Nationalism and Nationalism and ImperialismImperialism

-Key Concepts--Key Concepts-

I. NationalismI. Nationalism

Its Cultural RootsIts Cultural Roots Revival of National Revival of National

LanguagesLanguages Special National Special National

MissionMission The Decline of The Decline of

Romantic Romantic NationalismNationalism

Tough-Minded Tough-Minded Realism after 1848Realism after 1848

I. Nationalism (cont)I. Nationalism (cont) Tough-Minded Realism Tough-Minded Realism

after 1848after 1848--The Cultural and --The Cultural and Intellectual ClimateIntellectual Climate--State-focused politics--State-focused politics--The Dominance of --The Dominance of “Realpolitik”—“Realpolitik”—expedience and powerexpedience and power

Creation of the Creation of the Modern Nation-State Modern Nation-State System, often through System, often through warwar

II. Germany: A Case StudyII. Germany: A Case Study

Prevailing Prevailing Conservatism in Conservatism in 18501850-- “Junkers”-- “Junkers”--Romantic vision --Romantic vision of warof war--Parliament --Parliament rejected the rejected the Military Budget of Military Budget of 18621862

II. Germany: A Case Study (cont)II. Germany: A Case Study (cont)

““Realpolitik Realpolitik Personified”: Otto von Personified”: Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)Bismarck (1815-1898)--Background--Background--Flexible and --Flexible and PragmaticPragmatic--Hated Liberalism, --Hated Liberalism, Democracy and Democracy and SocialismSocialism--Manipulated --Manipulated Liberalism and Liberalism and Socialism to increase Socialism to increase the power of the the power of the Prussian statePrussian state

II. Germany: A Case Study (cont)II. Germany: A Case Study (cont)

Steps toward Steps toward unification of Germanyunification of Germany--Austro-Prussian War --Austro-Prussian War (1866)(1866)--Battle of Sadowa--Battle of Sadowa--New North German --New North German ConfederationConfederation--Franco-Prussian War --Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)(1870-1871)--Releases --Releases Nationalistic frenzyNationalistic frenzy--Upsets European --Upsets European Balance of PowerBalance of Power

III. The Power of Competitive III. The Power of Competitive NationalismNationalism

Competition pursued Competition pursued in almost all areas of in almost all areas of activityactivity

Each nation refused to Each nation refused to recognize any recognize any interests other than its interests other than its ownown

Each nation was Each nation was determined to prove determined to prove its inherent historic its inherent historic superioritysuperiority

III. The Power of Competitive III. The Power of Competitive Nationalism (cont)Nationalism (cont)

International International Application of Social Application of Social DarwinismDarwinism

Remaining Remaining Nationalistic “Hot Nationalistic “Hot Spots”Spots”--Russia and the --Russia and the Crimean War (1853-Crimean War (1853-1856)1856)--Sergei Witte and --Sergei Witte and modernizationmodernization--Ireland and Home --Ireland and Home RuleRule

IV. ImperialismIV. Imperialism Anti-imperialist Anti-imperialist

sentiment before the sentiment before the 1870’s1870’s

Mostly economic Mostly economic penetration before this penetration before this pointpoint

Assumption: Costs Assumption: Costs exceed profits from exceed profits from colonialismcolonialism

Colonies would sooner Colonies would sooner or later demand or later demand independenceindependence

Countries absorbed Countries absorbed with domestic turmoilwith domestic turmoil

IV. Imperialism (cont)IV. Imperialism (cont)

The Great Age of The Great Age of Imperialism (1880-Imperialism (1880-1914)1914)

--Africa--Africa

--South Pacific --South Pacific IslandsIslands

--Southeast Asia--Southeast Asia

--China--China

--Central Asia--Central Asia

V. Causes of this Imperialistic V. Causes of this Imperialistic EnthusiasmEnthusiasm

Missionary Activity Missionary Activity and the Anti-and the Anti-Slavery MovementSlavery Movement

--Dr. David --Dr. David LivingstoneLivingstone

Scientific CuriosityScientific Curiosity A New Breed of A New Breed of

AdventurersAdventurers

--Carl Peters--Carl Peters

V. Causes of this Imperialistic V. Causes of this Imperialistic Enthusiasm (cont)Enthusiasm (cont)

--Cecil Rhodes--Cecil Rhodes

--Boer War (1899---Boer War (1899-1902)1902)

International International Prestige through a Prestige through a Darwinian StruggleDarwinian Struggle

National Security National Security and Naval Basesand Naval Bases

--Alfred T. Mahan--Alfred T. Mahan

VI. Economic Motivations for VI. Economic Motivations for Imperialistic EnthusiasmImperialistic Enthusiasm

Belief that new Belief that new markets must be markets must be found to prevent found to prevent financial downturnsfinancial downturns--revived mercantilism--revived mercantilism

