nadzemni vodovi-vezbi

7/23/2019 Nadzemni vodovi-vezbi

1/179

.


2/179

I


3/179

.

, - 2 1 400 kV, . 65, 04.11.1988 . , , .

, : , , , , ,, .

.1000 V.

1000 V.

,.

.

.

() ,

, .

() -. () . , .

.

95% (-), 90% . JUS.

5 ()


4/179

.

, , .

. ()

, [daN/m] () () , [m].

. () -

(), .

.

.

, .

-.

, .

-.

, .

, .

, , .

- , +40, 5() .


5/179

.

()

.

.

-.

.

.

, , (,, ..).

.

(- ) , .


6/179

I :

1.

1.1.

-: (Cu), (Al), (Fe). , -

. , .

1.2.

. , .

. -. 16 mm2 80 m.

.

1.3.

, . , , [mm], 1.1.

1.1, 380 daN.

1.1.


7/179

I :

1.4.

(-MK..1.302) , 1.2

1.2 (Al),MK..1.302

(mm

2)

(mm

2)

d(mm)

M[kg/km]

Fkin[daN]

r20(/km)

(A)

16 15,89 7 1,7 5,1 44 290 1,802 90

25 24,25 7 2,1 6,3 67 425 1,181 120

35 34,36 7 2,5 7,5 94 585 0,833 150

50 49,48 7 3,0 9,0 135 810 0,579 18570 65,82 7 2,1 10,5 181 1150 0,437 225

95 93,27 19 2,5 12,5 256 1595 0,309 285

120 117,00 19 2,8 14,0 322 1910 0,246 330

150 147,10 37 2,25 15,7 406 2570 0,196 380

185 181,60 37 2,5 17,5 501 3105 0,159 435

240 242,50 61 2,25 20,2 670 4015 0,119 515

300 299,40 61 2,5 22,5 827 4850 0,080 600400 400,10 61 2,89 26,0 1105 6190

500 499,80 61 3,23 29,1 1381 7600

600 586,00 61 3,5 31,5 1640 /

700 710,00 61 3,85 34,7 1960 /

1.5.

(Al/^), MK..1.351, 1.3.


8/179

I :

1.3. Al/^ ,MK..1.351

(mm

2)

(mm

2)

Al. .

. .

.d(mm)

M[kg/km]

Fkin[daN]

-r20()

.Id(A)

16/2,5 15,3/2,6 6 1,80 1 1,80 5,4 62 595 1,879 90

25/4 23,8/4,0 6 2,25 1 2,25 6,8 97 920 1,203 125

35/6 34,3/5,7 6 2,70 1 2,70 8,1 140 1265 0,835 145

50/8 48,3/8,0 6 3,20 1 3,20 9,6 195 1710 0,595 17070/12 69,9/11,4 26 1,85 7 1,44 11,7 284 2680 0,413 235

95/15 94,4/15,3 26 2,15 7 1,67 13,6 382 3575 0,306 290

120/20 121,6/19,5 26 2,44 7 1,90 15,5 492 4565 0,237 345

150/25 148,9/24,2 26 2,70 7 2,10 17,1 601 5525 0,194 400

185/30 183,8/29,8 26 3,00 7 2,33 19,0 742 6620 0,157 455

210/35 209,1/34,1 26 3,20 7 2,49 20,3 845 7490 0,138 490

240/40 243,0/39,5 26 3,45 7 2,68 21,9 987 8640 0,119 530360/57 360,2/57,3 26 4,20 19 1,96 26,6 1483 12745 0,080 675

490/65 490,3/63,6 54 3,40 7 3,40 30,6 1855 15310 0,059 840

170/40 171,8/40,1 30 2,70 7 2,70 18,9 790 7675 0,168 435

240/55 241,3/56,3 30 3,20 7 3,20 22,4 1107 10385 0,119 530

350/80 349,3/78,9 30 3,85 19 2,30 26,9 1585 14845 0,083 675

490/110 87,8/111,2 30 4,55 19 2,73 31,7 2221 20800 0,059 840

50/30 51,2/29,8 12 2,33 7 2,33 11,7 375 4380 0,564

95/55 96,5/56,3 12 3,20 7 3,20 16,0 708 7935 0,389

120/70 122,0/71,3 12 3,60 7 3,60 18,0 896 10000 0,299

75/80 74,8/78,9 18 2,30 19 2,30 16,1 828 10500 0,236

1.6.

() p [daN/m,mm2]. () , 1 mm2, .. G [daN/m]A[mm]:

2


9/179

I :

,1

Al Al Fe Fe Al Fe

Al Fe

p A p A p pp

A A

+ += =

+ + (1.2)

=AAl/AFe , pAl pFe ,.

L, F= A, (Hooke) L:

,L F L

L

E A E

= = (1.3)

L/L:

.L

L E

= (1.4)

E [daN/mm2] , [daN/mm2].

E . , , , .

. (Al), (Cu) (Fe) :

EAl = 5700 daN/mm2 ,ECu =11000 daN/mm

2 ,EFe =18000 daN/mm2 ...

, Al/^AlMg1/^-, A=AAl+AFe -(1.5).

.1

Al Al Fe Fe Al Fe

Al Fe

A E A E E EE

A A

+ += =

+ + (1.5)

L , L. L , ..

L= L, (1.6)

:


10/179

I :

.( ) ( 1)

Al Al Al Fe Fe Fe Al Al Fe Fe

Al Fe

A E A E E E

E A A E

+ + = =

+ + (1.8)

1.4 -.

1.4.

.

p[daN/m, mm

2]

E[daN/mm

2]

[1/oC]

Cu / 7 8,90 10.300 17,0.106

Cu / 19, 37 8,90 10.500 17,0.106

Al / 7 2,70 6.000 23,0.106

Al / 19, 37 2,70 5.700 23,0.106

Al / 61 2,70 5.500 23,0.106

Fe / 7 7,80 18.000 11,0.106

Fe /

19, 37 7,80 17.500 11,0.

10

6

Al/ 6 6/1 3,50 8.100 19,1.106Al/ 6 26/7 3,50 7.700 18,9.106

Al/ 7,7 54/7 3,36 7.000 19,3.106

Al/ 4,4 30/7 3,75 8.200 17,8.106Al/ 4,4 30/19 3,64 8.000 18,0.106

Al/ 1,7 12/7 4,66 10.700 15,3.106

1.7.

, . , , , , : ), ) , ) , .

1.7.1.

, , . ,


11/179

I :

1.7.2.

FV [daN] v[m/s] S,[m] :

FV = c.PV.S.sin. (1.9)

:

c , -. , :

c= 1,0 ,

c= 1,4 ,c= 1,1 ,c= 0,7 , ..

S;PV , v

(1.10):

PV= v

2

/16. (1.10) v [m/s] PV[daN/m].

v-. 20% , 20%. , . , . (Un> 400kV) .. 5%.

PV -

, 1.5. , -v , (1.11) PV, () , 1.5.

1 5


12/179

I :

1.7.3.

() , , 0,5 5. G [daN/m] , . (). () :

g= 0,18 d [daN/m]. (1.11)

(1.11) () d, [mm]. g, , [daN/m].

() Gn , g. , Gn, ., , , 20%.

, :

1,0.g; 1,6.g; 2,5.g; 4,0.g. (1.12)

Gnkn, :

Gn= kng; ( kn= 1,0; 1,6; 2,5 4,0).

() Gi , ( 20 ), 20, . , ,

5%. Gi ki, :

Gi = kiGn ; ( ki> 2,0).

-


13/179

I :

. M nd, ..:

M < nd , (1.14)

nd , .. 5+ 20 , .

id , .. 5+. () ' /. (' < id).

1.6 ( ) , [1].

1.6. [daN/mm2]

nd[daN/mm2] id[daN/mm

2]

Cu 16 30

Al 6 11

AlMg1 9 17

AlMgSiE 10,5 20

Fe I 14,5 26,5Fe II 26 49

Fe III 49,5 93

Fe IV 59,5 111

6 13 24,5

7,7 11 21

Al/ 4,4 14 26

1,7 22 41

0,95 27,5 51,5

6 14,5 27

7,7 14,5 27

AlMg1/ 4,4 16,5 30,5


14/179

II.

2.

2.1.

. (). , . . , .

. , , .

() (2.1). f .

2.2.

2.1.

, - (,). p,

(2 1)


15/179

II.

x , y x . :

const. ; sh ; ' ch .x y

x x

c c = = = = (2.3)

(2.3) 'x= 0, . :

'min= . (2.4.1)

'(2.3), :

maxch .

2ac

= (2.4.2)

(a > 400 m), , ( %). ,, .. ' .

ch (x/c) , :

2 2

2 2

p ay

c

= = , (2.1a)

(2.2) . . . (2.4) , .. :2

.8

p af

= (2.2a)

2const ; ( / ); ' 1 ( / ) ,x y

c x c = = = = + (2.3a)

2

min max 2; (1 ) .

8

p ap f

= = + = + (2.4a)

(2.1) (2.4) 400 m. -

.

l (2.5) :

2 sh ,2

al c

c= (2.5)


16/179

II.

O

X

Y

f

xf

x2

x1

y2

yf

h/2

y1

h

f

'

f

'

= o'

1'

2'

2

1

1

'

a/2a/2ad

f ~

y2

2.2.

(2.2) ad . . ad

:

( / 2 )sh ,

2 sh ( / 2 )

da h c

c a c

= = (2.7)

ad:

( )22 Ar sh 2 ln 1 ,da c c = = + + (2.8):

2 .d

ha c

a

(2.8a)

(2.2) f:

( ch 1),cos 2

c af

c= (2.9)

:2 1

.8 cos

p af

(2.9a)

= x, , ,


17/179

II.

2.3.

, 0,

0 , 0p0 , , p, . (p0 , 0 , 0 ) (p, , ) , :

2 22 2

002 2

0

( ) .24 24

op ap a

E

= +

(2.12)

(2.12) :2

2

nm

+ = , (2.13)

:2 2

00 02

0

( ) ;24 24

p a Em E E n p a

= + = . (2.14)

(p0 , 0 , 0 ) , ... () :

1. 5 (), M nd 1.6;

2. 20 , M.

M.

2.4.

, . ,


18/179

II.

a> ak 5 > 20 ,

a< ak 5 < 20 ,

a= ak 5 = 20 .

ak:

2 2

360,k Ma

p p

=

(2.15)

p =p+ p-

(). (2.15)

() . 2.

2.5.

, . , -

M (M < nd), . , () , (2.12) (2.13) f ((2.2), (2.2) , p. min max ( p ), = () f =f() , . , = () f=f() , , .

() . f,

, ,

M.

2.6.


19/179

II.

k, fkf40 . , 40,

= max= 40. , = 5+ . :

k> 40oC f40< f5 , .. fmax = f5 ;

k< 40oC f40> f5 , .. fmax =f40 ;

k= 40oC f40= f5 .


20/179

II.

3.

, . , - . . , ,

. , .

, , [1]. , .

,, , .

dS , [cm], , 3.1

3.1. , [cm]

kV 10 20 35 110 220 380

:

1.(PV= 0) 15 25 35 90 175 2802.

(PV=0,15Pmax)10 20 30 80 155 270

3.

() (PV=Pmax) / 7 10 30 55 90

()3.1:

1 P 0


21/179

II.

D> 40min [cm]iz sD k f L d= + + . (3.1)

(3.1) f40 , -, 40, [cm], ; Liz , [cm]. , , (3.1) Liz = 0. Dmin .. .

ds(3.1) [cm].

3.1, 1 (), .

k(3.1) . -/. , (3.2).

1.7. (3.2) [o

].

:

k= 4 + /25, k= 6 (Dmin= 60 cm), :

k= 2 + /10, k= 7 (Dmin= 70 cm), (3.2)

:

k= 4 + /5, k= 7 (Dmin= 140 cm).

, Dmin [cm], f40 [cm], (3.3) :

min 403 ,D f= (3.3)

, [1], -():

)Dmin> 30 cm 45 m,

)Dmin> 40 cm 45 m.

(3.1) - , .


22/179

II.

, , . 3.3

HSDS, [m].

3.3.

Un


23/179

II.

, () () .

. , ., , - , , . , .

. () . , ,

, 040, .

[1], 3.1. 30, . , 3.2.

