nanotechnology manfred scriba materials sciences and manufacturing 27 october 2006...
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Nanotechnology
Manfred Scriba
Materials Sciences and Manufacturing
27 October 2006
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Overview
• How small?• Nanotechnology – definition• Examples• Approach to manufacture• Tools• Building blocks• Applications• International• South Africa• CSIR Activities
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Ant head
1mm
Human hair
100um , 100 000nm
Red blood cell
10um, 10 000nm
DNA
4nm wide
H2O Molecule
0.2nm
How small?
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Nanotechnology
“ Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems, whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical
and biological properties – and that enable the exploitation of novel phenomena and processes –
due to their nanoscale size.”
- National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA
2 examples
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1 mm3
10 nm10 nm33 in 1 mm in 1 mm33
Dissolution time:
1 mm3 - 34 million years
1 nm3 - 1.1 seconds
1. Nanoparticles1: surface area
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Greatly IMPROVED:• surface area (>800m2/gram)• catalytic activity• mechanical reinforcement • magnetic properties (super-magnets)• ductility and formability of ceramics• luminescence of semiconductors • waste reduction
Nanoparticles2
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Remarkable properties:• Conduct better than Cu• Behave like metals or semiconductor• Heat transmission better than diamond• Very strong (100x steel)• 1/6 the weight
2. Carbon Nanotubes: Strength
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Assemble Nano-parts• Chemical Synthesis• Vapour Deposition• Sol-gel• Pyrolysis• Manipulators• SELF ASSEMBLY
‘Sculpt’ from Bulk• Lithography• Etching• Ion beam milling• Ball milling
Bottom Up / Top Down
Approach to manufacture
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Characterisation • SEM, AFM, STM • TEM, XRD• Nano-tweezers• Lasers• Focused Ion
Beam• Clean Rooms
ToolsSynthesis • Chemical vapour
deposition• Plasma• Sol-gel• Laser ablation• Reactor• Chemical lab
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• Fullerenes/nanotubes• Nanoparticles• Nanofibres• Nanocomposites• Layers/Films• Nano-Dots/Wires• Nano–Biotech
Building Blocks
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Nanocomposites
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Biomimetics
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INFORMATION
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Quantum Dots
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1 mm3
Current:1 Gigabyte
• Digital memory – capacity / cost• Access – speed / ease• Display – cost / size / flexibility
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ENERGY
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HEALTH1
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Nanocapsules
HEALTH2
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AUTOMOTIVE
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COSMETIC
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Big R&D spending (2005)
- Japan > $800m - W. Europe > $700m
- USA > $800m - Other > $600m
INTERNATIONAL
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FOCUS:Social
• Water• Energy• Health
Industry• Materials• Minerals and
Mining• Chemical and Bio-
processing
Strategy 2006- R420m (3years)- HRD- Equipment- Chairs- Flagship projects
www.sani.org.za200+ members (SA and International)
South Africa
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• Nanoscienece Research Group
- CNT
- Nanoparticles
- Nanocomposites
- Drug encapsulation
- Dye solar cells (TiO2 nanoparticle)
- Fuel cell membranes
CSIR activities
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