Aim: Why was there a clash of culture between Americans and Native Americans on the Great

Plains?

Do Now: Should Native Americans assimilate into American culture?Homework: Read Ch. 13, sect.2 and answer ques. #3 and #5* Due TuesdayDate: 12/17/10

“The Great Plains”

After Civil War Americans turn attention westwardAfter Civil War Americans turn attention westward

Why?Why?

Many believed the great plains were vast deserts where little fertile land Many believed the great plains were vast deserts where little fertile land was available. They were incorrect.was available. They were incorrect.

What states make up the region know as the Great plans?What states make up the region know as the Great plans?

The Culture of the Plains Indians

Used guns and horses introduced by Spanish to help nomadic culture survive

Would wander and hunt Buffalo

Relied on Buffalo for:

1. Teepee’s made from Buffalo hide

2. Food

3. Clothing

4. Shoes

5. Tools made from the horns & bones

Conflict Between Natives & Settlers

In the 1830’s- U.S. govt. designated the entire Great Plains for Native Reservations

In the 1850’s- policy changes. Gov’t. establishes certain areas for certain tribes in the Plains

Why might there be a change of heart in the U.S. govt.?

Conflict erupts between Natives and Americans

Natives forced to sign the Treaty of Laramie- designating certain areas for the Sioux tribe- Sitting Bull does not sign

Was this a good idea?Sioux Chief Sitting Bull

The Battle of Wounded Knee U.S. soldiers round up

350 starving and freezing Sioux and forced them to give up their weapons

A shot was fired and the U.S. soldiers killed nearly 300 Sioux members

This event brought the Indian wars and the Native Americans way of life to an end

Native Americans still living in poverty on Reservations today

Painting depicting the scene at Camp Wounded Knee Creek, S.D.

Assimilation Assimilation- a plan in

which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the American culture.

Dawes Act of 1887- attempt to “Americanize” Natives

1. broke up reservations and distributed land to Natives

2. the rest of the land was sold to settlers

Is this a good plan?

Natives at an American schoolWhat do you think they were learning?

Assimilation Debate

New York Times Indian Reservation Gangs Video

After watching this video …

What are some signs that Native Americans have assimilated?

What are some signs that they have not?

Chief Washakie and his tribe in front of their Teepee’s

Aim Revisited: Why was there a clash of culture between

Americans and Native Americans on the Great

Plains? Americans begin to move West in search of

new land and new beginning

U.S. gov’t changes terms of former treaties and break up Natives into smaller reservations

Battle of Wounded Knee devastates Sioux tribe and marks beginning of end for Natives normal way of life on the plains

Dawes Act tries to force assimilation on Natives with some success but mostly failure

Aim: What Opportunities were there for Americans

moving west? Do Now: Now that more Americans are

moving west what are some opportunities and challenges to be faced?

Homework: Read Ch. 14, sect.1 and answer ques. #5

Date: 12/21/10

Why Settle in the Great Plains?

1. Business Opportunity

2. Fertile Farm Land

3. Gold & Silver

4. Railroad Production

Who would want to go?

The Age of the “Cowboy”

Americans remove Natives and Buffalo from the Great Plains

Open it up to Cattle Ranching

What do you know about cowboys?

Growing demand for Beef leads to the development of “Cow Towns”

25% of cowboys African-American, 12% Mexican

Railroads “open” the

Frontier

What does the term frontier mean to you?

1870-1900 : Railroads help Americans settle nearly 400 million acres

The govt. issued millions of acres of land to Railroad companies to lay Transcontinental Track

“American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character.”- Frederick Jackson Turner

Do you agree that the frontier is important in American life?

1890s map of US railroads

Railroads Lead to Immigration Cheap labor to build

railroads: 90% Chinese immigrants, 10% Irish, Mexican, African-American

Railroad Companies would sell excess land to farmers for little money

Some companies would recruit buyers from overseas

Why might the railroad companies be willing to get rid of the land for such a cheap price?

Men of all different races and ethnicbackgrounds participated in the layingof transcontinental railroad tracks

The Homestead

Act Homestead Act- govt. offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen who was head of a household

Why might the federal govt. pass such a proposal?

