natural forest restoration - forest.sabah.gov.my · forest restoration”, 10 november 2010, kota...

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WORKSHOP ON “NATURAL FOREST MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES IN FOREST RESTORATION”, 10 NOVEMBER 2010, KOTA KINABALU, SABAH

NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE

by

DATO RAZANI BIN UJANG ; andDATO’ DR.HJ.ABD.RAHMAN BIN HJ.ABD.RAHIM

Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia(FDPM)

10 NOVEMBER 201010 NOVEMBER 2010

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OUTLINE FOR PRESENTATION :

1.0 An Overview of Forest Management Practices in Peninsular Malaysia

2.0 Excerpt from the National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992) on the Importance of Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation

3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives

4.0 Issues and Challenges 5.0 The Future Strategies – Way Forwards

6.0 Conclusions/Recommendations

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Peninsular Malaysia is very fortunate to be endowed with a large Peninsular Malaysia is very fortunate to be endowed with a large tract of tract of Tropical RainforestsTropical Rainforests. (i.e. . (i.e. about 45% of the country land about 45% of the country land areaarea) )

Tropical Rainforests - one of the Tropical Rainforests - one of the most complex biological most complex biological ecosystemecosystem on earth and in the world, evolved over million years - on earth and in the world, evolved over million years - it is a system that is in constant flux, always restructuring itself it is a system that is in constant flux, always restructuring itself (dynamic).(dynamic). Dominated by three major (main) forest types, namelyDominated by three major (main) forest types, namely

- - Dry Inland ForestDry Inland Forest (93%) ; (93%) ;- - Peat Swamp Forest Peat Swamp Forest (5%) ; and(5%) ; and- Mangrove Forest Mangrove Forest (2%)(2%)..


1.0 An Overview of Forest Management Practices in Pen. Malaysia

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The Distribution of Forest Cover in P. Malaysia

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MangrovesMangrovesCoastal VegetationsCoastal Vegetations

Freshwater/peatswampFreshwater/peatswamp

Lowland dipterocarpLowland dipterocarp

Hill dipterocarpHill dipterocarp

Upper dipterocarpUpper dipterocarp

MontaneMontane

Mangrove Forest

Peat Swamp Forest

Inland Forest

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FOREST RESOURCES IN PEN. MALAYSIA (million ha)5.89 million ha (44.7%)

Production (Development)

State/Alienated Land(6.6%)

PRF(83.5%)

National Park/Wildlife & Bird Sanctuary

(9.8%)0.39 mil ha 4.92 mil ha 0.58 mil ha

0.39

Production (SFM)

Production (SFM)Totally Protected

2.83 2.09

Totally Protected

0.58

54.7% 45.3%

3.22 2.67

Production Protection


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2.0 Excerpt from the National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992) on the Importance of Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation

The PRF will be managed in accordance with the principles of sustainable management for the maximization of the social, economic and environmental benefits of the nation.

The PRF should be utilized based on the inherent capability of the forest, its optimal use and on comprehensive forest land use.

Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation :-

A co-ordinated programme of forest development through regeneration and rehabilitation operations shall be undertaken in accordance with appropriate silvicultural practices in order to achieve the maximum productivity from the PRF.

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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE

“ the process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production of

continuous flow of desired forest products and services, without undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and

without undue desirable effects on physical and social environment ”.

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has been defined has been defined by the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO by the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO (1992),(1992),

Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF)

4.92 mil ha Dry Inland Forest =4.59 mil ha.

Peat Swamp Forest = 0.24 mil ha.Mangrove Forest = 0.09 mil ha.

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3 Pillars of Sustainability :- Economically viable

Environmentally sound; andSocially accepted.

Tree Planting activity with an

accepted level of viability, soundness

and acceptance

SFMForest Areas

(PRF)

RestorationInitiatives


Timber Production

Forest Bio-Diversity

Conservation

Community Forest

Non Timber Production

Water Catchment

Forest

Forest functionsCoastal

Protection

Amenity ForestForest Stand Level Landscape Level

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Tree Planting activity with an

accepted level of Restoration Objectives

Non-SFMForest Areas



Wind Breaker

Forest Bio-Diversity

ConservationCommunity

Forest

Production Purposes

Scenic valueForest functionsBuffer Zone

Amenity ForestForest Stand Level Landscape Level

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3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives

PRF(Dry Inland

Forest)

Timber Production

Selective Management System (SMS)

Flexible timber harvesting regime under 30-year cutting cycle.

Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia in 1978.

Involving 3 Key Phases :- Pre-Felling ; Felling ; and Post-Felling

Selective Logging with a prescribed cutting limit.

Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) for Peninsular Malaysia : RMK-9:2006-2010 = 36,940 ha per year.

Control Volume Production 85 cubic meter per ha (in Dry Inland Forest).

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SELECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)

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Silvicultural Treatment (Enrichment Tree Planting Approaches)

Mixed-Crops ModelMono-Crop Model

Group Planting

Multi-Stories

Agro-Forestry

Line Planting Line Planting

Mozaic/Zoning pattern

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State 1970-2000(ha)

2001-2005(ha)

2006-2010(ha)

Total Planted(ha)

Johor 1,804 648 44 2,496

Kedah 1,051 25 426 1,502

Kelantan 3,695 400 275 4,370

Melaka 399 - 76 475

N.Sembilan 958 210 199 1,367

Pahang 4,963 2,503 2,692 10,158

Perak 5,350 142 858 6,350

Perlis 150 - 10 160

Pulau Pinang 10 1 - 11

Selangor 3,661 336 280 4,287

Terengganu 1,779 60 - 1,839

TOTAL 23,820 4,325 4,870 33,015*

Enrichment Planting Sites Planted with Indigenous Timber Tree Species in the Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF) in Peninsular Malaysia From 1970 -2010

Note : * = Not inclusive of 101,069 hectares of Planted Forest established in the PRF with exotic timber tree species (teak, pine, hevea, and acacia)

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40 Years old Meranti Sarang Punai stand in Hutan Bukit Tapah, Perak

25 Years old Meranti Tembaga stand in Hutan Bukit Tinggi, Bentong, Pahang

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30 Years old Surian stand in Hutan Simpan Kanaboi, NSDK

30 Years old Kapur stand in Hutan Simpan Gunung Bongsu, Kulim, Kedah

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3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues …)

PRF(Dry Inland

Forest)

Maintaining Forest Biodiversity

(Inter Dependent of Flora and fauna)

The Retention of Selected Timber Trees for Fauna Conservation in the residual Stand of the Production Forest

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Inter-Dependency of Fauna and Flora in Tropical Rainforests

Dynamic Inter-

Dependency


FLORA

FAUNA

1919

• 15,000 flowering plants• 195 palms• 500 orchids• 1,159 ferns & fern allies• 400 fungi• 432 mosses

NRE, 2006NRE, 2006

The Richness of Flora The Richness of Flora in Our Tropical Rain Forests in Our Tropical Rain Forests

2020

The Richness of Fauna The Richness of Fauna in Our Tropical Rain Forests in Our Tropical Rain Forests

• 286 mammals• 736 birds• 268 reptiles• 158 amphibians• 449 fresh water fishes• 150,000 invertebrates

NRE, 2006

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(A) Under-Storey Species

No Scientific Name Local Name Consumption

1 Aglaia sp. Bekak Fruit (Primates & Birds)

2 Archidendron bubalirum Kerdas Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

3 Archidendron jiringa Jering Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

4 Ardisia sp. Mata Pelanduk Fruit (Primates & Birds)

5 Artocarpus heterophyllus Nangka Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

6 Artocarpus integer Cempedak Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

7 Artocarpus rigidus Temponek Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

8 Baccaurea maingayi Tampoi Fruit (Primates & Birds)

9 Baccaurea sumatrana Tampoi Fruit (Primates & Birds)

10 Barringtonia sp. Putat Fruit (Birds)

11 Boucea macrophyla Kundang Hutan Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)

12 Durio sp. Durian Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

13 Dysoxylum sp. Mersindok (Langsat Hutan) Fruit (Primates & Birds)

14 Eugenia (Syzygium) sp. Kelat Jambu Laut Fruit (Primates & Birds)

15 Garcinia artoviridis Asam Gelugor Fruit (Primates & Birds)

16 Mangifera indica Mangga Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)

17 Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan Hutan Fruit (Primates & Birds)

18 Sandoricum koetjape Sentul Fruit (Primates & Birds)

Retention of 32 timber species in Residual forest stand after Logging Operation

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(B) Over-Storey Species

No Scientific Name Local Name Purpose

19 Castanopsis spp. Berangan Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)

20 Dialium sp. Keranji Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)

21 Ficus spp. Ara Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)

22 Irvingia malayana Pauh Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)

23 Knema sp. Basong Fruit (Primates & Birds)

24 Koompasia excelsa TualangDepository of wild honey

(Seed for squirrels)

25 Lithocarpus cyclophorus Mempening Gajah Fruit (Primates)

26 Mangifera longipetiolata Machang Fruit (Primates & Birds)

27 Myristica sp. Basong Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)

28 Parkia sp. Petai Bean / Fruit (Primates, Birds &

Squirrels)

29 Podocarpus sp. PodoHill / Beach conservation

(Primates)

30 Santiria laevigata Kedondong Gergaji Daun Licin Fruit (Squirrels)

31 Sterculia foetida Kelumpang Jari Seeds (Birds & Squirrels)

32 Sterculia parvifolia Kelumpang Fruit (Squirrels)

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3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues….)

