nanoconvention07 hofmann nanopartical
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NenoparticleTRANSCRIPT
NANOCONVENTION 2007
Nanoparticles: The Basis of Ink-jet Materials
Rita Hofmann
ILFORD Imaging Switzerland
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• Company Profile ILFORD
• Products
• Technology
• Advantages of nano particles
• Risk assessment
• Outlook
Lay-out
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Site Marly (FR)
Ca. 420 employees in Switzerland, ca 20 outside
Production ~ 200
Sales, Distribution, TS, 50
FO&E 70
Administration (Finance, IT, HR) 100
Production site in Marly (FR), since 2005 part of Oji Paper Group (Japan)
World-wide sales (Export >95%)
To key customers (>70%)
Own brand
Private label
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125 Years of (international) History
18791879
18821882
19351935
1879 H.A. Harmann, «Britannia Plates» founded in Ilford UK1882 «Lumière» founded in Lyon France1935 «Telko» founded in Fribourg CH1969 Consolidated by Ciba-Geigy
1989 Acquisition by International Paper USA
1997 Acquisition to Investment company Doughty Hanson (UK)
2005 Sale of the Swiss site to Oji Paper Group , Japan, ofILFORD Imaging Switzerland)
18791879
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Colorants for Photo-qualityIJ printers
IJ Photo papersIJ Proof papers
Considerable market share in:
Technological Transition: Photo to Ink-jet
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Traditional photoInk-jet
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Sales of ILFORD in product categoriesin 2006
ILFORD Products
Desktop InkjetPapers
56%
Wide Format InkjetPapers
17%
Inks and dyesInkjet21%
Photographic color products6%
All products are manufactured in Marly, Switzerland
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Technological Background
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Business Photography Ink-Jet Imaging
Competence
AgXCore-shellparticles
Dye-Synthesis
Web-coating
Ink-Formulation
Company BACKGROUND
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From Tree to Photo: Manufacturing processes
Pulp& Paper making
Base Paper making
Front and backinglayercoating
Dispersion making
Rawmaterials
forestry Photo Prinitng Photo performance
Manufacturing steps Ink
CoatingSolutionmaking
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Layer technology of IJ Photo Media
Thickness of layersdry 1 – 50 μwet 10 – 500 μ
Ink-jet media production process resembles photographic coatingprocess, Coating solutions are made of metal –oxide nanoparticle instead of silver halide dispersions
Curtain Coating
Ink Jet
Disperison making and
Coating solution making
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Polymer technology
Nanoporous technology
Dry Wet
time
Polymer
time
SiO2
Two types of Ink-Jet receiving layers
Nanoporous
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Advantages Nanoparticles
Receiving layerhν
hν
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50
Vol
%
Diameter of particles [nm]
Size of particles in dispersiondv50 16nmall particles < 43 nm
Paper support
Glossy Photo paper
PE
Silica/Alumina
• Faster drying, faster printing• Water fast • Fine Pores=better transparency• better transparency =>• =>better Gloss• => better colour brilliance
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feathering
ozone fastness
coalescence
bronzing
ink overload
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800 . 0 0
0 . 5 0
1. 0 0
1. 5 0
2 . 0 0
2 . 5 0
0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0
C rM gY bR gR bG rG bB rB gK3K4KW
OD, gamut
Ink up-take volume
Ink up-take speed
Film transparency
Dye adsorptioncharacteristics
Otherproperties
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Nano Pigment Ink
Pigment Ink TypPrimary size(nm)
Surface TensionDynes/cm
Mean Particle Sizes (nm) BET
m2/gMagenta1Magenta2
PR122PR122
-60
3236
130108
6397
Cyan 1Cyan 2
PB15:3PB15:3
85-
3236
12986
48130
Yellow 1Yellow 4
PY155 PY74
9065
3635
160111
5047
L=90
L=80
L=70
L=60
L=50
L=40L=30
L=20
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
R
G
Y
M
B
C
Inkset 2M2,C2,Y4 - Gamut Total 33,452
L=90
L=80
L=70
L=60
L=50
L=40L=30
L=20
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
R
G
Y
M
B
C
Inkset 1M1,C1,Y1 - Gamut Total 22,329
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SuccessSuccess factorsfactors
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New competences through collaboration
EIF
ILFORD Nanoporous Ink-Jet TechnologyCollaboration with Prof. H. Hofmann (EPFL)
Dispersion making + Gas-fadingCollaboration with Prof. G. Furrer (ETHZ)
Investigation of gas-fading mechanismsCollaboration with Prof. Rossi (EPFL), J.-N. Aebischer (EIF)
Li-Ion Battery Project Collaboration with Profs. M. Grätzel & H. Hofmann (EPFL)
Nanoporous polymer layers Collaboration with M. Liley (CSEM)
Thin film security labels Collaboration with Dr. A. Stuck (CSEM)
Thin film optics and imagingCollaboration with Prof. L. Zuppiroli (EPFL)
And many more....