)

Fe> f Al ,

Fe. , Fe Al, Fe.

, o< f, Al Fe


29/179

1.3., -xAlFeFAl

=FFe=F/2.:

=F/A= 7,08 daN/mm2;FAl=F/2 = 1000 daN ; Al=FAl/AAl= 3,54 daN/mm2 ;

Al= .EAl/E+EAl

.(Al).(xf) ;

3,54 = 7,08.5700/7420 + 5700.(18,9 23).106.(xf) x= 96,3oC .

1.4. Al/^ 240/40 mm2, - 1.2. (). :

) Al Fe Al Fe = 80C. F Al;

) Al Fe = 20C Fe.

:

, fAl Fe, F. , > f, Al> Fe,Al (Al < 0), < f, .. Al > 0 Fe< 0 FeAl

.F= .A,

AlFe, ,

(1.2.1) (1.2.2):E


30/179

, Al, :

Al= EAl/E+ ( Al) EAl (f) 0 ,:

= E (Al) (f) = 1,963 daN/mm2 F= A= 1,963282,5 = 555 daN., Al

, 555 daN.

b) = 20C .

(= 20C) AlFe, ..:

Al= 0 + (18,9 23) 106.5700 (20 15) = 0,812 daN/mm2,

Fe= 0 + (18,9 11) 106.18000 (20 15) = 4,996 daN/mm2.

FFe:

Fe= EFe/E+ (Fe) EFe (f) = 0,:

=E (Fe) (f) = 2,052 daN/mm2 ,:

F= A= 2,052282,5 = 580 daN.

1.5. , :

A= 50 mm2 , n= 1+6 = 7 , d

1= 3 mm d= 9 mm .

:

kn= 1,0.g (Gn= kng= 1,0g); v= 40 m/s

:


31/179

:

1. , :p= 7,8103daN/m,mm2 ,

G=pA= 7,849,48 = 0,386 daN/m.

2. pn Gn, ..:

3

2

1,0 0,18 0,18 9 0,54 daN10,91 10

49,48 49,48 m,mm

n nG k g d

p

A A A

= = = = = = .

3. p , ..:

p =p+ p= (7,8 + 10,91) 103= 18,71103daN/m,mm2 .

4. v SFV:

FV= cPVS,

L= 1 m, :

S= dL= (9103) 1 = 9103m2 = 0,009 m2.

c c= 1, :

PV= v2

/16 = 402

/16 = 100 daN/m2

. 1.5, ,

[daN/m2], : 60, 75,90,110 130 daN/m2. ,PV=110 daN/m2. , :

FV= 11100,009 = 0,99 daN/m .

:pV=FV/A= 0,99/49,48 = 20103daN/m, mm2 .

5. () Vp ,

G F


32/179

1.6.G(daN/m)-

Al/^

95/15 mm2

, [cm] p [daN/m,mm2], :

) kn= 1,0 ;

) kn= 2,5 .

, -, = 0,9 gr/cm3.

:

L

dd

1.6.1

AAl= 94,4 mm2;AFe= 15,3 mm2; A =AAl+AFe= 109,7 mm2; d= 13,6 mm; G= 0,375 daN/m.

:

, , 1.6.1., V, L, , :2 2( 2 )

( ),4 4

d dV L L d

+= = +

M:

M= V; (= 0,9 gr/cm3= 0,9 daN/dm3) .

) kn= 1,0.

1,0, :

G = kng = 1,0g= 0,18 d = 0,18 13,6 = 0,664 daN/m 6,64 N/m,

M:

M= G/g= 6,64/9,81 =0,677 kg/m.

p GA:

p= G/A= 0,664/109,7 = 6,053103daN/m,mm2 .

cm, , L= 100 cm d= 1,36V 3


33/179

) kn= 2,5.

kn = 2,5, G

, ..:G= 2,50,664 = 1,66 daN/m ,

:

p= 2,56,053103= 15,137103daN/m, mm2 .V, .:

V= 2,5.752 = 1880 cm3 ,

:.(+ 1,36).100.= 1880 ; 2+ 1,36.d 5,984 = 0 ; = 1,86 cm .

1.7. ([2]) -n = 10 , -. 1.7.1.

1.7.1.

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

vmax, m/s 47,5 43,0 35,0 43,8 38,0 33,3 41,3 41,1 40,1 40,0

() v20%5-v5% 20. .

:

: , , . () , . , , .

n = 10 ( )


34/179

1.7.2 , .. ,. , - (LaplaceGauss) , p, , , , m/s. , .. 1.7.1., , , .. .

1.7.1.

() .

, -, , .

1.7.1. ().


35/179

, .1.2.1, 20, 5% -, v5%=47 m/s, 138 da/m2. 150 daN/m2. Un= 380 kV -.

.

vsr = mv

v, 1.7.1, 20%, v20%, :

v20%= mv+ 0,842v,

20, 5%, v5%,, -:

v5%= mv+ 1,645v., , m

v= M(v

max) ,

.. vmax, v . vmax,i (i = 1, 10) (1.7.1), :

max,max,1 max,2 max,10

v max

.....M( ) 40,31 m/s

10

i

i

vv v v

m vn

+ + += = = =

,

22 2 2max, v

max,1 v max,2 v max,10 v

v

v

( )( ) ( ) ..... ( )

,10

191, 253,944m/s.

10

i

i

v mv m v m v m

n

+ + +

= =

= =

, 5:

v20%= 40,31 + 0,8423,944 = 43,63 m/s,

5:

v5%= 40,3 + 1,6453,944 = 46,8 m/s.

, , ( 10)


36/179

) G= 1,0.g, .G= 0,664 daN/m (= 1 cm, 1.6, g)

: G= 0,375 daN/m ; d= 13,6 mm ; A= 109,7 mm2.

:

Pv(daN/m2) v[m/s] :

PV= v2/16 = 402/16 = 100 daN/m2 .

(= 90; sin=1), :

FV= cPVS.

c (c = 1,0 c = 1,2 ), S, ..

.) Sa aVF

:aS = dL= (13,6103)1 = 13,6103m2 ;a

VF = cPVSa= 110013,6103= 1,36 daN/m ,

) :

Sb= (d+2).1 = (13,6+20).103.1 = 33,6.103m2 ;b

VF = c.PV

.Sb= 1,2.100.33,6.103= 4,032 daN/m.

, :

1,3674, 6 ;

0,375

1,3675,5 .

1,039

av

a

bv

b

Farc tg arc tg

G

Farc tg arc tg

G G

= = =

= = = +


37/179

:

( ) f:

2 2 3 2

2

3,426 10 333 daN4,55 .

8 8 8 10, 44 mm

p a p af

f

= = = =

) min max

, ..

, :min= = 4,55 daN/mm

2 .

max ,:

max= +p.f= 4,55 +3,426 .103.10,44 = 4,584 daN/mm2 .

(

) minmax, . ( , , .) , minmax.

) f20

() 27% :

' = 20= 1,2740= 1,27.4,55 = 5,77 daN/mm2 ,

, , f'=f20:2 3 2

20

20

3, 426 10 3338,23 m.

8 8 5,77

p af

= = =

.


38/179

:

, .

I)

O

X

Y

f

xf

x2

x1

y2

yf

y1

h

f

'

f

'

= o

'

1'

2'

2

1

1'

ad

f ~

y2

aT

a /2 a /2

h

2

.2.2.1.

:

.m11021094,12

26,143 =

==

pc

ad:

===

= 1728,0)2204/300(sh

2204/52

)2/(sh

2/

2sh

ca

ch

c

ad ,

.m379)1ln(2)(shAr2 2 =++== ccad

, aT:aT= a+ ad= 300 + 379 = 679 m ,

fT:

m71,52)12

( ==c

achcf TT .

, O -


39/179

2)

ad:

ad= 2 c (h/a) = 2 110252/300 = 382 m ; aT= a+ ad= 682 m ,

2 2

2 2 2

300cos 0,985 ;

304,473

1 1 300 110,36m;

8 cos 8 cos 8 1102 0,985

a

a h

p a af

c

= = =+

= = = =

214,26' 14,48 daN/mm ;cos 0,985

f

= =

3 21

3 22

' ( / 2) 14,48 12,94 10 (10,36 26) 14,28 daN/mm ;cos

' ( / 2) 14,48 12,94 10 (10,36 26) 14,95 daN/mm .cos

p f h

p f h

= + = + =

= + + = + + =

, . , , (, 400 m h), .

2.3.a= 200 m h= 25 m.f= 3,85 m. ^ III:

50 mm2 ,

A= 49,48 mm2 ,

d= 9 mm .p= 7,8.103daN/m,mm2.

.


40/179

2 2 2 2

300cos 0,992

300 25

a

a h= = =

+ +,

2

2

1 0,0078 300 daN10,2

0,992 8 3,85 mm

= =

:

3

10,21309,2m

7,8 10c

p

= = =

,

:

252 200 2 1309,2 527,3m

200T d

ha a a a c

a

= + = + = + =

f :

2

10,2 daN10,28

cos 0,992 m mmf

= = =

.

1 2 :3

1 2

daN( ) 10,28 7,8 10 (3,85 12,5) 10,212

2 mmf

hp f

= + = + = ,

32 2

daN( ) 10, 28 7,8 10 (3,85 12,5) 10, 407

2 mmf

hp f

= + + = + + = .

2.4.lfAl/^240/40 mm2a= 1500 m, h= 800m. = 5 G = 0,842 daN/m (p = G/A = 0,842/282,5 = 2,982.103daN/m, mm2) =

10 daN/mm2. p= 3,426.103daN/m, mm2.:


41/179

2 1sh sh ,x x

l cc c

=

x1x21 2 . aT.

2 2

( / 2 ) (800 / 2 1561)sh 0,5134 ;

2 sh ( / 2 ) sh (1500 / 2 1561)

2 ln( 1) 2 1561 ln(0,5134 0,5134 1) 1540 m ;

1500 1540 3040 m .

d

d

T d

a h c

c a c

a c

a a a

= = = =

= + + = + + =

= + = + =

aT/2 = 1520 m > a, -. , -x1x2:

x2= aT/2 = 1520 m ; y2=yT= c.[ch(aT/2 c ) 1] = 800,39 m,

x1=x2 a= 20 m ; y1=y2h= 0,39 m .

lf(2.2):

1520 201561 sh sh 1751m;

1561 1561l

= =

1 / 2 20 750 770 m;fx x a= + = + =

2

ch ( / ) 193,8 m;

/ 2 206,59 m.

f f

f

y c x c c

f y h y

= =

= =

2.5.

= () f = f() Al/^ 240/40 mm2

( =18,9.

106

1/

; =7700daN/mm2;p= 3,426.103daN/m,mm2 ; d = 21,9 mm;A= 282,5 mm2) a= 200 m.M= 8 daN/mm

2, kn= 1,0 (G= 1,0g= 0,18 d /A= 2,98210

3daN/m,mm2).

, -


42/179

f, 20 +40oC, 10oC.

, . 5oC+(a> ak), 20oC (a< ak). , :

1) a> ak; 0= 5oC; p0=p+p; 0= M

2) a< ak; 0= 20oC; p0=p; 0= M.

, M

.

= () f= f() , , . .

ak= 121,9 m < a(2), , 0, :

0= 5oC;p0= p =p+p= (3,426+2,982).103= 6,408.103daN/m, mm2

0= M= 8 daN/mm2.

, p = 3,426.103daN/m,mm2, :

+ m= (n/)2 ,:

2 2

2( ) ;

24

.24

oo o

o

p am E E

En p a

= +

=

:3

3, 426 10 200 7700 /24 12, 273 const;n = = = 2 6 2

6

2

6,408 10 2007700 18,9 10 7700 ( 5) 8 ;

24 8m

= + +

:


43/179

2 2( ) ( ) ( )

( 1) ( ) ( ) 2 3( ) ( )

( ) /; 0,1, 2, ...

( ) 1 2 /

k k k

k k k

k k

f m nk

f n

+

+ = = =

+

:

(0) 5,97;P = =

2 2

(1) 2 3

5,97 1,949 12,273 / 5,97 0,205235,97 5,97 6,055

2,415821 2 12, 273 / 5,97

= = =

+ .

