name of school date earthquakes and seismology. plate tectonics
TRANSCRIPT
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Name of School
Date
Earthquakes and Seismology
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Plate Tectonics
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A Century of Earthquakes: 1906-2006
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Global Seismographic Network
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2006 Earthquakes > M5.5
2006 Earthquakes > M5.5 in the world
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How Many?
Earthquake Magnitude and Equivalent Energy Comparisons
Source: http://www.iris.edu/edu/onepagers/no3.pdf
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Earthquakes generate Seismic Waves that travel around the globe and tell us about the Earth’s interior.
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Simple Seismometer
A simple way to measure shaking from earthquakes.
To see it in action, watch this 14 sec videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX5VXGmdnAg&NR=1
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What is an Earthquake?
Earthquake: The sudden release of elastic energy by fracture over some area of the earth.
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What is an Earthquake?
Earthquake: The sudden release of elastic energy by fracture over some area of the earth.
Earthquake: The sudden slip on a fault (release of elastic energy), and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip.
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Fault: A fracture (crack) in the earth, where the two sides move past each other and the relative motion is parallel to the fracture.
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Typical Plate Boundaries
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Plate Boundaries& earthquakes
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Types of Faults
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A fence built over a fault…
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1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Fence Offset
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Offset Stream Channels in Central California
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Types of Seismic Waves P-wave:
Primary Wave. Compressional wave, like a Slinky© being pushed and pulled.
S-wave: Secondary Wave. This is a shear wave where
particles move perpendicular to the travel direction of the wave.
Surface Waves: Both Love and Rayleigh Waves. Only shallow
particles are disturbed. Love waves are sideways, Rayleigh are vertical (like ocean waves).
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Types of Seismic Waves
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Types of Seismic Waves
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Seismographs
Horizontal Vertical
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Distance to quake epicenter
P
S
L
Note:P-wave firstS-wave secondSurface waves last
Time lag between p and s-wave arrival is called t.
Fig 3.22
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Ts=23sTp=14s
Maximum Amplitude = 540 mm
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Locating Earthquakes
Fig. 3.23
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Locating Earthquakes
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Locating Earthquakes
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Earthquake SizeRichter Magnitude:
Relative Size of an Earthquake(based on seismograph
shaking)
Seismic Moment/Moment Magnitude: Absolute Size of an Earthquake
(based on energy released)
Modified Mercalli Intensity:How much I’m shakin’(based on talking to people)
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Calculating Richter MagnitudeA.K.A Local Magnitude
ML = log10A - log10Ao
A is the amplitude of the s-wave measured at given stationAo is the amplitude of a MR=0 event at the same distance
PS
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Log of the Amplitude for a Magnitude 0 Earthquake
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M = 4
M = 0
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Earthquake: The sudden slip on a fault (release of elastic energy), and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip.
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Aki’s Seismic Moment Formula
Mo = s A
Where:
is the shear modulus.S is the average slip on the faulted area.A is the area of the fault plane over which slip has occurred.
Shear modulus ( can just be thought of as the strength of the faulted material
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Modified Mercalli Intensity
Based on response of humans and structures
I (not felt except by few)
XII (total destruction)
Still useful for comparison with older earthquakes for which there were no instrument records
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Earthquake Info on the Internet
http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/
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Earthquake Info on the Internet
http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/eqcenter/dyfi.php
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Did You Feel It???
Go online and tell us!
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Earthquake Info on the Internethttp://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs.html
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Southern California with
Faults & the Big Bend
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Southern California from Space(1)
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Southern California from SpaceWith a Few Major Faults
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Historical Earthquakes (1800-1850)Historical Earthquakes (1850-1900)Historical Earthquakes (1900-1950)Historical Earthquakes (1950-2004)Historical Earthquakes (1000-1800)
Smith and Sandwell, 2006
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Thank You for Your Attention
Questions?