Ink-Jet
Energy
Optics&
Imaging
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Key factors
KMU have limited means (per year and cumulated ) for Investments. Important was :
• Motivation to change and take a risk• Evolutionary and not revolutionary technology
– Existing production machine could be used ( with modifications)– Traditional production could run in parallel – Additional investments were modest– Essential know how was available in the company, special know-how in
Switzerland (collaboration with universities)• Nano particle were only used in a closed production process, so that
the HS&E risk for could be estimated.• There was a need for the product in a world wide existing market.
– Assures fast sales – But also means that the competition will follow very soon. (other
companies, other technologies)
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Investments
New background technology is only slowly paid back in a traditional company, it must replace existing and proven technology
• Research effort had to be invested for more than 4 years (first patents) before the technology reached the development stage.
• Considerably more effort was necessary for the development stage (about 10x cumulated)
• Introduction into production took more than a year. Total time to large scale production was more than 8 years before first profits were made with the technology.
• Payback will be more than 4 years after introduction .
• Total time equals cycle times of technology today.
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Form Polymer to nano particle layer technology
Research cost and Sales
05
1015202530354045
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
NanoTraditionel
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Part of Nano products
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
% Forschung% Produktion
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RiskRisk ManagementManagement
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Scientific Research vs industrial Production
Scientific research• Small quantities for limited time• Aim is understanding and learning
Industrial Production • Large quantities over longer time , target are competitive products • Installation are often used for different processes.• Prevention of break down and events are high priority• Manufacturers are liable.
– much stricter selection of materials that are used.
Important: Risk assessment in production• Use of harmless raw materials or adapted manufacturing processes, work safety and strict
work practice• Responsible waste management• Prevention of accidents and events
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Exposure assessment algorithm (of the Scientific Committee on Emerging and newly identified Health risks SCENIHR)
Is human/environmental exposure likely NO Reassess if change in use/manufacture/disposal
YESAre the particles of a substance whose toxicology is known
YES
NO Full risk assessment required
Are particles homogeneous
Are particles soluble in aqueous media
YES
NO
NO Different particles may need to beassessed separately
YES Further assessment may not beneeded +
Are particles less than 0.1umYES
Does rapid coalescence with other particlesoccur
NO
Are other chemicals adsorbed onto the particle
NO
Is the reactivity much greater than for largerparticles ot the same substance
NO Existing exposure data may besufficient +
Existing exposure data may besufficient +
High priority for ADME studies by relevant routes of exposure
YES
NO Existing exposure data may be sufficient
YES
YES
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Industrial Nanochemistry
Dry powderBeispiel :
Source: www.cabot-corp.com
Density (uncompressed): 40 kg/m3
25 m3 = 25’000 l
1000 kg
Big-bag1 m3
25 big-bags
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Risk Management
Avoiding risk in manipulation
Risk management
• No standards about toxicity and eco-toxicity of Nano particles
• Open Dialogue with the public
Measures at ILFORD
• Final products have no nano particles Manipulation as much as possible in a closed process
• Eco-studies at intermediates were made and showed they are benign
• Support through SUVA in fine particle measurements
• Collaboration in the commission for standards
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Further progress
Silo-Technology
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OutlookOutlook
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The future potential of the technology in other fields than hardcopyimaging.
time
Mat
urity
of te
chno
logy
products
today
PhotographyInk-Jetnew technology
about 150 years
ca.20 years
Technology Transition: Imaging
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AqueousAqueous coatingcoating of of flexible hybrid flexible hybrid filmsfilms
PolymerSol-Gel
Nanoparticle
Ilford competences
Design & SynthesisDesign & Synthesisof of organicorganic dyesdyes andandfunctionalfunctional hybrid hybrid
nanoparticlesnanoparticles
FormulationFormulationof of solublesoluble
& & pigmentedpigmented
inksinks
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Building-block system to create a broad palette of new products
barrier layertransparent baseadhesive layer
luminescentconductivelow index n
Economical large area
multilayer coatingsof functional materials
2D-Pattern (Ink-Jet)
New generation of products
The future
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ThankThank youyou