:

(2)

0,0024046,055 6,0562,35703

= = ;

(3)

0,0000486,056 6,05602 6,056

2,35636

= = ;

.

(2) (3), ,

. , :

20= 6,056 daN/mm2.

f20:2 3 2

20

20

3, 426 10 2002,83m

8 8 6,056

p af

= = =

.

.,

. 2.5.1. ,() f(), .. . 2.5.1.


44/179

2.5.1. Al/^240/40 mm2, a= 200 m

M= 8 daN/mm2

[oC] 20 10 0 10 20 30 40

[daN/mm2] 6,056 5,491 5,019 4,625 4,295 4,015 3,777

f [m] 2,83 3,12 3,41 3,70 3,99 4,27 4,54

2.6.Al/^240/40 mm2a= 350 m. :

0= 5oC ; 0= M= 8 daN/mm2; p0= p =p+ 1,0.g.

:

m= 0,14553.0,064 ; n= 21,478 = const.

.2.6. Al/^240/40 mm2,

a= 350 m

M= 8 daN/mm2

[oC] 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 -5+

[daN/mm2

]4,820 4,669 4,531 4,402 4,284 4,174 4,071 8,000

f [m] 10,88 11,24 11,58 11,92 12,25 12,57 12,89 12,77

2.7. Fe III 50 mm2 a =330,8 m. Mz = 26 daN/mm2, kn=1,0.

:


45/179

2.8. ^ II 50 mm2 =200 m, h= 25 m ( 2.3) z = 10 daN/mm2, 3,85 m. , = 20.:

) f '1, '2'f5+, kn = 1,0. , nd = 26daN/mm2 ;

) f '1 , '2 'f 5+,

ki= 2,0. id= 49,5 daN/mm2 .

:

) 5oC +

p, ,

:p= 0,18 d /A= 0,18 9/49,48 = 10,9103daN/m, mm2

:

p =p+ p= (7,8+10,9)103= 18,7103daN/m, mm2 .

, = 20. :

o= 20o

C ; o= 10 daN/mm2

; po=p= 7,8103

daN/m, mm2

.5., mn,

E, Ecos:

E.cos= 180000,992 = 17856 daN/mm2 ,

3 1785618,7 10 200 102 const.;

24

n = = =

2 6 26

2

7,8 10 20017856 11 10 17856 ( 5 20) 10 3.195.

24 10m

= + =

5 :


46/179

) 5oC +

)

p p= 2 0, , :23 mmdaN/m,8,21109,100,2/18,00,20,2 ==== Adpp ,

p :

p =p+ p = (7,8 + 21,8) 103= 29,6103daN/m, mm2 .

5+:

o= 5oC ; o= 20,82 daN/mm2; po= p = 18,7103daN/m, mm2 ,

:

?;C5;mmdaN/m,106,29 523 =====

pp .

:

n= =

29 6 10 17856 24 161 483

, / , ;200

2 6 26 2

2

18,72 10 20017856 11 10 17856 ( 5 5) 20,82 3,239daN/mm

24 20,82

m

= + + =

.

25 5 5 2

daN3,239 (161, 48/ ) 28,61

mm + = = .

5 , 5f , 'f ,

'1 '2 , . :

f5 = 29,61032002/(828,610,992) = 5,21 m, 'f= 28,61/0,992 = 28,84 daN/mm2'1= 28,84 + 29,6103(5,19 12,5) = 28,62 daN/mm2 < 49,5 daN/mm

2,

'2= 28,84 + 29,6103(5,19 + 12,5) = 29,36 daN/mm2 < 49,5 daN/mm2.

2.9. Al/^ 240/40 mm2 a= 300 m h= 50 m. = 2020= 3 daN/mm2. .. , =5+.

1 0 9 d N/d 3


47/179

:

0,9 1,002 0,902daN/mG p V = = = ;

p= G

/

A = 0,902

/

282,5 = 3,193

.

103daN/m,

mm2;p =p+ p= (3,426 + 3,193).103= 6,619.103daN/m, mm2.

5 5+. ():

0= 20oC ; 0= 3 daN/mm2; p0=p= 3,42610

3daN/m, mm

2 ;

cos= cos(arctg (h

/

a)) = 0,986 ; E.cos= 7592,2 daN/mm2 ;

;5,30=3)205(2,592109,18+2,7592324

30010426,3=

;317,35=24/2,759230010619,6=

6

2

262

3

m

n

55 52

5

daN5,854 ; 884,4 m

mmc

p

= = =

-, aT :

-5= 2 / = 2 884,4 50/300 = 294,8 m ; = + = 594,8 m;d T da c h a a a a

2 1 1

2 21 2

1 2 2 1

-5 -5

= /2 = 297,4 m ; = = 2,6 m ;

= 0; = 50 m, ( = + = 50 m).

2 2

Tx a x x a

x xy y y y h

c c

ili

2.10. 2.10.1 = 150 m h= 9,6 m. . Al/^ 240/40 mm2 (p =3,426.10

3daN/m, mm

2).

. , (2.10).

2 10


48/179

:

2.10.

)1

, :ad= a= 150 m .

:2

3

2

a= 2 = = 1171,88 m ;

2

daN3,426 10 1171,88 4,014 .

mm

d

ha c a c

a h

p c

= = =

, 2.10 , 1 :

1

4, 070 4, 01440 10 44,3 C

4,07 3,94

= + =

.

) 2= 20oC.2.10.1 202= 20:

20= 5,06 daN / mm2.:


49/179

(aT / 2 > a) 1 2.10, 1y . (), < 1= 44,3.

:

1x= = 5,06 daN/mm2 ; 1y=

.sh(x1/c) = 5,06

.19,5/1476,9 = 0,0669 daN/mm2

:

2 2 2 2 2 .1 1x 1= = 5,06 + 0,0669 = 5,0604 daN/mmy +

) 3= 80oC

= 3= 80:

80= 3,6 daN / mm2.

:3

8080

3,6 101050,8 m.

3,426c

p

= = =

:

80= 2 / = 134,5 m;

= 150 + 134,5 = 284,5 m;

/2 = 142,25 m .

d

T

T

a c h a

a

a

1 2,). :

x1= 7,75 m; y1= 0,029 m;

x2= 142,25 m; y2= 9,628 m.

/ 2 < a, -

, x1= 7,75 m.


50/179

: ( = 93,27 mm2; d = 10,5 mm; p = 7,8.103 daN/m, mm2 ; p =

13,93.103daN/m,mm2= 17500 daN/mm2; = 11.1061/oC.

:

(p0, 0, 0) () , ak:

6

2 2 2 62

360 360 11 1019,5 106,32 m

(11,93 7,8 ) 10k Ma

p p

= = =

.

a = 300 m ak, 5oC +, .: 0= 5oC ; 0= = 19,5 daN/mm

2,p0= p = 13,93.103

daN/m,mm2.

. :

37,8 10 300 17500 / 24 63,187 const .n = = = 2 6 2

6

2

13,93 10 30017500 11 10 17500 ( 5) 19,5 0,1925 14,9515.

24 19,5m

= + + = +

, , min max,2.11

2.11.1. II 95 mm2, = 300 m, M= 5 = 19,5 daN/mm2

(oC) 20 0 20 40 5+

(daN/mm2) 12,90 12,14 11,48 10,91 19,5

f(m) 6,80 7,23 7,64 8,04 8,03

)

f= 40 = 5 + . , k. :

5 19,5 7,8(1 ) 5 (1 ) 5 39 6 Cp


51/179

)20oC

v = 33,3 m/s,

PV:2 2233,3

69,3 daN/m16 16

V

vP = = = .

SL= 1 m :

3 21 10,5 10 0,0105mS L d = = =

FV:FV= c.PV.S= 169,30,0105 = 0,728 daN/m,

() :pV=FV/A= 0,728/93,27 = 7,81.103daN/m, mm2.

p'V :

2 2 2 2 3 2

7,8 7,81 11,035 10 daN/m, mmV Vp p p

= + = + = .

20V=20oC . , , , = 20oC, , . :

0= 20oC ; 0= 20= 12,9 daN/mm2; p0=p= 7,8.103daN/m,mm2 ;

-3

2 6 26

2

2 220 20 20

17.500= 11,035 10 300 = 89,4;

24 24

7,8 10 300= 17500 11 10 17500 ( 20 20) 12,9 11,093 ;

24 12,9

11,093 (89,4 / ) 16,9 daN/mm .

V

V V V

En p a

m

=

+ + =

+ = =

, 31% (-20 = 12,9 daN/mm

220V= 16,9 daN/mm2). , *, , f20 = 6,80 m, f20V,:

2 3 211 035 10 300

0 7 7 81 5 47 103 d N/ 2


52/179

pV= 0,77,81 = 5,47103daN/m,mm2.

:

2 2 2 2 3 2) / 9,53 10 daN/m,mmV V Vp G F A p p = + = + =

70%:

70% arc tg ( / ) arc tg (0,51/ 0,7275) 35VF G = = = .

:

70% 20 70%cos 7,35 cos 35 6,02 m.Vf f = = =

70%

(G = p A)G

G

FVF

V,70%

F70% F

1

23

G

*) /, , /, .

2.12: 110 kV , 2.12. : a = 570 m;h= 242 m. (P) b= 160 m . 2 d= 105 m 2.

'22 . Al/^ 240/40 mm2, :

= 8 daN/mm2;

kn= 1,0;

ki= 2,0.

:

MKS N C1 351 240/40 Al/^ d


53/179

MKS.N.C1.351240/40Al/^: d= 21,9 mm; p = 3,426.103 daN/m,mm2; p = 6,408.103 daN/m,mm2 ( kn = 1,0) ; E =7700 daN/mm2; = 18,9.1061/oC.

M 8 daN/mm2. ,

ak .

.m9,12110)426,3408,6(

109,183608

360622

6

22 =

=

=

pp

a Mk

ak < a, 5+, ,

:o= 5oC ; 5 = M= 8 daN/mm2;po= p = 6,408 daN/m,mm2.

( ), , E,

E*

=E.cos

. :cos= cos [arctg(h/a)] = 0,9205 ;E*=E.cos= 7088 daN/mm2 .

. , k:

65 8 10 3, 426(1 ) 5 (1 ) 5 22,8 C .

7088 18,9 6, 408k

p

E p

= = =

k< 40C, = 40C. , +40, () 5+, :

o= 5oC ; o= 8 daN/mm2;po= p = 6,408.103daN/m,mm2 .

m40 n

. : m40= 59,592 n= 33,559. :40+ 59,592 = (33,559/40)

240 = 4,202 daN/mm2 ;

c= c40= 40/p= 1226,5 m ; 2c= 2453 m.

adaT :

h :


54/179

, hP:

hP=yByP= 163,75 156,24 = 7,51 m.

[1], HS = 7 m (3.2), hP>HS, .. .

5+

,

2 2 id, Al/^240/40 mm2id= 24,5daN/mm2 (2.5).

, p c 5+. 5oC+, .. :

0 0 05C; ; Mp p = = = .

3 2

3 2

2 2,982 10 daN/m,mm ;

9,39 10 daN/m,mm

i i np p k p

p p p

= = =

= + =

* 70889,39 0,57 91,981;

24 24

En p a= = =

2 2

2

2 2

* * ( 5 5) 53,564 ;24

53,564 (91,981/ ) 11,411daN/mm ;

p a

m E E

= + + =

+ = =

311, 411 101215, 2 m ; 2 2430, 4 m

9,39c c

p

= = = = .

ad a

aT:/ 2 242 / 2430,4

0,42069sh( / 2 ) sh(570 / 2430, 4)

h c

a c

= = = ;

22 Ar sh ( ) 2 ln ( 1) 994,5mda c c = = + + =


55/179

2.1. hP = yB yP

2.12 (6.42) [2]. (: hP= 12,73m).

2.2.hP2.12 = 80oC.

2.13. Al/^240/40 mm2 a= 200 m

= 20

. M= 8 daN/mm2, kn=1,0 (p= 3,426.103daN/m, mm2; p = 6,408.103daN/m, mm2),

Ff.

f'F'20% . 'M.

2.6.

:

ak = 120 m, (2.12), a, =5+.

2.6.:

= 20oC ; 20= 4,295 daN/mm2;f20= 3,99 m .

