-Øn¬ · g.p. deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. as an organisation committed to...

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ :{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

XI

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2018

First Edition

March 2006 Chaitra 1928

ReprintedJune 2014

PD 45T MJ

© National Council of Educational Researchand Training, 2006

Rs. .....

Printed on 80 GSM paper

Published by the SCERT, ThiruvananthapuramDepartment of Education,Government of Kerala&Printed at:Centre for Advanced Printing and Training (C-apt),(Government of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise without the prior permission ofthe publisher.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shallnot, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out orotherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent,in any form of binding or cover other than that in whichit is published.

The correct price of this publication is the price printedon this page, Any revised price indicated by a rubberstamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrectand should be unacceptable.

BapJw

ae-bmf `mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw F{X Bg-

Øn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw {]Im-i\w sNøm\pw

Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. t{ijvT-`m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS `mj-

bn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-{i-

a-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn {]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

]pkvX-I-ßƒ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX{¥ ]cn-

`mj \SØn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ßƒ amXr-

`mjbmWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-

Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI `mj-

I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬

lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A\n-

hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr-`m-j-bn¬Øs∂

⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Ah-k-c-

sam-cp-°pw.

]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ ]c-am-

h[n ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-

c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn \ne-

\n¿Øm\pw {ian-®n-´p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-{K-lWw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-

∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu ]cn-`mj

]pkvX-I-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v {]Xym-in-°mw.

tUm. sP. {]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

FOREWORDThe National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life atschool must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departurefrom the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causesa gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developedon the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attemptto discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between differentsubject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the directionof a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education(1986).The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teacherswill take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginativeactivities and questions. We must recognise that given space, time and freedom,children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to themby adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one ofthe key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcatingcreativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants inlearning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning.Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annualcalendar so that the required number of teaching days is actually devoted to teaching.The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective thistextbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than asource of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem ofcurricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages withgreater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. Thetextbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space toopportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, andactivities requiring hands-on experience.The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates thehard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. Wewish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor HariVasudevan and the Chief Advisors for this book, Professor Suhas Palshikar andProfessor Yogendra Yadav for guiding the work of this committee. Several teacherscontributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals formaking this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations whichhave generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel.We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee,appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of HumanResource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and ProfessorG.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committedto systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERTwelcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revisionand refinement.

DirectorNew Delhi National Council of Educational20 December 2005 Research and Training

Foreword 4\nßƒs°mcp IØv 8

1. `c-W-L-S\ F¥p-sIm≠v?

Fßs\? 16

2. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\bnse

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ 41

3. Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw {]mXn-\n-[yhpw 67

4. Imcy-\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw 97

5. \nb-a- \n¿ΩmW k` 119

6. \oXn \ymb hn`mKw 145

7. s^U-d-enkw 173

8. {]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚ v 201

9. `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh 221{]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

10. `c-W-L-S\bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw 245

DDDDD ≈≈≈≈≈ -S-S-S-S-S °w°w°w°w°w

iv

]mT-]p-kvXI hnI-k\ kanXn

sk°-≠dn Xe-Ønse ]mT-]p-kvXI D]-tZ-iI kanXn A[y-£≥

lcn hmkp-tZ-h≥, s{]m^-k¿, Ncn{X hn`m-Kw, I¬°´ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, sIm¬°´

apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ

kp{lmkv ]¬jn-°¿, s{]m^-k¿, cmjv{S-X{¥, s]mXp-`-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, ]qs\ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, alm-

cmjv{S.

tbmtK-{μ-bm-Z-hv, ko\n-b¿ s^-tem, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Zn ÃUn Hm^v Uh-e-]nwKv skmssk-‰n, U¬ln.

AwK-ßƒ

F.sI. sh¿a, doU¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw ss{IÃv N¿®v tImtf-Pv, Im≥]q¿, DØ¿{]-tZiv

AeIvkv Fw tPm¿÷v, kzX{¥ Kth-j-I≥, Ccp-´n, IÆq¿ Pn√, tIcfw

ARvPp a¬tlm-{X, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, I¬° ]ªnIv kvIqƒ, \yqU¬ln.

ssN{X tcUvI¿, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, F v.-F≥.-Un.‰n tImtf-Pv, apwss_, alm-cm-jv{S.

Fw. a\o-j, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, cmjv{SX{¥ hn`m-Kw, semtdt‰m tImtfPv sIm¬°´.

a\ojv Pbn≥, Kth-jI hnZym¿∞n, hnZym- ymk hn`m-Kw, U¬ln bqWn-th-g- n-‰n, U¬ln.

]¶Pv ]pjvI¿, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, Ub-d-Ivt{S‰v Hm^v lb¿ FUq-t°-j≥, l¬Zhm-\n, DØ-cm-

©¬

{]Xm]v `m\p taØ, A[y-£≥, sk‚¿ t^m¿ t]mfnkn dnk¿®v, \yqU¬ln.

]pjvI¿ cmPv, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw, k°o¿ lpssk≥ tImtf-Pv, \yqU¬ln.

cmPoh m¿K-h, ko\n-b¿ s^tem, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Zn ÃUo Hm^v Uh-e-∏nwKv skmssk-‰okv, U¬ln

cmtIjv ip¢, A`n-`m-j-I≥, kp{]o-tIm-S-Xn, U¬ln.

kμo]v imkv{Xn, Ub-d-IvS¿, C‚¿ \mj-W¬ A°m-Zan t^m¿ {Intb-‰ohv So®nw-Kv, _wK-fq¿, I¿Æm-

S-I.

kRvPbv tem[, At m-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`m-Kw, taml≥em¬ kpJm-Znb k¿Δ-I-

em-im-e, DZ-bv]q¿

kRvPo_v apJ¿Pn, ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw, I¬°´ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, sIm¬°´.

kønZv k_q-√, ]n.Pn.‰n alm-dm-Wokv Kh¨sa‚v {]o bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, ssakq¿, I¿Æm-

SI

ssite{μ Zntbm-em-¶¿, eIvN-d¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`m-Kw, Kh¨sa‚v tImtfPv Hudw-K-_m-Zv, alm-cm-

jv{S.

sj^men XvVm, At m-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, sk‚¿ t^m¿ s]mfn-‰n-°¬ & ÃUo-kv, kvIqƒ Hm^v

tkmjy¬ kb≥kv, Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, \yqU¬ln.

{ioteJ apJ¿Pn, ]n.Pn.-‰n., sk‚v t]mƒ kvIqƒ, \yqU¬ln.

th¿j a¶p, sshkv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Ipe®n lm≥kv cmPv kvIqƒ \yqU¬ln.

saº¿ tIm -Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿

kRvssP Zypss_, doU¿, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-‰n. \ypU¬ln

]mT-]p-kvXI hnh¿Ø\winev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

\nßƒs°mcp IØv{]nb-s∏´ hnZym¿∞n-Isf,

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ t]cv ImWp-tºmƒ, Rm≥ ho≠pw C¥y≥ `c-W-

L-S\ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m? CXv Rm≥ ap≥ ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®-X-t√?.

F∂o tNmZy-ßƒ \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw D≠m-tb-°mw.

icn-bm-Wv, C¥y≥ K-h¨sa‚ns‚ LS-\bpw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Nne

`mK-ßfpw \nßƒ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£ \nßƒ CXp-hsc ]Tn-®-Xn¬

\n∂pw hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Cu ]pkvXIw \nßsf Iq´n-s°m-

≠p-t]m-Ipw.

\nßƒ Ct∏mƒ sXc-s™-SpØ hnj-b-a-\p-k-cn®v hcp∂ c≠psIm√w

cmjv{S-X{¥w ]Tn-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-W-t√m. cmjv{S-X-{¥sØ ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sm≥ G‰hpw \√ am¿§w cmPy-sØ cmjv{Sobw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xt√? Cu

]pkvXIwsIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xpw AXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-

\-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn C¥y≥ cmjv{Sob ]T-\-ta-J-se-

bnte°p≈ hmXn-ep-Iƒ \nßƒ°p-ap-∂n¬ Xpd-∂n-Sp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw Ahsb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈

cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-c-sØbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ XXz-

ßfpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv

Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Fß-s\-bmWv c-W-L-S\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw

AXv Fßs\ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p-sh∂pw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS \nßƒ°v a\-kn-em-°m≥ km[n-

°pw. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \nba hyh-ÿ-Ifpw AXns‚ kmt¶-

Xn-I-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw A√ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

ChnsS bYm¿Y-cm-jv{So-b-hp-am-bp≈ kwhm-Z-ß-fn-eqsS Fß-s\-bmWv

cmj-{Sob ÿm]-\-ßƒ cq]w sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

∂p.

2005 se tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn-´mWv Rßƒ

hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CX-\p-

k-cn®v Bh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS a\x]mT-am-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-

Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v cmjv{Sob ˛ kmaq-lnI bmYm¿∞y-ßsf

vi

hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ tijn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Cu

]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Ub-d-IvS¿ ]pXnb

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS X{¥-Øns‚ ]pXnb kne-_-kn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-

Xsb AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ IpØn \nd-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]I-

cw, `c-W-L-S -\-bpsS bp‡nbpw AXns‚

bYm¿∞ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ^e-ßƒ°p-amWv

ChnsS {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-

S\ F∂ Bi-b-sØbpw AXns‚ cq]o-I-cW

Ncn-{X-sØbpw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Fßs\

{]h¿Øn-°p -∂p -sh∂pw Cu ]pkvXIw

\nßƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cpw. Xo¿®-bmbpw

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {][m\ hyh-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®v

\Ωƒ N¿®-sN-øpw. ]t£ \Ωƒ ]pXnb aq∂v

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

H∂m-a-Xm-bn, F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Nne {]tXyI {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂pw a‰p-Nn-eXv kzoI-cn-°mØsX-

∂p-ap≈ \nß-fpsS PnRvPmk-tbmSv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw {Inbm-∑-I-ambn

{]Xn-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

c≠m-a-Xm-bn, bYm¿∞ cmjv{So-b-hp-am-bp≈ IqSn-tN-c-en-eqsS cmjv{Sob

ÿm]-\-ßƒ Fßs\ hf-cp∂p F∂p \nßƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

AXp-sIm≠v Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse A[ym-b-ßƒ 1950 ¬ h®v Ah-km-

\n-∏n-°p-∂n-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ah 1950 ¬

Bcw -`n® v ASpØ Aº-Xp -h¿jsØ

cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-

bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp PnPvRmk \nß-fn¬

krjvSn-°m≥ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn\p Ign-bp-

sa∂p Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ASpØ h¿jw

\nßƒ ]Tn-°m≥t]m-Ip∂ C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øn-\p-th≠n \nßsf

k÷-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

aq∂m-a-Xmbn C¥y-tbbpw AXns‚ c-W-L-\-tbbpw kam-\-kz- m-hhpw

DXvI-WvT-I-fp-a-S-ßnb a‰p-tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn

A\p-tOZ-ßƒ

`c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse

kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-

c-Wn-IƒSource: http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/

ls/debates/debates.htm

vii

XmcXayw sNøm≥ \nßsf {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠vXs∂ km[y-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mw temI-

Øns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂p Cu

]pkvXIw ]d-™p-X-cp-∂p. CXp-hgn ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw

kaq-l-ß-sfbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøm-\p≈ ioew \nß-

fn¬ hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂p Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-

∂p.

Cu hnj-bsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-

I-am-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bp≈ ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Ifpw

Rßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm A[ym-b-Ønepw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw A\p-tO-Z-ßƒ DZm-

l-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. CXn-eqsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hmNI-

L-S-\bpw ]Zm-h-enbpw A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p. Hmtcm

A[ym-b-Ønepw `c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ \S∂ N¿®-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ Ipd®v D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-Ønse

Akm-[-c-W-amb cmjv{Sob [o£-W-tbbpw Dƒ°m-gvN-tbbpw \nßƒ°v

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv CXns‚ Dt±iyw. AXp-t]mse C¥y≥ `c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\p]n∂nse kw -h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf Adn-bm\pw

CXv \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

IqSmsX an°-hmdpw F√m A[ym-b-ß-fnepw Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah shdpw t\cw-t]m-°n\p th≠n-bp-≈-X-√. hna¿i-\-

ßƒ, Zp¿_-e-amb taJ-e-Iƒ, ]cm-P-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ah

\nßƒ°v ]d-™p-X-cpw. Cu Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-Iq-SmsX

cmjv{Sobw Fs¥∂pw cmjv{So-bsØ Ipdn®v GXp cqXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-

°-W-sa∂pw Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. Ah-

km-\-ambn kμ¿ -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v t]Pp-I-fpsS hi-ß-fn-embn {]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp∂ c≠p IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-≠v. C¿^m≥ F∂ Im¿´q-

WnÃns‚ hc-bn-eqsS Ah¿ \nß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ \nß-sf-t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. At\zjW-Xz-cbpw Pn⁄m-

kbpw hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-bp-ap-≈-h¿. Nne-t∏m-sgms° Cu ]pkvXI

cN-bn-Xm-°sf-°mƒ ss[cyw Ah¿ ImWn-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ Db¿Øp∂ A{]n-b-amb tNmZy-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw

Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw CcpØn Nn¥n-∏n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ahsc

\Ωƒ "D∂n' F∂pw "ap∂n' F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu ]pkvX-I-c-N-\-bn-

eqsS Ah¿ Rßƒ°v {]nb-s∏-´h-cmbn amdn. \nßƒ°pw Ahsc

CjvS-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cn¬

D∂n

ap∂n

viii

\n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w t\Sn \nßƒ A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Rß-tfmSp Xs∂bpw

IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-t®-°mw.

Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\w A`ym-k-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn

BI¿j-I-amb Nne ]Z-{]-iv\-ßƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. tZiob ]mTy-]-≤-

Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠v F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Ub-

d-IvS¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ aqey-\n¿Æb hyh-

ÿsb sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Nne

kplr-Øp-°-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS A`ym-k-Øn¬ \qX-\-amb ]Z-{]-

iv\-ßƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. \nß-fpsS _u≤-nI-amb tijn ]c-am-h[n

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah \nßsf klm-bn-°pw. Cu ]Z-{]-iv\-ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ \nßƒ {ian-°p-tºmƒ, AXv Hcp ]co-£°v DØcw

\¬Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ tXm∂¬ \nß-fn¬ D≠m-°n√ F∂-mWv

Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

Bdp-amkw XpS¿®-bmbn A[zm-\n® hen-sbmcp kwL-Øns‚ klm-b-

tØm-sS-bmWv Rßƒ Cu ]pkvXIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu {Kq∏n-

s\-Ip-dn-®p≈ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]pkvXI-Øn¬ ]Øm-asØ t]Pn¬

sImSp-Øn-´p≈ ]mT-]-]p-kvXI hnI-k\ kanXn F∂ `mK-Øn¬

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-‰n. Ub-d-IvS¿ s{]m^. IrjvW-Ip-am¿

Rßsf Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]n¥p-W-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb

am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mseXs∂

s{]m^. arWmƒan-dn, s{]m^. Pn. ]n. tZiv ]msfi, tZiob \nco-

£W kanXn AwK-ßƒ F∂n-h-cpsS hne-tb-dnb klmb kl-I-c-

W-ßƒ Rßƒ°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Hcp henb hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn

Bflm¿∞-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. s{]m^. cmPohv `m¿K-h,

{]Xm-]vta-Ø, kμo]v imkv{Xn, tUm. k\vPo_v apJ¿Pn, tUm. kRvPbv

tem[, tUm. ]pjvI¿ cmPv, {ioaXn Fw. a\o-j, tUm. ssite{μ Untbm-

e-¶¿, {ioaXn ssN{X tcUvI¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tkh\w e`n-®Xv mKy-

am-bn -I-cp-Xp-∂p. ]¶Pv ]pjvI¿, a\ojv Pbn≥, AeIvkvtPm¿Pv, Fw,

a\oj F∂nhcmWv. Cu kwL-Øns‚ s\Spw XqWp-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-

®-Xv. Ah-cmWv ]pkvX-I-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv.

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ic-Sp-cq]w Xbm-dm-°m°p∂Xn\pw ]´n-I-Ifpw hnh-

c-W-ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bp≈ Ah-cpsS ITn-\-{iaw

Rßƒ°v Gsd {]tbm-P\{]Z-am-bn. ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-ep≈ Ah-

cpsS {]tXy-I-{i-≤bpw kmaqly imkv{X-Øns‚ t_m[-\-am¿§-ßsf

Ipdn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS Dƒ°m-gv®bpw Cu ]pkvX-IsØ {]Xo-£n-®-Xn-\-

∏p-d-tØ-°p≈ \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-®p.

A`ym-k-ß-fpsS \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw AXn¬ \qX-\-amb kt¶-X-

ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m\pw a\ojv Pbn≥ A{im¥ ]cn-{iaw \S-Øn-bn-

´p-≠v. Cu ]pkvXIw AXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ apt∂m´v sIm≠p-

t]m-bXv ]¶Pv ]pjv°-dm-Wv. kn.F-kv.-Un.-F-kv. s‚ temI-\oXn ]cn-

]m-Sn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {io c⁄-\bpw tUm. k≥RvPn¿ Aehpw

ASn-b-¥nc L´-ß-fn¬ \sΩ Gsd klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. anjn-K≥ k¿h-I-

em-im-e-bnse KthjW hnZym¿∞n-bmb AanXv Alp-P-bmWv Xmc-

Xay DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]ń-I-Iƒ Xmb-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-®-Xv.

tizX-dmhp \n¿h-ln-®n- p≈ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ kpμ-c-amb cq] Iev]-

\bpw hnhn[ Im¿´q-Wp-Ifpw C¿^m≥ Jms‚ krjvSn-bmb D∂n, ap∂n

F∂o IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw \nßƒ \∂mbn Bkz-Zn-°p-sa∂v Rßƒ°p-

d-∏p-≠v. Nn¬{U≥kv _p°v{S-Ãv, i¶-dns‚ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v Rß-tfmSv kl-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {io. B¿.

sI ejvaWpw At±-l-Øns‚ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

A\p-aXn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ cmjv{S-X-{¥-]-T\w IqSp-X¬

ssPhn-Ihpw, {]k-‡hpw, hnZym¿∞n kulm¿Z-]-c-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈

Iq´mb ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ê-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw.

]pkvX-I-\n¿Ωm-Whp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-

h-iyamb ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°n-Ø∂ kn.F-kv.-Un.-F-kns‚

temIv\oXn ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dp-sSbpw k∑-\kv

ChnsS {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm-≈-s´.

kao-]-Im-eØv \nßƒ henb Hcp ]co-£-bn¬ hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]co -£n -°-s∏-Sm -\p≈ ASpØ Dugw Rß-fp -tS -Xm -Wv . Cu

]pkvXIwsIm≠v Dt±-in® ê-ap-≠mtbm F∂v \nßƒ°v hne-bn-cp-

Ømw. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw ASpØXhW

]pkvXIw IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\v Bhiyamb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw

AS-ßnb ]co-£m-^-e-Øn-\p-th≠n Rßƒ BImw-£-tbmsS ImØn-

cn-°p-∂p.

kplmkv ]¬{jn-°¿

tbmtK-{μ-bm-Zhv

apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ

IS-∏mSv

15

A[ymbw 1 c-W-L-S\ F¥p-sIm≠v? Fßs\?

A[ymbw 1

`c-W-L-S\ F¥p-sIm≠v?

Fßs\?

BapJw

Cu ]pkvXIw C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv. \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S\bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ CXnse

A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒ°v a\- n-em-°mw. IqSmsX Kh¨sa‚ns‚

hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßsf ]‰nbpw

CXn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒ ]Tn-°pw.

C¥y-bnse sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, Kh¨sa‚ v, {]kn-U‚ v, {][m-\-a{¥n F∂n-

hsb°pdn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kºq¿Æ LS\ a\-

n-em-°-Ww. Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ hnhn[ Bi-b-ßƒ Bhn¿ -

hn-®-Xv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv F∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. Cu

A≤ymbw ]Tn-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \nßƒ a\- n-em-

°pw.

$ `c-W-L-S\ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX¥v ?

$ Hcp c-W-L-S\ kaq-l-Øn\v {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-sX¥v ?

$ kaq-l-Ønse A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hnX-cWw c-W-L-S\ Fßs\ \n¿Δ-

ln-°p∂p ?

$ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-ßs\ ?

16

Indian Constitution at Work

Ch¿ Fs‚ {Kma-Ønse P\-

ßsf t]mse-bmWv.

AsX CXv Fs‚ tImf-\n-t]m-sebmWv. CXv \nß-fpsS{Kma-Øn\v /\K-c-Øn\v /tImf-

\n°v _m[-I-amtWm?

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ap°v `c-W-L-S\ Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂Xv ?Why do we need a Constitution ? F¥mWv Hcp `c-W-L-S\? CXns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? Hcp

kaq-l-Øn¬ F¥v ]¶mWv AXv \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂Xv? \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\

Pohn-X-hp-ambn c-W-L-S\ Fß-s\-sb√mw _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p? Cu tNmZy-

ßƒ°v DØcw \¬IpI \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p-t]mse A{X {]bm-k-I-c-a-√.

`c-W-L-S\ GtIm-]-\hpw Dd∏pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. Constituion allows coordination and assurance

XmcXtay\ Hcp henb Iq´-Ønse AwK-amWv \nßƒ

F∂v Nn¥n-°p-I. Cu Iq -Øn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ khn-ti-j-

X-Iƒ Ds≠∂p IqSn hnNm-cn-°p-I. Cu Iq -Ønse AwK-ßƒ

hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv. Ah¿ aX-ß-tfmSv Iqdv

]pe¿Øp∂p. Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ lnμp-°fpw Nne¿ ap…o-ßfpw

Nne¿ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw a‰p Nne¿ Hcp aX-tØmSpw Iqdp

]pe¿Øm-Ø-h-cp-amWv. CXp IqSmsX Ah¿ a‰p Xc-Ønepw

hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv. hnhn[ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hcpw, hyXykvX Ign-

hp-≈-hcpw hnt\m-Z-ß-fn-te¿s∏-

Sp -∂-hcpw kn\na apX¬

]pkvXIw hsc hyXykvX A`n-

cp-Nn-Iƒ h®p ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cp-am-

Wv. Nne¿ kº-∂-cpw. Nne¿ Zcn-{Zcpw Nne¿

hr≤cpw a‰p Nne¿ bphm-°-fp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-

Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

AwK-ßƒ XΩn¬ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw D≠m-

hm≥ km≤y-X-bp≠v F∂pw hnNm-cn-°p-I. Hcp

hy‡n°v F{Xam{Xw kºØv ssIhiw

sh°mw? F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw kvIqfn¬ Ab-

°-W-sa-∂Xv \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°tWm? AtXm

c£n-Xm-°sf Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°-Wtam? {Z-X, kpc£ F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n

Cu Iq -Øn\v F{X-am{Xw XpI sNe-h-gn°mw? AtXm ]I-c-ambn IqSp-X¬

]m¿°p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°tWm? Iq -Ønse GXm\pw AwK-ßƒs°-Xnsc hnth-

N\w Im´p-hm≥ Cu Iq -Øns\ A\p-h-Zn-°mtam? Cu tNmZy-ßƒs°√mw hnhn[

AwK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ DØ-c-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw e n-°p-I. F∂m¬ Ah-

cpsS Cu sshhn≤yßsf \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Ch¿°v HsØm-cp-a-tbmsS Pohn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ Ch¿ ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-°p-∂p. ChnsS ]c-kv]c

17


kl-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. HsØm-cp-a-tbmsS kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Pohn-°p-

hm≥ Cu Iq´sØ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F¥m-bn-cn-°pw?

Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ Ch¿°v HsØm-cp-a-

tbmsS Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-t´°mw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv

Cu Iq -Øn\v Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xv? Nne ASn-

ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ F¥p kw -hn-°p-sa∂v Nn¥n®p t\m°q.

Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn°pw Ch¿ Pohn-°p-I. ChnsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw

Fs¥√mw sNømw F∂ Adnhv D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. B¿°v F¥n-emWv Ah-Im-

i-hmZw D∂-bn-°m-\m-hp-I? Npcp-ßnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw GtIm-]\w t\Sp-∂-

Xn\v F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw Adn-hp-≈Xpw s]mXp-hmbn Xøm-dm-°-s∏- -Xp-amb

Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu \nb-a-ß-fn-¬ F√m-

h¿°pw Adn-hp-≠m-hpI F∂p am{X-a√ \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xp IqSn--bm-bn-

cn-°-Ww. a‰p-≈-h¿ Cu \nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-sa∂ Dd∏v ]uc\v C√mØ

]£w Xßfpw Cu \nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an√ F∂v

Ah¿ Icp-Xpw. a‰p-≈-h¿ \nbaw A\p-k-cn-°p-sa∂v F√m-h¿°pw \¬Ip∂

Dd-∏mWv \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ N -ßƒ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv. Aßs\ sNømØ ]£w Ah¿ in£n-°-s∏-Spw.

kaq-l-Ønse AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Npcp-ßnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw GtIm-]\w

sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøpI F∂-

XmWv c-W-L-S-\-bpsS H∂m-asØ NpaXe.

{]h¿Ø\w

Cu `mK-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp Nn¥m-]-co-£Ww ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-I. ¢m v apgp-h-\mbn Ch N¿® sNøp-Ibpw F√m-h¿°pw _m[-I-

amb Nne Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ FØp-Ibpw thWw. Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Xmsg

]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Imw.

* Fß-s\-bmWv ¢m v {]Xn-\n-[nsb sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv?

* ¢m ns\ samØw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ hy‡n F∂ \nebv°v

¢m n\v apgp-h≥ _m[-I-am-Ip∂ Fs¥√mw Xocp-am-\-ß-fmWv

ssIs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp-I?

* apgp-h≥ ¢m p-ambpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°msX ¢m v {]Xn-\n-[n°v Xocp-

am\w FSp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Nne Imcy-ßƒ Dt≠m ?

* Cu ]´n-ItbmSv F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ ]£w \nßƒ°v IqSp-

X¬ Iq´nt®¿°mw. t\csØ A`n-{]mb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-cp∂

hnj-b-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.

18


* Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Cu Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Fßs\ \nßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-

°pw?

* Xocp-am-\ßƒ F√mw FgpXn t\mókv t_m¿Un¬ CSp-I. Fs¥√mw

{]iv\-ß-fmWv Cu Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ D≠m-b-Xv? hnhn[ Ipń-

Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ Fs¥-√mw. Cu A`n-

{]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ Fß-s\-bmWv ]cn-l-cn-®-Xv. ¢m n\v Cu {]h¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥-¶nepw t\´w D≠m-tbm?

Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw hy‡-am-°¬ (Specifi-cation of decision making powers)cmjv{Sw Fßs\ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p, XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv c-W-L-S-\-bn-em-Wv. F∂m¬

Cu ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn-°Ww? Ahsb ASn-ÿm\ \nb-

a-am-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv? kaq-lsØ cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n®v

Bcv Xocp-am\w FSp-°Ww F∂mWv H∂m-asØ tNmZy-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬

\nßƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv. \nßƒ°v x F∂ \nbaw Bh-iy-am-Ip-tºmƒ

a‰p-≈-h¿°v y F∂ \nb-a-amIpw Bh-iyw. BcpsS \nb-a-ßfpw Xm¬∏-cy-

hp-amWv \sΩ `cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v Fßs\ \Ωƒ Xocp-am-\n-°pw? \nßƒ

apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ \nb-a-amWv F√m-h¿°pw Pohn-°m≥ \√Xv F∂v \nßƒ

hnNm-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿ Nn¥n-°pI Ah-cpsS \nb-a-amWv \√Xv

F∂m-hpw. Cu X¿°w \ap°v Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mhpw? AXp-sIm≠p

Xs∂ Cu kwLsØ cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v

Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v BcmWv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pI F∂v Xocp-am-

\n°Ww.

Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬tI-≠Xv c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse

A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hnX-cWw AXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \nbaw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww

F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿°m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂v `c-W-L-S\

Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. Bcv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°Ww F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v XXzm-[njvTnX-

ambn hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ DØcw \¬Imw. cmP-hmgvN A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ c-W-L-

S-\-bn¬ cmPmhv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pw. ]gb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nt‚Xp

t]mse GI ]m¿ń k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n¬°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿ń-°m-Wv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xy c-W-

L-S-\-I-fn-em-Is´ Cu A[n-Imcw P\-ßƒ°m-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv A{X Ffp-

∏-a-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ P\-ßƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pw F∂v DØcw

\¬Iptºmƒ Ah¿ Fßs\ Xocp-am\w FSp°pw F∂p-IqSn hy‡-am-°-

Ww. Hcp \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn\v F√m P\-ßfpw AwKo-Imcw \¬ItWm?

]pcm-X\ {Ko°p-Im¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse F√m hnj-b-ß-fnepw P\-ßƒ

19


t\cn v thm´p sNøtWm? AtXm {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Xß-

fpsS ap≥K-W\ {]I-Sn-∏n-®m¬ aXntbm? F∂m¬ P\-ßƒ {]Xn-\n[nIfn-eq-

sS-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv Cu {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-

s™-Sp-t°-≠Xv? F{X

{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-

°Ww?

DZm -l-c -W-Øn\v

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ \nb-a-

ßƒ, \b-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-

\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-

sa‚n\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚n\v cq]w \¬In-

bXpw khn-ti-j-amb coXn-

bn-em-Wv. Hcp kaq-l-Ønse

\nb-a-ßƒ F¥mWv F∂v

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xn\p ap≥]v

AXv \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ A[n-

Imcw B¿s°∂v a\- n-em-

°-Ww. \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-

°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-

sa‚n-\m-sW-¶n¬, Cu A[n-

Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \¬-

Ip∂ Hcp \nb-ahpw AhnsS

D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXv c-

W-L-S-\-bpsS Npa-X-e-bm-

Wv. Cu A[n-Imcw Kh¨-

sa‚ns\ {]Y-a-ÿm-\Øv

{]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-

Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿s°∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

c≠m-asØ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Kh¨sa‚ v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-

sb∂pw AXv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°p-ta-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

(Limitations on the powers of Government)Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n--Imcw B¿s°∂v \n›-bn-®-XpsIm≠v am{Xw aXn-

bm-hp-I-bn-√. Xocp-am\w FSp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿°m-sW∂v \n›-bn®p

“Eu

rop

ean

C

on

stit

uti

on

” b

y

Pa

tric

k

Ch

ap

pa

te,

Inte

rna

tio

na

l H

era

ldT

rib

un

e,

21

SE

P0

4

Co

pyri

gh

t C

agle

C

art

oo

ns.Im¿´q¨

bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-\nse cmPy-ßƒ Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ c-W-L-S\cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ Cu {iaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. Cu {iasØ Hcp Im¿´q-WnÃv t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-XmWvChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. GXp `c-W-L-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-Ønepw F√m-bvt∏mgpw Cßs\ kw`-hn-°m-dp-t≠m? Cu \nb-a-ßƒ \ymb-c-ln-Xhpw \oXn-hn-cp-≤hpw BsW∂v \nßƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw Nn¥n-°pw. Nne IrXy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \ne-hn¬ h∂ Kh¨sa‚m-Wv Ah ]m m-°n-bXv G¶nepwXo¿®-bmbpw CØcw \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv \oXn-hn-cp-≤-am-bn-cn-°pw.

20


F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. F∂m¬ \nßƒ XnI®pw \ymb-c-ln-X-

sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ AXn-\ptijw Cu A[n-Im-c-tI{μw

]m m-°n-bm-tem. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v \nßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ aXw

]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®m¬, Nne \nd-Øn-ep≈ hkv{Xw \ntcm-

[n-°p∂p F∂v B⁄m-]n-®m¬, As√-¶n¬ Nne ]m´p-Iƒ ]mS-

cp-sX∂v \n¿t±-in-®m¬, Hcp hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ (PmXn, aXw) P\-

ßƒ F√mbvt∏mgpw a‰p-≈-hsc tkhn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-™m¬,

kºØv ssIhiw shbv°m≥ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬

AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Kh¨sa‚ v GI-]-£o-b-ambn Bsc-sb-¶nepw

AdÃv sNbvXm-tem, GsX-¶nepw Hcp \nd-ap-≈-h¿ am{Xta

s]mXp-°n-W-dn¬ \n∂pw sh≈-sa-Sp-°m≥ ]mSp≈q F∂v {]Jym-

]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm-tem.AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS aq∂m-asØ Npa-Xe

Xß-fpsS ]uc-\p-ta¬ Kh¨sa‚n\p Npa-Øm-hp∂ A[n-

Im-c-Øn\v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]cn-[n-Iƒ

auen-I-amWv Fs¥-∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ Hcn-°epw Ah

ewLn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√.

hnhn[ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ c-

W-L-S\ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hcp Kh¨sa‚n-\pw ewLn-°m≥

A\p-hmZ-an-√m-ØXpw ]uc-s\-∂-\n-e-bn¬ F√m-h¿°pw e`n-°p-

∂-Xp-amb Nne auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv, A[n-

Imcw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\p≈ s]mXp-hmb am¿§w. Cu Ah-

Im-i-ß-fpsS kq£va-amb D≈-S-°hpw hymJym-\hpw Hmtcm c-

W-L-S-\-bnepw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-

amb Hcp Iq´w Bh-iy-ßƒ qcn- mKw c-W-L-S-\-Ifpw kwc-£n-

°pw. CXn-eqsS Imc-W-an-√msX GI-]-£o-b-ambn AdÃv sNøp-

∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw ]uc≥ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Spw. Kh -sa‚ns‚ A[n-

Im-c-Øn\p taep≈ Hcp ASn-ÿm\ \nb-{¥-W-amWv CXv. Nne

ASn-ÿm\ kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ°v kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]uc\v Ah-Im-

i-ap-≠v. A`n-{]mb-kzm-X-{¥yw, hnizmk kzmX{¥yw, kwL-S\m

kzmX-{¥yw, hym]m-c˛ hmWnPy kzmX{¥yw XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv

Ch. tZiob ASn-b-¥cmh-ÿ-°m-eØv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-

an-X-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ d±m°mhp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw

`c-W-L-S\ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p

Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ e£y-ßfpw A`nem-j-ßfpw

(Aspirations and goals of a Society)Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw hnX-cWw sNøpI,

\nßƒ Hcp `oI-c-Po-hnsbBZyw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p -tijw AXn¬ \n∂pw\nßsf c£n-°p-∂-Xns\Ipdn®v Bi-¶-s∏-Sp -IbpwsNøp-∂p. BZyw Kh¨sa-s‚∂ oI-c-Po-hnsb F¥n\vkrjvSn -°-W-sa∂v Rm≥tNmZn-°pw.

21


Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-

fn¬ ]gbIme c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ IqSp-X-embpw HXpßn \n∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\sb t]mep≈ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠nse c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ kaq-l-

Øns‚ e£y-ßfpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne {Inbm-fl-I-

amb Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp N -°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y≥ c-

W-L-S\ {]tXy-In®pw Cu cwKØv ]pXp-a-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈

Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Snb kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n

\n›-bn-°pIbpw Ak-aXzw adnIS-°p∂Xn\p≈ A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚p-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw ap‡-amb Hcp kaq-l-

amWv C¥y A`n-e-jn-°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv kaq-l-Øns‚ A`n-em-j-sa-¶n¬ Cu

e£yw km£m-Xv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-hm≥ Kh -

sa‚ns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. h¿Æ-hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Ime Ncn-{X-ap≈

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-sb-t∏m-semcp cmPyØv AXns‚ ]pXnb c-W-L-S\ h¿Æ-

4 December 1949

Sh

an

ka

r.

Co

pyri

gh

t:

Ch

ild

ren

’s

Bo

ok

T

rust.

Im¿´q¨

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v hyXykvX A`n-em-j-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hyXy-kvX-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ßƒ F∂n-h-bv°n-S-bn¬ ka-hmbw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-°p∂s\lvdphns\ ChnsS ImWmw. Cu hyXykvX hn`m-K-ßƒ F¥n-\p-th≠n\nesIm≈p∂p F∂v \nßƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bmtam? CXn¬ BcpsS hmZ-K-Xn-bv°mWv {]mapJyw e`n-®-sX-∂mWv \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv?

22


hn-th-N\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ahn-SsØ Kh¨sa‚ns\

{]m]vX-am-°-Ww. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ c-W-L-S\ {Inbm-fl-I-am-

b coXn-bn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ A`n-em-j-ßƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw kwc-

£n-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-WØn\v kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm hy‡n°pw

A¥-t m-Spw, kzm`n-am-\-tØmSpw Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb

F√mw AXm-bXv uXn-I-kpJw, hnZym- ym-kw, XpS-ßn-bh D≠m-

bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ Nn¥n-®n-

cp-∂p. {Inbm-fl-I-amb t£a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-hm≥

Kh¨sa‚ns\ c-W-L-S\ ]cym-]vX-am-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-

Xv \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. C¥y≥ c-

W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-

J-Øns‚ ]n¥pW AXn-\p-s≠∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. CØcw hIp-

∏p-Iƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. cm{„-\-b-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ \n¿t±-iI-X-Xz-ß-fpw P\-ß-fpsS Nne A`n-em-j-ßƒ

km£m-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv B⁄m]n°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Øns‚ A`n-e-mj-ßƒ km£m-Xv°-cn°pI \oXn-\n-

jvT-amb Hcp kaq-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v cq]w

\¬IpI XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v Kh¨sa‚ns\ {]m]vX-am-°p-I-

bm-Wv. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \mem-asØ Npa-Xe.

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse A\p-_‘ hIp-∏p-Iƒ

`c-W-L-S\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ \nb-

a-ßfpw N -ßfpw am{X-a-√, kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp \∑-°m-h-iy-

amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

Kh¨sa‚n\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S\ At\Iw DØ-c-hm-ZnXz-ßƒ

Kh¨sa‚ns\ G¬∏n-®n- p-≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn]me-\w, \ymb-

c-ln-X-amb hnth-N-\-Øn\v Cc-bm-b-hsc kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, F√m-h¿°pw ]m¿∏n-Sw, BtcmKyw XpS-

ßn-bh e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ AXv Kh¨sa‚n-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ `c-W-L-S-\ tZiob hnZym-`ymk hyhÿ

cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw \S-∏m-°m\pw Kh¨sa‚n-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-

∂p. ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw AK-Xn-I-fp-amb Ip´n-Isf Kh¨sa‚ v

kwc-£n-°p-sa-∂pw Cu c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Nne\√ Imcy-ßƒ FgpXnhbv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv?P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØam‰m-\m-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬DZm-Ø-amb A`n-em-j-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-h-bv°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcy-sa¥v?

23


Hcp P\-X-bpsS auenI kzXzw

(Fundamental Identity of a People)Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp ]t£ G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn Hcp c-W-L-S\ P\-X-bpsS

ASn-ÿm\ kzXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

P\-ßƒ hyXn-cn-‡-amb Hcp Iq -sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \ne-hn¬hcp-∂Xv ASn-

ÿm\ \nb-a-amb c-W-L-S-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v CX¿∞-am-°p-∂p. Fßs\

Hcmƒ cn-°-s∏-S-Ww, Bcm¬ Ah≥ cn-°-s∏-SWw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®

Hcp Iq´w ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS P\-ßƒ Iq´mb kzXz-

Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v Hcmƒ°v ]e

Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzXz-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-

tfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcmƒ Ahs‚ cmjv{Sob kzXz-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-

∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn c-W-LS\m \nb-a-ßƒ hy‡n-KX A`n-em-j-ßfpw e£y-

ßfpw kzmX-

{ ¥ y h p w

H c m ƒ ° v

]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Hcp N -

°qSv {]Zm\w

s N ø p - ∂ p .

Hcmƒ Fs¥m-

s° sNømw

sNøm≥ ]mSn-√

F∂n-h -bpsS

ta¬ B[n-Im-cn-

I -amb \nb-

{¥Ww `c-W-

L-S\ sIm≠p-

h-cp -∂p. \mw

ewLn-°p-hm≥

]mSn-√mØ ASn-

ÿm\ aqey -

ßsf AXv

\n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p.

AXp-hgn c-W-

L-S\ Hcmƒ°v

[ m ¿ - Ω n I

k z X z h p w

\¬Ip-∂p. Ah-

“I

ra

qi

Co

nsti

tuti

on

”,

Jo

hn

T

rever,

A

lbu

qu

erq

ue

Jo

urn

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1

8A

UG

05

.C

op

yri

gh

t.

Ca

gle

C

art

oo

ns.

Hcp Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI

kZmw lpss s‚ cWw XI¿∂Xn-\p-tijw Cdm-Jnsehnhn[ hwiob hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pXnb c-W-L-S\Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v [mcmfw A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Cu hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \ne sIm≈p-∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥,C¥y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn- p≈ X¿°-ßsf kw_-‘n®vap≥]v \¬In-bn-´p≈ Im¿´q-Wp-Isf ChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Im¿´q-Wp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

24


Kh¨sa‚ns‚A[n-Im-cØn\p -taep≈ \nb-{¥Ww

km-\-ambn hnhn[ ASn-ÿm\ cmjv{Sob [m¿ΩnI aqey-ßƒ hnhn[ c-W-L-S\m

]cn-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-h-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hcp-]t£ AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.

temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ hnhn[ c-W-L-S\Iƒ t\m°n-bm¬ Ah hnhn[

Xc-Øn¬ hyXymk-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ Ah Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂p. IqSmsX [mcmfw Bi-b-ßƒ Ah ]¶p-h-bv°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. an° B[p-\nI c-W-L-S-\-Ifpw Nne coXn-bn-se-¶nepw P\m-

[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°mWv cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

AtXm-sSm∏w Nne ASn-ÿm\ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂p F∂pw Ah

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Ah {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ kzm`m-hnI kzXz-Øns‚

Imcy-Øn¬ c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp Iq´w Ncn{X ]mc-

º-cy-ß-fpsS IqSn-t®-c-emWv an° cmjv{S-ßfpw. cmjv{S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ A[n-h-kn-

°p∂ hyXykvX hn`m-K-ßsf Ah tIm¿Øn-W-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hwio-b-

Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv P¿Ω≥ kzXzw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xv. P¿Ω≥ c-W-L-

S\ Cu kzXzw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. t\sc adn®v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ hwiob

kzXzw ]uc-Xz-Øn-\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂n-√. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚pw

cmPysØ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘sØ kw_-‘n®v hnhn[

cmjv{S-ßƒ hyXykvX [mc-W-I-fmWv apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂Xv. Hcp cmjv{S-Øns‚

tZiob kzXzw cq]oI-cn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv CØcw _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv.

]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

C¥y-bn-sebpw a‰v `c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-sebpw Nne hIp-∏p-Iƒ ChnsS \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm hIp∏pw \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ Npa-Xe Fgp-Xp-I.

Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp]uc-t\mSv GsX-¶nepw Hcp aXw]n¥p-S-cp-hm-t\m, Hcp aXhpw ]n¥p-S-cp-hm≥]mSn-s√t∂m Iev]n-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

kº-Øv, hcp-am\w F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈Ak-a-Xzw Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v {ian-°-Ww.

{][m-\-a-{¥nsb \nb-an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw{]kn-U‚n-\p-≠v.

F√m-hcpw A\p-k-cn-t°≠ ]c-tam-∂X\nb-a-amWv c-W-L-S\.

GsX-¶nepw hwiw, PmXn aXw F∂n-h-bn¬s∏´h¿°v am{X-ambn C¥y≥ ]ucXzw]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- n√.

25


Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX (The Authorityof a Constitution)Hcp c-W-L-S\ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ GXm\pw Npa-X-eIƒ \mw tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv an° kaq-l-ßƒ°pw c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈Xv

F∂v Cu Npa-X-e-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ c-W-L-S-\-I-sf-°p-

dn®v \ap°v aq∂v tNmZy-ßƒ IqSn D∂-bn-°mw.

F) F¥mWv Hcp c-W-L-S\ ?

_n) Hcp c-W-L-S\ F{X-am{Xw Imcy-£-a-amWv ?

kn) Hcp c-W-L-S\ F{X-am{Xw \oXn-bp-‡-amWv ?

cmjv{S-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ht´sd hIp-∏p-Iƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ HXp-

°-ap≈ Hcp {]am-W-amWv an° cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw c-WLS\. cmjv{Sw

Fßs\ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw F¥v \nb-a-ß-fmWv AXv

]n≥Xp-S-tc-≠Xv F∂pw CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Hcp cmPysØ c-W-

L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v \mw tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]am-W-amWv km[m-c-W-

K-Xn-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-I. F∂m¬ {_n´≥ t]mep≈ Nne cmPy-ß-

fn¬ c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ GI {]am-W-an-√. adn®v {]am-

W-ß-fp-sSbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp \ncsb Iq´mbn c-W-L-S-\-

sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® Npa-X-

e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ Hcp {]am-WsØ AYhm Hcp Iq´w {]am-W-

ßsf \ap°v c-W-L-S-\-sb∂v hnfn-°mw.

F∂m¬ temIØv C∂p \ne-\n¬°p∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ

an°Xpw IS-em-kn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßp-∂-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Ah

D]cnπ-h-amb hm°p-Iƒ am{XamsW∂¿∞w. \n¿Æm-bI tNmZy-an-

XmWv: Hcp c-W-L-S\ F{X-am-{Xw Imcy-£-a-amWv? Ahsb Imcy-

£-a-am-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv? P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

bYm¿∞ kzm[o\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-sX-¥mWv? Hcp `c-W-L-S\

Imcy-£-a-ambn amdp-∂Xv hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf B{ibn®m-Wv.

{]Jym-]\ coXn (Mode of Promulgation) Fßs\ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p F∂-XmWv CXv

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv Bcm-Wv, F{X-am{Xw

A[n-Imcw Ah¿°-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p? hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ c-W-

L-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-c-ln-X-amWv F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah Xøm-dm-°n-

bXv ssk\n-I-ta-[m-hn-Itfm, P\-ßsf Xß-tfm-sSm∏w \n¿Øm≥

Ign-hn-√mØ P\-]n-¥p-W-bn-√mØ t\Xm-°≥amtcm BWv. C¥y,

Xß-fpsS `c-W-L-S\\oXn-bp -‡-a√ F∂pI≠m¬ P\-ßƒ F¥psNøpw? c-W-L-S\ IS-em-kn¬ am{X-sam-Xp-ßn-bm¬ P\-ßƒ°v F¥vkw -hn-°pw?

26


Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\mSpIƒ

XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]mse G‰hpw

hnP-b-I-c-amb `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ tZiob

{]ÿm-\-Øn\p tijw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- -h-bm-Wv.

1946 Unkw-_-dn\pw 1949 \hw-_-dn\pw

CSbv°v {]h¿Øn® c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW

k`-bmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-

ambn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. F¶nepw C¥y≥ kaq-

l-Ønse hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßsf HsØm-

cp-an®v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Akm-am\y

Ignhp {]I-Sn-∏n® tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚

Zo¿L-Ime Ncn-{XsØ AXv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

s]mXp-k-Ω-X-cmb t\Xm-°ƒ tN¿∂mWv c-

W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v

Xs∂ henb s]mXp-k-ΩnXn c-W-L-S-\-bv°v

e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kaq-l-Ønse hnhn[

hn`m-K-ßfpsS BZ-chv t\Sm≥ Ign-™-h-cpw,

hy‡n-]-c-amb A[n-Imc Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°p≈

D]-I-c-W-a√ `c-W-L-S\ F∂v P\-ßsf

t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign--™-h-cpamWv c-W-

L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂

Cu c-W-L-S\ s]mXp-hmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb

tZiob A`n-{]mb ka-\z-bsØ {]Xn-^-en-

∏n-®p.

