a paradigm shift in forest restoration forest restoration ... · a paradigm shift in forest...

Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest

Restoration

PPMilan

PACIENCIA P. MILAN, PhD

University ProfessorVisayas State University

Presented during the Mindanao Rainforest Restoration Forum

Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in

Forest Restoration in the

Philippines for Sustainability and

Climate Change Mitigation


Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A

Paradigm Shift in Forest

Restoration in the

Philippines for

Sustainability and Climate

Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION

Status of Philippine Forests

RAINFORESTATION CONCEPT

Planting Scheme

Native Tree Species used in RF

Rainforestation Farming

RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE

CHANGE MITIGATION

RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVES

CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme


RAINFORESTATION FARMING


CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION



Ridge-to-Reef Concept


Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Farmers continue to cut down trees to give way for more agriculture lands and for economic reasons foremost.

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Forest loss in Leyte

Source: Nueberger, 2005

1900 2005

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Most reforestation efforts in the Philippines focus on the development of forestry and agro-forestry system using tree species which are introduced because they are selected for their fast growth and easy germination. The species composition of the original forest that once covered the land prior to logging are rarely taken into account .

Milan and Margraf, 1996

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Rainforestationas an option for rural development and

biodiversity conservation

• uses native/local trees of the area to be

reforested (biodiversity)

• gives importance on improvement of

structural habitat to support wildlife

(habitat restoration)

• supports sustainable development

through organic practices in agricultural

and forestry production (agroforestry)

• provides ecological services(watershed)

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

1. To replace the more destructive forms

of slash-and-burn or kaingin practices

2. To form a buffer-zone around the primary forest

3. To protect forest biodiversity

4. To help maintain the water cycle and

other ecological services of forest

5. To provide farmers with higher income

OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Marcos, BaybayBefore RF implementation


Restoration

PPMilan

Marcos, BaybayEstablished in 1995


Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Operational Framework of

Rainforestation

• Habitat restoration

• Biodiversity conservation

• Provision of ecological

functions/services

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Sun demanding local forest tree species recommended for RF on degraded limestone hills (in decreasing order of productivity).

Official Scientific NameLocal Name

Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa

Anislag Securinega flexuosa

Bagalunga Melia dubia

Dao Dracontomelon dao

Ipil Intsia bijuga

Mntn. Agoho Casuarina nodiflora

Kamagong Diospyros philippenensis

Bahay Ormosia calavensis

Molave Vitex parviflora

Lingo-lingo Vitex turczaninowii

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Shade loving local forest tree species of Leyte Leyte recommended for RF on volcanic soils

Palosapis Anisoptera thurifera Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus HairyApitong Dipterocarpus philippinensis Hagakhak Dipterocarpus warburgii Manggachapui Hopea acuminata Dalingdingan Hopea foxworthyi Gisok-gisok Hopea philippinensis Yakal-kaliot Hopea malibato Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan White Lauan Shorea contorta Almon Shorea almonGuijo Shorea guiso Yakal-malibato Shorea malibato Red lauan Shorea negrosensis Tangile Shorea polysperma Mayapis Shorea palosapisKamagong Diospyros philippensisTalakatak Castanopsis philippinensisUlaian Lithocarpus pruinosaDungon Heritiera sylvaticaKulatingan Pterospermum obliquumBalobo Diplodiscus paniculatus

Official Scientific NameLocal Name

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

PLANTING SCHEME

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Reasons why the utilization of indigenous

Philippine forest tree species received

minimal support in reforestation programs

• native species especially dipterocarps grow slow;

• dipterocarps fruit only about every 3-5 yearsdepending on species and locality;

• not enough seedling materials can be produced ina short time because nursery management ofnative species are not fully studied;

• dipterocarp seedlings (but not all) and other nativespecies require shade and cannot be used toreforest open areas, e.g. grasslands; and

• local lumber species have higher wood quality butnot propagated, hence, the mother trees becomevery rare and seed material is even less available.

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Effects of Rainforestation on Site Quality

1. Improvement of soil chemical properties;

2. Improvement of soil structure and water holding capacity;

3. Improvement of soil organic matter and soil color;

4. Improvement of nutrient status;

5. Improvement of biological activity; and

6. Improvement of microclimate

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

1. Improvement of soil chemical properties;

Site 1994 1998 2002

Rainforestation site (LSU) – acidic soil

Soil pH 4.2 4.8 5.2

Rainforestation site (Punta) – calcareous soil

Soil pH 8.2 7.4 7.2

Secondary forest (LSU) = soil pH 4.5 – 4.7

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

2. Improvement of soil structure and water holding capacity;

- increased soil structure formation due to microbial and animal activity

- increased water holding capacity due to improved porosity

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Distribution of decomposer soil fungi on the secondary forest floor in VSU. Diplopod faecal pellet at the left upper corner Ø 3 mm (1), litter fragment (2), stalk (3). The fungi penetrated the pellets from inside; The white mycelium grows on the pellet surface.

1

2

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Soil structure improved by biological aggregates on the forest floor at the demonstration farm at ViSCA. Cluster of arthropod faecal pellets (1, single pellet Ø 1mm), earthworm casts (2), and fungal mycelium (3).

