HIGHER LEVEL

[Turn over© MoE/DNEA

NAMIBIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL 8330/1PAPER 1 2 hours 15 minutes

Marks 75 2013

Additional Materials: Answer Book

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES

• Write your answers and working on the separate answer book provided.• Write your Centre Number, Candidate Number and Name on all the work you hand in.• Write in dark blue or black pen.• You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.• Donotusecorrectionfluid.

• Answer three questions

• All work must be clearly shown. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

Republic of NamibiaMINISTRY OF EDUCATION

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02

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1 Fig. 1 shows that the population of a country may change over time.

Stages of population change through time

highStage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Birth rate

Death rate

Death rate Birth and

lowtime Key

population grouth

Fig. 1

(a) (i) Describe the shapes of the birth rate and the death rate curves. [4]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the changes in population growth shown in Stages 2 and 3. [6]

(iii) Describe the changes to the total population of a country as it moves through Stage 3 and Stage 4? [4]

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3(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa.

Fig. 2

(i) DefineHIV/AIDS. [1]

(ii) Use Fig. 2 to name two countries where between 10 and 20 percent of the population are infected with HIV/AIDS. [2]

(iii) What strategies are being used by government to try to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Namibia. [5]

(iv) Developing countries such as Namibia are advised to eradicate poverty firstintheireffortstolimittheeffectsofHIV/AIDS.

Do you agree with this statement? Suggest reasons for your answer. [3]

[25]

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2 (a) Fig. 3 shows land use in the large city of Sydney in Australia.

SECTION ACROSS THE MAP FROM SOUTH - NORTH

Botany BayCumberland Plain

CITY CENTRE (C.B.D.)

SydneyHarbour Bridge

Hornsby Plateaum150

0Harbour Bridge

S N0

km

10

Key

Ccity centre (C.B.D.)

heavy industry

light industry

housing

woodland and road

airport

parkland

TASMANSEA

N

Manly Beach

CITY CENTRE (C.B.D.)

Bondi Beach

PortJackson

Botany Bay PortA modern port on reclaimed land. Oil tankers, bulk-carriers and container ships berth here

D

C

A

B

Parr a m att aR

ive rRiver

Georges

Fig. 3

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5With reference to Fig. 3, suggest reasons for

(i) the building of large apartment blocks to replace older small houses in area A; [2]

(ii) thepossibilityoftrafficcongestionatcertaintimesofthedayalongthemainroad near to B; [3]

(iii) the location of the airport at C; [3]

(iv) problems of pollution occurring in area D; [3]

(v) the distribution of light and heavy industrial areas; [4]

(vi) the importance of protecting the areas of woodland and parkland from development. [2]

(b) Oneof themainproblems in townsandcities throughout theworld is trafficcongestion.

Using examples from towns and cities which you have studied, describe measures which have been taken to reduce this problem. [8]

[25]

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3 (a) Study the climate graphs for a station in Africa (Fig. 4) and answer the following questions.

3735333129272523

aver

age

tem

pera

ture

ºC

J F M A M J J A S O N Dmonths

aver

age

rain

fall

(mm

)

220200180160140120100

80604020

0J F M A M J J A S O N D

months

Fig. 4

(i) Using the information given in the graphs, describe the main features of the climate. [5]

(ii) Explain the pattern of temperature shown on the graph. [3]

(iii) Explain the annual distribution of rainfall shown on the graph. [4]

(iv) Name the type of natural vegetation found in areas with this type of climate and show how the features of the individual plants are adapted to the climate. [4]

(b) (i) Name the instrument used to measure wind speed. [1]

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the main features of the instrument you have named in (b)(i). [4]

(iii) Describe and explain where this instrument should be placed in order to obtain an accurate reading. [4]

[25]

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74 Study Fig. 5, which shows a stretch of coastline and a cross section along the

line A – B.

1500

B

2550

75

75

50

5025

75

75

5025

MLW

MH

W

Y

Z

AKey

sand

blown sand and dunes

contours in metres

mean high waterMHW

mean low waterMLW

cliffs

rocks

0

metres

0

25

50

75

100

CROS-SECTION A - B

BA

Fig. 5

(a) (i) Describe the physical features of the coastline in Fig. 5. [4]

(ii) With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the shapes of the coastline between Y and Z. [4]

(b) What is a destructive wave and how does it differ from a constructive wave? [4]

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(c) Study Fig. 6, which is a sketch map of part of the coast of Namibia.