Nne cmPy-ßƒ Xß-fpsS c-W-L-S\ Hcp

kºq¿Æ P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v (Ref-erendum) hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. c-W-L-

S-\-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v F√m P\-ß-

fpw ChnsS thm´v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ CØ-c-samcp P\-lnX ]cn-tim-

[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-s∏- n- n-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw

P\-ß-fpsS Af-h‰ ]n¥p-Wbpw AwKo-Im-

chpw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬

P\-]n-¥p-W-bp≈ t\Xm-°-fpsS tbmPn®

]n¥pW AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c-W-L-S\ P\-

lnX ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-s∏-ń-

t\∏m-fnse `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwhmZw

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW {]{Inb kpK-ahpw efn-Xhpamb H∂√. `c-W-L-S\m\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ k¶o¿ÆX-shfn -s∏-Sp -Øp∂ DZm-l-c-W-amWvt\∏mƒ. 1948 apX¬ 1990 hsc t\∏mƒA©v `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p. 1948,1951, 1959, 1962, 1990 F∂nßs\.t\∏mƒ cmPm-hmWv Cu `c-W-L-S-\-I -sf√mw Xøm-dm°n \¬In -b -Xv .A¥na A[n-Imcw cmPm-hn-\m-bn-cp-∂p.F¶nepw 1990 se `c -W-L-S\_lpI£n k{º-Zmbw (Multi PartySystem) sIm≠p h∂p. cmPy-sØKh¨sa‚ v ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp Zim-_vZ-°mew Xo{h-ambcmjv{Sob ka-c-ßfp≠m-bn. t\∏mƒ`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ cmPm-hns‚ ]s¶-¥m-bn-cn -°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\hnj-bw. Nne hn`m-K-ßƒ t\∏mfn¬cmP- -cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw dn∏-ªn-°≥ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]n-°m\pw B{K-ln-®p. cmPm-hn\v Ipd®v A[n-Imcw am{X-ap≈ ]cn-anX cmP-`-c-W-Øn-te°v amd-W-sa∂v a‰v Nne¿ Icp-Xn. cmPm-hm-I-s´, Xs‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. 2002 HIvtSm-_dn¬cmPmhv F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw ssIø-S-°n. hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-IfpwkwL-S-\-Ifpw ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW k` cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p. P\-Io-b-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´ -Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń Hm^v t\∏mƒ (amthm-bn-Ãv) ap≥\n-c-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kacwsNøp∂ ]m¿ń-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-ambHcp Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Ah-km\w cmPmhv \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn. CuKh¨sa‚ v cmPm-hns‚ an° A[n-Im-c-ßfpw \o°w sNbvXp. 2013 ¬ t\∏mƒ `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW k`-bn-te-°p≈ ]pXnbsXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂p. 2015 sk]v‰w-_-¿ 17 \v ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sk]v‰w-_¿ 20 \v \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

27


ńs√¶nepw AXnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®p-sIm≠v AXv P\-ßƒ kzo-I-

cn®p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°nb hy‡n-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-

ΩXn c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hnPbkm≤y-Xsb Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse apJy hIp-∏p-Iƒ (The substantive Provi-sions of a Constitution) `c-W-L-S-\-bnse hyh-ÿ-I-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp-hm≥ F√m-h¿°pw

Fs¥-¶nepw Nne Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-IpI F∂Xv AXns‚ AwKo-Imc ap{Z-

bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `qcn-]£ hn`mKw \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-ßsf ASn-

®a¿Øp∂p F¶n¬ Ah¿ c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn tbmPn®p t]mhp-I-bn-√. Hcp

hn`mKw P\-X-bpsS sNe-hn¬ Ipd®p t]¿ {]_-e-cmbn amdp-Ibpw kaq-l-

Ønse sNdnb hn`m-K-ß-fpsS A[n-Imcw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn Dd-∏n-°p-I-bpw

sNøp∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bn-√. Xß-fpsS

kzXzw ASn-®-a¿Øs∏-Sp-∂p F∂v GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v tXm∂n-bm¬

Ah¿ c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Hcp `c-W-L-S-\bpw kºq¿Æ-

\oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ \oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp N -

°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp∂p F∂v AXv P\-ßsf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Cu Nn¥m]co£Ww \nßƒ sNøq. \nß-tfmSp Xs∂ Cu tNmZyw

tNmZn-°p-I. kaq-l-Ønse F√m-h¿°pw tbmPn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-hp∂

Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nßƒ

Icp-Xp-∂Xv?

`c-W-L-S\ AXn¬ AwK-am-Ip-∂-h-cpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw ka-Xzhpw

F{X-am-{Xw kwc-£n-°p-∂pthm AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn AXv hnP-bn-°m-\p≈

km≤y-Xbpw IqSpw. hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ F√m-

h¿°pw AXn-t\mSv tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp N´-°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp-

∂pt≠m? Cu ]pkvXIw ]Tn-®-Xn-\p-tijw CXns\ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ DØ-c-

ßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bpw.

k¥p-enX ÿm]\ cq]-tcJ (Balanced Institutional Design )`c-W-L-S\ km[m-c-W-bmbn Ań-a-dn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv P\-ß-fm-e√ adn®v

Xß-fpsS A[n-Imcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ Bfp-I-fm¬ BWv. anI®

coXnbn¬ cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-

Imcw hn -Pn®p \¬IpIbpw c-W-L-S\ Ań-a-dn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v XS-bp-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. Hcp ÿm]-\hpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ IpØI t\Sp-∂n-√ F∂v

_p≤n-]-c-amb cq]-I¬∏-\-bn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°p-I-bmWv Hcp am¿§w. hnhn[

ÿm]-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A[n-Imcw hn -Pn®v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv CXv \S-

∏m-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW hn`m-Kw, Imcy-

28


\n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw `c-W-

L-S\m ÿm]-\-amb sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j≥

F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A[n-Imcw kam-

¥-c-ambn hn`-Pn®p \¬Ip-∂p. GsX-¶nepw

Hcp ÿm]\w c-W-L-S-\sb A´n-a-dn-°m≥ {ian-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv \nb-{¥n-°m≥ a‰v ÿm]-

\-ßƒ°v Ign-bp-sa∂v CXn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \ne-

\n¬∏n\v klm-b-I-ambn amdn-bXv CØ-c-Øn¬

_p≤n-]-c-ambn cq]w \¬Inb ]c-kv]c \nb-{¥-

Whpw k¥p-e-\hpw (Checks and Balances)BWv.

`c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ Nne aqey-ßƒ, Bi-b-ßƒ,

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh B[n-Im-cn-I-sa∂ \nebv°v

apdpsI ]nSn-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw AXns‚

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n hg°w ImWn-®p-

sIm≠v amdn hcp∂ Bh-iy-ßfpw kml-N-cy-

ßfpw Dƒs°m≠v k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ krjvSn-°p-

Ibpw thWw F∂-XmWv _p≤n-]-c-amb ÿm]-

\\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS as‰mcp {][m\ hiw. hf-sc-b-

[nIw ZrV-amb (rigid) c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ am‰-Øn-

\p-th-≠n-bp≈ apd-hn-fn-bm¬ XI-cm-\mWv km≤y-X. AtX-k-abw hf-sc-b-

[nIw Ab-hp≈ (Flexible) c-W-L-S-\-bm-sW-¶n¬ P\-ßƒ°v kpc-£-tbm,

Zo¿L Z¿in-Xz-tam, kzXztam \¬Ip-I-bn-√. hnP-b-I-c-amb c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ

AXp-sIm≠v ASn-ÿm\ aqey-ßƒ kwc£n-°p-∂-Xnepw kml-N-cy-ßƒ°\p-

kr-X-ambn amdp-∂-Xnepw icn-bmb k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. ""`c-W-

L-S\ Hcp kPo-h-{]-amWw F∂ \ne-bn¬'' F∂ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ (chapterIX) C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS Cu [njW ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ Poh-\p≈ Hcp {]am-W-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p. hyh-ÿ-

I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ km≤y-Xbpw F∂m¬ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰-

ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-[nbpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-

eqsS c-W-L-S\ P\-ßƒ BZ-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]amW-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂v

Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\pw c-W-L-S-\sb A´n-a-dn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√ F∂pw

Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°s∏Sp-∂p.AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ c-W-L-S\

B[n-Im-cn-I-amtWm F∂v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v \nßƒ°v aq∂p

tNmZy-ßƒ kzbw D∂-bn-°mw.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Im¿´q-WnÃv CdmJn c-W-L-S-\sb No´p-sIm- mcw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X.v Cu hnti-jWw C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\bv°v _m[-I-amtWm?

“Ca

stl

e

of

Ca

rds”

, A

res,

co

pyri

gh

tC

agle

C

art

oo

ns,

SE

P0

5

29


$ `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°nb hy‡n-Iƒ hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-cmtWm? Cu A≤ym-

b-Øns‚ _m°n mKØv Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Imw.

$ c≠m-a-Xmbn c-W-L-S-\sb Ań-a-dn-°m≥ B¿°pw Ign-bmØ Xc-Øn¬

A[n-Imcw _p≤n-]q¿Δw hnX-cWw sNbvXn- p-≠v F∂v c-W-L-S\ Dd-

∏m-°p-∂pt≠m? {][m-\-ambpw c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-hm≥

AXv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Fs¥-¶nepw \¬Ip-∂pt≠m? Cu tNmZysØ

Ipdn-®mWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ AXp-t]mse Xs∂ P\-ß-fpsS {]Xo-£-Iƒ, A`n-em-j-ßƒ F∂n-h°v

`c-W-L-S\ DNn-X-amb ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂pt≠m? P\-ß-fpsS kza-\-

m-se-bp≈ AwKo-Imcw AYhm Iqdv `c-W-L-S-\bv°v e`n-°p-∂Xv

`c-W-L-S\ \oXn-bp-‡-amtWm F∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®mWv. C¥y≥ c-

W-L-S-\-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ \oXn-bpsS XXz-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-

am-Wv? Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km\ A≤ymbw CXn-\p≈ DØ-cw

\¬Ipw.

C¥y≥ cWLS\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-ßs\? (How was theIndian Constitution made)C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ Fß-s\-bmWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-

[n-°mw. Ahn- ‡ C¥y-bv°p-th≠n sXc-s™-SpØ c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW

k -bmWv (Constituent Assembly) Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-®X.v

BZy ktΩ-f\w 1946 Unkw-_¿ 9˛mw XobXn \S-∂p. C¥ym hn`-P-\sØ

XpS¿∂p `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ 1947 ˛ BKÃv 14 \v

ho≠pw ktΩ-fn-®p. 1935 se Kh¨sa‚ v Hm v C¥ym BI‰neqsS ÿm]n-

°-s∏´ {]hniym \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ ]tcm£ sXc-

s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS-bmWv c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Wk -bnse AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-

Sp-ØXv. Iym_n-\‰v anj≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ {_nójv Iym_n-\‰v IΩn‰n \n¿t±-

in® cq]-tcJ ASn-ÿm\am°n-bmWv c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn cq]o-

I-cn-®-Xv. Cu ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v :

$ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Hmtcm {]hn-iybv°pw Hmtcm \m´p-cmPy-Øn\pw

As√-¶n¬ cmPy-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn\pw ko‰p-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

1 : 10,00,000 F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p GI-tZi A\p-]mXw.

$ CXns‚ e-ambn {_nójv {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ({_n´s‚ t\cn- p≈

\nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ) 292 AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-

t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ°v 93 ko‰p-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-®p.

$ Hmtcm {]hn-iy-bn-sebpw ko‰p-Iƒ P\-kw-Jym\p]mX-a-\p-k-cn®v

ap…oßƒ, knJpIm¿, s]mXp-hn- mKw (General) F∂nßs\ aq∂p apJy-

hn- m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hoXn®p \¬In.

30


$ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y hyh-ÿ-bnse GI ssIam‰ thm´p k{º-Zm-

b-a-\p-k-cn®v (Single Transferable Vote system) {]hniym \n¿ΩmW k -

bnse Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Ønepw s]´ AwK-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[I

sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

$ \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bn-eqsS \n›-

bn-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

kaXzw kzmX{¥yw kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ \nß-fpsS ¢mkvap-dn-I-

fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂pt≠m? Ah Fßn-s\-bmWv kl-h¿ØnXzw ]pe¿Øp-

∂Xv: N¿® sNøp-I.

Hcp c-W-L-S-\sb Imcy-£-ahpw BZ-c-Wo-b-hp-am-°p∂ aq∂v LS-I-

ß-fmWv CXn\v ap≥]v N¿® sNbvX-Xv. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ Cu ]co-£-

bn¬ F{X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p∂p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bpsS LS\ (Composition of theConstituent Assembly)1947 Pq¨ 3 se ]≤Xn ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C¥y hn`-Pn-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -h¿ c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿ΩmW k -bnse AwK-ß-f-√m-Xm-bn. CtXmsS c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bnse AwK-

kwJy 299 Bbn Ipd-™p. Ah-cn¬ 284 t]¿ 1949 \hw-_¿ 26 \v A¥n-a-ambn c-W-L-S-\ ]m m-°n-b-t∏mƒ H∏p-h-bv°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. D]- q-J-fi-Øns‚ hn -P-\sØ XpS¿∂v sI -gn®phn´ oI-c-amb A{I-a-ß-fpsS ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn-emWv C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Xo{h-amb kΩ¿±-Øn¬\n∂p-sIm≠pw hn -P-\sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb k¶¬∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Iem-

\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob P\m-[n-]-XysØ Hcp kmaqly P\m-[n-]-Xy-am°n \mw amt‰-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaqly P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-e-√msX cmjv{Sob P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Imew \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn-√. kmaqly P\m-[n-]Xyw sIm≠vA¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv? kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o PohnX XXz-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp PohnX coXn-sb-∂mWv CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.{XnXz-Ønse (trinity) hyXykvX LS-I-ß-sf∂ coXn-bn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw,kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ IW-°m-t°-≠-Xn-√. H∂ns\ as‰m-∂n¬ \n∂pwth¿s]-SpØm-\p≈ {iaw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Dt±-iysØ Xs∂ ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Ipw. kzmX-{¥ysØ ka-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw ka-XzsØ kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬ \n∂pw th¿]n-cn°pI km≤y-a-√. ka-Xz-an-√mØ kzmX{¥yw qcn-]-£-Øn-\p-ta¬ Npcp°w Nne-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn\v CS-bm-°pw. kzmX-{¥y-an-√mØ kaXzwhy‡n-I-fpsS ap≥ssI-sø-Sp-°¬ C√m-Xm-°pw. kmtlm-Z-cy-an-√m-sX kzmX-{¥yhpwkaXzpw kzm`m-hn-IX ssIh-cn-°n-√.

tUm. _n.B¿. At_-Z vI¿, CAD,Vol.XI,p.979,25 \hw-º¿ 1949

31


]-ß-fn¬ \n∂v icn-bmb ]mT-apƒs°m≠pw c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akm-am\y a\-°-cpØv

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Hcp ]pXnb]ucXz k¶¬∏-Øn\v `c-W-L-S\ cq]w \¬In.ChnsS \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂pw AtX kabw aX-]-c-amb kzXzw ]ucXzAh-Im-i-Øn\v am\-aZfi-am-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pw hy‡-am-°-s∏- p.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWk-`-bpsSLS-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu hnh-cWw `c-W-L-S\Fßs\ Xøm-dm°n F∂-Xns‚ D]-cn-π-h-amb Hcp

Nn{Xo-I-cWw am{X-amWv. km¿Δ-{XnI thm´-h-Im-isØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-b-√ c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿ΩmWk`-bnse AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. F∂n-cp-

∂mepw c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW k`sb {]mXn-\n[ykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-°m≥ Kuc-h-amb {ia-ßƒ \S-∂p.

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v F√m aX-hn- m-K-ßƒ°pw {]mXn-\n[yw

\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]ń-I-hn- m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 28 AwK-ßfpw CXp-Iq-SmsX k -bn¬D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cmjv{So-b-]m¿ń-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ 82 % ko‰p-IƒssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Ønb tIm¨{K- n-\m-bn-cp∂p Akw-ªn-bn¬ ta[m-hn-Xzw. F√m-hn[ A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ sshhn-≤y-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p∂

]m¿ń-bm-bn-cp∂p tIm¨{K- v.

hnNn-¥\ XXzw ( The Principle of Deliberation)

{]mXn\n[y kz`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂p am{X-a√ c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS

B[n-Im-cn-I-X shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn® \S-

]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ, AwK-ßƒ, Ah-cpsS N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® aqey-ßƒ

F∂n-hbpw B[n-Im-cn-IX \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xn¬ {][m-\-L-S-I-ß-fmWv. {]mXn-

\n[y kz`mhw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ GXv Akw-ªn-bnepw kaq-l-Ønse hnhn[

hn`m-K-ßƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂p F∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. kz¥w kzXz-Øns‚

{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v am{X-a-√, cmPy-Øns‚ samØw Xm¬∏-cy-

ßƒ a\- n¬ h®p-sIm-≠mWv Hmtcm AwKhpw N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv

F∂Xpw Xpey-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw

hntbm-Pn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Chsbm∂pw AwK-ß-fpsS kzm¿∞

Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ß-fn¬ \ymb-ambpw A`n-{]mb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. Cu A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂hbm-bn-cp-

∂p. C¥y kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv tI{μo-IrX Kh¨sa‚mtWm hntI-{μo-IrX

Kh¨sa‚mtWm? kwÿm-\ßfpw tI{μhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fßns\-

C¥y-bnse F√m P\-ßfpwtN¿∂v c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-an-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F¥p kw -hn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p? AXv Ct∏m-g-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-°ptam?

32


bmbn-cn-°Ww? \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?

`c-WLS\ kzØ-h-Imiw kwc-£n-tI≠-Xpt≠m? F∂nßs\ B[p-\nI

cmjv{S-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp∂ an°-hm-dpw F√m hnj-b-ßfpw AXoh Xm¬∏-

cy-tØmsS N¿® sNø-s∏- p. n∂m- n-{]m-b-sam∂pw IqSmsX ]m m-°-s∏- Xv

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse Htc Hcp hIp-∏m-Wv. km¿Δ-{XnI thm -h-Im-isØ kw_-

‘n®v Bbn-cp∂p AXv. \n›n-X-{]m-b-sa-

Ønb F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw aXw, PmXn,

hnZym-`ym-kw, enwK-hy-Xym-kw, hcp-am\w

F∂o hyXym-k-ß-fn-√msX thm´p sNøm-

\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sa-∂mWv AXn-\¿∞w.

B¿s°√mw thm -h-Imiw \¬IWw F∂

hnjbw N¿® sNtø-≠-Xn√ F∂v Xocp-

am-\n-®p. AtX-k-abw as‰√m hnj-b-ßfpw

Kuc-h-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw kwhm-Z-ßƒ°pw

hnt[-b-am-°n. c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -

bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy {]Xn-_-≤X°v CXp

Xs∂-bmWv G‰hpw henb km£y-]-{Xw.

s]mXp-bp‡n (Public Reason) ASn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv AwK-ßƒ c-W-L-S\m

\n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

G¿s∏-´Xv F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw c-W-L-S\

AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IX t\Sp-∂p. N¿®-

Iƒ°pw bp‡n-k-l-amb hmZ-ßƒ°p-

amWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse

AwK-ßƒ Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. Xß-fpsS

kz¥w Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ apt∂m´p hbv°p-I-

b√ Ah¿ sNbvX-Xv. t\scadn®v Xß-fpsS

\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°p≈ XXzm-[n-jvTnX Imc-W-

ßƒ a‰v AwK-ßsf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬In. k¶p-NnX Xm¬∏-

cy -ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI∂p \n¬°m≥

CXneqsS Ah¿°v Ign-™p. F¥p-sIm-

s≠-∂m¬ \nß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-bp-ambn HØp-

t]m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v

\nßƒ \¬tI-≠-Xm-bn- p-≠v. c-W-L-S\m

\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse Zo¿L-amb kwhm-Z-

ßƒ hgn `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Hmtcm hIp∏pw kq£va-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v

hnt[-b-am-°n. CXv s]mXp-bp-‡n-bv°p≈ G‰hpw henb AwKo-Im-c-am-Wv.

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bpsS {]kn-U‚ v tUm.cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZpw {Um^v‰nwMv IΩn-‰n-bpsSsNb¿am≥ tUm. _n.B¿ Awt_-ZvIdpw ]c-kv]cwA`n-hmZyw sNøp-∂p.

.................. {Um^v‰nMv IΩn‰n AwK-ßƒ {]tXy-In®pw AXns‚ sNb¿am-\mb tUm._n.B¿.Awt_-ZvI¿ kz¥w A\m-tcmKyw t]mepw hI-h-bv°msX AXyp¬km-l-tØmSpw A¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tØmsSbpw {]h¿Øn®p F∂v a‰m-tc-°mfpw\∂mbn Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n. {Um^v‰nMv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ AwK-ambpw ]n∂oSv AXns‚ sNb¿am-\mbpw\nb-an-°m≥ \msa-SpØ Xocp-am-\-Øn-s‚-b-{Xbpwicn-bmb as‰mcp Xocp-am-\hpw \ap°v FSp-°p-hm≥Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs‚ sXc-s™-Sp-°-ens\At±lw A\z¿∞am°nsb∂p am{X-a√ G¬∏n®tPmen Zo]vX-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v IΩn-‰n-bnse AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ah-cpsS{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf th¿Xn-cn®p ImWpI A\-h-k-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. sNb¿am-s\-t∏mse Xs∂Ah-sc-√m-hcpw AXyp¬km-l-tØmSpw A¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tØmSpw {]h¿Øn®p F∂v F\n-°-dn-bmw.Ah¿ cmPy-Øns‚ BZ-chpw \μnbpw A¿ln-°p-∂p. ”

tUm. cmtP- {μ - {] -kmZ v CAD, Vol. XI,p.994, 26 \hw -º¿ 1949

33


`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW Ncn-{X-Ønse {][m\ \mgn-°-√p-I-

fmb Ata-cn-°≥ {^©v hn]vf-h-ßfpw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-tØmsS

Cu kwhm-Z-ßfn¬ Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ (Procedures)`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bpsS km[m-cW \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fnepws]mXp-bp-‡n°v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. hnhn[ hnj-b-ßƒ°mbn

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bn¬ 8 {][m\ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS A≤y£ ÿm\w hln-®Xv Ph-l¿em¬s\lv-dp, cmtP-{μ-{]-km-Zv, k¿Zm¿ h√`mbv ]t´¬, auem\m Bkm-

Zv, tUm._n.-B¿ Awt_-ZvI¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw Ch¿ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n√m-bn-cp∂p. tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpwKm‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw ISpØ hna¿i-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Awt_-ZvI¿. ]´n-

I-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-am-b-sXms° sNøm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\v Ahsc At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]t´epw s\lvdp-hp-am-Is´ \nc-h[n hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hntbm-Pn-∏p-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-

∂mepw Ah¿ F√m-hcpw HsØm-cp-a-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-®p. HmtcmIΩn-‰nbpw c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-IfpsS IcSv Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bn¬ N¿®-Iƒ°v hnt[-

b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]e-t∏mgpw A`n-{]mb ka\zbw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Nne hyhÿ-Iƒ thms -Sp-∏n\vhnt[-b-ambmWv AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw Hcp sNdnb

hmZ-K-Xn-tbm, XS- -hm-Ztam, A`n-{]-bmtam Db¿∂p-h-cp-tºmƒhfsc A[nIw kq£-a-X-tbm-sS-bmWv Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXncp-∂-Xv. XS- --hm-Z-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-sb-Sp-ØmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Akwªn 2 h¿j-Øn\pw 11 amk-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ 166 Znh-k-ßƒtbmKw sN¿∂p. Cu tbmK-ß-fn¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw, s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°pw {]th-i-\m-\p-aXn e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ss]XrIw (Inheritanceof the Nationalist Movement)F∂m¬ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\bpw AXv \n¿Ωn® `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW k -IfpsS am{Xw D¬∏-∂-a-√. `c-W-L-S-\- {i≤m-]q¿Δw kwc-£n-t°≠ {][m\ XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A`n-{]mb ka-

\z-b-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`sb-t∏mse sshhn-≤y-ap≈ Hcp kan-Xn°v{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu XXz-ßƒ kzmX{¥y

ka-c-Im-e-ØmWv cq]-s∏- -Xv. tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂pwss]Xr-I-ambn e n® XXz-ßƒ°v (Bi-b-ßƒ°v) aq¿Ø cq]hpw

1937 ˛ ¬ \ap°vkzmX{¥yw e`n-®n-cp∂pF¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p? As√-¶n¬1957 hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠nh∂n-cp∂p F¶ntem ?\ΩpsS `c -W-L-S\C∂p-≈-Xn¬ \n∂pw hf-sc-b-[nIw hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-am-bn-cpt∂m?

