narayani rice mills.doc

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Narayan Rice Mill is a rice mill established in 2000 A.D. with a

view to indulge in the business of conversion of paddy into rice and

thus raise profit and at the same time behave in a socially

responsible manner.

Narayan Rice Mill is a sole trading concern, the entire

management of which is vested upon the owner namely Mr. Mukesh

Sharma. More over the concern is run by a team of 5 office

employees. The close supervision of the owner coupled with

enthusiasm and zeal of the employees provide an appropriate

platform for the operation of the concern as for as achievement of

its objective are concerned.

The mission of the concern is to be one of the major market

player in the said locality by the end of year 2008 A.D. by

enhancing its market share to 68% from its current level of 32%.

Besides this the concern also aims to behave in a social responsible

manner by initiating a scheme of educational scholarship for the

students of financially unsound background who intends to pursue

higher studies in the field of management.

The concern is situated about 2 km north of Dubai along the

Dharan- Jogbani highway. This location is ideal in the sense that its

helps the concern to reap certain benefits associated with the

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centralization of industries in the said locality and also reap benefits

of rich paddy production in the said area.

N.R.M is a category of a sole trading concern and hence

almost the entire capital is contributed by the proprietor himself.

Moreover the concern aims to go public in the near future.

Advertising is one of the four major tools by which the firm

directs persuasive communications to target buyers and publics. It

consists of non-personal forms of communication conducted

through paid media under clear sponsorship.

Advertising is one of the four major tools by which the firm

directs persuasive communications to target buyers and publics. It

consists of non-personal forms of communications conducted

through paid media under clear sponsorship.

Advertising is one of the most widely used promotion tools. It

is used by business, non-government organizations. Charities and

service institutions. Advertising is any paid form of non-personal

communication by an identified sponsor to promote products.

The close supervision of the owner coupled with segregation

of duties into recording, custodial and authorization functions

provide a good system of prevention and detection of errors and

frauds.

The future plans of the N.R.M are as follows:

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1. Expansion plans leading to increase in production level to 400

quintals of rice per day from its present level of 100 qt. per day.

2. Cost reduction plans to cut conversion cost by 30% through

adoption of cost cutting measures such as replacement of semi-

modern plans with fully modern plans conducting time and motion

study and so on.

3. Besides this the concern also aims to go public by the end of year

2007 A.D. in order to obtain resources to support increased needs

as a result of expansion.

1.2 Purpose of Field Study:

People have sought for years to define the purpose of

advertising. In his Madison Avenue, USA, Martin Mayer sounded a

skeptical note by saying: Only the very brave or the very ignorant

can say exactly what advertising does in the marker place. It is

fairly clear, however, what advertising is supposed to do. In ultimate

terms, advertising is undertaken to increase company sales and / or

profits over what they otherwise would be.

Advertising however, is rarely able to create sales by itself.

Whether the customer buys also depends upon the products, the

price, the packaging, the personal selling, the services, the

financing, and the other aspects of the marketing process.

Following points will emphasize more or make clear about the

purpose of advertising.

Information: Advertising disseminates information to target

customers. The information can be about the products brand,

uses, features, advantages, benefits, price and avaibility. The

aim is to create brand awareness and acceptance.

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Persuasion: Advertising persuades target customers to

make the purchase decision in favor of the advertised brand.

The aim is to stimulate product demand, build brand

preference and encourage purchases and brand switching. It

attracts middleman to carry the brand.

Reminder: Advertising reminds the customer about a brand.

Customers have short-lived memories about the brand name.

Frooti ads remind customers about the need for soft drinks in

summer.

Image building: Image building advertising creates goodwill

about the organization in the perception of customers. This

adds value to the products. For e.g. Sony ads focus its

SONY.

Competition: Advertising helps to face competition. It aims

to meet competition or gain advantage over competitors.