:

2 3 23 426 10 200p a


56/179

20

20

3,426 10 2003,32 m

8 8 5,154

p af

= = =

'M, = 5+, M= 8 daN/mm2.'M, , :

2 3 20 0 20 020 ; 5,154 daN/mm ; 3, 426 10 daN/m, mmC p p

= = = = = ;

36, 408 10 200 7700 / 24 22,96n = = ;

2 6 2 6

2

3, 426 10 200 7700 18,9 10 7700 ( 5 20) 5,154 3,12224 5,154

m = + =

;

2 23,122 (22,96 / ) 9,264daN/mm .M M M = =

, 20%, 16%.

2.14.35 kV :a1 = 337 m; a2= 242 m; a3= 216 m; a4= 254 m a5= 250 m. -Al/^70/12 mm2. :

) ;

) ,

= 30;) ;) . .Al/^70/12 mm2 :

E= 7700 daN/mm2 ; d= 11,7 mm;A= 81,3 mm2; p= 3,427.103daN/m, mm2;

= 18,9.10

6

1/o

C ;p= 1,0.g/A= 7,426.103 daN/m, mm2; p = 10,853.103daN/m, mm2;

: M= 8 daN/mm2.

:

= 5+. ,


57/179

, :

0 = 5oC ; 0= 8 daN/mm2;p0= p = 10,853.103daN/m, mm2 .

F= 30, , , 30= 30oC:

-3

2 6 26

2

= 3,427 10 267,4 7700/24 = 16,414 ;

10,853 10 267,47700 18,9 10 7700 (30 5) 8 40,465 ;

24 8

n

m

= + + =

2 230 30 3040, 465 (16,414 / ) 2,50daN/mm + = = .

F-= 30:

F= 30.A= 2,50.81,3 = 206,5 daN .

)

aifi. ,= 30oC, :

2 3 2

30

3, 427 10 267, 412,25m

8 8 2,50

ii

p af

= = =

.

:22

11 2

33712, 25 19, 46m267,4

i

i

af fa

= = =

;

222

2 2

24212, 25 10,03m

267,4i

i

af f

a

= = =

;

223

3 2

12612,25 2,72m

267,4

i

i

af f

a

= = =

;

224

4 2

25412,25 11,05m

267,4i

i

af f

a

= = =

22

5 8 3,427(1 ) 5 1 5 32 6 Cp


58/179

5

6

,(1 ) 5 1 5 32,6 C.

10,8537700 18,9 10k

p

E p

= = =

k< 40, = 40= 5+.f1.max, ,

, 40 = 40. :

40+ 40,769 = (16,414/40)2 40= 2,495 daN/mm2.

, , :2 3 2

,40 ,max

40

3, 427 10 267, 4 12,26m8 8 2,495

ii i p af f

= = = = ,

f1,max:2 21

1, max ,max 2 2

33712,26 19, 47 m.

267,4i

i

af f

a= = =

2.15. 2.15 , ai= 330 m. Al/^240/40 mm2. M= 9 daN/mm2.

40. Hk.

5+.: a= 300 m; xA= 0;yA= 20 m;xB= 40;yB= 20 m;xC= 200;yC= 0 m;xD

= 300;yD= 0 m;H4=H5= 14,8 m;Liz= 1,45 m.

: kn= 1,0 ; ki= 2,0 .

: A= 282,5 mm2; d= 21,9 mm; G= 0,968

daN/m; E= 7700 daN/mm2; = 18,9.1061/oC; p= 3,426103daN/m, mm2 ; p = 6,408103

daN/m,mm2; p = 9,39103daN/m,mm2(2.6).

:


59/179

ak

:

2 2 2 2

360 360 18,99 137 m

6, 408 3, 426k Ma

p p

= = =

.

ai> , 5+, .:

0= 5oC ; 0= M= 9 daN/mm2;p0 = p =6,408.103daN/m,mm2.

,

40= 40oC.40+ 15,261 = (20,251/40)2 40= 4,55 daN/mm2 ;

4040 1328 m.c

p

= =

, 5+, :2

5 5 512,11daN/mm ; / 1306 mc p = = = .

40:

40

40

40

202 300 2328 477 m;

300

/ 2ch 1 21,42 m.

T d

TT

ha a a a c

a

af c

c

= + = + = + =

= =

O (2.15), T (xT,yT):

4238,5m; ( ) ;2

(20 14,8 1, 45) 21, 42 11, 93m.

TT T A iz T

T

ax y y H L f

y

= = = +

= + =

,

, :

ch 1TTx x

y y cc

=

.

BC. , (xk ,


60/179

yk) y', :

C B

C B

0 20

tg 0,125200 40

y y

y x x

= = = = .

:

ch ,TTx x

y y c cc

=

:

sh ;Txdy

y cdx c

= =

x=x+ c.Ar sh(y') =x+ c.ln (y'+ y '2

1+ )

, xk y'= 0,125, :

2

= 238,5 + 1326 ln ( 0,125+ 0,125 1) = 73,2 mkx - + ., K(xk,yk), :

xk= 73,2 m ; yk=yT+ c.ch(xkxT)/c) c= 11,93 + 10,32 = 22,25 m .

P K, :

xP=xk= 73,2 m ; yP=yB+ tg

(xPxB) = 20 0,125.(73,2 40) = 15,85 m,

K :

H=ykyP= 22,25 15,85 = 6,4 m. 6,4 m < 11,93 m, K,

BC, xk= 73,2 m . 4, .

3.1. 35 kV , 3 1 1


61/179

, 3.1.1.

:

: Al/95/15 mm2; (A= 109,7 mm2; d= 13,6mm;p= 3,416.103daN/m,mm2; E = 7700daN/mm2;

= 18,9.1061/oC)

:M= 8 daN/ mm2;

a= 150 m; . : kn= 1,0;

PV= 60 daN/mm2 ;

: 2xK170/280;Liz= 54 cm; Giz=17,3 daN.

(cm): a= 140; b = 160;

c= 180; d= 200; e= 150; f= 150; g= 40; h= ag=100.

Z

A

B

C

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

3.1.1

:

)

, A ( 3.1.1.) a = 1,6 m.

3 :1. , -35 kV (3.1) d

S1

= 35 cm.

x1= h= 100 cm > 35 cm; y1 =Liz= 54 cm > 35 cm.2. P'V = 0,15.Pmax=9 daN/m

2

, asr = agr , F G :


62/179

FizGiz, :

arc tg arc tgV VF P d

G G

= .

, :3

max(0,15 ) 1 1,0 9 13,6 10 0,122 daN/m;V VF P S P d = = = =

33, 416 10 109, 7 0, 375daN/m;G p A = = =

0,122arctg arctg 18,1

0,375

VF

G

= = = ;

y2=Liz.cos'= 54.cos(18,1) = 51,3 cm > 30 cm ;

x2= hLiz.sin'= 100 54.sin(18,1) = 83,2 cm > 30 cm .3. -

PV=Pmax, dS3= 10 cm.3

max 60 13,6 10 0,816 daN/mVF P S = = = ;

0,816arctg arctg 65,3 ;0,375

VFG

= = =

y3=Liz.cos= 54.cos(65,3) = 22,5 cm > 10 cm ;

x3= hLiz.sin= 100 54.sin(65,3) = 50,9 cm > 10 cm .

)

30 [1], D 40oC , [cm], :

min 40 iz SD k f L d= + + .

= 40, . f40, ,.

:

p = pn = 1,0.g/A = 1,0.(0,18.13,6)/109 = 6,051.103 daN/m, mm2 ;

Dmin[cm]


63/179

k,

() Pmax. ,k:

k= 2 + /10 = 2 + 65,3/10 = 8,53 .

, 35 kV -dSdS= 35 cm. , :

min = 8,53 353 + 54 + 35 = 207 cm 2,07cmD = .

() 2,07 m.

DAC, A C. () :

2 2 2 2( ) ( ) (1,8 1,4) (1,5 1,5) 3,03 m 2,07 m .ACD c a e f= + + = + + = >

DAZ , :

2 2(2 0,54) 1,4 2,9m 2,07m,AZD = + + = >

2 2 2 2( ) 1, 4 (2 0,54) 2,9 m 2,07 mAZ izD a d L= + + = + + = > ,

-.

, (Al/95/15;M= 8 daN/mm

2; a= 150 m, kn= 1;PV= 60 daN/m2),

.

+15 10% DAZ


64/179

.

) Mz

, akz< a, .. 5.Mz z = .

(3.1.1):

a= 260 cm; b= 260 cm; c= 335 cm; d= 300 cm; e= 295 cm; f= 185 cm;g= 60 cm.

:

Al/360/57 mm2 III 50 mm2

M= 1,483 kg/m Mz= 0,384 kg/md= 26,6 mm dz= 9 mm

A= 360,2+57,3 = 417,5 mm2 Az= 48,36 mm2

p= 3,483.103daN/m, mm2 pz= 7,8.103daN/m, mm2

E= 7700 daN/mm2 Ez= 18000 daN/mm2

= 18,9.1061/oC z= 11.1061/oC

:

) :

-, . :

G= 0,981.M= 1,454 daN/m Gz= 0,981.Mz= 0,377 daN/m

p= G/A= 3,483.103daN/m, mm2 pz= Gz/Az= 7,8.103daN/m, mm2

g= 0,18.d= 0,928 daN/m gz= 0,18.dz= 0,54 daN/m

p= 1,0.g/A= 2,23.103daN/m, mm2 pnz=1,0.gz/Az= 11,166.103daN/m, mm23 2

5,713 10 daN/m,mmn np p p p

= = + = 3 2

18,966 10 daN/m,mmz nz z nzp p p p

= = + =

2 2

360164mk M

aa a

p p

= = Dmin.

) Dz. min

A, , DAZ=DZA= 589 cm. Dz, :

.min 40, 8,5 953 90 352cmz z z SD k f d= + = + = .

DZADz.min, , ,

. .

, .

Dvv , Dvv=DAC= 378cm, DzvDzv=DZA= 589 cm. f40 ,

(8.6), :2 2

40 2 2

( ) (378 90)145 1194cm 11.94m.

7,87

v v siz

D df L

k

= = = =

40+40, ,

(8.17), :240+A

.240B= 0.

AB, :23 (45 ) 2 0746p E

. :


68/179

22 2

40, 2

2 240, 40, 40,

(589-90)

= = 589 cm; = ( - ) / 3446 cm = 34,46 m ;8,5

1,1314 106,767 0 10,914 daN/mm ;

z v ZA z z v s

z z z

D D f D d k

= =

+ = =

40, 40,

,

8621m.

z z

el z

z

fa

p

= =

:

ael= min{375; 621} = 375 m.

a(a .


85/179

4.12. , 5 (. 5)5oC+(ki= 3).

:

p :3 3 2

3 2

3 3 4,771 10 14,313 10 daN/m,mm ;

17,379 10 daN/m,mm .

p p

p p p

= = =

= + =

5oC+

. :

: 5oC+;3 2 2 o8,197 10 daN/m,mm ; 9daN/mm ; 5 C;o o op p

= = = =

: 5oC+; 3 217,939 10 daN/m,mm ; ;p p = = = = ?

mn:2 2

2/ 24 101,676 ; 18,252

24

oo

o

p an p a E m E

= = = =

,

2 218,252 (101,676 / ) 17,1 daN/mm . + = =

5oC+:

ch2

Tac

=

, c :

4.13. 4.? id= 24,5 daN/mm

2.


86/179

:

224,5daN/mmid = = , -

, ,.. , , :

2/ ch 24,5 /1,063 23,048daN/mm .2

Ta

c = = =

, , _5oC+(, :

3 2 20 08,197 10 daN/m,mm ; 9 daN/mmp p

= = = o= 5o C )

_5oC+, , = 5oC, ,:

mp a

E E n p a Eo

o

o o=

+ = = =

2 2

22418 253 24

( ) , ; / ?daN / mm2

2 2/ 23,048 23,048 18,253 148,119m n n m + = = + = + =

3 2

/( / 24) 25,842 10 daN/m,mmp n a E

= = 3 3 2(25,842 3, 426) 10 22, 416 10 daN/m,mmp p p = = =

4,7 p. .

3 2222,416 10 daN/m,mmp = :2/ 892 ; 654,5m; ch( / 2 ) 23,048 1,068 24,62daN/mm

T T

c p m a a c = = = = = = .