34


BIr-Xnbpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv Hcp coXn-bn¬ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`sNbvX-Xv. c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v ap≥]p≈ Zim-_vZ-ß-fn¬ c-W-L-

S\m \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v {]k-‡-amb At\Iw tNmZy-ßƒ tZiob{]ÿm\w N¿® sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn C¥y-bv°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ Kh¨sa‚ns‚cq]w, AXv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-t°≠ aqey-ßƒ, AXv adn IS-t°≠ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ

XpSßn Cu kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™ DØ-c-ßƒ°v c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A¥nacq]w \¬In.Hcp ]t£, tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k -bn¬ sIm≠p h∂

XXz-ß-fpsS G‰hpw \√ Npcp-s°-gp-Øm-Wv. 1946 ¬ s\lvdp Ah-X-cn-∏n®e£y-{]-ta-bw, (Akw-ªn-bpsS e£yßƒ \n¿Δ-Nn® {]ta-bw) Cu A`n-em-j-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw cXv\-®p-cp-°-am-Wv. c-W-L-S-\-bnse apJy-

hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ F∂ mKØv ap≥]v ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ aqey-ßƒ Cu e£y-{]-ta-b-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]ta-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kaXzw,kzmX-{¥yw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, km¿h euIn-I kzXzw XpS-ßnb

ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ°v \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ ÿm]-\-]-c-amb cq]w \¬In.CØ-c-Øn¬ \nb-a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw Cg-]n-cn™ tIh-e-amb H∂√C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\, adn®v P\-ß-fpsS apºmsI tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w Db¿Øn-

∏n-Sn® hnhn[ hmKvZm-\-ßƒ km£m-Xv°-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp Kh¨sa‚n\vcq]w \¬Im≥ AXn\v [m¿ΩnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≠v.

e£y-{]-ta-b-Ønse {][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ

* C¥y Hcp kzX-{¥, ]c-am-[n-Imc, dn∏-ªn-°m-Wv.* C¥y {_n´ojv C¥y≥ `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw, C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-

sSbpw (\m´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw) {_n´o-jn-¥ybv°v ]pd-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰v`mK-ß-fp-sSbpw, bqWn-bs‚ `mK-am-Im-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp bqWn-b-\m-bn-cn-°pw.

* kzX{¥ ]c-am-[n-Imc C¥y-bp-sSbpw, c-W-L-S-\-bp-sSbpw F√m A[n-Imchpw P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

* kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI cmjv{Sob \oXn; ]Z-hn-bnepw Ah-k-c-Øn-ep-

ap≈ kaXzw, \nb-a-Øn\p ap∂nse kaXzw, auenI kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ,kwkmcw, Bi-b-{]-I-S\w, aX hnizm-kw Bcm-[-\, sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\,{]hrØn kwLw tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-°pI. F∂nh \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbv°pw

s]mXp-[m¿Ωn-I-Xbv°pw hnt[-b-ambn Dd∏p \¬Ip-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

* \yq\-]-£-ßƒ, ]nt∂m° tKm{X-h¿§-ta-J-e-Iƒ, ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏- -h¿, a‰v

]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-¿°v aXn-bmb kwc-£-Ww \¬I-Ww.* C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ `q{]-tZ-i-]-c-amb AJ-fi-Xbpw Ic, IS¬,

BImiw F∂n-h-bpsS ta¬ AXn-\p≈ ]c-am-[n-Imc Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

F∂nh \oXn°pw \nb-a-Øn\pw A\p-kr-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Ø-Ww. etemI-k-am-[\Øn\pw am\-h-cm-in-bpsS t£a-Øn\pw th≠n kzt{]-c-W-bm¬

Cu cmPyw kw`m-h\ sNøpw.

35


CanadianConstitution

A quasi-federal formof government (afederal system with astrong centralgovernment)

The idea of ResidualPowers

ÿm]-\-]-c-amb cq]-tcJ (Institutional arrangements)Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS k¥p-en-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-amWv `c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS Imcy-£-aX Dd-∏m-°p∂ aq∂m-asØ LS-Iw. Kh¨sa‚ v

P\m-[n-]Xy]chpw P\-ß-fpsS t£a-tØmSv {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-

∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww F∂-XmWv ASn-ÿm\ XXzw. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW hn m-Kw.

Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw F∂nh ÿm]-\-ßƒ°n-

S-bn¬ icn-bmb k¥p-e\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S\m

\n¿ΩmWk` [mcmfw kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXv \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmW hn`m-K-Øn-\pw Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-W- hn`m-K-Øn\pw A[n-Imcw

hn`-Pn®p \¬Ip∂ ]m¿esa‚dn hyh-ÿbpw tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ A[n-Imcw ]¶n-Sp∂ s^U-d¬ k{º-Zm-b-hpw kzoI-

cn-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n.

G‰hpw k¥p-en-X-amb Kh¨sa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°v cq]w

\¬Ip-tºmƒ a‰p≈ cmPy-ß-fnse ]co-£-W-ßfn¬ \n∂pw A\p- -h-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]mT-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-hm≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-

Xm°ƒ bmsXmcp aSnbpw Im´n-bn-√. `c-W-L-S\m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw ISw-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\v AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-

Xm-°ƒ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂pan√. Ah-cpsS hnim-e-amb Adn-hp-I-fpsS Hcp

km£y-]{Xw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw _p≤n-]q¿Δ-amb GXv hmZ-

K-Xn-°p-taepw, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb GXv DZm-l-c-W-Ønepw ssIh-bv°p-I-

sb-∂Xv bYm-k-abw c-W-L-S\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ht´sd hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

Ah¿ IS-sa-Sp-Øp.

F∂m¬ Cu Bi-b-ß-fpsS IS-sa-Sp-°¬ shdpw A\p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√. C¥y-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ°pw A`n-em-j-ßƒ°pw IS-sa-SpØ

Hmtcm hyh-ÿbpw A\p-tbm-Py-amWv F∂v km[q-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. k¶p-NnX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn temIØv

At∏mƒ CsXmcp IS-sa-Sp-°-s∏´ c-W-L-S-\-bm-bn-cpt∂m ? Hcn-SØp\n∂pw H∂pw IS-sa-Sp-°mØ Hcp c-W-L-S\\ap -s°-¥p -sIm≠vD≠m-bn-√?

temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Cu ImeØvXøm-dm-°-s∏´ Hcp c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]pXn-b-XbnD≠m-Iptam F∂v tNmZn-°m≥Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. ]pXn-b-Xmbn Fs¥-¶n-ep-sam∂v D≠m-hp-sa-¶n¬ AXv ]cm-P-b-ßsfC√m-Xm-°n cmPy-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]-am-°p-I-sb-

∂Xv am{X-am-Wv.

tUm. _n.B¿. At_-ZvI¿

AD.Vol.VV,P.37,A \hw-º¿ 1948

36


hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw IS-sa-SpØ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

(Provisions adopted from constitutions of different countries)

{_nójv `c-W-L-S\

* tIhe `qcn -]£ hyhÿ(FPTP)

* ]m¿e-sa‚dn `c-W-k-{º-Zmbw

* \nb-a-hm-gvN-sb∂ Bibw

* kv]o°-dpsS ÿm]-\hpwAt±-l-Øns‚ / Ah-cpsSNpa-X-e-Ifpw

* \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S-]Sn{Iaw.

Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fpsS `c-W-L-S\

* auen-Im-h-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A≤ymbw

* \oXn-\ymb ]p\x ]cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw

* \oXn -\ymb hn`m -K -Øns‚ kzX-{¥-X.

sFdnjv `c-W-L-S\

* cmjv{S-\-b-hp-ambn_‘-s∏´ \n¿t±-i-X-Xz-ßƒ

It\Unb≥ `c-W-L-S\

* A¿≤ sÛ-d¬ Kh -sa‚ v (i‡-amb tI{μ-K-h¨sa-t‚mSp IqSnbsÛ-d¬ k{º-Zm-bw)

* Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-c-sa∂Bi-bw.

{^m≥kns‚ `c-W-LS\

* kzmX{¥yw ka-Xzw,kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ.

37


e`y-am-b-Xn¬ G‰hpw anI-®-Xns\ kz¥-am-°m≥ sI¬∏p-≈-Xp-amb Hcp cW-

L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k` e`n-®-Xn¬ C¥y mKyw sNbvXp.

kw{Klw (Conclusion)P\-ßƒ ]¶p-h® ASn-ÿm\ aqey-ßfpw D∂-X-amb A`n-em-

j-ßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp {]amWw cmPy-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°-

s∏-´Xv c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS Zo¿L Z¿in-Xz-Øn\pw

[nj-Wbv°pw D≈ D]-lm-c-ambm-Wv. a‰-t\Iw c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ

Ah BZyw Fgp-X-s∏´ IS-em- p-I-fpsS H∏w \in-®p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ

k¶o¿Æ-ambn cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvX {]amWambn´p IqSn C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw Hcp Pohn-°p∂ {]am-W-ambn

\ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXXv C°m-c-W-Øm-em-Wv.

Hcp AXp-ey-amb {]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\

a‰-t\Iw c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ°v amXr-I-bm-Wv, {]tXy-In-®pw Z£n-

Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\°v. icn-bmb Hcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ

Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p GI-tZiw aq∂p h¿j-tØmfw \o≠p

\n∂ c-W-L-S-\-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kpZo¿L-amb At\z-j-W-

Øns‚ {][m\ e£yw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ c-W-L-S\ cq]w

\¬Inb ÿm]-\-ßƒ bmZr-›n-Itam Xm¬°m-enI kwhn-[m-

\tam Bbn-cp-∂n-√. t\sc adn®v hcpw Ime-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bnse

P\-ß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse _m°n A≤ym-b-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-

tºmƒ CtX-°p-dn®v \nßƒ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°pw.

A`ymkw1) Xmsg tN¿Ø-h-bn¬ GXmWv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Npa-Xe A√m-ØXv?

a. ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AXv Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p.

b. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-ta-Je AXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.

38


c. \√ P\-ßƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcp∂p F∂v AXv Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

d. s]mXp-hmbn ]¶p-h-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ aqey-ßsf AXv {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p.

2) ]m¿e-sa‚nt‚Xn-t\-°mƒ D∂XamWv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX F∂

\nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXm-

Wv.

a. ]m¿e-sa‚ v \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v ap≥t] `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°-s∏-´p.

b. ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ß-tf-°mƒ {]K¬ -cmb t\Xm-°-∑m-cmWv c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-

Xm-°ƒ.

c. ]m¿e-sa‚ v Fßs\ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww, AXns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv

F∂v hy‡am-°p-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv.

d. ]m¿e-sa‚n\v `c-W-L-S\ t`ZKXn sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√.

3) `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ icntbm sXt‰m

F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I.

a. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]o-I-cWw A[n-Im-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ enJnX

{]am-W-amWv `c-W-L-S-\.

b. P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Bh-iy-ap-≈Xpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpamb

H∂mWv `c-W-L-S-\.

c. Bi-b-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ F∂nh IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bmWv

`c-W-L-S-\.

d. `c-W-L-S\ ]uc\v Hcp ]pXnb kzXzw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

4) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ°pdn®v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A\p-am-\-

ßƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I. \nß-fpsS DØ-csØ km[q-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

a. F√m P\-ßfpw tN¿∂v sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-X√ F∂-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S\m

\n¿ΩmW k` C¥y≥ P\-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂n-√.

39


b. t\Xm-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ N´-°qSv (Basic FrameWork) kw_-‘n®v s]mXp-[m-cW D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-

Øn¬ {][m\ Xocp-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw FSp-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

c. a‰v cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ISw sIm≠-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ H´pw

auen-I-X-bp≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. (originality)

5) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ßsf A\p-Iq-en-

°p∂ c≠v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

a. P\-ß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw t\Sm≥Ign™ hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ t\Xm-°-∑m-

cmWv `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.

b. `c-W-L-S-\sb A´n-a-dn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Xc-Øn¬ AXv A[n-Imcw hnX-

cWw sNøp∂p.

c. P\-ß-fpsS {]Xo-£-I-fp-sSbpw A`n-em-j-ß-fp-sSbpw BsI-Øp-I-bmWv

`c-W-L-S-\.

6) Hcp cmPysØ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬Øs∂

IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂sX¥p-sIm-≠mWv? AØcw \n¿Æ-b-Øns‚

A`m-h-Øn¬ F¥v kw`-hn°pw?

7) `c-Wm[nImcn-I-fpsS ta¬ `c-W-L-S\ \nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-h-iy-

am-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? P\-ßƒ°v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw \¬ImØ Hcp `cW-

L-S-\-bp-≠m-Iptam ?

8) c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤Ønse ]cm-P-b-Øn-\p-tijw P∏m≥ Ata-cn-°≥ ]´m-

f-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv P∏m≥`c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°-

s∏-´-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bnse Kh¨sa‚n-\n-jvS-s∏-SmØ Hcp hyh-ÿbpw P∏m≥

`c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ c-W-L-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬

\nßƒ Fs¥-¶nepw {]iv\-ßƒ ImWp-∂pt≠m? CXn¬ \n∂pw C¥y-

bpsS A\p-`-hw GXp XcØn-emWv hyXy-kvX-am-hp-∂-Xv.

40


9) cPXv Ahs‚ So®-tdmSv Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-®p. `cWLS-\bv°v Adp-]-sØ´p

h¿jw ]g-°-ap-≠v. AXv Hcp Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. AXv \S-∏m-°p-∂-

Xn\v Bcpw Fs‚ A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®n-√. hfsc ISp-∏-ap≈ mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ F\n°Xv a\- n-em-°m\pw Ign-bn-√. Cu {]amWw Rms\-

¥n\v A\p-k-cn-°-Ww? \nß-fm-bn-cp∂p cP-Xns‚ A≤ym-]-I-s\-¶n¬ Cu

tNmZy-Øn\v Fßs\ DØcw \¬Ipw

10) \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse A\p-`-h-ßƒ F∂ N¿®-bn¬

]s¶-SpØ aq∂v {]mkw-KI¿ aq∂v hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

l¿_m≥ : P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚ns‚ N´-°qSv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-

L-S\ hnP-bn-®p.

t\l : kzmX-{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v \√

hmKvZm-\-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ \¬In. F∂m¬ CXp-hsc AXv \S-∏m-

bn-√. AXn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.

\koa : `c-W-L-S\ \sΩ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. \Ωƒ c-W-L-S-\sb BWv

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

CXn¬ GsX-¶n-epw \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-

sIm≠v? tbmPn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ F¥mWv \nß-fpsS \ne-]mSv ?

41

A[ymbw 2 C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

A[-ymbw ˛ 2

C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ(RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION)

BapJw (Introduction)Hcp c-W-L-S-\- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS LS-\-sb-°p-dn®v am{X-

a√, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ign™ A≤-ym-

b-Øn¬ ]Tn®Xv t]mse c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p-≈Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-

ßƒ°pta-¬ \n-b-{¥-W-ßƒ sIm≠p-h-cnIbpw F√m hy-‡n-Iƒ°pw A\p-

-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Nne Ah-Im--i-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-hÿ

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp {]am-W-amWv. Cu A[-ym-b-Øn¬ C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p-≈- auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ ]Tn-

°pw. C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS III mw mKw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]´n-I--s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v taep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw kqNn-

∏n-°p∂p. Ign™ Adp-]Øn Ggv h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Cu Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS

hym]vXn amdp-Itbm hn]p-e-am-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn- p-≠v. Cu A≤-ymbw ]Tn-°p-

∂-Xn-eqsS Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nß-ƒ-°-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

1. C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏- n- p≈ hy-X-ykvX auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ

GsX-√m-amWv?

2. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ßs\?

3. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\p≈ ]s¶¥v?

4. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw cmjv{S-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-I-XX-z-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈

hy-X-ymksa¥v?

42


Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw (The Importance of Rights)1982 ¬ Gj-y≥ sKbnw-kns‚ \n¿amW {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Kh¨sa‚ v GXm\pw

Ipd®v tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿amsc Gev]n-®p. ta¬∏m-X-Ifpw (Flyovers) tÃUnbßfpw

\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu Icm-dp-Im¿ cmP-y-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Zcn-{Z-

cmb \n¿amWsØmgn-em-fn-I-sf-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tami-amb PohnX kmlN-

cy-Øn-emWv Ahsc ]m¿∏n-®-Xv. an\naw Iqen-t]mepw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ah¿ Xbm-dm-bn-

cp-∂n√.

Ah-cpsS Zb-\o-b-amb kml-N-c-y-sØ-°p-dn®v ]T\w \S-Ønb kmaq-

ly imkv{X-⁄-cpsS Hcp kwLw kp{]owtImS-Xn-bn¬ CXns\ kw_-

‘n®v ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. k¿°m¿ \n¿tZ-in-®n´p≈ Ipd™ Iqen \¬ImsX

tPmen sNøn∏n°p-∂Xv ASn-a-∏-Wnt°m (beger) As√-¶n¬ \n¿_-‘nX

tPment°m (Forced labor) XpeyamsW∂pw AXv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS

ewL-\-am-sW∂pw hmZn-®p. Cu hmZw tImSXn kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Bbn-c-

°-W-°n\p hcp∂ Cu sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ \n¿-tZin® an\naw

Iqen e -y-am-Ip-∂Xv Dd∏v hcp-Ø-W-sa∂v k¿°m-dn-t\mSv \n¿tZin-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

a°¬ emew-ßns\ 23 hb- p-≈--t∏mƒ {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-Øn\v AdÃp

sNbvXp. A -anse Np_pcn {Kma-Ønse \nhm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw.

hnNm-cW ka-bØv am\-kn-I-\ne sX‰n-b-Xmbn ImW-s∏- -Xn-\m¬ At±-

lsØ tXPv]q-cnse temIv {]nb tKm]n-\mYv _¿tZmfn am\-knI Bip-

]-{Xn-bn-te°v Ab-®p.

1967 ˛epw 1996 ˛epw a°¬ emewMns\ NnIn-’n-®n-cp∂

tUmIvS¿am¿ At±l-Øns‚ NnIn’ hnP-b-I-c-am-b-Xns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ a°¬ hnNmcW t\cn-Sp-hm≥ tbmK-y-\m-sW∂v

ImWn®v Pbne[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v IsØ-gpXn. ]t£ Bcpw Cu Fgp-

Øn\v {i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. a°¬ PpUo¬j-y¬ IÃ-Un-bn¬ Xs∂

XpS¿∂p.

a°¬ emewMns\ 2005 Pqsse-bn¬ tamNn-∏n-®p. At∏mƒ At±-

l-Øn\v 77 hb- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 54 h¿jw At±lw IÃ-Un-bn¬

sNe-hm-°n. B Ime-b-f-hn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ tIkv hnNm-c-W°v

h∂-tX-bn√. kwÿm-\Øv hnNm-cW sNø-s∏-SmsX InS-∂n-cp∂

tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n a\p-j-ym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥

\nb-an-® Hcp kwLw CS-s]-´Xv sIm≠mWv Abmsf tamNn-∏n-

®Xv.

a°-ens‚ PohnXw ]q¿W-ambpw ]mgm-bn. ImcWw At±-l-

Øn-s\-Xnsc icn-bmb coXn-bn-ep--s≈mcp hnNm-cW Hcn-°epw -

a°¬ Hcp kº-∂\pw

A[n-Im-c-ap≈h\p-am-bn-

cps∂-¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂p? \n¿amW

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F≥Pn-\o-

b¿am -cm -bn -c p -s∂-¶n¬

F¥m-bn-cn°pw. Ah-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ewLn-°s∏-

Sp-am-bn-cpt∂m?

43


\S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ Hmtcm ]uc\pw Pohn-°m\pw kzmX-

{¥y-Øn-\pap≈ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. \ym-bhpw Ime-Xm-ak-hp-an-√mØ

hnNm-W-°p≈ Ah-Imiw GsX-mcp ]uc\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂XmWv CXp-

sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`n-°msX hcp-

tºmƒ F¥p kw -hn-°p-∂psh∂v a°-ens‚ A\p- hw ImWn-°p-∂p.

BZy DZm-l-c-W-Øns‚ Imc-y-Ønepw `c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-´p≈ Ah-

Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-ap-≠m-bn. ]t£ CXv tImS-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏- p.

AXns‚ e-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-i--s∏´ thX\w e`n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Aßs\ c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂ Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ Ah-

Imiw Cu sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn.

Ah-Im-i- ]{XnI (Bill of Rights)Cu c≠v DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\-y--sØbpw

Ah-bpsS \S-∏n-em-°-en-s\-bp-amWv. ]uc-∑m¿°v Nne Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-s≠∂pw

Kh¨sa‚ v Cu Ah-Im-i-ßsf AwKo-I-cn--°p-∂ps≠∂pw P\m-[n-]-Xyw Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. AXn-\m¬ an°- P-\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-y-ß-fp-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\-

bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ńI Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. c-W-

L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≈Xpw AXn-\m¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXn´p≈ AØcw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-tb-bmWv Ah-Imi ]{XnI

(Bill of Rights) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-Imi ]{XnI hy-‡n-I-fpsS AhIm-

i-ßƒs°-Xnsc {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-¬\n∂v Kh¨sa‚ns\ hne-°p-Ibpw Ah-

Imi ewL-\-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXn-\p≈ ]cn-lmcw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Hcp sSen-hn-j≥ As√-¶n¬^m≥ hmßp--tºmƒ hmd‚nIm¿Uv e`n-°p-∂Xv t]mse-bmWv Ah-Imi ]{XnIsb∂v (Bill of Rifhts)F\n°v a\- n-embn. Aß-s\-X-s∂-bt√?

hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ kwc-£n--t°-≠Xv

Bcn¬ \n∂mWv? Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂Xv as‰mcp hy-‡ntbm, As√-¶n¬ kz-Im-cy kwL-S-\tbm

BImw. AØ-c-samcp kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ hy-‡nbv°v Kh¨sa‚ns‚

kwc-£Ww Bh-i-y-am-Wv. A{]-Imcw hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

Kh¨sa‚n\v kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≠v. t\sc-a-dn®v

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn-[-L-S-I-ß-fpsS (\nb-a-\n¿amWw (legislation)Imc-y-\n¿h-lWw (Executive) DtZ-ym-K-ÿhrμw (Bureacracy), \oXn-

\-ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary), {]h¿Ø-\-Øm¬ hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-

i-ßƒ ewLn--°s∏-t -°mw.

C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ

(Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution)kz-mX-{¥y kacIm-eØv \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°-∑m¿ auen-Im-

h-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw {_nójv c-Wm-[n-

44


Im-cn-I-tfmSv Ah am-\n-°-W-sa∂v

Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1928 ¬

Xs∂ tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp IΩn‰n

Ah-Im-i- ]-{XnI (Bill of Rights)thW-sa∂ hmZw D∂-bn-®n-cp∂p. kzm-

X-{¥yw t\Sn `c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-

°p∂ thf-bn¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ c-W-

L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\

kw_-‘n®v c≠v A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]tX-yIw kwc-£n-°-

s∏-tS≠ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ńI

Xs∂ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn.

Ah auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ (Fundamen-tal Rights) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. auen-

Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ hfsc {]m[m-\-y-ta-dn-

bXmb-Xn-\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v Xs∂

Ah- ewLn-°p-Ibn-s√∂v c-W-L-S\

Dd∏v hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

auen-Im-h-Imi-ßƒ e -y-amb a‰v

Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy-kvX-am-

Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn, \nb-a-]-c-amb

Ah-Im-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw \S-

∏n-em-°p-∂-Xpw km[m-cW \nb-a-ßƒ

(Ordinary laws) BsW-¶n¬ auen-Im-

h-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw Dd∏v

hcp-Øp-∂Xpw cmP-y--sØ c-W-L-S-\-

bm-Wv. km[m-cW \nb-a-ßsf efn-X-

amb \S-]Sn {Ia-Øn-eqsS t`Z-KXn

sNøp-tºmƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS

t`Z-K-Xnbv°v c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-

eqsS am{Xta km[-y-am-Iq. Kh¨-

sa‚ns-‚ Hcp L-S-Ihpw auen-Im-h-

Im-i-ßsf ewLn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬

{]h¿Øn-°m≥ ]mSn -√. Kh¨-

sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS auen-

Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ewLn-°--s∏-´m¬

Ahsb kwc-£n°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im-

chpw DØ-c-hmZnØhpw \oXn-\-ymb

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse Ah-Imi ]{XnI

(Bill of Rights in the SouthAfrican Constitution)1996 Unkw-_-dn-emWv Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse h¿Whnth-N\Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]ncn-®p-hnSens\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb B`-y-¥-c-bp≤ oj-Wn-bp-sS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw {]J-ym-]-\hpw \S-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]-X-y-Øns‚ aqe-°-√m-bn- mWv Ah-Imi ]{Xn-Isb Z£n-Wm-{^n°≥ c-W-L-S\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S\ h¿Kw (race), enwKw (gender) ,K¿`w (Pregnancy), sshhm-lnI ]Zhn (Marital Sta-tus), hwiw (Ethnic), h¿Ww, hbkv, sshI-eyw (dis-ability), aXw, a\xkm£n (Conscience), hni-zmkw,kwkvImcw, `mj, P\\w, F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈ hnth-N\w hne°p∂p. Hcp ]s£ ]uc-∑m¿°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`-y-am-°n-bn-´p≈ `c-W-L-S-\-bnsem-∂m-Wn-Xv. Hcp {]tX-yI `c-W-L-S\m tImS-Xn-bmWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \S-∏n¬hcpØp-∂-Xv.