More specifically; the purpose of advertising is to enhance

potential buyers responses to the organization and its

offerings. It seeks to do this by providing information, by

trying to channelize desires, and by supplying reasons for

preferring the particular organizations offering.

There is much debate & confusion about the extent of

advertisings power to influence buyer behavior. Critics of

advertising such as Vance Packard charge that many of us

are being influenced and manipulated, far more than werealize, in the patterns of our everyday lives. Packard

believes that the scientific probing our everyday lives.

Packard believes that the scientific probing into subconscious

motives has been advertising agencies on precedent skill in

moulding buyer thought processes and purchasing decisions.

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Others dispute this position. They point to the few message

people really observe out of the thousands they are exposed

to. They point to the immunity developed by many Americans

to much of the advertising around them. They point to the

fact that advertising is only one of several influences on a

persons behavior and probably far less important-because it

is known to be self serving- than such influences as peers

and personal observation. It is difficult to know how effective

advertising is, expect in the more obvious cases. Direct action

advertising, such as mail-order & want ad advertising, serves

to stimulate immediate sales. Its effectiveness is therefore

directly measurable. Delayed action advertising purports to

build up favorable attitudes. There is little doubts that the

brand advertising of such companies as Alberto-Culver &

Revlon has been a measure factor in their success, but one

must remember that these companies also offer good

products and have good merchandising & trade coverage.

Effective advertising alone would not compensate for badproducts or other faults in the marketing program. In fact, it

can even hasten the demise of a bad product by accelerating

its use and negative word of mouth. If the firms offering is

sound, however, advertising can make a significant

contribution in the marketing process.

Various lists have been drawn of the conditions under

which advertising is likely to be a significant factor in the

marketing process. The contribution of company advertising is

likely to be greater.

When buyer awareness is minimal.

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When industry sales are rising rather than remaining stable

or declining.

When the product has features normally not observable to

the buyer.

When the opportunities for product differentiation are

strong.

When discretionary incomes are high.

1.3 Procedure of Field Study

The wide diversity of occasion for the use of advertising makes it

essential that management develop a clear conception of what it

specifically wants to achieve through its overall advertising efforts

as well as through particular advertising campaigns down to specific

ads. Defining goals is the key requirement for effective advertising

planning and the measurement of results. Yet the failure to define

advertising goals is the leading deficiency, according to the two

major studies.

The ultimate goal of advertising is to increase the firms

profitability. Because of the difficulty of measuring this, most

advertisers settle for more measurable goals. The possible goals,

ranked in terms of ease of measurement (though inversely in terms

of importance), are:

Exposure: An exposure means that a target member of the

audience was exposed to the medium carrying the ad, not that

he actually saw it. Advertisers often set the goal of achieving a

certain number of exposure per period to a target audience.

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Awareness: Advertisers would have more confidence if they

knew that the target audience actually heard or saw the ad. They

may set a goal of achieving a certain level of audience

awareness of the message. The campaigns success can be

measured through surveys collecting audience ad recall of

recognition.

Attitudes: A higher level goal occurs when the advertisers

specifies a certain level of favorable attitude he wants the

advertising to achieve in the target audience. Attitudes are of

course influenced by other things than the advertising, but the

advertiser may want to measures as carefully as possible the

attitude impact of the advertising campaign.

Sales : Companies would prefer to set a certain sales goal for

their advertising to achieve. While the actual sales impact of

advertising is difficult to isolate, some progress in measurement

is being made.

Advertising goals should be formulated by advertisers as specifically

as possible in order to guide the copy development, mediaselection, and results measurement. The stated goal to create

brand preference is much weaker than to establish 30%

preference is much weaker than to establish 30% preference for

brand X among Y million housewives by next year. Colley listed as

many as fifty-two specific communication goals, including:

Announce a special reason for buying now.

Build familiarity and easy recognition of package or trademark. Place advertiser in position to select preferred distributors and

dealers.- Persuade prospect to visit a showroom, ask for a

demonstration.

Build moral of company sales force.

