Nationalism:2.0

Feelings give way to blood and steel (and the roots of a

much bigger problem)

On Thursday – What did you read?

• What is nationalism? Why would it be a “unique” idea at the start of the 1800’s?

• How does romanticism tie into the idea of nationalism?

• In general, when do you think people get “nationalistic?” What might be another term for nationalism?

Italy and Germany in a Nutshell in the early 1800’s

Italy• Napoleon combines much

of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy. – Congress of Vienna undoes it,

but ideas remain.

• Giuseppe Mazzini– Young Italy – No one older

than 40 could join.

• Why Romantic nationalism wasn’t enough– Austria controlled two major

Italian states– Italy was culturally divided

Germany• 39 German states

– German Federal Diet– No decisions could be

made. • Austria and Prussia

• Problem – – Two large empires

controlled parts of Germany

– Lots of different nationalities• Poles, Italians, Serbs,

Czechs, Hungarians

So…. Lets stop talking about our feelings

• Romanticism gives way to realism.–No more talking about our feelings!

• Rise of the realpolitik– “politics of reality”– tough national politics in which

idealism has no part

Italy• Mazzini had failed to

unify Italy• Kingdom of Sardinia

– Strong Italian state• Count Camillo di

Cavour– He is CRAFTY… – I like to call him C3– Literally embodies

what it means to be a realpolitik

– “pale ghost of Machiavelli”

– Some doubted his goal of Italian Unification.

• C3 knows he needs to get rid of Austria– Can’t do it by himself, needs to get a

strong ally

• Allies with France• C3 thinks Napoleon III is not that

bright…– Napoleon III thinks C3 is not that

bright…

– In a secret meeting, N3 agrees to drive out Austria in exchange for Nice and Savoy

• C3 provokes war, N3 does his thing – Austria retreats.

• While N3 is fighting Austria, Italian nationalists are busy unifying northern Italy against Austria– And also France

• Napoleon thought that he could take over Italy after he got rid of Austria…– DOH!

• 1860 – All of France accept Venetia is unified.

The Red Shirts

• Cavour also helps to unify the South – Also in secret

• Giuseppe Garibaldi leads small army to “liberate” Sicily– “Red Shirts”

• So successful, decides to march north to bring Nice back to Italy– Nice had been given to N3!– Screwing with C3’s plans!

• By 1871 – all of Italy is unified under one constitutional monarch and parliament!– Victor Emmanual II becomes king– Cavour died before seeing Italy unified.

Problems for Unified Italy

• Turf Wars– Cultural differences north and south

• No strong leadership• Many people left Italy– Immigrated to the US!

Germany

• Germany was a mess– 39 states all belonged to the German Confederation

• Austria and Prussia were the two strongest

• Austria– Center for German culture – Most people in Austria were not German– Lacked industrial development

• Prussia– Population mostly German– Strong in trade– Industrially developed– Powerful army

Ol’ Blood and Iron

• Prussian king William I made Otto Von Bismarck his Prime Minister– Goal: Unify Germany– Problem: Austria• “Germany is clearly too small for us both”

– “The Great Speeches of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes… but by blood and iron.”

The Less Confusing Map

Bismarck the Realpolitik

• Two quick wars with Denmark– Victorious, wins small

amounts of land• Real goal, get the

Prussian blood pumping and to earn some respect!

• 1866 – Provokes war with Austria– Seven Weeks War

• Prussian rail lines the key

• Austria is humiliated– Has to give up land– Leaves German

Confederation– Needs to rebuild and

pacify the non-Austrians

• 1867 – the rise of the Austrian Hungarian Empire– Dual Monarchy

• Two equal states with two governments

– One Army – One foreign policy.

Bismarck is not Done

• 1867 – Prussia controls all of Northern Germany.

• Southern Germany mostly Catholic– Prussia primarily Protestant

• Bismarck needs a threat to make the southern German states want to be part of Prussia.

So…. Crafty Bismarck

• A crisis in Spain arises– Napoleon III is concerned that France will be

surrounded by relatives of William I

• N3 sends an ambassador to Prussia• Bismarck makes up a story that he leaks to the

press– William I and ambassador have insulted each other!

• Prussians and French are OUTRAGED and demand war.

• July 19, 1870 – France declares war on Prussia– Which is EXACTLY what Bismarck wanted

• By September, 1870 – 100,000 French are captured– Included N3!

France’s Defeat…. And the Seeds of Revenge!

• France has to pay 5 billion francs

• Has to give up Alsace and Lorraine

• No… they are not ladies

– Two regions of France rich in coal and iron.

• January 18, 1871– William I goes to

Versailles– Crowns himself

Kaiser of the 2nd Reich