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs]-ń-´p≈Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.

$ A¥-kn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Dignity)$ kz-Im-c-y-Xbv°p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Privacy)$ am\-y-amb sXmgn¬ sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

(Right to Fair labour Practices)$ Btcm-K-y-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xnbv°pw, ]cn-ÿnXn

kwc-£-W-Øn-\p-apf≈ Ah-Imiw (Right toHealthy environment and right to protection ofenvironment)

$ ]m¿∏nS kuI-c-yØn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Rightto adequate housing)

$ Btcm-Ky]cn-]m-e\w, `£Ww, Pew, kmaq-lnI kpc£ F∂n-hbv°p≈ Ah-Imiw(Right to health care, food, water and socialsecurity)

$ Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imißƒ (Children's Rights)$ ASn-ÿm\ hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn\pw D∂X hnZ-ym- --ym

-kØn\pap≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Basic andhigher education)

$ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw, aX-]-c-hpw, mjm-]-c-hp-ambhn`mK-ß-fpsS Ah-Imiw (Right to cultural,religious and linguistic communities.)

$ hnh-cm-h-Imiw (Right to Information)

45


(Judiciary) hn`m-K-Øn-\p-≠v. CXv XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A[-ymb-Øn¬ \Ωƒ ]Tn-

°pw. Imc-y-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw, \nb-a-\n¿amW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßsf ewLn-°p-Itbm, A\ym-b-amb coXn-

bn¬ \nb-{¥n-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ CØcw {]h¿Øn-Isf \nb-a-hn-cp≤ambn

{]J-ym-]n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \oXn-\-ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\p-≠v. F¶nepw auen-

Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-]q¿Wtam (absolute) A\n-b-{¥n-Xtam (unlimited) A√.

AXn-\p-ta¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v bp‡n-]-c-amb (Reasonable) \nb-{¥-Wßƒ

G¿s∏-Sp-Ømhp∂-Xm-Wv.

ka-X-zm-h-Imiw (Right to Equality)

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ c≠v kml-N-c-y-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I. Ch km¶¬]n-I-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ Ch-bn¬ NneXv \ne-hn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-Xpw, mhn-bn¬ kw -hn-t®°m-

hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL\w CXn¬ Dƒs∏´n-´ps≠∂v

\nßƒ IcpXp-∂p-t≠m?

kz-mtZjv Ipam¿ Xs‚ kplr-Øp-°-fn¬ Hcm-tfmsSm∏w {KmaØnse hgn-

tbmc °S-bn¬ \n∂pw Nmb IpSn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. IS-°m-c-\vv kzm-tZjv

Ipamdns\ Adn-bmw. ]t£ Ahs‚ kplrØns‚ PmXn Adn-bp-hm≥ th≠n

At±-l-Øn‚ t]cv tNmZn-®p. CXn\v tijw Nmb-°-S-°m-c≥ kz-mtZjv Ipam-

dn\v \√ ]m{X-Øn¬ Nmb sImSp-Øt∏mƒ Zfn-X-\mb kplr-Øn\v a¨]m-

-{X-Øn-emWv Nmb \¬In-b-Xv.

]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI (Check your progress)

C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw £n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn-se Ah-Imi ]{Xn-Ibpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv Xmsg ]d-bp∂Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]´nI Xbmdm°pI

$ c≠nepw s]mXp-hm-bn- p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

$ `£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ e`y-am-bXpw F∂m¬ C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ e`y-a-√m-ØXpw

$ `£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≈Xpw.F∂m¬ C¥-y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-b-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ.

46


ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right toEquality)$ \nb-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Xpey-X.$ Xpey \nba ]cn-c£.$ aXw, h¿Kw, PmXn, enwKw, P\-\-ÿew

F∂n-hbpsS ASn -ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈hnth-N-\-ßfpsS \ntcm-[-\w.

$ tlm´-ep-Iƒ, IS-Iƒ, InW-dp -Iƒ,Ipfßƒ, s]mXp kv\m\-L-´-ßƒ,s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬Xpey- {]th-i\w

$ s]mXp-tPmen-I-fn¬ Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw.$ AbnØ \n¿Ωm¿P\w$ ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°¬.kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right toFreedom)

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ°p≈Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

$ A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-Øn\pw Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn-\pap≈ kzmX-{¥yw.

$ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn ktΩ-fn-°m-\p≈Ah-Im-iw.

$ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]n-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

$ C¥y-bn -sehnsSbpw kzX-{¥-ambnk©-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw.

$ C¥ybn¬ Fhn-sSbpw ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

$ CjvS-ap≈ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw,hyh-km -b -Ønepw I®--h -S -ØnepwG¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw.

$ Ip‰-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®kwc-£Ww

$ Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈Ah-Imiw.

$ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.$ Nne tIkpI-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´p≈

in£-bn¬ \n∂pw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p-ap≈]cn-c-£.

NqjW-Øn-s\-Xn -sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw(Right against exploitation)

$ a\pjy hym]-c-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw, \n¿_-‘nX tPmen-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ap≈ Ah-Im-iw.

$ Ip´n-I-sf-sIm≠v A]-I-S-I-c-amb tPmensNøn-°p-∂Xn\p≈ \ntcm-[\w

aX kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p≈ Ah-Im-iw (Rightto freedom of religion)$ a\xkm-£n°pw kzX-{¥amb aX-hn-

izmk-k-Øn\pw aXmN-c-W-Øn\pw aX{]Nm-c-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw

$ aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ßfpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

$ GsX¶nepw {]tXyI aXsØ ]cn-t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \nIpXn \¬Ip-Xv kw_-‘n® kzmX{¥yw

$ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ aX-t_m-[-\-Øn-tem, Bcm-[-\-bntem ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kzmX-{¥yw.

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ymk]c-hp-ambAh-Im-i-ßƒ (Cultural and EducationalRights)$ \yq\-] -£-ß-fpsS `mj-bp -sSbpw

kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£-Ww.$ \q\-]£ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v hnZym-`ymk

ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈Ah-Im-iw.

`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p≈Ah-Im-iw. (Right to Constitutional Rem-edies)$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn dn´pIƒ (Writs), DØ-c-hp-Iƒ,\n¿t±-i-ßƒ F∂nh ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-\p≈Ah-Imiw.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\

`mKw 3: auenI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

47


A\p-tOZw 16(4) ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ P\-hn-`m-K-Øn\v k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ aXn-bmb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n-´n√ F∂v tÃ‰n\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-]£w B hn`m-K-Øn\v A¿l-amb kwh-cWwsIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Cu hIp∏v k¿°m-dns\hne-°p-∂n-√.

Hcp hm¿Øm Nm\¬ Xß-fpsS \mev hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I¿s°-

Xnsc C\n apX¬ Ah¿ hm¿Ø hmbn--t°-≠-Xn-s√∂p≈ Hcp DØ-

chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. Ah¿ \mev t]cpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 45 hb-

n\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-aps≠-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿s°-Xn-sc DØ-chv

]pd--s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p≈ Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ 45 hb-kn\p apI-fn-¬ {]mb-

ap≈ ]pcp-j≥am-cmb c≠v hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I¿s°-Xnsc Cu

hne°v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpan√.

hy-‡-amb hnth-N-\-Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv Ch. H∂m-a--

tØXv PmXn-bp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ c≠m-a--tØXv enwK-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hnthN\w \oXo-

Icn-°m-hp-∂-XmsW∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p-t≠m?

ka-X-zm-h-Imiw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb F√m

hnth-N-\--sØbpw Zqco-I-cn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fmb

IS-Iƒ, t`mP-\-im-e-Iƒ, hnt\mZ tI{μ-ßƒ, InW-dp-Iƒ, kv\m\-

L -ßƒ, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnte°v {]th-in-°m≥

CXv Xpey Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. P\\w, aXw, enwKw, h¿Ww, PmXn,

h¿Kw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ bmsXmcp hnth-N\hpw ]mSn-

√. ta¬ ]d™ Imc-W-ß-fp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s]mXp \nb-a-\-

ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp hnth-N\hpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬

\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ CØcw Xpey-{]-th-i\w {]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°nbn-cp∂n√. AXvsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hfsc {][m-

\-s∏ -Xm-Wv.

Abn-Øm-N-c-Ww- A-k-a-X-z-Øns‚ {]mIr-X-amb cq]am-Wv. ka-

X-zm-h-Imiw CXns\ \n¿am¿P\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-

bnse 18 mw hIp-∏v {]Imcw ÿm\-t∏cpIƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv \n¿Ø-

em-°p∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp hy-‡n°v ssk\n-Ihpw hnZ-ym- -ym-k-]-c-hp-amb

anI-hn-s\m-gnsI bmsXmcp ÿm\-t∏cpw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v

cmjv{SsØ hne-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ka-X-zm-h-Imiw Xpe-y-]-Z-hnbpw

A¥ pw Dd∏v hcp-Øn--s°m≠v C¥-ysb Hcp bYm¿∞-P-\m-[n-]-

Xy cmjv{Sam-°nØo¿°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p∂p.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw Imcy-

ßƒ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øv kw`-

hn-°p-∂pt≠m? AtXm CsXm-

s° shdpw km¶-ev]nIw am{X-

amtWm?

48


\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw (Preamble) hmbn-®n- p-t≠m? CXv Fß-

s\-bmWv ka-X-z-sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ka-X-zsØ kw_-‘n®v c≠v Imcy-

ßƒ Bap-J-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ°v ImWmw. Xpe-y-]Zhn,

Ah-k-c-k-aXzw. kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Xpey Ah-k-c-ßƒ

A\p-`-hn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpI F∂-XmWv Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw sIm≠v A¿∞-am-

°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ak-a-X-z-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp

kaq-l-Øn¬ Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv F¥mWv?

]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Nne hn`m-K-ß-fpsS (kmaq-ln-Ihpw, kmº-Øn-I-hp-

ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿, kv{XoIƒ, Ipń-Iƒ) D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn

{]tXyI ]≤-Xn-Ifpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚n\v \S-∏n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v

`cW-L-S-\ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. ka-X-z-sØ ]n≥Xp-S-cp--tºmgpw, sXmgn-enepw, hnZym-

`-ymk ÿm]--\ß-fnse {]th-i-\Ønepw kwh-cWw \¬Ip-∂Xv \nßsf

AXvv p-X--s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠mhmw. kwh-cWw t]mep≈ \b-ßsf ka-X-zm-h-Im-

i-Øns‚ ewL-\-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bn--s√∂v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-tOZw

16 (4) ¬ hy-‡-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-k-c-ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah--Imiw

]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv A\n-hm-c-y-am-sW∂v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A¥xkØ

]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ \nß-ƒ°v t_m[-y-am-Ipw.

\nß-fmWv \ymbm-[n-]≥ (You are the Judge)Hdokbnse ]pcn Pn√-bn¬ \n∂v ZfnXv hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Hcm-fmWv Xm≥ F∂v kzbw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v lZn-_μpF∂ hy‡n-bn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒs°mcp X]m¬ Im¿Uv e`n-®p. Cu IØn¬ At±lw kqNn-∏n-®Xv Xß-fpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ ]pcp-j≥am¿ AhnsS \S∂ Hcp hnhml NS-ßns‚`mK-ambn hc-s‚bpw hc-t\m-sSm∏w h∂ Db¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏ÁXn-Yn-I-fptSbpw Im¬ Igp-I-W-sa∂ BNm-csØ \nc-kn®pF∂-XmW,v CXns‚ {]Xn-Im-c-ambn Cu kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´\mev kv{XoIsf a¿±n-°p-Ibpw as‰m-cmsf \·-bm°n \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X]m¬ Im¿Un¬ At±lw XpS¿∂v Cßs\Fgp-Xn, ""Rß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ hnZym-k-º-∂-cm-Wv. BNm-c-ß-fpsS mK-ambn D∂-X-Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏- -h-cpsS Im¬ Igp-Ip-∂-Xpw,F®nene FSp-°p-∂-Xpw, ]m{X-ßƒ Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿Xøm-d√ F∂v hy‡-am°n.''

apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ icn-bm-sW∂ \nK-a-\-

Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \nßƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-I.

$ Cu kw -h-Øn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-ap-≠m-bn- pt≠m?

$ Cu Imcy-Øn¬ F¥v sNøp-hm-\mWv \nßƒ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv DØ-chnSpI?

49


Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬\nb-a-{]-Imcw Nneh y ‡ n - I - f p s SPohSp°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mtWm CXv sIm≠vA¿∞-am -°p -∂-X v?hnNn-{X-a-t√. \nß-fpsS a\- n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw DZm -l-c -W-apt≠m?

kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom)ka-Xzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw (equality and freedom) P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v

G‰hpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb c≠v Ah-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv. Ch c≠pw

]c-kv]c]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-sa-∂Xv sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv

Nn¥-bp-sSbpw, Bhn-jv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-bpsS {]tbm-K-Øn-

s‚bpw kzmX-{¥y-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Hcmƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-

setbm, B{K--ln-°p-∂Xv t]msetbm {]h¿Øn-°m-\p-≈-X√

kzmX{¥yw F∂v hy‡-amWv. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ kaq-l-Ønse henb

Hcp hn`mKw P\-Xbv°v Ah-cpsS kzmX{¥yw A\p- -hn-°m≥ Ign-

bmsX hcpw. A°m-c-W-Øm¬, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kzmX-{¥ysØ l\n-

°m-sXbpw {Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿°m-sXbpw Hmtcm hy‡nbpw A\p-

`-hn-°p∂ kzmX-{¥ysØ am{Xta kzmX-{¥y-ambn \n¿ΔNn-°m≥

Ign-bq.

Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to life and personal liberty)kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv

Poh\pw, hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ. \nb-a-Øm¬

ÿm]n-X-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX (Procedure establishedby law) GsXm-cm-fp-tSbpw Poh-t\m, hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥ytam l\n-°m≥

]mSn-√. CXv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv Ad-Ãn\v Bkv]-Z-amb

ImcWw [cn-∏n-°msX Hcp hy‡nsb AdÃv sNøm≥ ]mSn√ F∂-

Xm-Wv. AYhm AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n°v Abmƒ sXc-s™-

Sp-°p∂ A`n-`m-j-I-\p-ambn Btem-Nn-°p-hm\pw At±lw aptJ\

{]Xn-hZn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. AXp-t]mse AdÃv

sNø-s∏´ hy‡nsb 24 aWn-°q-dn-\-Iw G‰hpw ASp-Øp≈ aPn-

kvt{S-‰ns‚ ap≥]msI t]meokv \n¿_-‘-ambpw lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv. t]men-kns‚ mK-am-√mØ aPn-{k-t{S‰v Cu AdÃv \oXn-bp-‡-

amtWm A√tbm F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pw.

hIp∏v 21. Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwc-£Ww \nb-a-Øm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \S-]Sn {Ia-ß-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw Poht\m, hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-tam l\n-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

50


Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ kwc-£n-°pI

F∂Xv am{X-a√, adn®v hnim-e-amb Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw CXn-\p-≠v.

kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ hn[n-\ym-b-ßƒ Cu Ah-Im-i-Øns‚

hym]vXn h¿≤n∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Nqj-W--ap-‡-ambn A¥-t msS Pohn°phm-

\p≈ a\p-jys‚ Ah-Imiw Cu Ah-Im-i-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v kp{]ow-

tIm-SXn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Poh-t\m-]m-[n-bn-√msX Hcp hy‡n°pw

Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂pw Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ ]m¿∏n-S-

Øn\pw D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-ap-ff Ah-Im-i-ßƒ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw

kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ (Preventive Detention)km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp hy‡n AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Abmƒ GsX-¶nepw

Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ G¿s∏- -Xn\p tij-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Nne A]-hm-Z-ß-

fp≠v. Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ip‰w sNøp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]mbn- Ip‰w sNøm≥

km[y-X-bp-s≠∂ kwi-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-Isf Ipd®v ka-

b-tØ°v apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßsfm∂pw IqSmsX AdÃv sNømw.

CXv Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ (Preventive Detention) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXm-bXv

Hcp hy‡n cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpc-£-t°m, {Ia-k-am-[m-\-Ønt\m `ojWn

Db¿Øp-sa∂v Kh¨sa‚n\v tXm∂p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abmsf AdÃv sNøm\pw

hnNm-cW IqSmsX XS-¶-en¬ hbv°m\pw Kh¨sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. aq∂v

amkw hsc-bmWv Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ \o´n-s°m≠v t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-I. aq∂v

amk-Øn\v tijw Cu tIkv Hcp D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn°v ap≥]msI ]p\x]cn-

tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-Ww.

kmaq-lnI hncp≤ i‡n-I-sfbpw tZi-hn-cp≤scbpw e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-

Sp-hm-\p≈ Hcp D]I-c-W-ambn CXns\ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v

]e-t∏mgpw Cu \nb-asØ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbvXn- p-≠v. \oXn-I-cn-°m-\m-hmØ

Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Hcp hy‡n-s°-Xnsc Cu \nbaw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøp-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-XXzw thW-sa∂v P\-ß-fn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw

Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pap≈ Ah-

Im-ihpw Icp-X¬ XS-¶epw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]c sshcp≤yw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

a‰p kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ (Other Freedoms)kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sa-∂-Xn¬ a‰p ]e Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dƒs°m≠n-

´p-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-a-√. Hmtcm Ah-Im-ihpw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Wv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A`n-{]mb kzmX-{¥yw, Bhn-jv°mc kzmX{¥yw F∂nh

{Ia-k-am-[m\w, kam-[m-\w, [m¿Ωn-IX XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \nb{-¥-W-ßƒ°v

51


hnt[-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Bbp-[-an-

√msX ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yw F∂ \nb{¥-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ At©m AXn¬ A[n-Itam Bfp-Iƒ HØp

tNcp-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚n\v \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ømw. F∂m¬ CØcw

A[n-Im-c-ßƒ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v \njv{]-bmkw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNømw.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp \S-]-Sn-s°-Xnsctbm AXns‚ \b-Øn-s\-Xn-sctbm D≈

bYm¿∞ {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-\p≈ A\p-hmZw t]mepw \ntj[n°-s∏Smw. F∂m¬

P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn≥ta¬ PmK-cq-I-cm-bn-cn-°pIbpw t_m[-

hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Zpcp-]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°mw.Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v aosX-bp≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v `c-W-L-S\m

""Cu auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ `qcn -`m -Khpw Hcpt]meokv DtZym-K-ÿs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠vcq]-s∏--Sp-Øn-b-XmsW∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂p. hfscIpd®v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ am{X-amWv bYm¿YØn¬AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. an°-hm-dp-ap≈ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°pw ]n∂n¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ \n_-‘-\-IƒAh-Im-i-ßsf GXm≠v apgp-h-\mbpw C√m-Xm--°p-∂p.F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈\ΩpsS ImgvN-∏mSv? \ΩpsS P\Xbv°v e`y-am-h-W-sa∂v \mw B{K-ln-°p∂ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpwAXn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ-≠-Xm-Wv.''

\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse AwK-ßƒ Xs∂ AXr]vXn {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

Ip‰mtcm]n-X¿°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ (Rights of accused)hnhn[ Ip‰-ßƒ Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-Iƒ°v th≠{X kwc-£Ww e`n-°-W-sa∂v c-W-L-S\ \njv°¿jn-°p-∂p. an°-t∏mgpw Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°-

s∏´ GsXmcp hy‡nbpw Ip‰-°m-c-\msW∂v \Ωƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ip‰wsNbvXn-´p-s≠∂v tImSXn Is≠-Øn-bm¬ am{Xta Abmƒ Ip‰-hm-fn-bm-Ip-∂p-≈q. Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X-\mb GsXmcp hy‡n°pw kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm-\p≈

Ah-k-chpw e`y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \ymb-amb hnNm-cW Dd∏v

hcp-Øp-hm≥ c--W-L-S\ aq∂v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {][m\w sNbvXn- p-≠v.

$ Htc Ip‰-Øn\v Hcp hy‡n-tbbpw H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ XhW in£n-°m≥]mSn-√.

$ GsXmcp ap≥Ime Ip‰ IrXy-sØbpw ]n¬Im-e-Øp-≠mb \nb-a-ß-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nba hncp-≤-ambn {]Jym-]n-°mt\m in£n-°mt\m ]mSn-√.

tkma-\mYv emlncn kn.F.Un hmeyw III t]Pv 404 G{]n¬ 29

52


GXv auenI Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ ewL-\-amWv

Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ {]Xn- -en-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p

Is≠-Øp-I.

\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hnebncp-ØpI (Check your Progress)kzmX-{¥y--Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-t∑¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfn¬ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂pt≠m ? \nß-fpsS DØ-c-ßsf km[p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°pI.$ kmap-Zm-bnI el-f°p tijw P\-ßƒ kam-[m\ PmY-bv°mbn \K-c-Øn¬

HØp tN¿∂p.$ Zfn-X-cpsS t£{X-{]-th-i\w hne-°n-bn- p-≠v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ t£{X-Øn¬

_eambn {]thin°phm≥ th≠n Hcp {]t£m-`--bm{X kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ \qdp IW-°n\v tKm{X h¿§-°m¿ hyh-km-b-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ Gs‰-SpØAh-cpsS -`qan Xncn®v sImSp-°-W-sa-∂vv Bh-iy-s∏´vsIm≠v tdmUv D]-tcm-[n-°p-∂p.

$ PmXn amdn hnhmlw Ign® bph Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬tI≠ in£ Xocp-am-\n-°phm≥ th≠n PmXn ]©m-bØv tbmKw tNcp-∂p.

$ Hcp hy‡n-tbbpw Abmƒs°-Xn-cmbn sXfnhp \¬Ip∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿_-‘n-°m≥

]mSn-√.

Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw (Right against exploitation)\ΩpsS cmPyØv Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\v Bfp-

Iƒ \n -lm-b-cpw, apJy-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂v

AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏´-h-cp-amWv. kl-Po-hn-I-

fmb a\p-jy-cm¬ Xs∂ Ah¿ Nqj-W-

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Imw. \ΩpsS cmPyØv \ne-

\n¬°p∂ ASn-a-∏Wn As√-¶n¬ Iqen

\¬ImsX \n¿_-‘nX the sNøn-∏n-°¬

F∂nh AØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Hcp Nqj-W-am-Wv.

a\p-jy-hym]mchpw Ahsc ASn-a-I-fm°n

D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂Xpw as‰mcp Xc-Øn-

ep≈ Nqj-W-amWv. `c-W-L-S-\m{]-Imcw

Ch c≠pw \ntcm-[n-°s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

ap≥Ime-ß-fn¬ `q{]-`p-°-∑mcpw ]Ww

hmbv]bv°v sImSp-°p-∂-hcpw, a‰p kº∂

hy‡n-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p \n¿_‘nX sXmgn-

se-Sp-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {]tXy-In®v CjvSnI

\n¿ΩmWw t]mep≈ Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬.