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Correct false impression, misinformation and other obstacles to

sales.

1.4 Methods of Data Collection

100s study is about Narayan rice mill. For the study different

sources are used:

1.4.1Primary Sources:

Primary sources are original data gathered by the researcher for the

research project at hand. Thus, these data are collected for meeting

the specific objective of the study. Primary data can be collected

through interviews, questionnaires, observation, or experiments.

1.4.2Secondary Source:

Under secondary data, data are collected through second person. Itis in the form of raw data and published materials. However the

unpublished data such as record, reports or statistics gathered or

compiled by other prior to our study are also called secondary data.

This report is based on both sources, but basically depends

upon secondary data. The data is collected from the concerned

department and annual reports of co-operative and financial

statistic published by co-operative Ltd, various articles, bulletins

and publication. Interaction is done with respective people of that

co-operative Ltd. These how all the data are analyzed.

1.5 Limitation of Study

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The main problem of the study is time, budget, availability of data

and others. We have to complete the research report within the

fixed time period. Research study is very difficult to find the fact

things due to the some limitations of the study. It affects the

financial position of the NRM. Inflation has badly destroyed firm B/S.

It is also difficult to generalize about whether a particular ratio is

good or bad.

Advertising analysis can provide useful information

concerning enterprises financial and operational conditions. There

are some limitations of this study are as under:

a. It ignores the qualitative factors.

b. Ratio doesnt consider price level change

c. It is based on secondary data.

d. The fiscal year 2007/08 is assumed as base year.

e. The data provided by the staff of NRM is assumed true and

Data are round up in figures.

f. The study is based mainly on secondary data so this study is not

Free from the limitation of secondary data.g. This study is based on past year published financial report so the

conclusion drawn by it may be misguide for future action.

h. The data used in this study are modified as per need of the study.

i. Only Limited financial tools i.e. ratios are used to analyze the

financial statements.

1.6 Significance of the Theory:

Before preparing fieldwork report we have to do various activities

which are known as fieldwork procedure. They are as follows:

Selection of field work subject

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Selection of title

Collection of data like annual report, income statements,

auditors report and various books of different writers.

After doing all these above-mentioned procedures, I went to

NRC Duhabi, where I meet the managers of office. According to

their suggestion and advice I took the annual reports of the

department stores from which I got adequate data and information,

which are very helpful for preparing my fieldwork report. For

preparing this report I contact campus their, supervisors, lecturers

and some friends and they gave me valuable information and

suggestions.

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CHAPTER -2

PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS OF DATA

2.1 Advertising Media

Media is the channel for transmission of advertising message. It

consists of the following types.

A. Print Media:

It consists of advertising done through printed materials. It is a

mass media. It can be classified into:(a) Newspaper: They can be daily or weekly. They cover news, ideas

and

opinions about current affairs and other aspects. They are an

important and powerful tool for transmitting advertising message.

(b) Journals and magazines: They are published monthly,

quarterly, semi-anually or annually. Their target audience is specific

group of readers. They can be related to professions, culture,

religion, health, trade, entertainment & women affairs. Journal of

marketing is an example.

(c) Others: They can be directory, brochure, newsletter,

catalogue, inserts, direct mail & package print.

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B. Visual Media:

It consists of outdoor advertising that draws visual attention. It is

visible to eyes. It can be classified:

i. Billboards: They are boards with printed ads. They remain fixed in

central location or top of the buildings. They even incorporate

motions and colorful three dimensional figures to get increased

attention. Computerized billboard painting has improved their

quality.

ii. Outdoor displays: They consist of outdoor displays to attract the

attention of customers. They can be wall painting, posters, banners

& sky writing. Electric signs are also used.

iii. Indoor displays: They consist of indoor displays to attract attention

of customers. They can be point of purchase displays in retail shops.

They can be used for print of purchase display.

C. Audio Media:

It is electronic mass media. It consists of sound to attract attention.