Key

sand

salt marsh

river channels sometimesoccupied by water

sand dunes

salt pan

ZN

km

100

Walvis Bay

Swakopmund

Newcourse

Old course50

m10

0 m

grav

el

50 m

100

m

Fig. 6

(i) State the compass direction of longshore drift along this coast. [1]

(ii) Describe and explain, with the aid of a labelled diagram, the process of longshore drift. [4]

(iii) Identify the type of dune indicated on the map. [1]

(iv) Describe the main characteristics of this dune. [4]

(v) Explain how wind action is responsible for the formation of the characteristics of these dunes. [3]

[25]

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95 Study Fig. 7, which is a plan of a small scale, intensive farm in Southern Africa

growing cash crops of vegetables.

Dam/Reservoir

Dam wall

Pump

Boundary fence

To Mazenot

To Maseru 2 km

N

Staff housing

Main drainage ditch

Stream

Pp 891 1

2B

B

B

B

B94

M M Sq Sq R R

PoPoPoPoPoPo

OO O

OSpSp

Sp

Pe

Pe

PePe

SpPe

SpPe

SpPe

SpPe

Pe

97

SCALE (approx)

0 200metres

Be

O

C

Key

Green house (Glasshouse) for tomatoes

Trees

1 Storage sheds

M MaizePo PotatoesSq Squash/pumpkinsR RadishB BeansO OnionsC CarrotsBe BeetrootPp PepperL Lettuce/broccoliPe PeasSp Spinach/cabbage

Road

Irrigation

Minor drainage ditches

Flow of water

94m Height of land relative to pump

Crops grown

2 Officesandworkshop

Fig. 7

(a) (i) State the advantages this farm has for the intensive cultivation of vegetables. Use only evidence from Fig. 7. [5]

(ii) Suggest two climatic conditions which may cause problems for the farmer in this area. Use only evidence from Fig. 7. [2]

(iii) Describe the methods of irrigation which may be used on farms such as the one shown in Fig. 7. [4]

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(b) Fig. 8 shows how the yields of three crops, grown by some subsistence farmers, decline with time.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

MA

NIO

C

GR

OU

ND

NU

TS

RIC

E

Rel

ativ

e Yi

eld

Year after clearing the land for cultivation

Key

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Fig. 8

(i) Describe and give reasons for this decline. [4]

(ii) Describe the human inputs which might make subsistence farming more productive. [5]

(c) Identify the problems which arise from the need to increase cultivation and agricultural output in developing countries. [5]

[25]

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116 In 2002 a report on the global environment was produced for the United Nations.

The report contained details of problems for the environment which had occurred over the last 30 years and made a forecast for the next 30 years.

Some of the information in the report is given in Fig. 9.

The bad news• In 30 years 70% of the Earth’s

surface will be suffering severe impacts of human activities, destroying the natural world with cities (urban sprawl), roads and mining.

• 1 183 species of birds, around 12% of the world’s total, and 1 130 species of mammals, about 25%, are threatened with extinction.

• One-thirdoftheworld’sfishstocksare depleted or over exploited.

• Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could double by 2050.

• There are 2.2 billion more mouths to feed than in 1972, and there will be another 2 billion in 30 years.

• Already 40% of the world is short of fresh water, in 30 years this will rise to 50%.

• Afifthoftheworld’spopulationisresponsible for 90% of consumption.

• Two thirds of the population, about 4 billion people, live on less than U$2 a day.

• More than 20% of usable land suffers from soil erosion and loss of fertility. The main causes are overgrazing (35%), deforestation (30%) and crop growing (27%).

• More than a billion urban dwellers, mostly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, live in slums. Another billion people will be living in cities by 2010.

• Half the world’s rivers are seriously depleted and polluted.

And the good news• The hole in the ozone layer is being

repaired because of an 85% reduction in use of harmful chemicals in 114 countries.

• The number of people with improved water supplies increased from 4.1 billion to 4.9 billion in the last 10 years.

• About 10% of the earth, 12.18 million hectares, is in protected areas like nationalparks,fivetimesasmuchas30years ago.

Fig. 9

(a) (i) What is meant by each of the terms

soil erosion,

overgrazing, and

deforestation? [3]

(ii) What evidence is given in Fig. 9 that there will be problems in providing sufficientfoodin30yearstime? [2]

(iii) Why are many species of birds and mammals threatened with extinction? [2]

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(b) With reference to Fig. 9 and studies you have made, explain the causes of two of the following problems:

(i) high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere;

(ii) deforestation;

(iii) soil erosion. [8]

(c) Two encouraging features in the report concern the reduction in the thinning of the ozone layer and the expansion of the parts of the natural world, which are protected from development.

(i) Why is it important to reduce the depletion of the ozone layer? How is this being achieved? [2]

(ii) Giveyourviews,withreasons,ontheimportanceanddifficultiesofextendingprotected areas in the world. [8]

[25]

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