seychelles. There are however, a few othermarine animals that have defense strategies which do pose some hazard, anddivers, snorkellers and reef walkers should exercise caution to avoid a run-inwith them.

Cone shells usually bury themselves in the sand and under rocks during the day,coming out at night to feed on other molluscs, worms or fish. The venomous dartthey use to kill their prey is poisonous: never pick one of these shells up.

Venomous fish like the well camouflaged stonefish (Laf) and thehave poison in their spines as a defense against

predators. Their stings are painful and can lead to collapse and even,occasionally, death.

The sting of fire corals is used to capture prey but can cause swimmers severepain and inflammation lasting several days if brushed against.

Avoid brushing against the long sharp spines of black sea urchins (Lantannyen):they can penetrate deeply into the flesh and cause long-lasting inflammation.

The sharp spines of the which eat coral, can cause a lotof pain and long-lasting inflammation.

clearfinlionfish (Pwason arme)

crown of thorns starfish

.

bluegreen puller humbug damselfishThe social structure of reef fish is incredibly diverse. Several species, such assergeants (Bweters), and , form largeschools that can include several hundred individuals. Lined tang (Sirisyen) andjewel damselfish, on the other hand, are strongly territorial and vigorouslydefend their area of reef from competitors. In some species, such as the jewelfairy basslet, the social structure can be highly variable. Jewel fairy bassletoften form large clusters of up to 400 individuals. Males take discrete territorieswithin the colony, whereas female home ranges overlap with each other and canspan several male territories. In extremely large groups, dominant malesoccupy the upper regions of the group and actively spawn with females. Smallsubordinate males are only found in the lower areas and do not even attempt tomate. Large groups can also be divided in several discrete sub-units which, intime, can fully segregate and form independent colonies.

More than one thousand species of fish occur in the Seychelles waters, anddivers and snorkellers are certain to encounter some of them. While it can begreat fun trying to identify individual species, it is also fascinating to observeand try to interpret fish behaviour as they go about their lives, eating, resting,breeding, and interacting with other species.

Reef fish display a wide range of mating and parental behaviour. Severalspecies, such as the are monogamous andrelease their eggs in the water column. Monogamy is probably forced on thesespecies by the need to defend a territory. Many wrasses also lack any form ofparental care, but the males are often polygamous and defend a breedingground which females visit when they are ready to spawn. On the other hand, inseveral species the male invests lots of energy in parental care. In cardinalfish,the male mouthbroods the eggs laid by a single female and fully takes over theordeal of parental care. Similarly, male brood the eggs in aspecial pouch. Other species, such as many damselfish, are polygamous anddefend nests within their territories. In damselfish, several females can spawnwith a single male, which can obtain over 250,000 eggs within a single breedingcycle. Damselfish are well known by divers for their aggressiveness againstintruders, especially when the eggs are present. However, it is often possible toobserve a male cannibalising some of its own eggs. This phenomenon, calledfilial cannibalism, is thought to be a way of making up for the loss of foragingopportunities experienced during parental care.

threadfin butterfly fish (Papiyon),

network pipefish

On

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on

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om

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ish

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the

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and

even

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ate

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rdance

.H

ow

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get

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they

take

abit

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esc

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spec

ting

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.O

lder

fish

seem

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able

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how

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Sex

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on

occ

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ence

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sh.

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and

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thei

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ves

as

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only

the

larg

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iduals

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am

orp

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into

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s.In

som

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sh,s

uch

as

the

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rass

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ore

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ple

x.In

this

spec

ies,

both

pri

mary

and

seco

ndary

male

sex

ist.

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ondary

male

sare

born

fem

ale

and

only

subse

quen

tly

turn

into

male

s.T

hey

are

usu

all

yve

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lourf

ul

and

hold

terr

itori

es,

wher

eas

pri

mary

male

shave

afe

male

-lik

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loura

tion

and

school

toget

her

wit

hth

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male

s.T

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al

male

ssp

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sand

are

usu

all

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eas

pri

mary

male

sare

lim

ited

tosn

eaki

ng

or

inef

fici

ent

gro

up

spaw

nin

g.