It canbe through message, dialogue, drama, music or their combination.It can be classified into:

(a) Radio: It is broadcast media. It makes audio impression on listeners.

It is a popular media for advertising.

(b) Telephone: It is used for direct communication of advertising

message to customers. It is effective and gives personal touch.

D. Audio- visual media:

It is electronic mass media. It combines sound, motion and

visual effects. Advertising can be done to describe and demonstrate

product. It can be classified into:

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(a) Television: It is the most powerful media for advertising. Falling TN

prices, especially for those made in china, have made it easily accessible in

households. It brings family members together.

(b) Others: They can be cinema and video tapes. They have a limited reach.

D. Internet Media:

It is a global network of computers. It is based on information

communication technology. It needs telephone and computer. It is

speedy. It has worldwide reach. Ecommerce is the outcome of internet

revolution.

2.2 Media Selection

An important part of the advertising job consists of deciding on the

best media for carrying the advertising message to the target market. The

advertiser is trying to achieve a certain reach, frequency, impact &

continuity with his advertising budget. He needs to know the target

markets media habits and the qualities and costs of different media.The selection of the major media categories will be examined first

and then the selection of specific media vehicles within these categories.

The problem of scheduling the advertising will be examined in the next

section.

The extent to which the firm should use television, radio, newspaper,

magazines, billboards, and other media depends on at least three

factors.

The target audiences media habits are the first factor to consider in

media category selection. Taking an extreme case, a company

producing toys for pre- scholar- and believing that the children rather

than their parents should be reached would say away from newspaper,

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magazines, and radio. The only medium that pre-scholars, and reaches

them effectively, is television.

The product is another important factor. The major media categories

have different potentialities for demonstration, visualization,

explanation, believability, and color. A product like Sony cameras is

best advertised through live demonstration in the television medium. A

product like dressed, where color might be important, is best

advertised in a medium like magazines.

The cost of the different media is a third factor. Television is a very

expensive medium, whereas newspaper advertising is comparatively

inexpensive. Yet what is ultimately important is not the absolute cost

differences but audience size and composition in relation to these cost

.

2.3 Selecting Specific Media Vehicles

The first stage of analysis should result in a decision on how much

to spend in each media category. The decision may be made, for e.g. to

spend approximately Rs. 240000 out of a Rs. 1 million advertising budgeton magazines. But which magazine ? And how many issues of each should

be purchased ?

At this point the media planner turns to several volumes put out by

standard rate and data that provide cost, circulation, and other

information on 100s. of magazines. The prices are given for different at

sizes, color options, ad positions and quantities of insertions. Most

magazines offer quantity discount varying with the number of purchased

insertions for the year.

1. The cost per-thousand Criteria: Media planners try to

calculate the cost thousand persons reached by the particular

vehicle. If a full-page, four color advertisements in KANTIPUR cost

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Rs. 50000 and Kantipurs estimated readership is 10 million

persons, than the cost of reaching each 1000 person is Rs. 5. The

same advertisement in BLAST TIMES may cost Rs. 15000 but

reach only 2 million persons, at a cost per thousand of Rs 7.50.

The media planner would rank the various magazines according to

cost per thousand and place advertisement in those magazines

with the lowest cost per thousand.

2. Computerized Media Selection: An increasing number of agencies

are using a computer program to develop their advertising media

plan. At least three different basic types of models are in use.

I. Linear programming

II. Heuristic programming

III. Simulation model.

2.4 Size of the Advertising Budget

Each year the firm must decide how much to spend on advertising.

Four of the more common methods in use are described below.

(a) Affordable Method: Many companies set the advertising budgeton the basis of what they think the company can afford. As told by one

advertising executive:

Why its simple. First I go upstairs to the controller and ask how

much they can afford to give us this year. He says a million and a half.

Later, the boss comes to me and asks how much we should spend, and I

say oh, about a million and a half. Then we have an advertising

appropriation.

