Many Pueblos had hundreds of people living in them. Some Pueblos were 4 or 5 stories high. Pueblos are built several ways. One way is to use rocks to build a wall and cover the rocks with a plaster of mud on the outside. Adobe is a type of brick made from straw and mud. They used their roof like a porch.
p. 113
Tigua • Farmers • Grew cotton, wove
and made clothing • Men hunted • Made pottery • Religious
ceremonies
In an act of thanksgiving for their safe passage across the Chihuahuan desert, the Oñate entrada arranged for a feast to be held and asked the Mansos to be their guests. This thanksgiving was the first to be celebrated in what is now the United States, a full 23 years before that of the Pilgrims at the Pl mo th Colon
Gov’t/Beliefs/ Accomplishments • Irrigation Systems (Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers) • Pottery • Stone boiling cooking • Matrilineal ancestry • Texas “Thanksgiving”
p. 113
Tonkawa
• Homes: tepees and round huts • Food: Buffalo, deer, rattlesnake • When a person died, their name could
never be mentioned again • Children were not given names for
several years
Horses were not part of Native American culture until Europeans brought them. Native American groups quickly began using them.
Kiowa Shelter
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Kiowa lived in and around the Texas panhandle. This includes western Oklahoma and northeast New Mexico. Like the Comanche, they lived in tee-pees. Tee-pees are easy to move and being nomads the Kiowa moved all the time. They moved to follow buffalo herds.
p. 113- 114
Comanche
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Comanches controlled the Great Plains and Central Plains of Texas. The tribe quickly became known as the Lords of the Southern Plains, and they by far were the most powerful of all the Indian Tribes in the state. During times of peace, Comanches traded horses and buffalo goods with the Caddo and the Wichita. The Comanche were good traders and often went to trade fairs. The Comanche leaders often wore fine European clothes, with many silver conchos and fine leather boots. The group always had a leader who was very skilled as a trader and diplomat. �
Comanche and Buffalo
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Comanche made nearly everything they needed from the buffalo (tasiwóo) (pronounced tahseewa): *Clothing *Food *Blankets *Shelter
p. 114-115
Apache
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Apaches migrated to Texas from Canada. They arrived in the Texas panhandle region sometime around 1528. We know this because in 1541 the Pecos Pueblo people told the Spanish explorer Coronado about, "the new people" who had moved into the region just to the east of Pecos. The word Apache is Zuni and means enemy. The Apache and Navaho called themselves the Dine, pronounced din-eh. Dine in Apache or Navaho means, "the people". At first the Apache farmed on the south plains. They probably were semi-sedentary. This means they would farm and stay in one place part of the year. They farmed corn, beans and squash like the other Indians around them. In fact, they probably learned to farm and got their first corn from the Pueblo Indians. When the crops ended they would switch to a nomadic lifestyle and hunt and gather for food. This was before they got the horse. The Apache kept spreading farther south until they occupied the Texas Hill Country. This is where the second wave of Spanish explorers found them in the 1700s. Around 1700 the Comanche came south along the same route the Apaches had followed years before. The Comanche were fierce warriors and chased everyone but the Kiowa out of the whole panhandle -- south plains, region. The Apache were pushed south. By around 1740 the Comanche occupied the same regions the Apache had occupied only a few years before. The Apache were forced south and west in two groups. The Lipan group went south into the south Texas region once occupied by the Coahuiltecan cultures and part of the western end of the Karankawa's lands. The Mescaleros went west into the regions the Jumano had once lived in. After the Comanches arrived, the Lipan Apaches settled around the Spanish missions for protection from the Comanche and other tribes. By this time they were refugees looking for help and a new place to live. The missions took many of them in. However, Spanish missions were not very good places for Indians to live. The priests and monks who ran them treated the Indians much like slaves. They worked them from sunrise to sunset in the fields and shops. The food was poor and the living conditions were not very good. Based on new research using church records, the diet of a mission Indian had about 1400 calories a day. By comparison, an inmate in a Nazi concentration camp received about 1500 calories a day and a negro slave in a sugar plantation received about 4000 calories per day. Church records also show there was an usually an abundance of food available from the mission farms and herds of cattle and sheep. The same fields and herds the Indians were being used to tend. While mission Indians were dying, the surplus food was being shipped back to Mexico for a profit. The Indians were forced to work at hard labor from dawn till dark six days a week. Their living conditions were bad. Records describe the Indian living quarters in missions as being like large wooden cattle pens. There was little protection from the cold and from rain. Each Indian was given a space of 2 feet by 7 feet on the dirt floor to sleep on. Studies have found that adult Indians in missions only lived a few years and children usually died in less than two years. Death by disease is the usual cause of death given in records. Malnourished people living in grossly substandard shelter being worked 100 hours a week at hard labor usually are very weak and in poor health. Even a simple cold can be fatal. Look at the wide cloth headbands. These are another Apache trademark. Almost all the men wore them. They would absorb sweat and keep it from trickling down into the eyes. The headbands are also thick to absorb the heat of the hot sun in their desert environment. The short skirt or breechcloth is another standard piece of clothing for Apache men. They are wearing European style shirts and maybe pants too. They probably got these from traders. This is what Apache men wore after 300 years of contact with the Europeans. Their coats, belts, vests, and guns are all European and not Indian.
Apache Shelter
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Apache lived in both tee-pees and wickiups. Tee-pees are easy to move around when hunting and gathering.
(Lipan & Mescalero) Apache
• Homes: tepee and wikiup • Food: Buffalo and other animals • Warriors cut hair on the left side
short and the right side long. They plucked the hair on their face and smeared their bodies with paint
• Afraid of the dead and never spoke the name of the person again
p. 114-115
p. 115
Comanche
• Homes: tepees with pictographs • Food: Buffalo, pemmican • Experts with bow and arrow – 20 a
minute. • When an older person died, they
abandoned him. When a young warrior died, people cuts gashes in their faces.
• “LORDS OF THE PLAINS”
p. 115
This photograph from 1908 shows a Kiowa named Hunting Horse and his daughters.
Kiowa
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Kiowa: Keop-tagui, "mountain Apache,“a Plains people, range over the southern plains of Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas. The Kiowa speak a language called Tanoan or Kiowa-Tanoan. Tanoan is a large family of several related languages. Kiowa is a form of Tanoan. This is important because there are other Tanoan speakers, the Pueblo Indians. The Kiowa are famous for their beadwork. They would bead all kinds of things. So, where are the Kiowa today? They were moved to a reservation in Oklahoma. The Kiowa used live on the same reservation as the Caddo and Wichita Indians around Anadarko Oklahoma. Times were pretty hard on the reservation.
Kiowa
• Homes: tepees • Food: Buffalo (pemmican) and other
animals • Decorated bodies with metal and
trinkets. • SUN DANCE – 12 days – stuck sharp
sticks into their bodies . . . . Badge of honor
• Developed a calendar
Table of Contents
Date Assignment Grade
8/28 1. Journal Guidelines 8/29 2. Plan for Improvement