964 m,,. 1,063

4.9. x4.13 1.

:


87/179

2 2320/ 2 2 853,3m

2 2 60T d

h aa a a a c a c

a h

= = = = = =

;

3 23, 426 10 853, 3 2, 924daN/mmp c = = = 2 219,637; ( ) ? ; ( / ) ; ( / ) 42,194xn m m m n m n = = = + = = =

2 2o

2 ( 20) 21,892 0,14553 ( 20) 159,5 C24x x x

p a

m E a E

= + = + =

4.14. . 4.13? -DAB, DACDBC

20oC. , , A= 150oC, .

:

,

, . . , . 4, :

2 2

2 2

2 2

( ) 5,76m;

( ) ( ) 4,56m;

( ) 6, 45m

AB

AC

BC

D a b e

D c a e f

D b c f

= + + =

= + + == + + =

c=335 cm

b=270 cm

a=260 cm

f=225 cm

d=455 cm

e=225 cm

2 2150 150 150

2150

19,637; 40,81; 40,81 19,637 /

2,968daN/mm

n m m

= = = + =

=.

2 3 2

3 426 10 320 15 03 15 03 11 53 3 5f f


88/179

150

150

3,426 10 320 15,03m; 15,03 11,53 3,5m8 cos 8 2,968 0,983

p af f

= = = = = .

, :

2 2 2 2m( ) ( ) (2,6 2,7) (2, 25 3,5) 5, 45 ;ABD a b e f = + + = + + =

2 2 2 2( ) ( ) (3,35 2,6) (4,5 3,5) 1, 25m;ACD c a e f f = + + = + =

2 2( ) 6, 45m.BC BCD b c f D = + + = =

. 4.15. .4.15 110 kV , : a1 = 300 m, a2= 320 m a3= 280 m.

Al/^240/40 mm2. Liz= 1,8 m Giz= 58,4 daN. .4.15 . HS () .

a1

300= m a2 320= m a3 280= m1

2 3 4

y =24 m

X= 0X

.4.15

.4.15

) 2. 2 PV= 75 daN/m2= 40oC.

:


89/179

)

3 3 3 3 61 2 3

1 2 3

81,72 10301,33 m

900

j

i

j

a a a aa

a a a a

+ + = = =

+ +

() hj (j = 1,2,3) cj(j= 1,2,3) :

1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1( ) ( ) (21,8 1,8) (24 16 0) 20 mS iz S iz h h h H L y H L = = + = + + = ,

2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2( ) ( ) (21,8 1,8) (21,8 1,8) 0 mS iz S iz h h h H L y H L = = + = = ,

3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3( ) ( ) (18 0) (21,8 1,8) 2 mS iz S iz h h h H L y H L = = + = = .

11 1 1 1 1

1

arctg 4,38 cos 0,998 / cos 300,666m,h

c aa

= = = = =

:2 2 2 3 3 3 30 320m 0, 455 / cos 280,007m.c a c a = = = = = =i

:3 2 3 6

2 2

/ 902, 002 81, 72 10301,324 m.

/ / 901,348 901,348

j j j

i

j j j j

c a aa

c a c a

= = =

. 4.16. .4.16 35 kV ,Al/Fe 95/15 mm2. a= 250 m, h = y2 y1 = (yD+HS2) HS1 = 15 m. : PV= 75 dN/m

2; kn

= 1,6. , , .4.16.1.

.4.16.1. , .4.16.1.

O 1 A B C D 2

x m 0 0 150 215 250 250 250


90/179

x, m 0 0 150 215 250 250 250y, m 0 15 0 25 0 20 40

=40

oC, 4040= 2,661 daN/mm

2. :

) ;

) adaT;

) , .. hT, .. x1x2;

) hB(B);) l

;) f;) FH, V= 40

m/s, ;

) 1 2 1 2 ;

) 5 ()

5C + ;) 5 ()

1 2 5C + . ki=3,.. .hB.

: : Al/ 95/15; G = 0,375 daN/m; d = 13,3 mm;A= 109,8mm2.

:

:- :

G = 103

(0,1Mg) = 103

(0,981382) = 0,375 daN/m;

- :


91/179

- :

2

3 daN

mmm

0,3753,413 10

109,8

Gp

A

= = =

2.5 [1], = 6 26/7, :

- a: E= 7700 daN/mm2;

- : = 18,9106

1/oC.

) adaT

:

2,661779,7 m

0,003413c

p

= = = ; 2c= 1559,4 m.

(6.31):/ 2 25 /1559, 4

0,099573sh ( / 2 ) sh (250 /1559, 4)

h c

a c

= = =

, ja(6.32) :

22 ln ( 1 ) 155m.da c = + + = .

ad,

:250 155 405 m.T da a a= + = + =

ad (6.34):

252 1559,4 155,9 m

250d

ha c

a

= =

250 155,9 405,9 m.T da a a= + + =

) hT

()(x1,y1) (x2,y2) 1 2 :

2 1 2/ 2 202,5 m; 202,5 250 47,5 mTx a x x a= = = = =

y1 y2 (6.23)


92/179

y y (6.23)

1 11

47,5ch ch 1,001856; ch 1 1,45 m;

779,7

x xy c

c c

= = = =

2 22

202,5ch ch 1,033921; ch 1 26,45 m.

779,7

x xy c

c c

= = = =

,

.4.16.2:

2 1 26,45 1,45 25 m .y h = =

, 1 (.4.16.1):

1 1 15 mSh H= =

hT:

1 1 15 1,45 15,55 mT Sh H y= = = .

:

y1,y2yT, (6.27) y(x) . :

2 21

1 1

47,547,5 ; 1,446 1,45m;

2 1559, 4

xx m y

c= = = =

2 22

2 2

202,5202,5 ; 26,299 26,3m

2 1559,4

xx m y

c= = = =

1 1 15 1,45 15,55 mT Sh H y= = = .

) hB(B);

1) .

xB yB B , .4.16.1, :

2) .

, yBB , (6.27):

2 2167,535 167 5 m; 17 99 18 mBxx x x y = = = = = =


93/179

' 2 '67,535 167,5 m; 17,99 18 m.

2 1559, 4B B B

xx x x yc

= = = = = =

, B ,, (.4.16.1):

18 6,45 11,55 mB B Bh y y= = = ,

0,6 m ( 5% ).

) l

, (6.50), :2

1

2 1sh sh

x

x

x xl dl c c

c c= =

202,5 47,51559,4 sh sh ;

1559,4 1559,4

1559,4 (0,26265 0,06096) 252,314 m.

l

l

=

= + =

:

3252,314 250 9,255 10 (0,93%)250

l a

a

= = = .

, 0,93% .

) f ;

1) .

.4.16.2, f:

2 2( / 2) ( / 2)f fy f h y f y y h+ + = = .

xf yf

2 21 1

8 cos 8 cos

a p af

c

= =

:

2 2 2 2cos / 250 / 250 25 0 995a a h + + ;


94/179

cos / 250 / 250 25 0,995a a h = + = + = ;

21 25010,07 m.

0,995 779,7f = =

(0,2%).

) . FH (V=40 m/s)

FV:

sinV VF c P S = ,

:c . ( c=1)

PV . (6.3) :

PV= v2/16 = 100 daN/m

2;

S (.. ). :

S= 1d = 113,6103= 13,610

3m2;

. = 90, .. sin

= 1.: FV=PVS= 1,36daN/m.

FH:

( sin )H V VF F a c P S a= = ,

:

1, 36 250 340 daN.HF = =

) 1 2 1 2 ;

1 2cos 2 cos 2

h hp f p f

= + = + +

i

3

1 2

2,661 daN

3, 429 10 (10,09 12,5) 2,666 ;cos 2 0,995 mm

h

p f

= + = + =


95/179

32 2

2,661 daN3, 429 10 (10,09 12,5) 2,751 .

cos 2 0,995 mm

hp f

+ + = + + = + + =

) 5

5C + ;

. (. 1) = 40oC, 40 = 2,661 daN/mm

2 p= 3,413103daN/m,mm2,

p1=p= 3,413103

daN/m,mm2; 1= 40= 2,661 daN/mm

21= 40

oC,

(.2) 5C+, ..

2p p p p= = + ; 2 5 = = ? 2= 5oC.

p , :

(): 1,6;nk =

g:

0,18 0,18 13,6 0,65645 daN/m;g d= = = 2( / ) 1, 6 0, 65645 /109,8 0,009566 daN/m,mmnp k g A = = =

3 3 2(3, 413 9,566) 10 12,979 10 daN/m,mm .p p p = + = + =

(6.85) . 1 . 2:

2 2 2 22 1 2 1

2 12 22 1 ( )24 24

p a p a

E

= + .

2 5

. 2 5oC+.

2

5 52 25

58,118 daN23,777 10 .

mm

+ = =

) 5oC+


96/179

, .. 5 , 1 2 -hB, , -, ,

5 . . 2 5oC+, ..

2 ip p p k p= = + ; 2 5 = = ? 2= 5o

C.. 1 , , +40oC, ..

p1=p= 3,413103

daN/m,mm2; 1= 40= 2,661 daN/mm

21= 40

oC.

:3 -3 2

2 (3, 413 3 9,566) 10 32,11 10 daN/m,mmip p p k p = = + = + =

23,777 143,787m n= = .(6.87) :

2

5 52 25

143,787 daN23,777 21,394 .

mm

+ = =

5f :2 3 2

55

1 1 32,11 10 250 11,78 m.cos 8 0,995 8 21,394

p af

= = =

:

51 5 2

52 5

2

daN21,479 ;

cos 2 mm

daN22,281 .

cos 2 mm

hp f

hp f

= + =

= + + =

hB (6.42) b2:

2

( )4b

b a bf f

a

.


97/179

a

(. .4.16.1 .4.16.3):

535 m; 215 m; 11,78 mb a b f f = = = = .

2

35 2154 11,78 5,68 m

250bf

= = .

1.3 :;

3525 3,5 m;

250

y h btg y h

b a a

y

= = =

= =

2

2

;

b B S

B S b

y f h H

h H f y

+ + =

=

20 5,68 3,5 10,82 m.Bh = =


98/179

III

1. .

1. IPO 13 395 6/10 kV . : l= 5 km; z= (r+jx) = (0,19+j0,08)/km; b= 30 S/km. -


99/179

: Un= 10 kV; PP =4 MW; cos P = 0,95. , h= 0,7 m = 20oC -= 100 Kcm/W = 1Km/W. :) ;

) U(V) u% P(kW) p%.:

) 5.8 34: IdT= 255 A. (, Cu 95 mm

2).

(): 1 255 255 A. ( 1).d dTI f I f= = = =

, 5.1 : dT= max= 65

oC. : dT= dT 20 = 45

oC.

Up= Un= 10 kV (-, , ) IP:

3 3 ;3 3 cos

4000243,1A. (243,1A < 255A).

3 10 0,95

P P

P P P n P Pn n P

P P d

S P

S U I U I I U U

I I I

= = = =

= = <

, , .

) :

0,19 5 0,95 ; 0,08 5 0, 4 ; 30 5 150S; /2=75S.R r l X x l B b l B= = = = = = = = = () QC:2 2 6 230 10 5 10000 15.000 var 15 kvar.C n nQ B U b l U

= = = = =

4000 0, 95 1315 0, 4433 V 0, 433 kV.

10

P P P P

n

P R Q X P R Q XU

U U

+ + + = = = =

0,433% 100 100 4,33%.

10n

Uu

U

= = =

P :


100/179

P:2 2 2 2

2

2 2 2.

4210,533 0,95 168 421 W 168,421 kW.

10

P P PP

n n

P Q SP R I R R

U U

+ = = = = = =

, %, p% :

3

168,421% 100 100 4,2% ( 95,8%).

4 10P

Pp

P

= = = =

2. , , , =15 cm .

:

, :

1 2 3; .d TI f I f f f f= =

f1f21 (= n= 100 Kcm/W = 20oC). -

, f35.14 (. 37):

3 0,86; 1 1 0,86 0,86.f f= = =

0,86 255 219 A.d TI f I= = =

(.. ) :

243,1 A 219 A,P dI I I= = > = 11%

Id. . .() :

( ) 65 20 45 C.odT dT a = = =

11%

3.Id-2 , = 5oC.