53


ASna∏Wn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. CXv Ct∏mƒ in£m¿l-amb Hcp Ip‰Ir-

Xy-ambn {]Jym-]n-®n´p-≠v.

hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ, J\n-Iƒ F∂nh t]mse-bp≈ A]-ISIc-amb taJ-e-

I-fn¬ 14 hb- n¬ Xmsg-bp≈ Ip´n-Isf sIm≠v sXmgn¬ sNøn--∏n-°p-∂Xv

`c-W-L-S\ hne-°nbn-cn-°p∂p. _me-the \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am°nbXpw hnZym-

`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Ip´n-I-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn am‰p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xv Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-h-Ømbn

amdm≥ klm-bn-®p.

aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to freedon of Reli-gion)F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw Xß-fpsS CjvS-a-\pk-cn®p≈ aXw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xn

\pw ]n¥p-S-cp-hm-\pap≈ kzmX-{¥yw `c-W-L-S\ \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu

kzmX{¥yw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kz¥w

cmPysØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v aX-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp∂ At\Iw c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw N{I-h¿Øn-amcpw temI-Øns‚ ]e mK-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS aX-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb aXw ]n≥Xp-

S¿∂-h¿ H∂p-In¬ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS

aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp-Itbm sNbvXp. AXn-

\m¬ Hcm-fpsS CjvS-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ aXw ]n¥p-S-cm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw P\m-

[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ß-fnsem-∂mbn F∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

hnizm-k-Øn\pw Bcm-[-\-bv°p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw (Freedonof Faith and Worship)C¥y-bn¬ GsXmcp ]uc\pw GXv aXw sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw AXv A\p-jvTn-

°p-hm-\p-ap-ff kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. aX-kzm-X{¥yw A{]-Imcw Ah-\-hs‚ a\-

km-£n-°-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp

hy‡n°v GXv aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw As√-¶n¬ Hcp aXhpw kzoI-cn-°m-

Xn-cn°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v F∂-XmWv CXv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

aX-kzm-X{¥yw F∂Xv GsXmcp aXw kzoI-cn-°m\pw BN-cn-°m\pw {]N-cn-

∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. aX-kzm-X{¥yw Nne \nb-

{¥-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. {Ia-k-am-[m\w, [m¿Ωn-I-X, BtcmKyw F∂n-

hsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v th≠n aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\p ta¬ k¿°m-cn\v Nne

\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. aX-kzm-X-{¥yw A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb Hc-h-

Im-i-a-√ F∂-XmWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip∂-Xv. Nne kmaq-ln-I Xn∑-

Iƒ - (evils) ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v k¿°m-cn\v aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Smw. DZm-

l-c-W-ambn kXn, _lp`m-cym-Xzw, As√-¶n¬ _lp`¿Xr-Xzw, \c-_en t]mse-

54


bp≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬

k¿°m¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øn- p-≠v. AØcw \nb-{¥-W-ßsf aX-kzm-X-{¥y-

Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn≥taep≈ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm-sW∂ t]cn¬ FXn¿°m≥

Ign-bn√.

aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn≥ta-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ

Kh¨sa‚pw hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw XΩn¬ F√m-bvt∏m-gpw

kwL¿j-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. GsX-¶nepw aX-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Nne

{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Kh¨sa‚ v \nb-{¥n-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ AXv Xß-fpsS

aX-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S-em-sW∂v B aX-Øns‚ A\p-bm--bn-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.

a‰p ]e Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠pw aX-kzm-X{¥yw cmjv{Sob hnhm-Z-Øn\v

Imc--W-am-Ip-∂p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS aXw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw c-

W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p. Hcp aX-Øn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-

h¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xn\v P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw. aX-

]-cn-h¿Ø\w oj-Wn-bp-sSbpw (intimidation) As√-¶n¬ {]tem- -\--ß-fp-sSbpw

(inducement) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Nne Bfp-Iƒ AXn-

t\mSv \ockw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ \n¿_-‘nX aX-]-cn-

h¿Ø\w A\p-h-Zn--°p-∂n-√. \ΩpsS aXsØ°pdn®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-

°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn a‰p-≈-hsc AXn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw am{X-amWv

\ΩpsS, c-W-L-S\ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw kaXzw (Equality of all Religion)At\Iw aX-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp cmPy-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hyXykvX aX-

ß-tfmSv Xpey ]cn-KW\ \¬Ip-I-sb-∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw Ah-iy-amb Imcy-am-Wv. as‰mcp A¿∞-Øn¬ ]d™m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v

Hcp aX-Øn\pw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂n-√. C¥ybv°v Hcp HutZym-

KnI aX-an-√. {][m-\-a-{¥ntbm {]kn-Ut‚m, \ymbm-[n-]t\m As√-¶n¬ at‰-

sX-¶nepw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿt\m BIm≥ GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI aX-hn- m-

K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-S-W-sa-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse s]mXptPmen-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ aX-

]-c-amb hnth-N-\-ßƒ H∂pw-Xs∂ Kh¨sa‚ v ImWn-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-sb∂v

ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ]Tn-®-t∏mƒ \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. CXv Xpey-

{]h¿Ø\w (Activity)$ \nß-fpsS {Kma-Øntem As√-¶n¬ ]´-W-Øntem \S-°p∂ s]mXp

aX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.$ CXn¬ GsX√mw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬

hcp-∂Xv.$ \nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈ P\-ßƒ°v Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`y-a-√m-

bn--cp-s∂-¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®sNøp-I.

55


X-bv°p≈ Ah-Imi (Right to Equality) ØneqsS c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-

∂-Xmbn ImWmw. k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬

aX-{]-N-c-Wtam, aX-t_m-[-\tam, GsX-¶nepw aX-ÿ¿°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-

W-\tbm \¬Ip-∂n-√. atX-X-cXzw F∂ XXzsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw, ]cn-

t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂-XmWv CØcw \nb-a-ß-fpsS e£yw.

kwkv°m-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ(Cultural and Educational Rights)C¥y≥ kaq-lsØ°pdn®v \mw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[y-

ßƒ \ΩpsS a\- n¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ kaqlw GI inem-flI

(monolithic) kaq-l-a√. sshhn-[y-ßƒ \nd™ hnim-e-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWv

\Ωp-tS-Xv. AØ-c-Øn¬ sshhn[yßƒ \nd™ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ a‰p hn`m-

K-ßsf At]-£n®v FÆ-Øn¬ sNdp-Xmb kmaq-lnI hn`m-K-ßƒ D≠m-bn-

cn-°pw. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw \yq\-]-£-am-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ qcn-]-£-Øns‚

kwkvImcw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xpt≠m ?

sshhn-≤y-amWv \ΩpsS i‡n-sb∂v \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠p Xs∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ H∂v \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS

kwkv°mcw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. \yq\-]£ ]Zhn aXsØ

\yq\]£-ßfn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcpkpc-£mt_m[w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v qcn-]-£-Øn\v `mcn® DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw D≠v........ HcpatX-Xc cmjv{S-Øn-¬-am-{Xta \yq\-]-£-Øn\v kpc-£n-XXzw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q.AXv Ahsc tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fm-°pw. `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zmbw Xß-fpsS tZi-kvt\-lsØs]men-∏n®p Imt´-≠-Xn-√..........-A-h¿ \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Xßsf kzbwk¶-ev]n-®p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS òXnsb a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°-Ww. kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ F√m Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßfpw\yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS a\- n-ep≈ òXn-bpsSD¬∏-∂ß-fm-Wv......`mj, en]n AXp-t]mseXßƒ°v e`y-am-tI≠ tkh-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®p≈ òXn.

k¿Zm¿ lp°pw knßv kn.F.Un VIIIt]Pv 322, 26 May 1945

56


am{Xw B{i-bn-®p-≈-X-√. mjm-]-c-hpw, kmwkvIm-cnI ]c-hp-amb

\yq\-]-£-ßƒ CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI mKtØm As√-¶n¬ cmPy-sØm- m-sItbm

a‰v hn`m-K-ß--sf-°mƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-hcpw Hcp s]mXp-`m-

jtbm aXtam D≈hcp-amb hn`m-K-ß-fmWv \yq\-]-£-ßƒ.

AØcw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp kwkv°m-chpw,

`mjbpw en]nbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ahsb kwc-£n-

°m\pw hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-ihpap≠m-bn-cn-°pIbpw

sNøpw.

aX-]-chpw mjm-]-c-hp-amb F√m \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°pw Ah-cp-

tS-Xmb hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ ÿm-]n°m\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-

≠v. AXn-eqsS Ah¿°v kz¥w kwkv°m--csØ kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw

hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v kmº-

ØnI klmbw A\p-h-Zn-°p-tºmƒ \yq\-]£ kap-Zmb amt\-

Pvsa‚p-Iƒ°v Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-

tfmSv k¿°m¿ hnth-N\w ImWn-°pI-bn-√.

`c-W-L-S\m]c-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Constitutional Remedies)

hf-sc-b-[nIw aXn-∏p-f-hm-Ip∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ńI Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S-\-sb∂v Bcpw Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ tIhew Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS

Hcp ]ńI Fgp-Xn-h-®Xv sIm≠v am{Xw Imcy-an-√. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬

bmYm¿∞yam°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ B{I-a-W-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n°p∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

Hcp am¿§w D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ am¿§-amWv `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb

]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-iw (Right to constitutional remedies). cWL-S-\m-]-c-amb ]cn-

lm-c-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-isØ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS lrZ-bhpw Bflmhp (heart and soul)ambmWv tUm. _n.B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≈-Xv. CXn\p ImcWw GsX-¶nepw

Hcp auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ewL-\-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv ]p\x-ÿm-]n®v In´p-∂-Xn-\mbn GsXmcp

hy‡n°pw sslt°m-S-Xntbtbm kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-tbtbm kao-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

`cWL-S-\m-]-cn-lm-c-am¿§-Øn-eqsS Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p. kp{]ow-tIm--S-Xn-°pw, sslt°m-S-Xn°pw

CØcw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \S∏n-em--°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°mcn\v DØ-c-hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw \¬Im≥

Ign-bpw. tImSXn-Iƒ°v dn´p-Iƒ (writs) F∂ t]cn¬ \nc-h[n {]tXyI DØ-c-hp-Iƒ CXn-

\mbn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°mw.

tl_ n -- b k v tIm¿∏kv (Habeas Corpus)AdÃv sNø-s∏´ hy‡nsb tImSXn°v ap≥]msI lmP-cm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏´psIm≠v

tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-c-hn-s\-bmWv tl_n-bkv tIm¿∏kv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp hy‡nsb AdÃv sNøm-\p-≠mb Imc-W-ßtfm AXns‚ coXntbm \nb-am-

Fs‚ \mń¬ Rm≥ \yq\-]-

£w. F∂m¬ ]´-W-Øn¬

Rm≥ `qcn-]£w Fs‚ `mj

t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Rm≥

\yq\-]-£w. aXw t\m°p-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ `qcn-]-£-hpw.

F¶n¬ \Ω-sf√mw \yq\-]-£-

at√?

57


\p-kr-Xtam, Xr]vXn-I-ctam As√-¶n¬ B hy‡nsb kzX-{¥-am-°m≥ tImS-

Xn°v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

am≥U-akv (Mandamus)Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Xs‚ \nb-a-]-c-amb I¿Øhyw \nd-th-‰m-Xn-cn-°p∂Xp-aqew

as‰mcp hy‡n-bp-sS Ah-Imiw l\n-°s∏Sp∂-Xmbn tImSXn Is≠-Øp-

tºmƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ dn´mWv am≥U-a-kv.

s{]mln-_n-j≥ (Prohibition)Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ A[n-Im-c]cn[n ewLn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ XSbp-∂-

Xn\v ta¬ tImSXn-Iƒ (kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-tbm, sslt°m-S-Xn-tbm) ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn-°p∂ DØ-c-hmWv s{]mln-_n-j≥.

tIzmhmdt‚m (Quo Warranto)Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥ At±-l-Øn\v A¿l-X-bn-√mØ ÿm\w hln-°p-∂-Xmbn

tImSXn Is≠ØpI-bm-sW-¶n¬ At±-lsØ AXn¬ \n∂v XS™p sIm≠v

tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ dn´mWv tIzmhmd-t‚m.

sk¿tjym-ddn (Certiorari)Hcp Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bn-setbm a‰v A[n-Imc ÿm\-Øn-s‚tbm ap≥]msI ]cn-

K-W-\-bn¬ Ccn-°p∂ Hcp tIkv ta¬t°mS-Xn-bn-tet°m As√-¶n¬ D∂X-

A[n-Imc ÿm\Øn-tet°m ssIam‰w sNøm-\p≈ DØ-c-hmWv Cu dn v.

PpUo-j-dnsb IqSmsX ]n≥Im-eØv Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-

\mbn a‰p ]e kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw cq]-h¬°-cn-®p. tZiob \yq\-]£ IΩo-

j≥, tZiob h\n-Xm-I-Ωo-j≥, tZiob ]ń-I-PmXn IΩoj≥ apX-em-b-h-sb-

°p-dn®v \nßƒ tIń- p-≠m-Ipw. Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw \yq\-]-

£-ßƒ As√¶n¬ Zfn-X¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂p. CXp

IqSmsX auenImh-Im-i-ßfpw a‰p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw kwc-

tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥ (National Human Rights Commis-sion)GXv `c-W-L-S-\bpw \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

Ah Fßs\ \S-∏m-°p∂p F∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. \nc-£-c¿, Zcn-{Z¿ XpS-

ßnb kaq-l-Ønse ]m¿izh¬°-cn-°-s∏´ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Ah-

cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. kzX-{¥-kw-L-S-\-I-fmb

]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ en_¿ń (]n.bp.kn.F¬.) AXp t]mse

]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv ssd‰vkv (]n.bp.-Un.-B¿.)

XpSßnbh Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒs°-Xnsc Imh¬`S∑m-sc-t∏mse

{]h¿Øn®v hcp-∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv 1993 ¬ Kh¨sa‚ v tZiob

a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥ ÿm]n®Xv.

58


kp{]ow-tIm-SXn ap≥ No v PÃn-kv, kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bnse ap≥ PUvPn,

sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse ap≥ No^v Pkv‰nkv IqSmsX a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßsf

kw_-‘n® hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Adnhpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-N-b-hp-ap≈ c≠v

AwK-ßƒ, F∂nh-h¿ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-

js‚ LS\.

kz¥-ambn ap≥ssIsøSp-tØm, As√-¶n¬ a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-

Øn\v Cc-bmb hy‡n-bpsS ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem At\z-jWw

\S-Øp-I, Pbn-ep-Iƒ kμ¿in®v XS-hp-Im-cpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-

°p-I. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-

Øp-Ibpw Ah t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv a\p-

jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

IΩo-j\v Hmtcm h¿j-hpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ]cm-Xn-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂p.

IÃUn ac-Ww, IÃ-Un-bn¬ sh®p≈ _em¬kw-Kw, Bfp-Isf ImWm-

Xm-I¬, t]meokv AXn-{I-a-ßƒ, \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn-epf-f t]mcmbva,

kv{XoI-tfmSv A]-a-cym-Z-tbmsS s]cp-am-d¬ XpS-ßn-b-h CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ CS-s]-S-en¬ H∂mb ]©m-_n¬ \n∂v ImWm-

Xmb bphm-°-fpsS tIkp-I-fpsS At\z-j-W-Ønepw KpP-dmØv Iem]

tIkp-I-fpsS hnNm-c-W-bnepw tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ CS-s]-

S¬ e-{]-Z-am-sW∂v sXfn-™p.

IΩo-j\v in£n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-an-√. IΩo-j≥ \S-Ønb At\z-

j-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v ip]m¿i-Iƒ \¬Imt\m

As√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-I-tfmSv \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°m≥ ip]m¿i

sNømt\m am{Xta A[n-Im-c-ap-≈q.

cmjv{S-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿tZiI XØz-ßƒ (Directive Prin-ciples of State Policy)kzmX{¥y C¥y At\Iw sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-tS≠n hcp-sa∂v \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S\m in¬∏n-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw ka-

Xzhpw t£ahpw sIm≠p-hcnI F∂ sh√p-hnfnbmbn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬

G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏- -Xv. Cu {]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Nne \b-

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p. F∂m¬ AsX kabw

Xs∂ Nne {]tXyI \b cq]o-I-cW Imcy-ß-fn¬ `mhn Kh¨sa‚p-

Iƒ°pta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°-W-sa∂v c-W-L-S-\bv°v Dt±-i-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

59


£n-°p\-∂-Xn-\mbn \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j\pw

(National Human Rights Commission) ÿm]n-°-s∏- p.

AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ \nb-aw aqew \S∏m°m≥ Ign-bmØ Nne am¿§-tc-J-

Iƒ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXm-bXv GsX-¶nepw Hcp

Kh¨-sa‚ v CXn¬s∏´ Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI am¿§-tcJ \S-∏n-em-°n-

bn√ F¶n¬ B \bw \S∏nem-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±iw Kh¨sa‚n\v

\¬I-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXm-bXv

Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \oXn-\ym-tb-Xc mK-ß-fmWv (Non-justiciable). AXm-bXv Ch tImSXn aptJ\ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Cu

am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v ]n∂n-ep≈ [m¿ΩnI i‡n Kh¨sa‚ns\ A¿ln-

°p∂ Kuc-h-tØmsS Ah \S-∏n-em-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-sa∂v `c-W-L-S\m

in¬∏nIƒ Nn¥n-®p. IqSmsX Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-iI XØz-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-

\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzt_m[w - Kh¨sa‚n¬ krjvSn-°m≥ P\-ßƒ ]cn-{i-an-

°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ {]Xo-£n-®p. A{]-Imcw \b-]-c-amb am¿§-tc-J-I-fpsS

Hcp thdn´ ]ńI \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-

iß-fpsS ]ń-Isb cmjv{S-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ (Directive Prin-ciples of State Policy) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

F¥mWv \n¿t±-iI XØz-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏ń´p-≈Xv ? (Whatdo the Directive Principles contains)Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw \n¿t±-iIXXz-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ aq∂v

Imcy-ß-fmWv ]ń--I-s∏-SpØp∂Xv.

$ Hcp kaq-l-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ Dt±iy e£y-ßƒ

$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn\v ]pdsa hy‡n-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ

$ Kh¨sa‚ v kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne \b-ßƒ. .

Xmsg ImWp∂ Nne \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°p--∂-Xn-eqsS c-

W-L-S\m in¬∏n-I-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v Nne Bi-b-ßƒ \nßƒ°v

e`n--°p-∂-Xm-W.v Nne \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v AXmXv Ime-

L- -ß-fnse k¿°m-cp-Iƒ {ian-®n- p-≠v. P∑nØ \ntcm-[\ \nb-a-ßƒ, _m¶p-

I-fpsS tZi-km¬°-c-Ww, \nc-h[n mIvSdn \nb-a-ßƒ, Ipd™ Iqen \n›-

bn-°¬, sNdp-InS IpSn¬ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS t{]m’m-l-\w, ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-

cp-sSbpw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsSbpw D∂-a-\-Øn-\p≈ kwh-cWw F∂o \nb-a-

ßƒ ]m m-°-s∏- p. hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, cmPysam´msI ]©m-

bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww, sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤-Xn-bpsS mKn-I-am-

bn-s -¶nepw tPmen sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, IqSmsX D®- £W ]≤Xn apX-

60


]uc∑mcpsS auenI Npa-X-e-Iƒ (Fundamental Duties of Citizens)$ 1976 ¬ 42 mw asØ c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn ]m m-°-s∏- p. a‰p hnj-

b-ß-tfm-sSm∏w ]uc-∑m-cpsS auenI NpaX-e-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp

]ńI Cu t`Z-K-Xn-bn¬ tN¿°--s∏- p. samØ-ambn ]Øv Npa-X-e-Iƒ

Fgp-Xn-tN¿°-s∏- p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu Npa-X-e-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-

Xp-ambn _‘-s∏ v c-W-L-S\ au\w ]men-°p-∂p.

$ ]uc-∑m-≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°pI, cmP-y-sØ

{]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI, F√m ]uc-∑m¿°n-S-bnepw kulm¿±sØ ]cn-t]m-

jn-∏n-°pI, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-I.

$ F∂n-cp-∂mepw \mw {]tX-yIw {i≤n-t°≠Xv Ah-Im-i-ßƒ A\p- -

hn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h--ln-°-W-sa∂v bmsXmcp \n_-‘-

\bpw c-W-L-S\bn¬ D≠m-bn- n-√m-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬

auenI I¿Øh-y-ß-fpsS Iqńt®¿°¬ hgn auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS

]Z-hn°v bmsXmcp am‰hpw kw -hn-®n- n-√.

\nß-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI (Check Your Progress)C¥-y-bn¬ GI-tZiw 33 Zi-e£w \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cm-sW∂vIW-°m-°--s∏-ń-´p≠v. Cu P\-X-bpsS 5% Bfp-Iƒ°v cm{Xn-Imeß-fn¬A`-b-ÿew e`-y-a√. \qdv IW-°n\v hoSn-√mØ hr≤cpw, tcmKnI-fp-ambP\-ßƒ ssiX-y-Im-eØv ioX-Im-t‰‰v acWs-∏-Sp-∂p. Km¿lnI tcJ-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ tdj≥ Im¿tUm, thmńßv Im¿tUm Ah¿°v e`-y-am-Ip-∂n-√. Ch¿ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ klmbw Bh-i-y-ap-≈-h-cm-sW-¶nepwCØcw tcJ-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ Ah¿°v k¿°m¿ klmbw e`n-°m-dn-√. `h-\-c-ln-X-cmb Cu Bfp-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw hfsc Xp—-amb thX\we`n-°p∂ Xm¬°m-enI Poh-\-°m-cmWv. cmP-y-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ch¿ sXmgn¬ tXSn \K-c-ß-fn-te°v k©-cn-°p-∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn `c-W-L-S\m ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-i-sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbv°v Hcp ]cmXnFgp-Xp-I. Xm¶-fpsS ]cmXn-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ `h-\-c-ln-X-cmb Ch-cpsS \nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ GsX√mw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

$ GXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\mWv \nßƒ kp{]owtImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n°pI

61


auenImh-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿tZ-i-I XØ-z-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘w (Relations between Fundamental Rights and Directive Prin-ciples)auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-I XX-z-ßfpw ]c-kv]c ]pc-I-ß-fm-sW∂v

e£-y-ßƒ (Goals)$ P\-t£aw;

kmaq-lnI, kmº-ØnI,

cmjv{Sob \oXn.

$ PohnX \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-

Sp-Ø¬;

hn`-h-ß-fpsS Xpe-y-hn-X-

cWw

A¥¿tZ-iob kam-[m\w

]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.

\ym-b-hm-Zm¿l-a√mØ Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ (Non - JusticiableRights)$ aXn-bmb D]-Po-h-\-am¿Kw

$ ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo°pw

Xpey tPmen°v Xpe-y

thX\w

$ kmº-ØnI Nqj-WØn

s\-- Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw

$ sXmgn-en-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

$ inip-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Bdv

hb-kn\p Xmsg {]mb-

ap≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-

`ymkhpw

\b-ßƒ (Policies)$ GIoIrX- -kn -hn¬

tImUv

$ elcn ]m\o-b-ß-fpsS

D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-°p-

I.

$ IpSn¬ hy-h-km-b-ßsf

]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.

$ D]-tbm-K-ap≈ I∂p-Im-

en-I-fpsS Iim∏v \ntcm-

[n-°p-I.

$ {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ

cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

\n¿tZ-iI XØ-z-ßƒ (Direc-tive Principles)

Hcp tImS-Xn°pw \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bmØ c-W-L-S-\-bnse at\m-l-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ Ft∂mSv ]d-bp-∂-Xn‚

Dt±-iyw F¥mWv?

62


\ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ Kh¨sa‚ns\ Nne Imcy-

ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hne-°p-tºmƒ \n¿tZ-i-I-X-X-z-ßƒ Nne Imc-y-ßƒ

sNøp-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ {]-[m-\-am-

bpw hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p--tºmƒ \n¿tZ-iI XX-z-ßƒ

kaql-Ønse F√m-h-cp-tSbpw t£aw Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂p.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw \n¿tZ-i-I-X-X-z-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚ v {ian®

Nne kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ ]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn CXn\v X¿°-ap-≠m-

bn- p-≠v.

P∑nØw C√mbva sNøm≥ \nb-a-\n¿amWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚ v

Xocp-am-\n-®t∏m-gmWv Cu {]iv\w DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. kzØm-h-Imiw ewLn-®p-

sh-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FXn¿°-s∏´p. hy‡n Xm¬]-y-Øn\p]-

cn-bmbn kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-ßƒ°v ]cn-K-W\ \¬Inb Kh¨sa‚ v Cu

\n¿t±iI XXzsØ {]tbm-KØn¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ t`Z-

KXn sIm≠p-h-∂p. CXv Zo¿L-Ime \nb-a-bp-≤-Øn-te°v \bn-®p. CXn¬

Imc-y-\n¿h-lW, \oXn-\-ymb hn`m-K-ßƒ hy-X-y-kvX- \n-e-]mSpIƒ kzo-I-cn®p.

