Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

p. 394

Resistance Reborn

• World War I weakened the imperialists

• This encouraged colonial nationalists in Africa, West Asia.

Africans had many reasons to resent the Europeans (5)

• Much land was used for export cash crops instead food– Caused famines for local people

• What little money Africans were paid was reduced by imperialist taxes and high food prices.

• Africans forced by Whites off the best land – (Kenya, Rhodesia)

• Local African landowners were not allowed to grow the money-making crops.

• Europeans controlled African movement by forcing them to carry pass-books – In many colonies Africans were forbidden to go where Whites

lived/worked without permission.

Increased African Resistance

• Western-educated Africans learned how to protest against the imperialists. (3)– They used technology (printing, audio/film recording)

to reach the European and American media and publics.

– They argued that Woodrow Wilson’s idea of self-determination was a right of all peoples of the world.

– Using the international media, they found growing support in the Western nations among liberals and anti-imperialists.

Apartheid:

• Formal legal system enforcing segregation of Blacks in South Africa (1948)

White Rule: Southern Africa

• South Africa built a brutally repressive system of segregation of Blacks.– They based their laws on

_____________________ philosophy – Social Darwinist– They also copied many _____________ laws

from the southern United States.– “Jim Crow”

White Rule: Southern Africa

• It meant secure White economic, political, and social control. What were some ways it was practiced? (5)– Better-paying mine jobs for Whites only– Blacks controlled by pass-books

• Police strictly enforced rules on Blacks

– Blacks forced to live in “townships”, organized like native-American reservations in US.

• Worst land• Curfews

– Torture, arrest, jail for Blacks if laws broken

– Black voting rights removed in 1936– Black political parties outlawed

• African National Congress (ANC) continued to work underground– Many members arrested and mistreated– African Christian churches were one way Blacks could speak out.

Pan-Africanism:

• A Black nationalist movement that began in North America and spread back to Africa.

• Two Americans promoted it: (2)– Marcus Garvey: Africa for Africans; “Back to Africa” movement.

• He believed that Whites would never allow Africans to be equal and that Africans had to regain their control of Africa.

– W.E.B. Dubois: Also believed in promotion of Black rights. • He believed that Blacks had to demand their rights from White

governments, and, eventually, their own lands.

• Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress, in 1919. American and African delegates composed a charter of rights. – White powers ignored them, but the movement continued to

grow.

Negritude movement:

• Began with French-speaking Blacks in the Caribbean and West Africa. – They wrote of pride in being African. – They criticized White Imperialism – They demanded rights and self-determination

for all Africans.

Egypt

• Britain gave Egypt independence, in 1922, but continued to influence its government.

• Anti-British Egyptians formed the _______________– Muslim Brotherhood

• Its purpose was to: (2)– resist British culture in Egypt – oppose corruption in the Egyptian

government.

The Turkish Republic.

• Asia Minor:

• The peninsula where modern Turkey is.

The Turkish Republic.

• The Sultan was humiliated by the Treaty of Sevres, 1920: What did he lose?(2)– Land taken by Allies– Greece attempted to take more lands

• _____________ , a WWI hero, led an overthrow of the Sultan:

• Mustafa Kemal,

Ataturk’s Reformed Turkey (3)

• Replaced Islamic traditions with Western ones. – Laws

– Education– Government

• Expanded industrial infrastructure: – Railroads– Factories– Industrial and financial advisors from the West

• Made Turkey economically independent.

• Turkish Muslim traditionalists will hate and resist him for reducing the influence of Islam in Turkish society.

Pan-Arabism:

• The growing movement, after WW I, in the Middle East to unite all Arabs from West Asia to North Africa, – to free those under Western rule, – to protect themselves from Western take-over

and exploitation.

Pan-Arabism:

• The Middle East area includes: (8)– Syria, – Jordan, – Iraq, – Egypt, – Algeria,– Tunisia – Morocco– Libya

Anger at the West

• The betrayal of Arabs at the Paris Peace Conference infuriated Arab nationalists. – T.E. Lawrence tried to use his influence to change the French

and British decisions, to no avail.– No freedom and lands for helping the Allies win WWI, as

promised.• In the Middle East, who got what?

• Britain: (3)– Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq

• France: (2)– Lebanon, Syria

• Many in the Middle East still resent and distrust the West.

Palestine/Israel

• Balfour Declaration:

• Agreement between Britain and Zionists, (Jewish nationalists) 1917:– Jews in Central Power nations would work to

sabotage the war efforts of Germany and Austria-Hungary

– Britain would give Jews a homeland in Palestine (biblically called “Israel”)

Reasons for the Jewish-Arab conflict in Palestine after WWI: (3)

• Arabs losing lands to Jews rapidly

• Religious differences between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity

• Extremists began attacks– Arabs on Jewish settlers to

• slow down immigration• drive Jews out

– Jews retaliate against Arabs to protect themselves

2014

• Today, this location is still an international “hotspot”, for much the same reasons:– Arabs call it

• Palestine

– Jews call it • Israel

• Thousands have died, lost homes, livelihoods, to protect those names.

Why were many Jews so anxious to leave Europe? (3)

• Pogroms– Growing expulsions in Eastern Europe—

• Russian Czar ordered millions of Jews out of Russia

• Growing violence and killings of Jews in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania,

• Anti-Semitism across Europe….– Anti-Semitic speeches and literature in many

European nations advocating:• Violence• Destruction• Confiscation of Jewish property and religious sites.

Persia (Iran)• In 1925, ___________ takes control of Persia, becoming the

“Shah” (emperor).– Reza Khan,– Britain still had strong influence over him:

• He also modernized Persia (2)– More concessions from British oil companies – More Iranians hired in more powerful economic and government

positions.• He made strict anti-Islam rules as __________ did in Turkey.

– Mustafa Kemal• This will anger Shi’ite Muslims, • Iranian secret police will arrest many for the next few decades.

• Petroleum drew more Western oil companies to the Middle East. Especially from the……– United States. – The oil companies were powerful enough to have their governments

force Iran and others to cooperate.

Hwk

6, Image, 395

• Question

• To forcefully ensure segregation of Blacks from Whites.– White South Africans set up systems to give

them economic and social control – They would be the only ones to benefit.

Standards Check, p. 395

• Question:

• The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefitted mainly themselves.

Thinking Critically, 396-7

• Questions• 1• The African National Congress protested legally

– It sought to reform specific laws.• The Wafd Party protested violently with strikes

and riots.• 2• It shows that different African peoples had been

working for independence from the imperialists for many decades before they were finally granted it.

Standards Check, p. 397

• Question:

• Encourage nationalism

• End colonial rule

• Unite Africans in their desire for independence.

Biography, 398

• Question

• Because he led the fight to start the Turkish Republic and modernized it.

Standards Check, p. 398

• Question:

• Focused on

• modernizing industry and transportation

• Secularizing schools

• Westernizing culture

Map Skills, 399

• Questions• 2• Petroleum (oil)• The discovery of oil caused foreign companies to begin

moving to the Middle East to exploit the resource.– The oil companies used their governments to force Arab nations

to cooperate.• 3• Wilson’s idea of “self-determination” gave rise to Pan-

Arabism.• Nationalism grew after WW I, especially in the Versailles

Treaty “Mandates”.

Standards Check, p. 400

• Question:

• The Balfour Declaration…..– Britain supported a Jewish Homeland in

Palestine.• Jews began immigrating

– Palestinian Arabs were denied independence by Britain

• They began losing land to Jews.