:

f1= 1; f2= 1 (5.13 . 37) f3= 0,86.


101/179

f= 0,86, ..:

Id=fIdT= 0,86255 = 219 A.

4. . 1, (h= 0,7 m = 20oC = 100 Kcm/W = 1 Km/W), PP= 3 MW, cosP= 0,8 UP= Un= 10 kV.

:

, -

25% IdT, 5.8(. 34). , , :

0.75 0,75 255 191 A.d dTI I= = =

IP:

3000216 A.

3 3 cos 3 10 0,8

P PP

n n P

S PI

U U = = = =

IP>Id (216 A > 191 A), .

5. -(cosP= 0,8) .

[: PP= 2,647 kW ].

IPO13 S 3x120 mm26/10 kV IdT = 290 . ( 3.8). , 10% 0.9;

24 / (


102/179

24 /( ) 25% 0.75;

a

. f1f2.

1 0,69 1,04 0,712f A B= = = (5.11 5.12);

f2= 0,94 (5.13).

:

1 20,9 0,75 0,9 0,75 0,712 0,94 290 131 A.d dTI f f I= = =

, 131 A, I =290A .

7.110/10 kV IPO13AS 3240 mm26/10 kV. :

1) ();

2) , , 15 cm. 20C, 100oCcm/W;

3) () , 5. . 35C..

, ().

, IPO13 AS 3x240 mm2 6/10 kV IdT = 320 A (5.9). ( = 35oC > 30oC) f4= 0 94 ( 5 15) 5


103/179

f4 0,94 (5.15). , 5, , , , f5 =0,73(5.16). :

4 50,75 0,75 0,94 0,73 320 165A.d dTI f f I= = =

.

, . () , .. : Id= 165 A.

8. 5.1 (IPO 13 3x150 6/10 kV;IdT= 325 A; dT= 65

oC), .

65oC. :

)

IKV = 10 kA, tisk= 0,5 s.) tisk. gr= ?

, .. d.max= 165

oC (5.1).

) t'isk. gr, ..

1= a= 20o

C. (. 5.8, 47).

:

tisk= 0,5 s, j0,5s:

20,5 1 / 0,5 122 / 0,5 172 A/mms sj j= = = ,

, , 5.19. , IKV.doz -


104/179

d.max=165

oC ((5.1) :

.doz 0,5 0,5 172 150 25800 A 25,8 kA.KV s sI I j S= = = = =

IKV = 10 kA < 25,8 kA, (IKV < IKV.doz) . , , 0,5 s.

) tisk. grA= I2KVtisk. gr1 s, I1s,..:

2 2 2 2. 1 . 11. ( / ) (18,3/10) 3,35 s.KV isk gr s isk gr s KVI t I t I I = = = = .

) 1= a= 20

oC, . 47 ( 5.8). (), :

j1s= 148 A/mm2 d.max= 160

oC;

j1s= 156 A/mm2

d.max= 170o

C;., d.max = 165

oC

:

j'1s= 153 A/mm2.

I1s:I'1s= 153150 = 22.950 A = 22,95 kA.

:

2 2. 1' ( ' / ) (22,95 /10) 5,27 s.isk gr s KV t I I= = =

ckI, , dT, Id . tk/ () tk

/. (5.25):

( )1/ 2

/tI


105/179

( )/

/1 .ktkd

Ic e

I

= =

: tk=5 min; =20 min; tk/= 5/20 = 0,25; Id=IdT= 325A; ck=2,126.

, -

:I= 2,126325 = 542 A.

10. (IPO 13 3x150 6/10 kV;IdT= 325 A; dT= 65

oC; = 20 min), . (PP = 7,5 MW, cosP=0,8;IP= 542 A) tk= 5 min, IP= 542 A, , 1 . a=20

oC.

60 , t = 0 -

. dT= 65o

C ?

:

, (0 < t < 5 min) (5.13). 0 = a = 20

oC,

IP= 542 A, :2 2( ) ( / ) 45 (542 /325) 203,3 C;a dT P dT I I = = = =

20 203,3 223,3 C.a = + = + =

( ) /( ) /0 0( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) .

k

k

t t

t tt tka a a a a at e e e

= + + = +

"" , .. (5.13) t " " t' = t tk, , , t' = 0 ( t = tk), .. (t = 0)


106/179

( ), ( ) tk.

, , 0, t' = 0, t= tk= 5 min. 10.1 0= 65

oC.

(t) t> tk. 10.1, 10.1

10.1.

(t)

t(min)

(t)oC

t(min)

(t)oC

t(min)

(t)oC

t(min)

(t)oC

t(min)

(t)oC

t(min)

(t)oC

0 20.0 10 55.0 20 41.3 30 32.9 40 27.8 50 24.51 29.9 11 53.3 21 40.2 31 32.3 41 27.4 51 24.3

2 39.4 12 51.7 22 39.2 32 31.7 42 27.1 52 24.1

3 48.3 13 50.2 23 38.3 33 31.1 43 26.7 53 23.9

4 56.9 14 48.7 24 37.4 34 30.6 44 26.4 54 23.7

5 65.0 15 47.3 25 36.6 35 30.0 45 26.1 55 23.5

6 62.8 16 46.0 26 35.7 36 29.6 46 25.8 56 23.3

7 60.7 17 44.7 27 35.0 37 29.1 47 25.5 57 23.28 58.7 18 43.5 28 34.2 38 28.6 48 25.2 58 23.0

9 56.8 19 42.3 29 33.6 39 28.2 49 25.0 59 22.9

40

45

50

55

60

65

oC(t)

11. 5t= tk= 5 min, .. , , I0 = 120 A, 0= 30

oC.

:: 5= (t=5 min) = 75oC.


107/179

12. () PP00 A 4X 0,6/1 kV (. 12.1).

, , h = 0,7 m. = 100 Kcm/W. , , () a= 10

oC.

- 100 m - - 100 m - - 100 m -

A 1 2 3

TS10/0,4 kV,630 kVA

PP 00 A 3x95 0,6/1 kV

P1, Q1 P2, Q2P3, Q3

P1=40 kW

Q1=10 kvar

P2=40 kW

Q2=10 kvar

P3=40 kW

Q3=10 kvar

12.1. ()

() 40 kW,cos = 0,97 (tg = 0,25), 120 kW; cos= 0,97. :

) -();

) U< Udoz, () Udoz= 5%;

) IK3= ? .

1 1 2 3

1 1 2 3

2 2 2 21 1 1

1 1

40 40 40 120 kW;

10 10 10 30 kvar.

120 30 123,7 kVA;

/( 3 ) 123,7 /(1,732 0,4) 178,6 A.n

P P P P

Q Q Q Q

S P Q

I S U

= + + = + + =

= + + = + + =

= + = + =

= = =

h = 0 7 m


108/179

h= 0,7 m, = n= 100 Kcm/, a= 10

oC - (aaT= 20

oC), . 5.13 () : k= k2= 1,1.

, 5.2 . 28 (PVC-, ), 4-

, := 50 mm2; IdT= 145 A; Id= 1,1IdT= 159,5 A,

= 70 mm2; IdT= 175 A; Id= 1,1IdT= 192,5 A,

= 95 mm2; IdT= 215 A; Id= 1,1IdT= 239,5 A.

(IP IP = 178,6 A. .rx(-

x= 0,08 /km):1000 1000 31,25

0,45 ;32 70 70 km

0,08 ; ( ) (0,45 0,08) .km. km

Al

rA

x z r jx j

= = = =

= = + = +

) ( -)

, , .. U (. 3)Udoz.

I ()

PiQi (i= 1, 2, 3) i () :

1 :R1=rl1= 0,045 ; X1=xl1= 0,008 ;

n

P R Q XU

U

+

, 12.1

:1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

120 0, 045 30 0, 00813,7 V; ;

0 4A A

P R Q XU U U U U U

U

+ + = = = = =


109/179

0,4nU

2 2 2 22 1 2 2 1 2 1 29,13 V; ;A

n

P R Q XU U U U U U U U U

U

+ = = = = =

3 3 3 33 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 34,57 V; .A

n

P R Q XU U U U U U U U U U

U

+ = = = = =

U ():

3 1 2 3 13,7 9,13 4,57 27,4 VAU U U U U U = = + + = + + = ,

:

27,4% .100 100 6,85%.

400n

Uu

U

= = =

U< Udoz, . S= 95mm2. :

1000 1000215A; 239,5A; 0,33 ;

32 95 km

0,08 ; ( ) (0,33 0,08) .km. km

dT d

Al

I I rA

x z r jx j

= = = = =

= + = +

:

1 2 3 10,5 7,0 3,5 20 V; ( % 5%).U U U U u = + + = + + = =

-.

)

5.19 (. 45) PVC- :

2.

().


110/179

(). , , , . , .

()

.

, . .

,

. . .

, ,

. , .. . , dT. :

[ ] ( )exp ( ) dTdTa

a e

= = . (1)

ea, dT ( 5.1) .

..

83 80

0,562 2 1,41.

= = =

, 41%.

, = 83oC 1,41 .

( )8083


111/179

( )41.122 2

16

8083

0 ===

, , dT,

. , , t= 77oC, :

0,577 80 262 0,71.

== =

t0,71t.

n : t1, t2, tj, ..tn, T= ti , :

1 1 2 2

1 2 3

. . . . ..

. . .

j

jn nek

n j

j

tt t t

t t t t t

+ + +

= = + + + +

(3)

j (j = 1, n), tj.

jj-(1) j . : a, dT = a+dT ( 5.1), Ij IdT(5.9), :

( )2

/ .j a j a dT j dTI I = + = + (4)

13.IPO 13 395 6/10 kV, 10 . IdT= 255 A (5.8), dT = 65

oC.

a =15oC.

10 .

270250 250300


112/179

220 220

270

190 190 190 190 190

250 250

050

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I(A)

:

dT :

dT= dT aT= 65 20 = 45oC. j (j=1, 10)

(4). :

( )2 2

1 1 1 / 15 45 (220 / 255) 48,5 C.a a dT dT I I = + = + = + = ; 2= 1= 48,5oC.

, (j=3) :

( )

2 2

3 3 3

/ 15 45 (270 / 255) 65,5 C.a a dT dT

I I = + = + = + =

, :

( )2 2

4 5 8 4 4. . . . / 15 45 (190 / 255) 40,0 C.a a dT dT I I = = = + = + = + =

( )2 2

9 10 9 9 / 15 45 (250 / 255) 58,3 C.a a dT dT I I = = + = + = + =

j j- (j = 1, 10) (2). :

48,5 65 65,5 65

6 61 2 3

40 65 58,3 65

2 0,149; 2 1,059;

= = = = =

14.10 'ek=? a= 25

oC ?

(: 'ek.10=0,813. 3,175 ).


113/179

15. 12.

, 15.1. 15.2, .

15.1. 15.2.

:

(PP00 A 4x95 0,6/1 kV) (12):

IdT= 215 A; Id= 1,1IdT= 239,5 A; dT= 70oC; aT= 20

oC; a= 10oC;IP=I1= 178,6 A.

, : 1) 001800h; 2) 8011800h 3) 18012400h.:

1) t1= 8 h; I

1= 0,2I

P= 35,7 A;

l=

a+

1=

a+ (

dT

aT)(I

1/I

dT)2= 10+1,4 = 11,4oC;

2) t2 = 10 h; I2 = 1,0IP= 178,6 A; 2 = a+2= a+ (dTaT)(I2/IdT)2= 10+34,5 = 45,5oC;

3) t3= 6 h; I3= 0,3IP= 53,6 A; 3= a+3= a+ (dTaT)(I3/IdT)2= 10+3,1 = 13,1oC.

16. Imax 15 , .. ek= 1.

:


114/179

. 8 18 10 93% , 14 7% .

, ..:

1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2

1 2 3 1 2 3

10

24ek

t t t t

t t t t t t

+ + = =

+ + + + .

, ek= 1, :

2 2, 4 2,4.ek = =

:2

262 2 2,4; ln 2 ln 2,4

6

dT

dT

= = ,

2 , .. :

2

ln 2, 4 ln 2, 46 70 6 77,6 C.

ln 2 ln 2dT = + = + =

Imax :

2 2

max max 22

77, 6 10( ) 1,352;

70 20

aa dT aT

dT dT dT aT

I I

I I

= + = = =

max 1,352 215 1,163 250 A.dTI I= = =

18.. 1 (IPO 13 3x95 6/10 kV; IdT= 255 A; dT = 65oC)

, (a = 20oC; Id = IdT = 255 A).