\n¿tZ-iI XX-z-ßsf {]m_-e-y-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v AhIm-i-ßsf sh´n-

®p-cp°mw F∂ hmZ-amWv Kh¨sa‚ v apt∂m v sh®-Xv. P\-t£a {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-ƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂p F∂ hmZamWv Ch¿ apt∂m v

sh®-Xv. t\sc adn®v auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ hfsc {][m-\-s∏- Xpw ]hn-{X-hp-

kz-Ø-h-Imiw (Right to Proporty)Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿tZ-iI XØ-z-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ kw_-‘n-

®p≈ hnhm-Z-Øn\v ]n∂n-ep≈ {][m\ ImcWw bYm¿∞ `c-W-L-S-\-

bn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂ kzØv t\Sm\pw, ssIhiw

sh°m\pw, \ne-\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cp -∂p. F∂m¬

Kh¨sa‚n\v kmaq-l-y-t£a {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v th≠n kzØv FSpØv

D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v c-W-L-S\ hy-‡-am-°nbn-cn-°p-∂p. 1950 apX¬ kz-

Øh-Im-isØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v \nc-h[n \nb-a-ßƒ

D≠m-°n-bn- p-≠v. Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿tZ-i-I XX-z-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-

Øn-≥ta¬ Zo¿L-ambn\o≠p-\n∂ kwhm-Z-Øns‚ tI{μw Cu Ah-Im-i-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w 1973 ˛ ¬ kz-Ø-h-Imiw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-

ÿm\ LS-\bpsS mK-a-s√∂pw AXpsIm-≠v Xs∂ c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-

Xn-bn-eqsS Cu Ah-Imiw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-ap-

s≠∂pw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®p. Aßs\ 1978 ¬ 44 mw c-W-L-S\

t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS enÃn¬ \n∂v kz-Ø-h-Imisa∂

Ah-Im-isØ am‰p-Ibpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb Ah-Im-i--ambn A\p-t—Zw

300 A bpsS mK-ambn am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

63


am-sW∂pw \n¿tZ-iI XX-z-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ch ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm\mhn-s√∂

ImgvN-∏m-SmWv tImSXn apt∂m v sh®-Xv.

CXv k¶o¿Æ-amb as‰mcp kwhm-Z-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. CXv c-W-LS\m t`Z-KXnbpambn

_‘-s∏´Xmbn-cp-∂p. ]m¿e-sa‚n\v `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS GXv `m-Khpw t`Z-KXn sNøm≥

Ignbpw F∂-m-bn-cp∂p Kh¨sa‚ v hmZn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßsf ewLn-®p-sIm-≠p≈

Hcp c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXnbpw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tImS-

Xn-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. tIi-hm-\μ mcXn tIknse kp{]-[m\ hn[n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kp{]o-wtIm-

SXn Cu X¿°-Øn\v Xo¿∏v I¬]n-®n-®-Xv. Cu tIkn¬ c-W-L-S-\-b°v Nne ASn-ÿm-\-

X-X-z-ßƒ Ds≠∂pw AXv ]m¿e-sa‚n-\m¬ t`Z-KXn sNøm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-sW∂pw kp{]ow-

tImSXn ]d-™p. A≤-ymbw ˛ 9 ¬ `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh {]amWw F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv

Cu hnjbw \mw hfsc hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

64


A -ym-k-ßƒ (Excercises)

I X∂n-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm {]-kvXm-h\bpw icntbm sXt‰m Fs∂-gp-Xp-I.

F) Hcp cmP-yØv P\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-]-{XnI apt∂m´v

hbv°p∂p

_n) Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS kzm-X-{¥-y-ßsf Ah-Imi ]{XnI kwc-£n-°p-∂p.

kn) temIØv F√m cmP-y-ßƒ°pw Hcp Ah-Imi ]{Xn-I-bp-≠v.

Un) Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.

II Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw \√ hnh-

cWw GXmWv?

F) Hcp hy-‡n°v D≠m-bn-cn--t°≠ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw

_n) \nb-a-]-c-ambn ]uc\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw

kn) `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

Un) `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

III Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kml-N-c-y-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v. Hmtcm kml-N-cy-Ønepw GXv auen-

Im-h-Im-i-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°pItbm As√-¶n¬ ewLn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv?

F{]-Imcw?

F) Aan-X- m-c-ap≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb hnam-\-Øn-\p-≈nse tPmen-°msc tZiob hnam\-

D]-kw-lmcw (Conclusion)alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ \n∂p≈ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hmb tPym-Xn- dmhp qte (1827

1890) bpsS teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Ah-Im-i-sa-∂-Xn¬ kzm-X-{¥yhpw ka-X-zhpw Dƒs°m-≈p-

∂p F∂ ]g-b-Ime ImgvN-∏m-Sp -Iƒ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. tZiob

{]ÿm\Øns‚ Ime-L- -Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Cu Bibw IqSp-X¬ i‡-

am-°--s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXv c-W-L-S\m Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-tebv°v \bn-°--s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\ΩpsS `c-W-LS\ Cu alXv ]mc-º-cyw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-Ibpw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-

fpsS mK-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1950 apX¬ Xs∂ \oXn-\ymbhyhÿ Ah-Im-i-ß-

fpsS {][m\ kwc-£-I-s\∂ \nebn¬ {]h-¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\oXn-\-ymb hy-mJ-ym-\-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS hym]vXn ]e coXn-bnepw hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-

Øn. \ΩpsS cWIqShpw AXp-t]mse c-W-hn- m-Khpw CXns‚ N -°q-Sn-\IØv \n∂v

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ k¿°m-dns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-

Ibpw AXp-t]mse cmP-yØv P\m[n]Xy c-W{Iaw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

65


I-º\n ÿm\-°-b‰Øn\v A\p-h-Zn-®-t∏mƒ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmb k{Xo tPmen-

°msc CtX Imc-W-Øm¬ am‰n-\n¿Øn.

_n) k¿°mdns‚ \b-ßsf hna-¿in-°p∂ Hcp tUmI-ypsa‚dn kn\na Hcp kwhn-

[m-b-I≥ \n¿Ωn®p.

kn) henb Hcp AW-s°-ńs‚ \n¿am-WsØ XpS¿∂v IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n°-s∏´ P\-ßƒ

]p\-c-[n-hmkw Bh-i-y--s∏-´p-sIm≠v Hcp dmen kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.

Un) B{‘-°m¿ B{‘m-{]-tZ-in\v ]pdØv sXep¶v `mjm ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnZ-ym-ebw

\S-Øp-∂Xv.

IV kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZ-ym-`-ymk]c-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßsf ]‰n Xmsg ]d-bp∂

hym-J-ym-\-ß-fn¬ icn-bm-bXv GXv?

F) \yq-\-]£ hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xw th≠n Bcw-`n-®n-´p≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymk

ÿm]-\-ßfn¬ B hn`mK-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xta ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bq.

_n) \yq-\-]£ hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw hnizm-khpw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v F∂v k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ Dd∏v hcp-Ø-Ww.

kn) `mjm-]-chpw aX]-c-hp-amb \yq-\-]£hn`m-KØn\v Ah-cpsS- Ipń-Iƒ°p-th≠n

kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-hm\pw AXv Ah¿°p th≠n kwh-cWw sNøm\pw km[n-

°pw.

Un) Xßƒ kz¥ambn \S-Øp∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-e√msX a‰v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-

fn¬ Xß-fpsS Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°-cp-sX∂v `mjm aX \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-Øn\v

Bh-iy-s∏Smw.

V Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXmWv auen-Im-h-Im-i ewL\w? F¥p-sIm≠v?

F) ASn-ÿm\ thX\w \¬Im-ØXv

_n) Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ \ntcm-[\w

kn) cm{Xn 9 aWn-°p-ti-j-ap≈ D®-`m-jn-Wn-Iƒ°p≈ \ntcm-[-\w.

Un) Hcp {]`mjWw \S-Øp-∂Xv

VI ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kmaqly{]h¿Ø-I≥ ]d-bp∂Xv

Ah¿°v auen-Im-hImi-ß-f√ th≠Xv adn®v \nb-a-km-[p-X-bp≈ \n¿tZ-iI

XX-z-ß-fmWv F∂m-Wv. CXn-t\mSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂p-t≠m? ImcWw hy-‡-

am-°p-I.

VII Xq∏v tPmen sNbvXvsIm≠n-cn-°p∂ PmXn hn`m-KsØ AtX tPmen-bn¬ XpS-

cm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bpw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Ah¿°v a‰v tPmen-Iƒ

\ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-´mWv ]e dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Ah-

cpsS Ipń-Isf hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ch-cpsS GsX√mw auen-I-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

66


VIII cmP-y-sØ ]ń-Wn-°m-cp-sS, Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp a\p-jym-h-

Imi {Kq∏v Ah-cpsS ]cm-Xn-bn-eqsS tImS-Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn. 5 tImSn

SÆn-e-[nIw `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ^pUv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥ypsS tKmUu-

Wn¬ sIń-°n-S-°p-∂p. \ymb-hne tjm∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw F{X Afhv `£y-h-

kvXp-°-fmWv Xßƒ°v hmßm≥ Ign-bpI F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v `qcn-`mKw tdj≥

Im¿Uv DS-a-Iƒ°pw Adn-bn√ F∂mWv ]T-\-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. s]mXp-

hn-X-cW kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv DØ-c-hn-Sm≥ Ah¿

tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-®p.

F) GsX√mw hy-X-ykvXßfmb Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv Cu tIkn¬ Dƒs]-ń-´p-≈Xv?

F{]-Im-c-amWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘--s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv?.

_n) CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ mK-amtWm?

IX Cu A≤-ym-bØn¬ D≤-cn-°-s∏´, tkma-\mYv emln-dns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-\n-¿am-

W-k-`-bn¬ \S-Ønb {]kvXm-h\ hmbn-°p-I. At±-l-Øn-t\mSv \nßƒ tbmPn-

°p-∂pt≠m? Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ AXv sXfn-bn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb DZm-l-cWw

\¬Ip-I. As√-¶n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \ne]m-Sn-t\mSv FXn-cm-bp≈ hmZ-ßƒ

ka¿∞n-°p-I.

X \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\--s∏´ auen-Im-h-Imiw GXv? AXnse

hy-h-ÿ-Isf t{ImUo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v F¥v sIm≠mWv AXv {]m[m-\-y-a¿ln-°p-

∂-sX∂v ka¿∞n-°p-I.

67

A[ymbw 3 sXc-s™-Sp∏pw {]mXn-\n-[-yhpw

A[-ymbw 3

sXc-s™-Sp∏pw

{]mXn-\n-[yhpw (Election and Represen-

tation)BapJw

\nßƒ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw sNkv Ifn-®n´pt≠m? sNkv Ifn-°p-tºmƒ ‘IpXnc’AXns‚ km[m-cW apt∂-‰-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn thK-Øn¬ apt∂m v

k©-cn-®m¬ (k©m-c-]Yw am‰n-bm¬) F¥mhpw kw`-hn-°pI? Aº-b¿

C√mØ {In°‰v a’-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bptam? F√m

ImbnI C\-ßfpw Nne \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-t°-≠-Xp≠v. \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬

am‰w hcp-ØpI hgn a’-c- ew Xs∂ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂

F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ s]mXp-k-Ω-X\pw \njv]-£-\p-amb Aº-b-dpsS

km∂n[yw Bh-iy-am-Wv. a’cw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ \n_-‘-\-I-

sfbpw Aº-b-sdbpw kw_-‘n®v s]mXp kzoIm-cyX Dd∏v hcp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

ImbnI a’-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v apI-fn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ Hcp

Ce-Ivjs\ kw_-‘n®pw {]k-‡-am-Wv. sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Nne

\nb-a-ß-fpw Nne hyh-ÿn-Xn-Ifpw Hs° D≠v. sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ]cn-WnX

^ew \mw kzoI-cn® \nb-a-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]£-]m-X-

c-ln-X-ambn Hcp Ce-£≥ \S-Øp∂Xn\v \ap°v {]tXy-I-ambn Hcp kwhn-

[m\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. apºv {]Xn-]m-Zn® Cu c≠p Xocpam\ßfpw sXc-s™-

Sp-∏n\v apºv Xs∂ ssIs°m-t≈-≠XpsIm≠v CXv GsX-¶nepw Kh¨sa‚n\p

hn´p \¬Im-\m-hn-√. AXn-\m-emWv sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ kw_-‘n® ASn-ÿm\

Xocp-am-\-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-Øns‚ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-

]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ce-Ivjs-s\bpw AXns‚ {]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-tØbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈

`c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Ønse {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw.

CeIvj≥ \S-tØ≠ coXn-I-sfbpw AXns‚ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb hyh-ÿ-

I-sfbpw {]tbm-K-X-e-sØbpsa√mw \mw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXp-Iq-SmsX

`c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒIqSn CtXm-

sSm∏w D≠v. Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \nßƒ a\- n-

em-°pw.

68


$ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ sXcs-™-Sp∏p coXn-Iƒ

$ \mw Ah-ew-_n-®n- p≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏p coXn, AXns‚ khn-ti-j-Xƒ

$ kz-X-{¥hpw \oXn-]q¿Δhp-amb sXcs-™-Sp-∏ns‚ Bh-i-y-IX

$ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ]cn-jvI-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥ .

sXc-s™-Sp∏pw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw (Elections and Democracy)

sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw P\m-[n-]-X-y-sØ-°p-dn®pw efn-X-amb c≠v tNmZy- ßƒ kzbw

tNmZn®p sIm≠v \ap°v XpSßmw.

sXc-s™-Sp∏pIƒ IqSmsX \ap°v P\m-[n-]-Xyw km[yamtWm?

P\m-[n-]-Xyw C√m-sX \ap°v sXc-s™-Sp∏pIƒ km[yamtWm?

ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \mw ]Tn-

®Xns\ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbpw

AXn¬ \n∂v DZm -l-c -W-ßƒ

DƒsIm≠pw Cu c≠v tNmZ -y -

ßsf°pdn®v \aps°mcp N¿®bmImw.

Hcp _rlØmb P\m-[n-]-X-y-cm-Py-

Øn¬ {]mXn -\n -[ -y -k - {º-Zmbw

A\nhmcyam-sW∂v H∂m-asØ tNmZyw

\sΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p. ]uc-∑m¿s°√mw

t\cn v Xocpam\-saSp°¬ {]{Inbbn¬

]s¶Sp-°m≥ Ignbn√. AXp-sIm≠v P\-

ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-

s™-Sp-°p∂p. Cß-s\- sXcs-™-Sp-∏p-

Iƒ {]m[m-\yw ssIhcn®p. C¥y Hcp

P\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-y-am-sW∂v \mw hnNm-

cn-°p-tºm-sgm-s° Ah-km-\m-ambn

\S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏mWv \ΩpsS a\-

nte°v hcnI. C∂v sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ

P\m-[n-]-Xy {]{Io-b-bpsS G‰hpw {]Xy-

£-amb {]Xo-I-I-ß-fmbn amdn-bn- p≠v.

{]Xy£hpw ]tcm£hpamb

P\m[n]Xyßsf \mw ]et∏mgpw

th¿Xncn°mdp≠v. Kh¨sa‚ns‚

Xocpam\-saSp°¬ {]{Inbbnepw

Kh¨sa‚ns\ \bn®psIm≠p-t]mIp--

sXcs™Sp-∏p-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ BtLm-j-am-sW∂vAh¿ ]dbp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu Im¿´q¨ AXns‚ Ipg-∏-ß-fmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sXc-s™-Sp-∏pIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F√m-bv-t∏mgpw CXv icn-bmtWm? P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v CXv qj-W-amtWm?

READ A CARTOON

17February1957

69


∂Xnepw P\ßƒ t\cn v ]s¶Sp-°p∂p F∂XmWv {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyw

F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv. {Ko°nse ]pcmX\ \Kc cmjv{Sßƒ

{]Xy£ P\m[n]XyØn\v DZmlcWamWv. Xt±i kzbw`cW

kwhn[m\Ønse {Kma-k`Iƒ {]Xy£ P\m[n]XytØmSv tN¿∂v

\n¬°p∂ H∂mbn ]ecpw IW°m°p∂p. e£°W°n\v BfpIƒ

tN¿∂ncp∂v Xocpam\saSp°pI F∂Xv {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xy kwhn[m-

\Øn¬ {]mtbmKnIa√. AXpsIm≠mWv P\ßfm¬ sXcs™-Sp°s∏Sp∂

`cWw F∂-Xns\ P\ßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIfm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ cWw

F∂v A¿∞-amt°≠n hcp∂Xv.

Cu kwhn[m\Øn¬ P\ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf

sXcs™Sp°pIbpw Ah¿ cmPyØns‚ `cWØnepw `cW

\n¿ΔlWØnepw Xocpam\ßsfSp°p∂Xnepw B {]Xn\n[nIƒ {InbmflI-ambn ]s¶Sp°pIbpw CSs]SpIbpw sNøpw. Cßs\ P\{]Xn\n[nIsfsXcs™Sp°p∂ am¿§-amWv sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ (Elections). Aßs\

hcptºmƒ {][m\ Xocpam\ßƒ ssIs°m-≈p∂-Xn\pw `cWw \SØn-s°m≠pt]mIp∂Xn\pw ]uc∑m¿°v ]cnanXamb ]¶mWv D≠mhpI. ChnsS\b cq]oIcWßfn¬ ]uc∑m¿ th≠{X kPoha√. Cu kwhn[m\Øn¬

]uc∑m¿ CSs]Sp∂Xv AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIƒ aptJ\bmWv. ChnsS F√m{][m\ Xocpam\ßfpw ssIs°m≈p∂Xv Cu {]Xn-\n[nIfmWv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ P\ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™-Sp°p∂

{]{Inbbv°v hfsc {]m[m\yap≠v.

F√m sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw P\m[n]Xy]cas√∂v c≠masØ tNmZyw

\sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p. P\m-[n]Xyan√mØ ]e cmPyßfpw sXcs™Sp∏v\SØmdp≠v. hmkvXhØn¬ P\m[n]Xy-an√mØ cmPyßfnse`cWm[nImcnIƒ t]mepw Xßƒ P\m[n]XyhmZnIfmsW∂v

t_m[y-s∏SpØm≥ {ian°mdp≠v. XßfpsS cWØn\v ojWnD≠mImØ XcØnembncn°pw Ah¿ sXcs™Sp∏v \SØpI.Cßs\ P\m[n]Xy]ca√msX \SØnb sXscs™Sp∏pIƒ°v

Nne DZmlcWßƒ \nßƒ°v ]dbmtam? P\m[n]Xy]cambsXcs™Sp∏pIsf Aßs\b√mØ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ \n∂pwth¿Xncn°p∂sX¥msW∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n®n´pt≠m?

P\m[n]Xy]camb coXnbn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v \SØp∂Xn\v Hcp

cmPyw Dd∏phcptØ≠ Imcyßƒ Fs¥√mamWv?

ChnsSbmWv `cWLS\ IS∂phcp∂Xv. Hcp P\m[n]Xy

cmPyØnse `cWLS\bn¬ sXcs™-Sp∏pIƒ P\m[n]Xy

coXnbn¬ \SØp∂-Xn\pth≠ ASnÿm\ \nbaßƒ

{]Xn]mZn®n´p≠mhpw.

Cu \nb-a-ß-sf√mw cW-L-S-\-bn¬ FgpXn hbvt°≠Bhiyw F¥mWv? CsXms° ]m¿e-sa‚n\p Xocp-am-\n-®p-IqsS? As√-¶n¬ HmtcmsXc-s™-Sp -∏n\p ap≥]pwF√m ]m¿´n-Iƒ°pw Xocp-am-\n-®p-IqsS?

70


km[mcWbmbn sXcs™Sp∏v \nbaßƒ cq]oIco°m\p≈ NpaXe

AhnSpsØ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`Ifn¬ \n£n]vXambncn°pw. Cßs\

cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂ \nbaßfn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂ Imcyßƒ

{]Xn]mZn®n´p≠mhpw.

• thm´psNøm≥ A¿lXbpffh¿ Bscms°bmWv.?

• B¿s°ms°bmWv sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°m\mhpI?

• BcmWv sXcs™Sp∏n\v ta¬t\m´w hln°pI?

• thm´¿am¿ Fßs\bmWv XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°pI?

• thms´Æepw P\{]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°epw Fßs\bmWv?

a‰p an° P\m[n]XycmPyßfnsebpw `cWLS\t]mse C¥y≥

`cWLS\bpw Cu tNmZyßƒ°v DØcw \¬Ip∂p. ]cntim[n®m¬

BZysØ aq∂v tNmZyßfpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™Sp∏v

\SØp∂Xns\°pdn®pw AXphgn P\m[n]Xy]camIp∂Xns\∏‰nbpamWv.

a‰p c≠p tNmZyßfmIs´, \oXn]q¿Δamb {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn-

s\°pdn®pw, apIfn¬ ]d™ c≠p Imcyßfpw IqSmsX sXcs™Sp∏pIsf

kw_‘n® cWLS\m]camb hIp∏pIfpw Cu A[ymbØn¬ \nßƒ

a\ nem°p∂p≠v.

C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw (Election system inIndia)

apIfn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂ hnhn[ XcØnep≈ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbßfpw

coXnIfpw \nßƒ {i≤n®pImWpat√m? CsX√mw F¥msW∂v \nßƒ

A¤pXs∏´n´p≠mIpw. hnhn[Xcw {]NcW coXnIsf°pdn®pw sXcs™Sp∏v

k{ºZmbßsf°pdn®pw \nßƒ hmbn°pItbm ImWpItbm

sNbvXn´p≠mIpw. hnhn[Xcw sXcs™Sp∏v coXnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

{]h¿Ø\w (Activity)C¥ybnsetbm at‰sX¶nepw cmPyØnsetbm sXcs™Sp∏pI-sf∏‰n ]{Xhm¿ØIƒ tiJcn°pI. Xmsg ]dbp∂ C\ßfn¬Ahsb Xcw Xncn°pI.

F. {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbw

_n. kΩXnZm\ tbmKyX

kn. Xncs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ NpaXe. \nßƒ°v C‚¿s\‰vkuIcyaps≠¶n¬ CeIvj≥ t{]mkkv C≥^¿taj≥IfIvj≥ (www.epicproject.org) F∂ ssk‰v kμ¿in®vapIfn¬ ]d™ hnhc-ßƒ tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. Ipd™Xv\mep cmPyßfpsSsb¶nepw hnhc-ßƒ Is≠Øm≥ {ian°p-at√m?

71


sXscs™Sp∏v \SØp-∂-Xn\v Nne hyhÿIƒ D≠v. am{Xa√ Cu

DØchmZnXzw \n£n]vXamb Hcp A[nImc tI{μhpw. F¥psNømw

F¥psNøcpXv F∂Xns\∏‰n \nbaßfp≠v. sXcs™Sp∏v

kwhn[m\sa∂m¬ CXpam{XamtWm? F¥psIm≠mWv cWLS\bn¬

thm´pIƒ Fßs\ FÆWw F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf

Fßs\ sXcs™Sp°Ww F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw ]cam¿in®ncn°p∂Xv

F∂ ImcyØn¬ \nßƒ°v A¤pXw tXm∂nbn´p≠mIpw. AXv Xo¿®-bt√?

P\ßƒ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ ]s¶Sp°pIbpw thm´v tcJs∏SpØpIbpw

sNøp∂p. F‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´pIƒ In´p∂ ÿm\m¿-∞n sXcs™-

Sp°s∏Sp∂p. temIsØhnsSbpw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ Cßs\bmWv

AXns\∏‰n C{X hniZambn Nn¥nt°≠Xns‚ Bhiyw F¥mWv?

{]h¿Ø\w (Activity)\mev ¢mkpIfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf Is≠Øm≥ \nßfpsS¢m n¬ A\pIcW sXcs™Sp∏v (Mock election)\SØpI sXsc™Sp∏v \SØp∂Xn\v hyXykvX ambaq∂v k{ºZmbßƒ D]tbm-Kn°pI

• Hcp hnZym¿∞n°v Hcp thm´mWv \¬Im≥ Ignbp∂Xv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬thm´p e`n°p∂ \mev t]¿ sXcs™Sp°s∏Spw

• C\n Hmtcm hnZym¿∞n°pw \mev thm´phoXhpw AXv Hcp ÿm\m¿-∞nt°m AXs√¶n¬ hyXykvX ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v hoXw ht®m\evImhp∂XmWv. ChnsSbpw G‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´v e`n°p∂\mept]¿ sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂p.