Opportunity for Exodusters- African Americans who left the south after reconstruction and headed west

Oklahoma Land Rush= 2 million acres claimed in one day

The Challenges of the Plains

Frontier families were forced to become self-sufficient

Women worked along side the men in the fields

Unpredictable weather

Threat of snake and insect bites

Droughts, floods and fires

Attacks from Natives

Frontier Family in their Soddy- a homemade of sod and prairie turf. They wereoften dug into small hills or ravines.

Homesteader Women

Read the document, “Letter from a Woman Homesteader” and answer the following questions…

1. What was her attitude about being a homesteader?

2. What was the point she was trying to prove? And did she prove it?

Aim Revisited: What Opportunities were there for Americans moving

west? Americans begin moving west for new

opportunities

Land opens up to cattle ranching and farming

U.S. gov’t sells land to railroad companies who sell excess to farmers

Homestead Act provides free land to Americans willing to settle the West

Aim: How did oil, steel and electricity change American

Industry?

Do Now: Make a list of the most important uses of oil or steel that you can think of?

Homework: Read Ch. 14, sect. 3 and answer ques. #3 and #4

Date: 12/22/10

“Black Gold” 1859- Steam engine

is first used to drill for oil

Oil was used to develop Kerosene to light lamps

Set off Oil boom in many states including Ohio, Illinois and Texas, among others

Where do we mostly get oil from today? Oil Derrick

Steel Steel ProductionProduction Iron- soft, breaks and tends to

rust

Bessemer Process- removed carbon to make iron into steel

Steel- lighter, flexible, & rust resistant

What can be made from steel?

Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883 was America’s finest exampleof steel architecture of the time

1.railroads2.farm equipment3.barbed wire4.architectural structures• How did this contribute to the industrial boom?

What U.S. city was the steel making capitol?

New Inventions

Important new inventions included:

The Light Bulb, and production and distribution of electrical power- Thomas Edison

The Typewriter- Christopher Sholes

The Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell

How would these inventions change the face of America?

Who would they effect mostly?

Thomas Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” with light bulb

Railroads Contribute to Growth Transcontinental Railroads-

linked east and west coast cities and industries

Brings about the creation of the time zones by 1883

Explain why this might be…

Farmers being overcharged by railroads and banks and go into debt

Not being represented by Dems. or Reps.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887- established the right of the federal govt. to supervise railroad activities with ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

Birth of the Populist Party

Populism- the political movement rejecting traditional governing philosophies in favor of policies to benefit working class

Platform included…

1. Use of gold and silver backed money=more money for poor workers/farmers

2. Graduated income tax

3. Single term limits for President

4. 8 hour workday

5. Restrictions on immigrationWilliam Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan and the “Cross

of Gold” Read the document, William Jennings Bryan’s

Cross of Gold Speech and answer the following questions…

1. What were his arguments against gold and for silver?

2. Where do we see examples of or need for populism today?

Aim Revisited: How did oil, steel and electricity

change American Industry? Oil becomes valuable resource for kerosene lamps

Bessemer process allows steel to be made from iron making for a better building material

Inventions like light bulb, typewriter and telephone improve lives and economy for Americans

Growth of railroads requires government to create Interstate Commerce Commission and time zones

Populist party rejects traditional governing philosophies in favor of policies to benefit average Americans

Aim: What was the “Gilded Age”?

Do Now: What does it mean when something is gilded?

Homework: None- Enjoy the break!!!

Date: 12/23/10

Gilded Age Video

Watch the Gilded Age video and complete the worksheet given.

NOTE: THIS WILL BE COLLECTED AND GRADED AS CLASSWORK!!!!!!

Aim: How did the expansion of industry result in the growth of

big business?Do Now: Should tax cuts go to wealthy people who control industries or working people?

Homework: Read Ch. 15, sect. 1 and answer ques. #3 and #4

Date: 1/4/11

Captains of Industry Steel and oil in high

demand

Industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller became wealthy with new business strategies

1. offered stock to employees

2. searched for cheaper, more efficient techniques

3. encouraged competition among employees

4. Practiced both horizontal and vertical integration

Why were these helpful?

