results of plate tectonics: 1.volcanism2.diastrophism3.earthquakes
TRANSCRIPT
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Results of plate Results of plate tectonics:tectonics:
1.volcanism1.volcanism
2.diastrophism2.diastrophism
3.earthquakes3.earthquakes
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VolcanismVolcanism
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VolcanismVolcanism movement of molten rock from movement of molten rock from
earth’s interior through a conduit earth’s interior through a conduit or opening to, or near, the surfaceor opening to, or near, the surface
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Types of volcanism:Types of volcanism:
A. ExtrusiveA. Extrusive
1. Volcanoes1. Volcanoes a) shielda) shield b) compositeb) composite c) cinder conec) cinder cone
2. Lava Flows2. Lava Flows flood basaltsflood basalts
B. IntrusiveB. Intrusive
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A. Extrusive VolcanismA. Extrusive Volcanism
Magma reaches the surface (lava) Magma reaches the surface (lava) and cools above the surface.and cools above the surface.
1. Volcanoes1. Volcanoes: hills or mountains of : hills or mountains of volcanic material that was released volcanic material that was released under pressure from a ventunder pressure from a vent– >500 active (4/5 “ Ring of Fire”)>500 active (4/5 “ Ring of Fire”)
- subduction, rift valleys, mid-oceanic - subduction, rift valleys, mid-oceanic ridges, hot spotsridges, hot spots
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Types of Volcanoes:Types of Volcanoes:
a) Shield Volcanoesa) Shield Volcanoes– broad, gently sloping surfacesbroad, gently sloping surfaces
examples: Hawaii, Azores, Mt. Hekla in Icelandexamples: Hawaii, Azores, Mt. Hekla in Iceland
– tallest mountains on earth are shield tallest mountains on earth are shield volcanoes from the ocean floorvolcanoes from the ocean floor
– effusiveeffusive eruption eruption nonviolent eruption due to type of magmanonviolent eruption due to type of magma
– low viscosity; 2200 degrees F, little gas in magmalow viscosity; 2200 degrees F, little gas in magma– Iron, magnesium, low in silica: from Iron, magnesium, low in silica: from asthenosphereasthenosphere
Primarily basaltPrimarily basalt
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b) Composite Volcanoesb) Composite Volcanoes– steep-sidedsteep-sided– alternating layers of pyroclastics and alternating layers of pyroclastics and
lavalava pyroclasticspyroclastics: rock pieces ejected:: rock pieces ejected:
– Tephra: pulverized rockTephra: pulverized rock– Scoria: cindery vesicular rockScoria: cindery vesicular rock
– ash falls and lava flowsash falls and lava flows– subduction zonessubduction zones
examples: Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainier, Mt. examples: Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Fuji, Mt. HoodFuji, Mt. Hood
– explosive explosive eruption due to type of eruption due to type of magmamagma higher viscosity, 1600 F; contains gaseshigher viscosity, 1600 F; contains gases from melting of from melting of lithospherelithosphere: more silica: more silica
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Types of volcanism:Types of volcanism:
A. ExtrusiveA. Extrusive
1. Volcanoes1. Volcanoes a) shielda) shield b) compositeb) composite c) cinder conec) cinder cone
2. Lava Flows2. Lava Flows flood basaltsflood basalts
B. IntrusiveB. Intrusive
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Composite = stratovolcanoComposite = stratovolcano
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Insert map of volcanoesInsert map of volcanoes
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CALDERACALDERA: landform associated with : landform associated with some composite volcanoessome composite volcanoes
– large bowl-shaped depression left after large bowl-shaped depression left after a composite volcano blows; mountain a composite volcano blows; mountain collapses inwardcollapses inward
– Example: Crater LakeExample: Crater Lake
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c) Cinder Conesc) Cinder Cones
– steep, cone-shaped hills of steep, cone-shaped hills of pyroclastics pyroclastics
– moderately explosivemoderately explosive– most abundant and smallest (<1500 most abundant and smallest (<1500
ft. high)ft. high)– central cratercentral crater– form rapidly, erode rapidlyform rapidly, erode rapidly
example: central Arizona; Paricutin, example: central Arizona; Paricutin, Mexico; Idaho Snake River PlainMexico; Idaho Snake River Plain
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Types of volcanism:Types of volcanism:
A. ExtrusiveA. Extrusive
1. Volcanoes1. Volcanoes a) shielda) shield b) compositeb) composite c) cinder conec) cinder cone
2. Lava Flows2. Lava Flows flood basaltsflood basalts
B. IntrusiveB. Intrusive
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2. Lava Flows2. Lava Flows
Effusive (nonviolent) eruptionsEffusive (nonviolent) eruptions spreading boundaries and hot spotsspreading boundaries and hot spots lava spreads out over surface; coming out lava spreads out over surface; coming out
of of fissure fissure (rift)(rift)– example: Lake Superior shore example: Lake Superior shore
1.2 billion yrs BP1.2 billion yrs BP
can accumulate layer upon layer : can accumulate layer upon layer : FLOOD FLOOD BASALTBASALT– examples: Columbia Plateau (Washington), examples: Columbia Plateau (Washington),
Deccan Plateau (India)Deccan Plateau (India)
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B. Intrusive VolcanismB. Intrusive Volcanism
Magma solidifies beneath surface; Magma solidifies beneath surface; intrudes into cracks in crustintrudes into cracks in crust
– intrusions can later be exposed at intrusions can later be exposed at surface; more resistant than surface; more resistant than surrounding rocksurrounding rock
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Intrusive landformsIntrusive landforms NeckNeck: narrow steep-sided peak , : narrow steep-sided peak ,
formed in central vent of an extinct formed in central vent of an extinct volcanovolcano– E.g., Ship Rock, Devil’s TowerE.g., Ship Rock, Devil’s Tower
DikeDike: thin layer of igneous rock ; : thin layer of igneous rock ; vertical; cuts across other rock layersvertical; cuts across other rock layers
SillSill: thin layer of igneous rock : thin layer of igneous rock between rock layersbetween rock layers
PlutonsPlutons: large igneous bodies at depth: large igneous bodies at depth– batholithsbatholiths– laccolith: dome-shapedlaccolith: dome-shaped
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