Source of Raw Source of Raw MaterialsMaterials

Target for Excess Target for Excess CapitalCapital

Economic Benefits of Economic Benefits of Imperialism were far Imperialism were far less beneficial than less beneficial than assumedassumed

VI. Economic Motivations (cont)VI. Economic Motivations (cont) European countries did not invest primarily in European countries did not invest primarily in

coloniescolonies--Only 10% of French investments in their --Only 10% of French investments in their colonies—only 5% for the Germanscolonies—only 5% for the Germans

Trade followed the same patternTrade followed the same pattern--Only 25% of British Trade with its colonies—only --Only 25% of British Trade with its colonies—only 11% for the French and .4% for the Germans11% for the French and .4% for the Germans

European countries did the greatest volume of European countries did the greatest volume of business with each otherbusiness with each other

Most important economic motivation: raw Most important economic motivation: raw materialsmaterials

Economics was thus an illusory stimulusEconomics was thus an illusory stimulus

VII. The Fusion of Nationalism and VII. The Fusion of Nationalism and ImperialismImperialism

Huge Power Gap Huge Power Gap between European between European and non-European and non-European statesstates

-- “Gunboat -- “Gunboat Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

--Battle of Omdurman --Battle of Omdurman (1898)(1898)

--The Second Opium --The Second Opium War (1856-1860)War (1856-1860)

VII. The Fusion of Nationalism and VII. The Fusion of Nationalism and Imperialism (cont)Imperialism (cont)

European Rivalries European Rivalries intensified by intensified by imperialismimperialism

India: The Pride of India: The Pride of British ImperialismBritish Imperialism

The Growth of Popular The Growth of Popular Imperial LiteratureImperial Literature

--Rudyard Kipling--Rudyard Kipling

--Gunga Din--Gunga Din

--Ernest Psichari--Ernest Psichari

VIII. The Fusion of Racism and VIII. The Fusion of Racism and ImperialismImperialism

Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism: “Fit” versus “Unfit” “Fit” versus “Unfit” RacesRaces

““The White Man’s The White Man’s Burden”Burden”

The Benefits of this The Benefits of this “Burden”“Burden”----satisati

Disrespect and Disrespect and condescension toward condescension toward indigenous peoples indigenous peoples and culturesand cultures

VIII. The Fusion of Racism and VIII. The Fusion of Racism and Imperialism (cont)Imperialism (cont)

The Congo Free The Congo Free State in Africa: A State in Africa: A Personal Fief for Personal Fief for King Leopold II of King Leopold II of Belgium (1884-Belgium (1884-1908)1908)

Exploitation of Exploitation of colonial colonial possessionspossessions--The Dutch --The Dutch “Culture System”“Culture System”

IX. Criticism of ImperialismIX. Criticism of Imperialism

The Marxist Critique of The Marxist Critique of ImperialismImperialism

--J.A. Hobson’s --J.A. Hobson’s ImperialismImperialism (1902) (1902)

Need of the Rich to Need of the Rich to Drain off Surplus Drain off Surplus CapitalCapital

Opportunity to Divert Opportunity to Divert Attention from the Attention from the need for Domestic need for Domestic ReformReform

IX. Criticism of Imperialism (cont)IX. Criticism of Imperialism (cont)

Moral condemnation Moral condemnation of Imperialismof Imperialism

--Joseph Conrad, --Joseph Conrad, The The Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness

--George Orwell, --George Orwell, Burmese DaysBurmese Days (1933) (1933)

--British --British RajRaj

-- “one long struggle -- “one long struggle not to be laughed at.”not to be laughed at.”

Failure of the Western Failure of the Western Liberal TraditionLiberal Tradition

X. Colonial Responses to Western X. Colonial Responses to Western ImperialismImperialism

Initial Response: Initial Response: Attempt to Drive the Attempt to Drive the Imperialists awayImperialists away

““Traditionalists” who Traditionalists” who continue to resist in continue to resist in any way that they canany way that they can

““Modernizers” who Modernizers” who learned western ways learned western ways in order to later use in order to later use them against them against imperialistsimperialists

X. Colonial Responses to Western X. Colonial Responses to Western Imperialism (cont)Imperialism (cont)

Example of Example of Modernizers: Meiji in Modernizers: Meiji in JapanJapan

Traditionalists and Traditionalists and Modernizers struggled Modernizers struggled first with each otherfirst with each other

Imperial Rule was built Imperial Rule was built on a foundation of on a foundation of sandsand--Ho Chi Minh--Ho Chi Minh--Liberalism, --Liberalism, Nationalism and Nationalism and Marxist Socialism as Marxist Socialism as colonial weaponscolonial weapons