J.P. Morgan

John D. Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Horizontal and Vertical Integration

Vertical Integration

Buy out suppliers

1) To control the raw materials and…

2) The transportation systems

Horizontal Integration

Buy out the competition

Smaller competitors will merge limiting the competition

How can this cause a major growth of someone’s business?

Robber Barons Created mergers- a company

buys all the stock of another

Created monopolies- one company completely controls an industry

Created trusts- several companies controlled by one large corporation

Charged lower prices then once the market is controlled, you drive the prices up above the original levels

Are these fair business practices?

Sherman Anti-Trust Act- made it illegal to form a trust or merger that interfered with free trade between the states or with other countries

J.P. Morganbanker

“Social Darwinism”

The process of “natural selection” (Only the strong survive) applies to business as well

Do you agree that this works with humans?

What does this say about poor people?

Promotes the idea of rags-to-riches in America

Justifies laissez-faire economics from Gov’t

John D. RockefellerNOT “Roc-a-fella”Oil business man

“Wealth and Its Uses”

Read Andrew Carnegie’s “Wealth and Its Uses” and answer the following questions…

1. What did Carnegie say are 3 ways to use wealth?

2. Do you think that wealth should be controlled by wealthy?

Andrew Carnegie: Mr. Cremeans’ Top 10 American

Heroes #4 Grew up poor in Scotland and moved here at 12

Grew to create Carnegie Steel Co.- largest steel manufacturer in the world

Founded 2,509 libraries

Founded Carnegie Mellon University

Founded Carnegie Hall

Donated 90% of his wealth -$350 mil.“If I raised your wages, where would they go? They would go to better cuts of meat, to drink, to clothing, to things of the flesh, to things of the body. That's not what the working people need. What they need are things of the spirit: libraries, concert halls, schools. And you wouldn't pay for that yourselves, so you need me to take it out of your paychecks and give it back to you.”

“The man who dies rich dies disgraced”

The Labor Union List with

your group as many reasons as you can as to what unions fight for.

Long Hours

Low Wages

Dangerous Conditions

Poor Benefits

7 day work weeks

12 + hour days

The New York City Teachers Unionhold a demonstration

• No vacation time

•No sick days

•No unemployment compensation

•No reimbursement for on-the-job injuries

•Dangerous equipment

•Extremely low wages

•Child Labor

Aim Revisited: How did the expansion of industry

result in the growth of big business? Industrialization leads to large gains of wealth

for “robber barons” or “captains of industry” like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan

Used new business practices like vertical and horizontal integration and creating mergers, trusts and monopolies

Believed in theories like Social Darwinism that the rich were more able

Believed in idea of Gospel of Wealth to donate money to society

Aim: Why did immigration hit a new high in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Do Now: What are your immigration stories? i.e. how many of you are immigrants? Parents are immigrants?

Homework: Read Ch.15, sect 2 and answer ques. #3 and #4

Date: 1/5/11

Note: Unit test Monday on Ch. 13-15

Why Come to America??? With your partner list

and discuss as many reasons as you can as to why people would immigrate to the U.S. in the late 1800’s.

Reasons Included:

1. Hunger

2. Unemployment

3. Increased Population=Land Shortages

4. Religious and/or Political Persecution

Where were they coming from? Most immigrants were

arriving from Northern and Western Europe

English, German & Irish were the majority

Others came from China, Japan, Mexico, Italy, Russia

Most settled in the Northeast (NYC, Boston, Philly)

Why there?

Moved into homogeneous neighborhoods- same country, language, culture

Why would they do this?

Less in the Midwest & West (California, Illinois, Ohio) Ellis Island Inspection Center

Why do you suppose there was such a dramatic drop in immigration from 1930-1940?

We are currently at another high in immigration in the United States. Do you suppose that immigrants are coming for the same reasons they did in the 19th century? Why or why not?

Are today’s immigrants coming from the same parts of the world as they were in the 19th century?

Immigration Restrictions Many view America as

a Melting Pot- mixture of people from different cultures who blended together by abandoning their native language and cultures

Do you agree?

Nativism was common- favoritism towards native-born Americans

Chinese Exclusion Act- from 1892-1943 Chinese immigration was restricted due to a lack of jobs out west

What is the message of this cartoon?