The

hig

hri

skof

mort

ali

tybef

ore

reach

ing

an

adeq

uate

size

totu

rnin

tom

ale

sju

stif

ies

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gy

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he

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mary

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s.

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sh(K

akat

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Gro

up

No

of

Spec

ies

No

of

Endem

icSpec

ies

Gro

up

No

of

Spec

ies

No

of

Endem

icSpec

ies

The

Sey

chel

les

ishost

tohundre

dsp

ecie

sof

mari

ne

anim

als

and

pla

nts

.T

hes

eare

all

import

ant

inth

em

ari

ne

ecosy

stem

and

many

have

bec

om

eof

econom

icim

port

ance

.

All

aro

und

the

worl

dpeo

ple

'sli

ves

are

connec

ted

toth

em

ari

ne

envi

ronm

ent.

For

exam

ple

,w

eea

tse

afo

od,

we

use

oce

an

pro

duct

sli

kese

aw

eed

inpro

duct

sli

keto

oth

past

eand

ice

crea

m,

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the

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spil

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an

and

aff

ecti

ng

mari

ne

life

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countr

ies,

such

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Sey

chel

les,

have

take

nact

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topro

tect

mari

ne

life

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des

ignati

ng

mari

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park

sand

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contr

oll

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als

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putt

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inpla

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toco

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of

fish

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oth

erm

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ne

spec

ies,

such

as

found

inth

eir

wate

rs,

and

pro

mote

sust

ain

able

fish

ing

pra

ctic

es.

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each

of

us

als

ohas

are

sponsi

bil

ity

todo

whate

ver

we

can

tore

duce

mari

ne

poll

uti

on,p

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ctm

ari

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life

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use

the

oce

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reso

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stain

ably

.

haw

ksbi

lltu

rtle

s(K

are)

Homo sapiens dumpius‘feeds’ the fish with rubbish and gives cigarettes to fish(butts swell up in their stomachs)...

H.sapiens dumpius...and kills marine life with plastic

H.sapiens pollutiusallows engines to leak oil and flushes toilet on the reef

H.sapiens snorkelluskills coral by standing on it

Tit

leA

uth

or

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crip

tio

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ype

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ble

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Bir

dL

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Sey

chel

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isa

loca

l,non-p

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ssoci

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law

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s.W

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ok

ove

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ng-r

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mm

eofo

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tandin

gw

ork

by

Bir

dL

ife

Inte

rnati

onal,

who

have

oper

ate

din

Sey

chel

les

since

1968.

We

are

part

ofa

gro

win

gglo

baln

etw

ork

ofB

irdL

ife

part

ner

org

anis

ati

ons.

Bir

dL

ife

Sey

chel

les

has

the

foll

ow

ing

core

obje

ctiv

es:

Conse

rvati

on

of

thre

ate

ned

spec

ies

such

as

the

Sey

chel

les

magpie

robin

,th

eB

lack

para

dis

e-fl

ycatc

her

,th

eSey

chel

les

Sco

ps

ow

l,m

ari

ne

turt

les

and

mari

ne

fish

.

Conse

rvati

on

and

sust

ain

able

use

of

terr

estr

ial

and

mari

ne

habit

ats

such

as

Cousi

nIs

land

Spec

ial

Res

erve

.

Educa

tion

and

aw

are

nes

spro

gra

mm

esfo

rSey

chel

lois

and

visi

tors

.

Tra

inin

gSey

chel

lois

tounder

take

conse

rvati

on

work

.

Core

support

toN

atu

reSey

chel

les

ispro

vided

by

the

Roya

lSoci

ety

for

Pro

tect

ion

of

Bir

ds

(RSP

B).

We

work

inco

llabora

tion

wit

hse

vera

llo

cal

part

ner

s.

For

more

info

rmati

on

about

Bir

dL

ife

Sey

chel

les,

ple

ase

conta

ctth

eC

hie

fE

xecu

tive

at

the

foll

ow

ing

addre

ss:

P.O

.B

ox

1310,Suit

e202

Aart

iC

ham

ber

s,M

ont

Fle

uri

,M

ahé,

Sey

chel

les

Tel

.(2

48)

225

097,

Fax.

(248)

225

121,

email

:bir

dli

fe@

seyc

hel

les.

net