PRF(Peat Swamp

Forest)

Timber Production

Modified SMS

Cutting limits are prescribed due to lower stocking of natural regeneration in the forest stand .

The selection of optimum management regimes (Felling) are based on Pre-Felling Forest Inventory data.

Normally, the prescribed cutting limits for all species being 40 cm diameter but for Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) is 45 cm and above.

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PRF(Mangrove Forest) Timber Production

Managed under Cutting Cycles varying between 20-50 years

Matured Trees are Clear-Felled with the Retention of 7 Mother Trees per hectare.

Lack of Natural Regeneration Logged-over Mangrove Forest is replanted mainly with Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata) at a planting distance of 1.2 m x 1.2m while Bakau Kurap (Rhizophora mucronata) is planted at a spacing of 1.8m x 1.8m.

The annual area harvested is estimated to be 800 hectares out of which 400 hectares need planting.

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PRF and

Non-PRF(Mangrove Forest)

Coastal Protection

Human Livelihood

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State Casuarina spp.(ha)

Mangroves(ha)

Other Tree Species(ha)

Total Planted(ha)

Johor 19.5 399.3 11.0 429.8

Kedah 0.8 385.1 11.0 396.9

Kelantan 42.0 40.7 - 80.7

Melaka 2.0 8.5 - 10.5

N.Sembilan - 63.6 2.7 66.3

Pahang 87.9 - 2.4 90.3

Perak 12.0 4,020.4 64.5 4,096.9

Perlis 6.8 15.4 5.0 27.2

Pulau Pinang 10.0 48.6 - 58.6

Selangor - 180.5 10.0 190.5

Terengganu 64.3 2.0 - 66.3

TOTAL 245.3 5,164.1 106.6 5,516

Planted Sites in the Coastal Rehabilitation and Conservation Programme in P. Malaysia From 2006 -2010

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Location of Tree Planting Sites in Coastal Rehabilitation and Conservation Projects in Peninsular Malaysia From 2006 -2010

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4.0 Issues and Challenges

• Policy Matters – Federal and States relationship on SFM Committment.

SFM financing is a relatively expensive endeavor. Thus, the implementation of SFM calls for full commitment and strong financial support from the various State Government.

• Dynamic of Forest Stand Structure.

The full command on the understanding of the dynamic of Tropical Rainforests is necessary, particularly very crucial in the enhancement of SFM or forest management practices at the forest landscape level. The study of flora-fauna inter-dependency is thus needed to be strongly apprehended in order to achieve effective restoration project.

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4.0 Issues and Challenges (Continues…)

• Species Composition and Stocking.

Wide ranges of information generated from an intensified inventory on species composition and stocking of flora an fauna in existing various forest types in the tropic are still underway. These information are crucial in order to strengthen restoration work in the tropic. Currently, several information are available, but, still remain very limited for landscape level restoration.

• Soil and Climatic Conditions.

Information on the soil and climatic conditions relationship in particular are crucial in order to achieve an effective restoration work at landscape level.

•Limited Availability on R&D Outputs in Relation to Natural Forest Restoration at landscape level

This may hamper effective implementation any restoration project.

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5.0 The Future Strategies – Way Forwards

• Strengthening the Federal and States relationship on SFM compliancy and commitment.

• Undertake Vigorous R&D on Related/Relevant/Urgent Matters Pertaining to Natural Forest Restoration Activities.

• Improvement in Knowledge on Forest Stand Structure.

• Understanding the relationship Species Composition and Stocking.

• Understanding the direct correlation between Soil and Climatic Condition.

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6.0 Conclusions/Recommendations

According to Article 74(2) of the Federal Constitution, Forestry and Land is a State matter, therefore, a more regular/frequent Meetings to further strengthening the Federal and States relationship as well as commitment to ensuring for full compliancy to the implementation of sustainably managed forest are necessary.

It is inevitable that systematic approach to Improved Knowledge as well as the need for robust R&D on Forest Stand Structure; Species Composition and Stocking; and Soil and Climatic Condition are necessary as well as not withstanding the importance to made available sufficient fund and strong mandate to undertake relevant R&D programmes.

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Acknowledgement

Deepest Appreciation and Sincere Thank to all who have contributed directly or indirectly in the preparation

of this paper.

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THANK YOUhttp://www.forestry.gov.my

natural forest restoration - forest.sabah.gov.my · forest restoration”, 10 november 2010, kota...

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