1

2

3

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

3. Improvement of soil organic matter and soil color;

- darkening of color of surface soil

a) Rainforestation (VSU)yellowish brown dark brown

b) Rainforestation (Punta)very pale brown dark brown to

black

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Rainforestation site (Punta)

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Rainforestation site (VSU)

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Secondary forest site (VSU)

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

4. Improvement of nutrient status;

Nutrient 1994 2002

OM (%) 2.06 3.25

Total N (%) 0.22 0.33

Avail. P (ppm) 0.40 1.05

Exch. Ca (me/100g) 4.60 9.47

Exch. Mg (me/100g) 2.80 8.32

Rainforestation site (VSU)

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

5. Improvement of biological activity; and

6. Improvement of microclimate

Measured in

depth of (cm)

Demonstration farm,

ViSCA

Secondary forest,

ViSCA

Rainforestation farm,

Punta

pH (CaCL2) 0-4 5.53 4.66 7.35

4-8 4.72 4.52 7.60

H2O (%) 0-2 37.97 43.70 19.88

Soil-temp. (°C) 0-2 26.70 25.40 26.00

Air-temp. (°C) 2 27.00 26.50 29.50

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

A farming system that closely resembles the

structure of a natural Philippine rainforest

ecosystems or home gardens that promotes the

use of native or local trees commonly growing in

the area.

It is based on a preliminary working hypothesis

that the closer a farming system in the humid

tropic is to its natural ecosystem, the more

sustainable it is.

It evolves from various efforts to sustain human

food production and simultaneously preserve the

biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their vital

functions to mankind

It considers farming systems to support livelihood

to increase farmer income

What is Rainforestation Farming?

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Lanzones

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION



Table 1. Economic and environmental benefits of

selected RF sites

* calculated in the frame of the Clean Development Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol** price for permanent CER is assumed $10 (based from PointCarbon 2004) an is calculated

using a discounted rate of 8.2% within a period of 10 years of RF implementation


Restoration

PPMilan


Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Global Warming

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Consequences of Climate Change

Sea level rise Ocean acidification Rise in temperature Loss of biodiversity High health risk Poor productivity Habitat loss

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Strategies to Mitigate and Adapt Climate Change

WATER•Water conservation•Rainwater harvesting and storage

Forest is a rainwater harvesting ecosystem

•Better management of water supply systemsAGRICULTURE•Conserve soil•Forecasts and early warning•More resistant crop varieties•Irrigation solutions•Develop simple measures for handling rapid harvesting and postharvesting

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

During Rainy Season WHEN WATER IS TOO

MUCH!

Excessive

Runoff

Silted Rivers /reduced

capacity of irrig. sys.

Increasing Flood Peaks

Severe Erosion

Landslides ?

High Intensity Rainfall

Flooding of

Agricultural Areas

During Dry Season WHEN WATER IS TOO

LITTLE!

Reduced Stream flow

Declining GW Level

Insufficient Water for Irrigation

• Reduction in Yield

• Total Crop Loss

High Temp & evaporation;

Dry soils

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

•Improve fish cage management

HEALTH•Improve access to health care•Disease monitoring and emergency responses

ECOSYSTEMS•Rainforestation •Rehabilitate habitats•Create protected areas and migration corridors•Conserve ecosystems

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

•Integrate coastal resource management•Integrate adaptation to planning•Construct sea walls•Raise housing

INCREASED FLOODING•Elevate major thorougfare•Flood-proof building•Provide flood hazard mapping and flood warnings•Empower community and institutions

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation Challenges and

Perspective

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

• VSU demo farm = 5.44 has

• 20 RF adopters = 29.50 has

• Private adopters = 7.00 has

• TransCo = 10.00 has

• CBFM (Cienda) = 15.00 has

• NSTP = 2.70 has

TOTAL = 69.60 has

Baybay, Albuera ,Ormoc &

San Miguel, Leyte

• Diocese of Maasin = 5.00 has

• 6 PO’s in St. Bernard = 9.00 has

• GTZ supported = 340.00 has

• NatureLife Int’l. = 5.00 has

TOTAL = 359.00 has

Maasin, Macrohon, St. Bernard &

Silago, So. Leyte

• Private adopters = 9.00 has

• NIT-Biliran = 11.00 ha

TOTAL = 20.00 has

Biliran, Biliran


Restoration

PPMilan

• After 16 years of Rainforestation

advocacy and implementation, a

total of 183.34 hectares demo

farms were established

• Issuance of DENR MC 2004-06

• Rainforestation is used as a

strategy in establishing

biodiversity corridors in existing

national parks and certificates of

ancestral domain claim or title

• Rainforestation is used as a

strategy for the implementation

of ROAD 2020

• Rainforestation evolved in

different typologies

Major Accomplishments

Geographical distribution of Rainforestation Farms in the Philippines


Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Improve our program on:

-education of local communities

-promotion of sustainable use of resources, responsible entrepreneurship and ecotourism

-compensation of displaced people through training in better agriculture production

-establishing research facilities for training, local scientists, guides and forest collaborators

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION




Restoration

PPMilan

Rainforestation: A


Restoration in the

Philippines for


Change Mitigation

Thank you!

INTRODUCTION



Planting Scheme




CHANGE MITIGATION



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