What is so ironic about the use of a “wall” to illustrate the treatment of the Chinese in America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Not Everyone Saw Immigration as a Benefit ...

What’s the message here?

The Know Nothing Movement

What’s ironic here?

Nativism and

Poverty

What is the cartoonist’s message?

Nativism and Politics

What’s the message?

Shantytowns before Central

Parkwas built

Central Park farmsHow does this picture perfectly illustrate the Gilded Age?

Do you recognize that building?

Aim Revisited: Why did immigration hit a new high in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th

centuries? Immigrants came to U.S. throughout mid to late 1800’s for jobs, religious freedom or to avoid famine

Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, China, Mexico and Russia and moved to Northeast cities

Nativism increased during the period and Chinese Exclusion Act limited immigration

Aim: How did immigration affect American cities?

Do Now: What do you know about what life was like for immigrants in New York in the late 1800s- early 1900’s, jot down some ideas.

Homework: Read Ch. 15, sect. 3 and answer ques. #3 and #4

Date: 1/6/11

Urbanization People began moving

into cities for better job opportunities like…

Immigrants

People from rural areas

African-Americans from the South

Cities became overcrowded

What do you think would be some problems?

OvercrowdingHousing• Immigrants lived in a small attached houses called tenements• Rooms were overcrowded• No ventilation• Very infrequent garbage pick up• Garbage piled up attracting mice and bugs

•Crime• Thievery became common even among children

Sanitation• Tenements had no plumbing• Dirty water sources would cause outbreaks of cholera and typhoid• Human waste dumped into streets• Very few places to access clean drinking water

•Fires• Many cities burned like Chicago and San Fran.• No paid Fire Dept.

Reformers

Social Gospel Movement- preached salvation through helping the poor

Created Settlement Houses- community centers offering education, health care and language classes

Who would work at these?

Jane Adams- founder: Hull House settlement

“How the Other Half Lives”

Read document, “How the Other Half Lives” and answer the following questions

What problems did Jacob Riis point out?

What were the effects of poverty on the children?

What stands out to you the most from this?

What are your thoughts of this?

What problems can you predict?

How many people can you count here?

Imagine you are an immigrant living in a tenement in NYC at this time. Write a few sentences describing your conditions and feelings.

Aim Revisited: How did immigration affect American cities?

Migration of people into cities leads to massive overcrowding

Overcrowding in cities leads to problems with sanitation, disease, fires and crime

Reformers like Jane Adams follow the social gospel movement and create settlement houses to help poor immigrants adjust to American life

Aim: How did the Gilded Age’s gap between rich and poor

lead to governmental corruption?

Do Now: Do you think politicians today are corrupt? Jot down some examples.

Homework: Study for test on Monday, Chapters 13-15

Date: 1/7/11

The Political Machine Political Machine- organized

group that controlled a political party in a city

Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for votes and political support

Which groups of people might support these machines the most?

Supported by immigrants, the machine provided:

1) Naturalization

2) Housing

3) Jobs

…In exchange for votes

Why do you think the political machines were so successful in the bigger cities of the northeast?

New York City’s infamous Boss Tweed

The Shame of the Cities

Read the document, “The Shame of the Cities” and answer the following questions…

1. How did the political machine control voting?

2. Why did Steffens claim that the people do not vote?

3. Why did these political machines work?

Corruption of the Machine

Graft- illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Boss Tweed becomes head of Tammany Hall- NYC’s democratic political machine in 1868

Indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion

Brings political corruption to the front page of national attention

Boss Tweed

Under the Tammany tiger is a torn piece of paper that reads “LAW”. What is it’s significance?

What is point is the illustrator making with this cartoon?

Reform Takes Shape

Problem:

Patronage- giving govt. jobs to people who helped get candidate elected

Solution:

All Civil Service Jobs should go to the most qualified person

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883- created a commission to appoint people to jobs based on merit and examinations

President James M. Garfield2nd President to be assassinated,killed over refusal to use patronage system

Aim Revisited: How did the Gilded Age’s gap between rich and poor lead to governmental

corruption? Political machines controlled politics and

government and were often corrupt

Helped immigrants but used illegal actions to spread influence

Patronage was used to secure votes and lead to laws meant to stop corruption