(b) Percentage of sales Method: Many companies set their

advertising expenditures at a specified percentage of sales or of the sales

price. A rail road company executive said:

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We set our appropriation for each year on Dec. 1 of the preceding

year. On that date we add our passenger revenue for the next month,

and then take two percent of the total for our advertising appropriation

for the New Year.

(c) Competitive parity Method: Some companies set their

advertising budgets specifically to match competitors outlays that is, to

maintain competitive parity. This thinking is illustrated by the executive

who asked a trade source: do u have any figures which other companies

in the builders specialties field have used which would indicate what

proportion of gross sales should be given over to advertising?

Two arguments are advanced for this method. One is that

competitors expenditures represent the collective wisdom of

the industry. The other is that maintaining a competitive parity

helps to prevent advertising wars.

(d) Objective and task Method: The objective and task method calls

upon advertising objectives as specifically as possible, determining the

task that must be performed to achieve these objectives and estimating

the costs of performing these tasks. The sum of these costs is theproposed advertising budget.

The method has strong appeal and popularity. Among

advertisers its major limitation is that it does not indicate how the

objectives. They should be chosen and whether they are worth the

cost of attaining them.

2.5 Decision models for setting advertising budgets

In recent years various researchers have designed advanced

decision models for setting the advertising budget. These models differ in

the advertising to which they are addressed and the type and number of

variables they include. We shall review four of the models here.

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a. Sales response and Decay Models: The earliest advertising

budgeting models attempted to measure the shape of advertising

sales-response function. Given this function, the profit maximizing

advertising outlay can be determined. As for the shape itself, the

evidence is mixed. Many analysts hold that the sales/advertising

curve is S-shaped.

b. Communication stage Models: Communication stage advertising

models arrive at an advertising budget by noting its affect on

several intermediate variables that link advertising expenditures to

ultimate sales. Ule developed an example to show how a

manufacturer of a brand new filter-tip cigarette, BENSION &

HEDGES (name fictious) could establish the necessary advertising

budgets. The steps are as follows:

1. Establish the market share goal.

2. Determine the percent of the market that should be reached

by Benison & Hedges advertising.

3. Determine the percent of aware smokers that should be

persuaded to try the brand.4. Determine the number of advertising impressions per one

percent trial rate.

5. Determine the number of gross rating points that would have

to be purchased.

6. Determine the necessary advertising budget on the basis of

average cost of buying a gross rating point.

C. Adaptive- control Models: Adaptive advertising budgeting models

make the assumption that the parameters of the advertisings sales-

response function are not stable but change through time. If they

were stable, it would pay the company to make a big effort to

measure the functions as soon and as accurately as possible

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because the benefits in achieving optimization would extend far into

the future.

D. Competitive share Models: The preceding models do not explicitly

take competitors expenditure into account. Competitive- share

determination and interaction is a more dynamic phenomenon than

the foregoing discussion suggests. Competitors may adopt a wait

and see attitude towards the advertising spending level of the firm.

If the firms sales increasing significantly, competitors may increase

their own expenditures, cut prices, expand their sales force, and so

on. Each type of reaction would have a different effect on market

share.

2.6 Measuring advertising effectiveness

Good planning and control of advertising depend critically on

measures of advertising effectiveness. Yet the amount of fundamental

research on advertising effectiveness is appallingly small.

Most of the measurement of advertising effectiveness is of an

applied nature, dealing with specific advertisements and campaigns. Ofthe applied part, most of money is spent by agencies in protesting the

given advertisement or campaign before launching it into national

circulation. Relatively less tends to be spent on post testing the effect of

given advertisements and campaigns.

The research techniques used to measure advertising effectiveness

vary with what the advertiser is trying to accomplish. The behavioral

change of ultimate interest to the advertiser is the act of purchase. One

would expect to find that research on the sales effect of advertising

predominates. Actually, sales effect research tend to be meager in

comparison with communication effect research to determine the effect

of given advertising on buyers knowledge, feelings and convictions. Many

advertisers feel that the links between sales and advertising are too

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tenuous, complicated and long term to permit measuring the direct

impact. They feel instead that the more-short term communication effects

of given advertisements should be measured.