, , tr = 15 min, PP = 4,16 MW;

cosP= 0,8, tp= 30 min.(min, max)

.


115/179

.

:

tr:3

4,16 10 0,3 kA 300 A.3 cos 3 10 0,8

PP

n P

PIU

= = = =

I=IP>IdT, . " " dT= 65

oC, .

18.1.

, , min. max= maxamin= min a, :

( )/ /max min/

min max

1

.

r r

p

t t

t

e e

e

= +

=

i


116/179

min max

min, :/

max ( ) /

1

1

r

r p

t

t t

e

e

+

=

.

:tr= 15 min; tp= 30 mion; = 20 min; a= 20

oC;

15/ 20

max max max45/ 20

162,3 62,3 0,59 36,8 C; 56,8 C.

1a

e

e

= = = = + =

30/20

min min min36,8 8,2 C; 28,2 C.ae = = = + =

: 28,2oC < < 56,8oC. IP

IdT(300 A > 255 A), , , .

19. I = IP = ? : max= dT= 65

oC ?

:

Id , dT . max

trtc, ..:

r r

c r p

t t

t t t= =

+,

.tr,

0 , ci


117/179

:

1ci

r

tc

t .

:IdT= 255 A; = 20 min; tr= 15 min; tp= 30 min; tc= 45 min; = 15/45 = 0,333;

/ 45/ 20

max/ 15 / 20

1 11,302; 1,302 255 332 A.

11

c

c

t

i i dT t

e ec I c I

ee

= = = = = =

332 A, 30% ,

.

3.

I1: (II 1992). IPO 13 A 3x150 6/10 kV P=2,5 MW i cos=0,8 U=10 kV. , , , , .


118/179

. () =25.

I2: (II 1993). IPO 13 A 3x150 6/10 kVP= 2,5 MW cos = 0,8 U= Un= 10 kV. , , , , .

-

. () -= 25oC.

I3.(II , 1999-). 10/0,4 kV/kV 4 PP00 A 4x95 0,6/1 kV. (. 1). 1, 2, 3 4, . I 4 . II . 1 2 ,dm= 7 cm. III . 1 , -. . 2, , P2 , 5 , , . . . 12.

I II III IV ,

. 1, 2, 3 4 . 1 2 . 1 . 2 + 5

: PP00 A 495 0,6/1 kV: Id= 215 A

I : f = f1.f2.f3; f1=A.B = 1.1=1; f2=1,1 (=10oC); f3 = 0,63 (4 ,); f1= 1.1,1.0,63 = 0,693; Id.I= 0,693.215 = 149 A.

II : f= f1.f2.f3; f1= A.B = 0,64.1 = 0,64; f2= 1,1 ( = 10o

C); f3= 0,85(2 , dm= 7 cm); fII= 0,64.1,1.0,85 = 0,5984; Id.II= 0,5984.215 = 129 A.

III :f=f4.f5; f44=1,12 ( = 20oC); f55= 0,95 ; fIII= 1,12

.0,95 = 1,064; Id.III


119/179

= 1,064.215 = 229 A.

IV :f=f4.f5; f4=1 (=30oC); f5= 0,68 (6 ); fIV= 1.0,68 = 0,68;Id.IV= 0,68.215 = 164 A.

, . 1 . 2, , Id.II: Id.I=Id.II= 129 A.

I4.(II , 1999-).PP00 A4x95 0,6/1 kV, = 15 min. 70 cm. () a = 10oC I= 120 A

. :) = ?

) -, 0= a= 10oC. -I= 400 A.

:

PP00 A 4x95 0,6/1 kV: IdT= 215 A dT= 70 oC = 15 min. a= 10oC 0= 10oC.

) 20 70 20 50 C;dT dT = = =

2 2120 A; ( / ) 50 (120 / 215) 15,6 C;dT dT I I I = = = =

10 15,6 25,6 C.a = + = + =

) 2 o o400A 50 (400 / 215) 173,1 C; 183,1 CaI = = = = + =

/ o /( ) ( ) (1 ) 70 C 1 0 653 6 38mint t at e e t

= + = = =

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

1. , m 50 100 50 60 200 45 25 50 20

2.

3. . 1 8 1,2,3 2,3 3 4,5,6,7,8 4,5 6,7,8 6,7 6

4.

D= 7 cm D= 15 cm D= 15 cm

,ds=0D= 7 cm D= 15 cm

1

2

3

5. , oC 25 25 20 35 20 30 25 25 30

6. . . 100 200 300 / 300 300 / / /


120/179

I

II

III IV

V VI

VII VIII IX

1 23

6

78

4

5

I

Slika 2

TS

110/10

:

1) . . ds= 2 cm dm= d.

2) . . ds= 5 cm dm= 2d.

3) , .. , (ds 2 cm).

2. I6.(II . 2001). PP00 A 4x150 0,6/1kV, = 30 min. 70 cm. () a= 15oC I = 200 A . :

) = ?)

, 0= a= 15oC. I= 400 A.

3. ., , 2. = 40oC.

.

5 cm


121/179

... ...... ...

70 cm

10 cm

7 7 7

2

...

70 cm

10 cm

7 7

2

.

.

.

50 cm

50 cm

2

I8. (II 2003). XHP 48 A 1x150/25 12/20kV . h = 70 cm = 100 oC cm/W

a= 20o

C.PM

= 8 MW U= Un= 20 kV cos= 0,9. :

a) ;

) = 300 oC cm/W;

) ) , a= 10oC;

) , (= 100 oCcm/W a= 20

oC). tk= 10 min., , a = 20

oC.

. = 15 min.

1. . , - h = 0,7 m d = 7 cm, 3. = 70oC cm/W,

1= 20

o

C.2. . . 2 , . 3. 2=20oC

70 cm

7

10 cm

3 3


122/179

20 C.

Id1Id2.

I10.(II 2005-). PP 41 A 3x240 6/10 kV -h= 70 cm = 100 oC cm/W a= 20

oC.

PM= 4,5 MW U= Un= 10 kV cos= 0,95. :

) ;

) = 300 oC cm/W;

) ) , a= 10

oC;

) , (= 100 oC cm/Wa= 20

oC). - tk = 10 min., ,

a= 20oC.

. = 15min.

:

Ip:

4,5 273,5 A.3 3 cos 3 10 0,95

p

n n

S PIU U

= = = =

5 2 ( 28)

2. Id = Imax = 315 A. ck:

/ 10/151/ 1 1/ 1 1, 434.kt

k

c e e = = =

1,434 Id , ..I'p= ckId= 1,434315 = 451,6 A.


123/179

. -


124/179

.


125/179

., 1

,

G, Gz[daN/m] ();

G, Gz[daN/m] . ();

G Gz, [ ]/daN m ();

A,Az[mm2] ();

d d [ ] ( )


126/179

d, dz[mm] ();

p,pz[daN/m,mm2] ();

g[daN/m] (g= 0,18 d );

kn ();ki .();

p, pz[daN/m,mm2] , -

, ;

zpp , [daN/m,mm2] , -

();

, zp p [daN/m,mm2] ()

;

, zp p [daN/m,mm2] ( )

;

PV[daN/m2] ;

pV[daN/m,mm2] ;

p'V[daN/m,mm2] , ,

;

[oC] ;

, z[daN/mm2] ();

, 'z[daN/mm2] ( )

;

M, Mz[daN/mm2] , ;

, z[daN/mm2] , , ;

, z [daN/mm2] , ,

;

z, [daN/mm2] , ,

;

kin[daN/mm2] ;

., 2

ad[m] ;

aT[m] ;

h[m] .. ;

f, fz[cm] () ();

f, fz[cm] () ;ai [m] ;

ak[m] ;

k ;


127/179

agr[m] ;

asr[m] ;

ael[m] ;

agrn[m] ;'k, k ;

;

z ;

[]

;

[] ;

VX,ZX[daN] () X;VY,ZY[daN] () Y;

VZ,ZZ[daN] () Z;

SX[daN/m2] X;

SY[daN/m2] Y;

abs(x) x, abs (x) = abs(x);

v (vodi~);

z ;V .

NV nadzemen vod

..

;

;

;

., 3

I

, :

;

;

;

;

. :


128/179

, , :

M ;

Mz;

; ( ,

PV, kn, ki.); , ..

, (,

, , ), .

,

.

1.

p.

/ (L= 1 m), 1 mm2:

2

daN.

mm

Gp

A

= (1.1)

,

5C, G [daN/m] , .

() ,

, g, ,

:

g d= 0 18, [ ] .daN / m (1.2)

, , :

G= kn.g [daN/m] (1.3)

kn: 1,0; 1,6; 2,5 4.

, :

nk gGp

= = [daN/m mm2] (1 4)

., 4

2 2 2[daN/m,mm ].V Vp p p = + (1.8)

M

= 5C+= 20C .

nd

, .. = 5C+, ,

=min = 20C,


129/179

. nd .

id

, . = 5C+, /.

, ,

: 'M nd id i .

2.

,

,

2 [2].

1.

3.

, ,

.

.

2.

4.

,

.

.

-

. , , (),

, ,

. 3 35 kV 110 kV

., 5

, (Y) . ,

. (,

),

.

. ,

, ,

, , .

() - ()


130/179

() -() .

, ..

. , -

,

, , . , - ,

-, , -

.

,

, ,

.

, . ,

, .

X, .. . ( ), ,

.

,

.

, / , ..

, .. Y.

. / ,

.

, .. X, XY, ...

., 6

"B", ,

:

VZ(A) = G = (G+ G)agr (5.1)

VZ(B) = Gagr (5.2)

, . agr

. ,

.

.


131/179

,

. ,

.

.

, -

VZ(A)dozVZ(B)doz"A" "B",

[1]:

.1

( ) izZ dozgr

V A Ga

p A

=

, (5.3)

,

.2

( )Z doz izgr

V B G

a p A

= , (5.3) ,

[1]:

.3

( )Z dozgr

zz

Z Aa

p A=

, (5.4)

.4

( )Z dozgr

z z

Z Ba

A

=

. (5.4)

agr.doz

, ..

{ }. .1 .2 .3 .4( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

min , , , min , , ,izZ doz Z doz iz Z doz Z doz

gr doz gr gr gr grz zzz

V A G V B G Z A Z Ba a a a a

p A p Ap A p A

= =

. (5.5)

, , (5.3) (5.4) VZ(A)doz, VZ(B) doz,ZZ(A)dozZZ(B)doz

"A" "B". , .

5 3 ()

., 7

asr.doz-

VX (B)doz"B", : [1]

,1

( )X dozsr

V

V Ba

P d=

, -, (5.7)

,

,1

( ) 2 (2 / 3) sin( / 2)X doz Msr

V

V B Aa

P d

=

, -. (5.7)

,

.


132/179

.

, 2

( )X dozsr

V z

Z Ba

P d=

-, (5.8)

, 2

( ) 2 (2 / 3) sin( / 2)X Mz zsr

V z

Z B Aa

P d

=

, -. (5.8)

asr.doz:

. .1sr doz sra a= , (5.9)

, ..:

{ }. .1 .2min ,sr doz sr sra a a= , (5.10)

5.4.

, ,

,

, .

dS ,[cm],

[1], 5.1.

5.1. [cm]

( k V ) 10 20 35 110 220 400

1. (PV = 0) 15 25 35 90 175 280

2. (PV = 0,15Pmax) 10 20 30 80 155 270

3. 50 Hz (PV = Pmax) / 7 10 30 55 90

, [1]

Dv-v,Dv-z, . , Dz-v.

., 8

kv kz (5.11) (5.11)

. ,

:

)

20 kV, :

k= 4 + /25, k= 6 Dmin> 60 cm; (5.12)

) :

k= 2 + /10, k= 7 Dmin> 70 cm; (5.13)


133/179

) :

k= 4 + /5, k= 14 Dmin>140 cm. (5.14)

, v, , z,

PV, :

arc tg ; arc tgV V zv zz

P d P d

G G

= = (5.15)

dS(5.11) (5.11) [cm].