(a) Communication effect Research: Communication effect seeks to

discover whether the advertising is achieving the intended

communication effects. There are various ways to evaluate the

communication effectiveness of , say an individual ad. Called copy

testing, it can occur before an ad is put into actual media and after

it has been printed or broadcast. The purpose of ad protesting is to

make improvements in the advertising copy to the fullest extent

possible prior to its release.

There are three major methods of ad protesting:

1. Direct ratings.

2. Portfolio tests.

3. Laboratory tests.

There are two popular ad post testing methods the purpose of

which is to assess the actual communication impact of the ad

after it has appeared in the media. They are as follows:

1. Recall tests.

2. Recognition tests.

(b) Sales effect Research: Communication effect advertising

research undoubtedly helps advertisers improve the quality of

message content and presentation, but it reveals very little about

how much sales may be effected, it at all.

The sales effect of the advertising will generally be more

difficult to measures than the communication effect. Advertising

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sales effectiveness is easiest to measures in mail-order situations

and hardest to measure in brand or corporate- image building

advertising.

The media opted by NRM is clearly explained with the help of

following table:

TABLE -2.1

Statement showing allocation of budget on different advertisement media

during past year

In lakhs

Year Print Media Electronic Media Others Total

2007-08 2.25 1.95 0.80 5.002008-09 1.50 3.50 0.60 5.602009-10 1.20 4.25 0.50 5.952010-11 0.75 5.10 0.35 6.202011-12 0.70 5.50 0.10 6.30Sources:Annual report of Narayan Rice Mill

The above table indicates the increase in absolute rupee amount

spent by NRM in advertisement during the successive years. It also throws

light the change in composition of the advertisement incurred towards

different media. A scrutiny of the above table reveals a major shift inemphasis of NRM from predominantly print media to electronic media.

The total advertisement expenditure of NRM has shown substantial

increase by about 20% since year 2007-08. The expenditure incurred

during this period on electronic media has increased by around 64% while

expenditure incurred on print media has shown a massive decline by

about 68%. This shows the growing importance of technology in the field

of advertisement.

Years Advertisement exp. Sales2007-08 5.00 1152008-09 5.60 1452009-10 5.95 1702010-11 6.20 180

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2011-12 6.30 195

Sources:Annual report of Narayan Rice Mill

The above table reveals emphasis of advertisement on sales. The

increase in advertisement expenditure is coupled with massive increase in

sales over the successive year. This point is more substantiated during

the year 2007-08, 2008-09 where a moderate increase in advertisement

expenditure has resulted in a massive increase in sales.

The increase in advertisement expenditure was about 20% from 2007-08

to 2011-12. On the other hand the increase in sales was by 70% during

the corresponding period.

Table-2.3

Statement showing market share of NRM during passed three years.

Year

Market Share

NRM Others

2009-10 21% 79%

2010-11 32% 68%

2011-12 37% 63%

Sources:Annual report of Narayan Rice Mill

The above table epics increase in market share of NRM with the

passed of time with the increase in advertisement expenditure. This

shows the sensitivity of the market share to advertisement expenditure.

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Table -2.4

Statement showing the proportion of advertisement expenditure of NRM

in the industry.

Year Advertisemen

t

Exp. of NRM

Others Total %

2009-10 5.95 13.05 19 31.32%

2010-11 6.20 15.80 22 28.18%

2011-12 6.30 20.70 27 23.33%

Source:- Annual report of Narayan Rice Mill

The above table reveals that advertisement expenditure of NRM relative

its industry was 31.32% during the year 2009-10.It failed to 28.18%

during 2010-11 which further decline to 28.18% during 2011-12 which

furher decline to 23.33%.

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CHAPTER-3

Summary, Conclusion & Recommendation

3.1 Summary

Advertising is the backbone for any business or organization. Today

advertising has played vital role in promotion decision. Without

advertising no any organization thinks about sustaining in the market.

Similarly we can say that success key for any organization is

advertising. The passes of the time has brought absolute importance of

advertising. Before print media has taken vital place in the form of

advertisement. Today, due to the innovation of various technologies,

electronic media has stepped forward.

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So the management of the organization must be able to decide

which media should be opted. For large scale organization electronic

media will be suitable where as for small scale organization print media

will be suitable.

Therefore proper decision on the advertisement media helps in the

success of the organization.

Right media facilities organization for their success!

Wrong decision about media results in decline of the success!

3.2 Conclusion:

The data collected and its interpretation reveals that there is achange in media from print to electronic which have facilitates NRM to

increase their sales. Proper media decision has helped the organization in

establishing their name in the market locally.

After taking into consideration, all the relevant factors from the

study of advertising decision Narayan Rice Mill, it can be concluded thatproper decision related to media has helped organization to increase its

sales, and are able to satisfy its customer. The consumer with open arms

has accepted the company policy of providing quality product at a

reasonable price. The company has to ensure its continuous performance

in proper manner.

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3.3 Recommendation:

1. NRM should emphasize more on qualitative aspects of

advertisement rather than simply increasing the quantum of

advertisement expenditure.

2. NRM should strive to achieve better market share to advertisement

ratio by alerting the advertisement mix in a proper manner.

3. Since the most of the output of NRM is locally consumed, it should

rely less on electronic media for the purpose of advertisement and

try to search for new alternative such as hoarding boards, using

pamplates and other locally penetrative techniques.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Arens $ Brovee, Contemporary Advertising IRWIN USA, 1994.

2. Pratik $ Little Field, Advertising Global Business Press, New Delhi,

1985.

3. Stanton, William, Fundamental of Marketing McGraw Hill, New

Delhi, 1985.

4. Sterm. Louis, Marketing Channels, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi, 1990.

5. Agrawal Govind Ram(2005),Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Management in Kathmandu,Nepal.M.K.Publishers.

6. Barrow Collin(2006).The Essence of Small Business,New

Delhi:Pearson Education.

7. Shukla M.B.(2003) Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Management,Allahabad,Kitab Mahal.

8. Pant,Prem &.(2010).Social Science Research and Thesis Writing ( 5th

Ed.),Kathmandu:Budhha Academic Enterprises.9. Robbins,S.P.Judgu,Timothy A & Sanghi,Seema(2009) Organisational

Behaviours ( 13th Ed.),New Delhi: Pearson Education.

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APPENDIX: A

Interview Schedule for Data Collection

1. District: Sunsari

2. Would you give some data of you mill for field survey report?

i) Yes ii) No

3. What is the condition of your business?

i) Good ii) Better iii) Best iv) Bad

4. When did you start the mill?

i)2027 B.S.

5. From where do you purchase grain?

i) Inside the district ii) Outside of the district iii) Both of these

6. Where do you sell rice?

i) Inside the district ii) Outside of the district iii) Both of

these

7. Have you managed the advertising well of your mill?

i) Yes ii) No iii) Not care

8. Have you any data about advertising of mill?

i) Yes ii) No

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9. Have you calculated economic order quantity of mill?

i) Yes ii) No

10 Have you calculated total cost of inventory?

ii) Yes ii) No

11 Have you made advertising analysis chart of firm toward advertising

management?

i) Yes ii) No

12 Do you have Advertisement Management Training?

i) Yes ii) No

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APPENDIX: B

Following formulas are used in our calculation:

Order size = Annual Requirement / No. of Orders

Average Advertising size = order size / 2

Total Carrying Cost = Average Advertising Size X Carrying Cost per

Unit

Total Carrying Cost = No. of Order X Ordering Cost per Order

Total Cost = Total Carrying Cost + Total Ordering Cost

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