5.1 1 ( ) ,

.

Dv-v,

Dv-z, , , ()

. Dmin,

(5.11).

Dz-v

() .

Dmin.z, (5.11).

, +40

, .. .

7.3 [2]. -

, /

, , .

5.5. agrn

() 5C + id.

( 6 [1])

., 9

6.

6.1.

,

, .

(+40

oC 5oC+) .

c, ..

, ,

. ,


134/179

.

.

6.2.

,

. , ,

, .. :

, ,

. , ,

[1], .. :

() ;

( );

;

;

srg = 15 ;

;

+40.

7.

HS

.

+40(+60),

5+, .

, ,

.

[1] .

,

[ ]

., 10

id. 6 7 [1]

:

) (

, 157 199,

),

) 2 2V Vp p p = + ,

.

() x

, p p'V.


135/179

V

[2]:

ch ch2 2

TTx x

x

p aa

c

= =

IDT (8.1)

c= x /p, p p p'V.

8.2.

, ,

(

, , .)

(

, ).

EDS (Every Day

Stress) .. '15 /

srg= 15oC. 18%

kin, ..

'15< 0,18.kin (8.2)

15

, '15

:

151515

2ch'

c

aT= . (8.3)

9.

,

.

[1] (5.1),

., 11

dv

3

2

1

Liz

gh = a - g

k

'kdv'

'dh

dh

1 , -

,

"1", "2" "3".

'k, "2", k,

"3", 7.1

[2] (7.2). ,

:

< k


136/179

1. agr asr,

:

0,5arctg0,5

V iz

V iz

F F

G G + =

+ , (9.2)

:

FV= kPmaxdasr /;

Fiz=PmaxSiz ;

GV=pAagr /;

Siz ,

0,1.Liz, 0,2.Liz;

k k=0,15

"2", k=1 "3".

(9.1) (9.2)

agr.min

:

.min

0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5V iz iz k V sr iz iz k gr

k k

F F G tg k P d a F G tga

p A tg p A tg

+ + =

. (9.3)

(9.3) ,

() :

.min

0,5 0,5V iz iz k gr

k

F F G tgT p A a

tg

+ , (9.4)

:

.min

0,5( 0,5 )sr V V iz gr iz

k

k a P d P AT p A a G

tg

+ + . (9.5)

25 kg.

() ,

., 12

, . , ()

.

.

.

/ , /.

,

, [1]:

) ( )


137/179

) - ()

Sizv dLfkD ++= 40min - , (10.1)

sdfkD += z40zmin.z - , (10.2)

) - (-)

Sizvv dLfkD ++= 40(N) - -, (10.3)

SvAv dfkD ++= 040Z)( - - , (10.4)

,2/)( )(N)(min AZvv DDD += - , (10.5)

SdfkD += z40zz - . (10.6)

) -(-)

Sv dfkD ++= 040min - (10.7)

min. 40zz z SD k f d= + - . (10.8)

dS , 5.1, .1 (), .. dS= dS1. 110 kV ,

, dS= 90 cm.

[1]:

) -. , Dv-v

(

, ). , .. { }min , ,v v AB AC BC D D D D = .

v z z vD D=

., 13

240

21221 )2

()2

( fLyyxx

D izvz +++

++

= , (10.10)

1 , 2,

.

) -. -, Dv-v

,

-(

X).

D


138/179

Dz-v

:

2

4021

2

2122

)2/(cos

+

+++

+= f

LyyxxD izvz

, (10.11)

1 , 2

-.

) -. - ,

Dv-v Dz-v

.

.

/

, (10.1)

(10.8).

11.

, [1], -, .

,

.

() .

, , .

)

, [1], 4 ,

A, B, C D:

A:

., 14

2/3 , .

C:

, :

, , ;

,;

2/3 , .


139/179

D:()

, ,

:

, , ;

2/3 ,;

)

E()

, , :

, , ;

, , . ;

1/2 ( 1/4 ,

.

F: ( - ,

5)

, :

, , ;

, , . ;

, ,

, -

, .

., 15

12.

,

, ( 6.2.8 [2]),

, f .

ai, , F=.A fi (min max). = () f= f() , (

2.5. [3]). ,

aj. , ,

[1]:


140/179

,2

)2

ch2

ch(h

c

aa

c

acf

TjjTj

j

= (12.1)

:

a a ch

aTj j

j

= + 2

. (12.2)

, .. f/a 0,06,

h, |(h/a)| < 0,05, ( [4]), ,

:

cos8)1

2ch(

cos

2

= c

a

c

acf jjj . (12.3)

()

. f F

,

M.

13.

[1] -

1 kV 400 kV. , . 65/1988, . 1618-1643.

[2] . , , -, 1995.

[3] Zajednica Jugoslovenske elektroprivrede. Standardi i tehni~ki normativi GSE 44/80: "NADZEMNIVODOVI", ZJE - Beograd, 1980.

[4] . , , . , 1974.

[5] M. Plaper, Principi optimalnosti u mreama za prenos i distribuciju elektrine energije, ZJE-Beograd,1981.

[6] F. Majdani, "Niskonaponske mree u elektroprivredi, Ni{ 1983.

., 16

( )

k


141/179

, 110 kV

:

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

4. ;

5. ;

6. ;

7. ;

8. ;

9. .

:

- 110 kV

- : JUS N.C1.351-240/40-Al/^

- : JUS N.C1.702 ^ III 50

- 9 daN/mm2

- 26 daN/mm2

- HS= 6 m.

:

- PV= 75 daN/m

- kn= 1,0

- ki= 2,0

- 20oC- +40oC

- +15oC

., 17

:

[m]

[m]

1 0 120 /

2 120 120 /

3 400 100 /

4 500 100 /

5 600 110 /


142/179

6 800 110 /

7 1000 120 /

8 1640 120 /

87

65

43

21

., 18

2.

:

2.1.

JUS: JUS.N.C1.351-240/40-Al/^: A= 243,0 + 39,5 = 282,5 mm2

: d= 21,9 mm

: G= 0,968 daN/m (0,987 kg/m)

: E= 7.700 daN/mm2

: = 18,9110-61/oC


143/179

,

: Fkin= 8640 daN

: nd = 13 daN/mm2

: id= 24,5 daN/mm2

: g= 0,18 d= 0,842 daN/m

: G= 1,0g= 0,842 daN/m

: daN/m684,10,2 == GG

: p= 1,0G/A= 2,982103daN/m,mm2

: p p= =

2 0 5 964 103

, , daN / m,mm2

: p= G/A= 3,426103

daN/m, mm2

: p p p= + =

6 408 103

, daN / m,mm2

: 23 mmdaN/m,10390,9 =+= ppp

2.2.

JUS: JUS.N.C1.702-^ III 50

: Az= 49,48 mm2

: dz= 9 mm: Gz= 0,386 daN/m (0,393 kg/m)

: Ez=18.000 daN/mm2

: z= 11,0.10-61/oC

: Fkin.z= 6036 daN

: nd.z= 49,5 daN/mm2

: id.z= 93 daN/mm2

: gz= 0,18dz= 0,54 daN/m: Gz= 1,0gz= 0,54 daN/m

: G Gz z= =

2 0 1 080 103

, , daN / m,mm2

., 19

3.1 110 kV , -

.

[kg]

[daN]

[kg]

.

[daN]

.

.

[m]

EN 6 48,7 47,8 58,4 57,3 1,45

ENP 7 55,4 54,3 66,5 65,2 1,62DNP 2x7 113,3 111,1 136,0 133,4 1,72

EZ 6 48,2 47,3 57,8 57,8 1,82

EZP 7 54,9 53,9 65,9 65,9 1,99

DZP 2x7 111,8 109,7 134,2 64,6 2,11

EN -


144/179

EN,

EZ.

4.

-

110 kV S, SL, A150 A120, -.

(), - () .

() 3.2.

, , 4 .

4.1. 110 kV

"S", "SL", A150 "A120", -

a b c d e f g

[cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm]

S 260 260 335 300 185 185 60

SL 260 260 335 300 295 185 60

A150 260 270 335 455 225 225 80

A120 270 270 345 470 225 225 80

5.

5.1. "S"

"S" :

VZ(A)doz= 1542 daN ; ZZ(A)doz= 704 daN ; VX(B)doz= 575 daN

VZ(B)doz= 882 daN ; ZZ(B)doz= 290 daN ; ZX(B)doz= 237 daN

5.1.1.

( ) 1542 57 3iV A G

., 20

5.1.2.

m3500219,075

575)(1. =

=

=dP

BVa

v

dozXsr ; m351

009,075

237)(2. =

=

=zv

dozXsr

dP

BZa .

asr.doz= 350 m

5.1.3.

"S" -DAC-

. :

D f( ) ( )2 2

3 78 378


145/179

D c a e fAC = + + = =( ) ( ) , ,2 2

3 78 378m cm

"A" "C" . ,

:

v= arctg(Pv. d/G) = arctg(75.21,9/968) = 59,5o

, = 40oC ,

, , ,

:

min 40 [cm]v v v iz S D D k f L d = + + .

Dv-v=Dmin=DAC. :

kv= 2 + v/10 = 7,95; SizvAC dLfkD ++= 40 ,

:

2 2

40 2 2

( ) (378 90)1167 cm 11, 67 m

7,95

AC Siz

v

D df L

k

= = = = .

f40 = 40 1167 cm,

, 30 ,

. , .

:

Ap E

p p E f

M M

M

=

+ =

=

3 45

3

2 0406

4 52240 45123

2

2 2

40

( ) ,

,, ;

Bp E f

p p E f

M

M

=

+ = =

2 2

40

2 2

403

85 432

4 522418 891

,

,, ,

40

24

24 578=

+ +=

A A B, ;daN / mm

2

., 21

5.4.

,

, :

5.1

agr.doz asr.doz ael

S 750 350 353

SL 750 500 505

A150 750 350 500

A120 750 350 500


146/179

5.5

. xagr:

2( / ) 9 (9,39 /6,408) 13,040 daN/mmx M p p = = = ;

2 2

2 3 2

2 2 13,04 24,5 24,5ln 1 ln 1 3455m

13,049,39 10 13,04

x id idgr

x x

ap

= + = + =

.

x agr:

n p a E mp a

Egrgr

M

M= = = =/ , ; , ;24 581 1

241932 492

2 2

2

2 2 21932,492 581, 2 / 13,174 daN/mmx x x + = = .

:

agr =

+

L

N

MM

O

Q

PP

=

2 13 174

9 39 10

24 5

13 174

24 5

13 1741 3456 6

3

2

2

,

,ln

,

,

,

,, .m

(), :

x= 13,17405 daN/mm2 ; agr= 3456,64 m .

, .. .

5.6.

.

, :

x,z= 41,1142 daN/mm2 ; agrz= 4045 m .

6

., 22

- ,

;

- ;

- ;

- .

,

. (),

, , ,

,

. ()

%. , (), -


147/179

.

. , , , ,

,

.

, :

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

4. ;

5. () ;

6. ;

7. .

6.1.

ak:

ap p

k M=

=

= 360 9 360 18 9

6 408 3 426137 1

2 2 2 2

,

, ,, .m

110 kV 300 m , ,

, -5+, ..:

-5= M= 9 daN/mm2 .

, .. k

fk 5f =5oC+, :

5

6

9 3, 426(1 ) 5 (1 ) 5 23,8 C

6,4087700 18,9 10k

p

E p

= = =

.

., 23

. n= 4

S.

, :

ai= 330 m.

, -5+, :

3 2 20 0 05 C ; 6,408 10 daN/m,mm ; 9 daN/mmMp p

= = = = = ,

40c40:

40= 4,55 daN/mm2; c40= 40/p= 1328 m .

, :

)1h(x


148/179

,)1ch( =c

cy

c = c40 = 1328 m, 6.1, , .. y(x) , , Rx =

1:2000 Ry= 1:500.

6.1. Al/^ 240/40 mm2

x[m] 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

y [m] 0,94 3,77 8,48 15,09 23,60 34,03 46,39 60,70 76,97 95,24

6.2.

6,

,

.

, , ,

3.3 - 3.6.

,

5.4, .. , .

, ..

.

() 5() .

.

6, (-),

nadzemni vodovi-vezbi

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