• Hmtcm thm´¿amcpw ÿm¿∞nIƒ°v ap≥KW\ \evIpIbpw Xmsghnhcn®n´p≈ cmPyk`m AwKßsf sXcs™Sp°p∂ \nbaßƒA\pkcn®v thms´ÆpIbpw sNøp∂p.

Xo¿®-bmbpw Nn¥nt°≠Xp≠v, ImcWw CXp {]Xy£Øn¬ \mw

IcpXp∂Xpt]mse A{X efnXa√. \ΩpsS cmPysØ sXcs™Sp∏v

k{ºZmbhpambn A{Xta¬ CgpIntN¿∂ncn°p∂Xn\m¬ \ap°v

as‰m∂ns\∏‰n BtemNn°mt\ Ignbn√. Hcp P\m[n]Xy sXcs™Sp∏n¬

P\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ ap≥Xq°amWv hnPbnsb \n›bn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬

P\ßƒ°v XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nsb sXc-s™-Sp°m\pw ap≥KW\m{Iaw

\n›bn°m\pw hnhn[XcØnep≈ am¿§ßfpw k{ºZmbßfpw D≠v.

F∂m¬ BcmWv hnPbn F∂ ImcyØn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmb-a\p-

kcn®v hyXymkw hs∂∂ncn°pw. Nne k{ºZmbßfpw \nbaßfpw henb

]m¿´nIƒ°v A\pIqeambncn°pw. F∂m¬ NneXmIs´ sNdnb

]m¿´nIƒ°mIpw A\pIqeamIpI. NneXv qcn]£ kapZmbßƒ-°mbn-

cn°pw A\pIqeamIpI. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne \nbaßƒ \yq\]£ßsfbmhpw

72


\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]{X-hm¿Ø t\m°pI

kwc£n°pI. CXv Fßs\ kw`hn°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp

DZmlcWØneqsS \ap°v a\ nem°mw.

tIhe `qcn-]£ hy-hÿ (FPTP System)CXv C¥ybpsS P\m[n]XysØ kw_‘n®p≈ Hcp Ncn{Xaplq¿ØamWv shfnhm°p∂Xv. 1984 ¬ \S∂ temIk`sXcs™Sp∏n¬ BsIbp≈ 543 ko‰pIfn¬ 415 ko‰pIfnepw

hnPbn®v, 80 iXam\w ko‰pIfne[nIw t\Sn tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ńA[nImcØnseØn. temIvk`m sXc-s™Sp∏v Ncn{XØn¬C∂phsc as‰mcp ]m¿ń°pw CØcw Hcp hnPbw t\Sm\mbnń√.

Cu sXc-s™Sp∏v ew hy‡am°p∂sX¥mWv?

tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń A©n¬ \mev `mKw ko‰pIƒ t\SnhnPbn®p. C¥ybnse kΩXnZmbIcn¬ A©v t]cn¬ \mev t]¿

tIm¨{Kkn\v thm´p sNbvXpsh∂mtWm CXpsIm≠vA¿∞amt°≠Xv? F∂m¬ bYm¿-∞Øn¬ Aßs\b√. XmsgX∂n p≈ ] nI ]cntim[n®v t\m°pI. \m¬∏-Ønsb´p iXam\w

thm´pIfmWv tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v t\Sm\mbXv. CXn\¿∞wBsI thm v sNbvXhcn¬ 48% t]¿ am{XamWv tIm¨{Kkv ÿm\m¿∞n°vthm´ v sNbvXn´p≈Xv F∂mWv. F∂n´pw temIvk`bnse 80

iXam\Øne[nIw ko‰pIfn¬ hnPbn°m≥ tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v Ign™p.a‰p ]m¿ńIfpsS {]IS\w H∂v ]cntim[n°pI. _n.sP.]n.°v 7.4% thm´pIƒe`yam-sb¶nepw Hcp iXam\Øn¬ Xmsg ko‰pIƒ am{XamWv

50 iXam\Øn¬ Xmsgthm´pIfpw F∂m¬ 80i X a m \ Ø n e [ n I wko‰pIfpw CXv A\oXn-bt√? A\oXnIcamb HcpsXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿn-Xn-sb \ΩpsS `cW-LS\m\n¿ΩmXm°ƒ°v Fßs\AwKoIcn°m\mIpw?

73


hnPbn°m\mbXv. CsXßs\ kw`hn®p?

\ΩpsS cmPyØv ]n¥pScp∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏p coXn-bpsS {]tX-y-I-X-aq-e-amWv

Cßs\ kw -hn-°p-∂Xv. Cu k{º-Zm-b- {]-Imcw

$ cmP-ysØ samØw 543 \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-ambn hn -Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p

$ Hmtcm \ntbm-P-Ia-WvU-ehpw Hcp {]Xn-\n -[n -sb -hoXw sX-

cs™Sp°p∂p.

$ Hmtcm \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-Ønepw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ thm´p-In-´p∂

ÿm\¿∞n sXcs™-Sp°-s∏´Xmbn {]J-ym-]n-°p∂p.

a‰p ÿm\¿∞n-I-sf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ In´p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n hnP-bn-

®-Xmbn {]J-ym-]n°s∏--Sp-sa-∂XmWv ChnsS {]tX-yIw {i≤n-t°≠ hkvXpX.

hnP-bn-°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n°v B \ntbmP-I-a-Wv-U-e-Ønse qcn-]£w thm´p-

Iƒ In´-W-sa-∂n√ `qcn-]£w e`n°p∂ ÿm\¿∞n sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏-´-

Xmbn {]J-ym-]n-°p∂ {]mXn-\n-[yhy-h-ÿsb tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ hy-hÿ

AYhm Bt]£nI `qcn-]£ hy-hÿ As√-¶n¬ ^Ãv ]mÃv Zn t]mÃv

(First Past The Post System FPTP) hyhÿ F∂p- ]d-bp∂p. ‘sXc-s™-

Sp∏p a’-c-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-sc-°mƒ ap∂n-se-Øp∂ BZ-ysØ ÿm\m¿∞n-

bmWv hnPbn’ Cu hy-h-ÿsb ‘_lp-X-z-h-y-hÿ’ (Plurality System) F∂pw

hnfn-°m-dp≠v. sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Cu am¿§ßfmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\

\njvI¿jn®n´p≈Xv.

C\n \ap°v DZmlcWØnte°v Xncn®pt]mImw. tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v

Inńb thm´p hnlnX-sØ°mƒ F{Xtbm A[nIw ko‰v hnlnXamWv

Ah¿°v e`n®Xv. an° afießfnepw A≥]Xv iXam\w thm´pt]mepw

1984 temI-vk` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ {][m\ ]m¿ń-Iƒ°p e`n® thm´p-Ifpwko‰p-Ifpw

]m¿ń thm´p-Iƒ ko‰p-Iƒ(i-Xm-am-\-Øn¬)

tIm¨{Kkv 48.0 415

_nsP]n 7.4 2

P\X 6.7 10

temIvZƒ 5.7 3

kn ]n sF(Fw) 5.7 22

sXep-¶p-tZiw 4.1 30

Un.Fw.sI 2.3 2

FsF-F-Un-FwsI 1.6 12

AIm-en-Zƒ 1.0 7

FPn]n 1.0 7

74


t\SmsXbmWv ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ hnPbn®Xv. [mcmfw ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ a’c

cwKØp≈t∏mƒ hnPbnbmIp∂ ÿ\m¿∞n°v an°t∏mgpw A≥]Xv

iXam\Øn¬ XmsgbmIpw thm´pIƒ e`n°pI. ]cmPbs∏Sp∂

ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°pw ko‰pIƒ In´msX t]mIp∂ ]m¿ńIƒ°pw e`yamIp∂

th´pIƒ ]mgmbn t]mIpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. CØcw kmlNcyßfn¬

Ccp]Øn At©m AXn¬ Xmsgtbm iXam\w thm´pIƒ t\SpI

hgn ]m¿ń°v an° ko‰pIfnepw hnPbn°m\mIpw.

B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n-[yw (Proportional Represention)

Cu k{ºZmbsØ C{ktben¬ C∂v \nehnep≈ as‰mcp

sXcs™Sp∏v coXnbpambn XmcXayw sNbvXp t\m°mw

C{kmtben¬ thm´pIƒ FÆn Ign™m¬ Hmtcm ]m¿ńIƒ°pw

e`yamb thm- pIƒ°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ ko‰p-Iƒ

A\p-h-Zn-°p∂p. (]ńI ImWpI) Hmtcm ]m¿ńbpw B\p-]m-Xn-I-

ambn e`yamb ko‰pIfnte°v sXcs™Sp∏n\p ap≥]pXs∂

ap≥KW\ {IaØn¬ \n›bn®n´p≈ ÿm\m∞nIfpsS

]ńIbn¬ \n∂v {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°p∂p. Cu

sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbsØ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y

k{ºZmbw (Proportional Representation) F∂p ]dbp∂p. Cu

k{ºZmbØn¬ Hcp ]m¿ń°v Xßƒ°v Inńb thmńs‚

A\p]mXØnem-bncn°pw ko‰pIƒ e`n°pI.

B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbØn\v c≠v coXnIƒ

D≠v. Nne cmPyßfn¬ {]tXyIn®v C{k-tb¬, s\X¿em‚ vkv

F∂nhnSßfnep≈ t]mse cmPyw apgph≥ H‰ afieambn IW°m°p∂p.

tZiob sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw e`n°p∂ thm´p hnlnXØns‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ A\phZn®p \evIp∂p. A¿P‚o\bnepw

t]m¿®pKenepw D≈Xp t]mse cmPyw apgph≥ hnhn[ _lp AwKafi-

eßfmbn hn`Pn°p∂ am¿§amWv as‰m∂v. ChnsS F{X t]sc sXc-s™--

Sp°Ww F∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hmtcm afi-eßfn¬ \n∂pw

ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsS Hcp ]ńI ]m¿ńIƒ D≠m°p∂p. Cu c≠p coXnIfnepw

thm´¿am¿ XßfpsS A`n{]mbw tcJ-s∏Sp-Øp∂Xv ÿm\m¿∞n°√. adn®v

]m¿ń°ƒ°mWv. Hcp ]m¿ń°v tcJs∏SpØnb thm´pIfpsS ASn-ÿm-

\ØnemIpw afießfnse ko‰pIfpsS hnXcWw \n›bn°p∂Xv. AXp-

sIm≠p Xs∂ Hcp afieØn¬ \n∂v sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ {]Xn\n[nIƒ

hnhn[ ]m¿ńIfn¬s]´hcm-bncn°pw. C¥ybn¬ B\p]mXnI k{ºZmbw

]tcm£ sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬ (Indirect Election) ]cnanXamb tXmXn¬

kzoIcn®n´p≠v. C¥ybn¬ cmjv{S]Xn, D]cmjv{S]Xn, cmPyk`, hn[m≥

]cnjØv (Legislative Council) F∂nhnS-ß-fn¬ aq∂masXmcp XcØnep≈

k¶o¿Æamb B\p]mXnI k{ºZm-bamWv kzoIcn-®n´p≈Xv.

CXv hfscb[nIw Nn¥m-Ipg∏w D≠m°p∂XmW-t√m? Cu hyhÿnXnbn¬Fs‚ Fw.]n.bpw Fw.F¬-Fbpw BcmsW∂v Rm≥Fßs\bmWv AdnbpI.Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Rm≥ BcpsS ASp-tØ-°mWv t]mtI-≠Xv?

75


C{ktbense B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw

B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zm-b-amWv C{k-tb¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv.

C{k-tb-ens‚ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k` (s\ ‰v)-bn-te°v \mep-h¿j-

Ønsem-cn-°-emWv sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°p∂Xv. Hmtcm ]m¿ńbpw Ah-

cpsS ÿm\m¿∞nIsf kw_-‘n® Hcp enÃv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°pw.

thm´¿am¿ ÿm\m¿∞n-°-√ ]m¿ń-°mWv thm´p sNøp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm

]m¿ń°pw e`y-amb thm´p-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw A\p-k-cn-®mWv \nb-a-

k-`-bn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. sNdn-b-tXm-Xn¬ P\-]n-¥p-W-bp≈

sNdp-]m¿ń-Iƒ°p t]mepw CXp-hgn {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂p. (\nb-a-

k-`-bn¬ ko‰v e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]m¿ń°v G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv 1.5

iX-am\w thms -¶nepw e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww) CXv an°-t∏mgpw Hcp Iq´p-I£n

k¿°m-cns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Im-dp-≠v.

2003 ¬ s\ -‰n-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ê-Øns‚ ]ńI Xmsg

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw e`y-amb thm v iX-am\w F{X-

sb∂v I≠p]nSn-°p-I.

cmPy-k` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw Fßs\

{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-°p∂p? (How does PR Works in RajyaSabha Election?)

]m¿ń ko‰pIƒ ko‰phnlnXw thm´vIfpsShnlnXw

en°pUv 37

jmkv 11

\mjW¬ bqWnb≥ 07

\mjW¬ eoPnbkv]m¿ń 5

bp.Sn.sP 5

C{ktb¬ _n Aenbm 2

te_¿ 19

jn\p¬ 15

Ad_v ]m¿ń 9

ansd‰vkv 6

Bw ClmZv 4

BsI 120

76


B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zm-b-Ønse aq∂m-asØ C\-amb GI-

ssIam‰ thm´p hyhÿ (Single transferable vote system -STV) bmWv

cmPy-k` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn\pw cmPy-

k-`-bn-te°v {]tXyI tIzm´ (Quota) \n›-bn-®n-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv

kwÿm\ \nba--\n¿ΩmW k -I-fmWv (State Legislative Assembly) cmPy-

k`m saº¿amsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv, kwÿm\ \nbak`-I-fnse

Fw.F¬.F amcmWv thm´¿am¿. Hmtcm thm´dpw ÿm\m¿∞n°v Xß-

fpsS thm´v ap≥K-W-\m-{Iaw A\p-k-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp

ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS hnP-b-Øn\v Hcp \n›nX tIzm´ thm v e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww.

samØw tcJs∏S- pØnb thm´pIfpsS FÆw+ 1

samØw sXcs™Sp°s∏tS- ÿm \ m¿∞nIfpsS FÆw + 1

tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbhpw (FPTP) B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿbpw

Hcp XmcXayw

\ntbmPIafießƒ As√¶n¬

Pn√Iƒ F∂p hnfn°p∂ sNdnb

`q{]tZi bqWn‰pIfmbn cmPy-

sØ hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p

F√ \ntbmPIafieØnepw

Htcm {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp-

°p∂p.

thm´¿am¿ ÿm\m¿-∞nIƒ-°mWv

thm´p \evIp∂Xv

Hcp ]m¿ń°v Inńb thmńs‚ iX-

am\sØ°mƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW

k`bn¬ ko‰v e`n°mw.

hnPbn°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n°v

`qcn]£w (50% +1) thm v e`n°-

Wsa∂n√.

DZmlcWw : {_n´≥, C¥y

henb `q{]tZiw \ntbPI-afi-

efmbn \nPs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. Nne-

t∏mƒ cmPyw apgph≥ H‰ \ntbm-PI-

afieambncn°pw

Hcp \ntbmPIafieØn¬ \n∂p

Xs∂ H∂ne[nIw {]Xn-\n[nIsf

sXcs™Sp°mw

thm´¿am¿ ]m¿ń°mWv thm´p

\ev°p∂Xv.

Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw Ah¿°v e`n®

thmń\v B\p]mXnIambn ko‰v

e`n°p∂p.

hnPbn°p∂ ÿm\m¿ -∞n°v

`qcn]£w thm v e`n°p∂p.

DZmlcWw: C{ktb¬, s\X¿em-

‚kv

tIhe qcn]£w (FPTP) B\p]mXnI {]m[n\nXyw (PR)

77


DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v cmP-ÿm-\nse 200 Fw.F¬.F am¿ tN¿∂v \mev

cmPy-k`m AwK-ßsf sXcs™-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hnP-bn°v (200/

4+1 = 40+1) thm´v e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm ÿm\m¿∞n-°pw e`n®

H∂mw thm´p-I-fmWv BZyw FÆp-I. ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ H∂mw ]cn-

K-W\ thm´p-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. F√m H∂mw ap≥K-W\

thm´p-Ifpw FÆn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ \n›-bn® tIzm´ thm´v In´p∂

ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ hnPbn-®-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-°pw. F√mw H∂mw ap≥K-

W\m thm´p-Ifpw FÆn-°-gn-™n´pw tIzm´ XnI-bp-∂n√ F¶n¬

G‰hpw Ipdhv ap≥K-W\m thm´p-Iƒ Inńb ÿm\m¿∞nsb Hgn-

hm-°pw am{X-a√ {]kvXpX ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS ap≥K-W\m thm´p-

Iƒ B_m-e-‰n¬ c≠mw ÿm\Øv ap≥K-W\m thm´v e`n®

Bƒ°v ssIam‰w sNøpw. Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ sXc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu {]{Inb XpS-cp-Ibpw Ah¿ sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏- -Xmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C¥y tIh-e- q-cn-]£ k{º-Zmbw kzoI-

cn-®Xv? (Why did India adopt the FPTP system?)

CXn-\p≈ DØcw Duln-s®-Sp-°pI A{X {]bm-k-I-c-a-√. cmPy-k`m sXc-

s™-Sp∏pIsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ tImfw (Box) hy‡-ambn hmbn-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬

Hcp Imcyw \nßƒ°v t_m[y-amIpw. Cu k{º-Zmbw hfsc k¶o¿Æ-am-

sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ sNdnb cmPy-ß-fn-emWv AXp {]mh¿ØnIam°m-

\mIpI F∂pw t_m≤y-s∏-Spw. C¥ysbt∏mse-bp≈ D]- q-J-fi-Øn¬ CXv

\S-∏n-em-°pI hfsc {]bm-k-I-c-amW.v efn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fmWv tIhe

`qcn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\pw P\-Io-b-Xbv°pw B[m-cw. sXc-

s™-Sp-∏-pI-sf-°p-dn®pw cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw khn-tij ⁄m\-an-√mØ

km[m-cW kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I\p t]mepw Cu k{º-Zmbw (tIhe qcn-]£) hfsc

efn-X-ambn s]s´∂v a\- n-em-°mw. sXc-s™-Sp∏v ka-bØp Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-

Zm-b-I\v sXc-s™-Sp-t°≠ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf°pdn®v hy‡-amb [mcW

\¬Ip-∂p. thmńw-Kn-eqsS Xm≥ GXp ]m¿ńsb As√-¶n¬ GXp

ÿm\m¿∞nsb kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂ Imcy-amWv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. bYm¿∞

cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I≥ ]m¿ń-t°m,

ÿm\m¿∞nt°m As√-¶n¬ Ah c≠n\pw Xpey-amtbm {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-

∂p. tIhe `qcn-]£ k{º-Zmbw CjvS-s∏´ ]m¿ńsb sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥

am{X-a√ adn®v CjvS-s∏´ {]tXyI ÿm\m¿Ynsbt∏mepw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-

\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw

t]mse-bp≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏v hyh-ÿ-bn¬ thm´¿am-tcmSv ]m¿ńsb sXc-s™-

Sp-°p-hm-\mIpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. ]m¿ń ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂mIpw (Party list) {]Xn-

78


READ A CARTOON

`c-W-]-£sØ AwK-ßƒ ‘sIm®p’ {]Xn]£sØ tIƒ°m≥ {ian-°p∂p!

CXv \ΩpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v hyh-ÿ-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amtWm?

\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. XXv -e-ambn Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-isØ {]Xn-

\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂tXm B {]tZ-i-tØmSv ]q¿Æ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-htcm Bb

GI {]Xn-\n[n D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. Bcm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-

ap-≠m°n sImSp-°p∂p F∂pam{X-a√ B afietØmSv {]tXyI {]Xn-_-

≤-X-bp-≈-h-cmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ sXc-s™-

Sp-∏p-Iƒ Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ÿnc-X-bm¿∂ Kh¨sa‚p-

Iƒ {]Zm\w sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-a√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\m

\n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS ImgvN-∏mSv. ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{º-Zm-b-Ønse Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW

hn`mK (Executive) Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v \mw ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬

]Tn-°pw. Cu hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KØn (Executive) \v \nb-

a-\n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ `qcn-]£w Bh-iy-am-Wv. thm´p hnln-X-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-

\n[y k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ hy‡-amb Hcp qcn-]£w D≠m-Ip-I-bn√ F∂ Imcyw

\nßƒ {i≤n-®n- p-≠m-Ipw.

]T\]ptKmKXn hnebncpØpI

1996 se Xang v\mSv \nbak`m sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ ^ew ChnsS

sImSpØncn°p∂p.

79


C{ktbenset∏mse B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y (PR System) hyh-

ÿ-bmbncp∂p. AhnsSsb¶n¬

$ \nbak`bpsS LS\ F¥mIpambncp∂p?

$ GXp ]m¿ń°mbncn°pw qcn]£w D≠mbncn°pI?

$ Bcv Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn°pw?

Cu k{ºZmbw s]mXpsh henb ]m¿ńt°m ap∂Wnt°m thm´phnln-

XsØ°mƒ Ipd®[nIw ko‰pIƒ \¬Ip∂p. Aßs\ Cu k{ºZmbw

ÿncXbm¿∂ Hcp Kh¨sa‚ns\ {]Zm\w sNøpI hgn Hcp

]m¿esa‚dn Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kpKaambXpw Imcy£aambXpamb

cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ XΩnep≈ _‘Øn¬ Cu hyhÿnXn F¥p

kzm[o\amWv D≠m°pI?

BsI ko‰pIƒ : 234

]m¿ń thm´pIƒ ko‰pIƒ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿ

A\pkcn®v ko‰pIƒ

Un.Fw.sI 42.1 173

F.sF.FUn.Fw.sI. 21.5 4

tIm¨{Kkv 5.6

kn.]n.sF. 2.1 8

kn.]n.sF. (Fw.) 1.7 1

Sn.Fw.sI. 9.3 39

]n.Fw.sI. 3.8 4

a‰p≈hcpw kzX{¥∑mcpw 13.9 5

{]h¿Ø\Øn\v ImcWam-Ip∂p. Ahkm\ambn, Hcp {]tZisØ hyXykvX

kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ°v sXcs™-Sp∏n¬ Hcp-an®v \n∂v hnPbn°m≥

tIhe`qcn]£ (FPTP) k{ºZmbw Ahkcsamcp°p∂p. C¥yt]mse ssh-

hn[yßƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp cmPyØv B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbw Hmtcm

kmapZmbnI hn`mKßƒ°pw AhcptSXmb tZihym]I ]m¿ń cq]oIcn°p∂Xn\v

th≠ t{]m’ml\w {]Zm\w sNøpw. \ΩpsS `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°fpsS

a\ n¬ CØcw Imcyßƒ IqSn c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-th-f-bn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂n-cn-

°-Ww.

80


`cWLS\bpsS CXphscbp≈ {]h¿Ø\w `cWLS\m

\n¿ΩmXm°fpsS {]Xo£Isf Duń-bpd∏n®p´p≠v. tIhe`qcn]£

k{ºZmbw (FPTP System) efnXhpw km[mcW thm´¿∑m¿°p-t]mepw ]cnNn-

X-hpamsW∂v sXfnbn®n´pap≠v. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Hcp kapZmbØn¬

\nt∂m PmXnbn¬ \nt∂m apgph≥ thm´pIfpw Hcp ]m¿ń°v e`yamIp∂Xns\

\ncp’mls∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. km[mcWbmbn tIhe `qcn]£

k{ºZmbw Zzn ]m¿ń k{ºZmbØn\v ImcWam-bnØo-cp∂p. CXv A¿∞-

am°p∂Xv A[nImcØn\pth≠n c≠p ]m¿ńIƒam{Xw a’cn-°m\p-

≠mhpIbpw an°t∏mgpw A[nImcw amdnamdn ]¶ph-bv-°s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p

F∂XmWv. ChnsS A[nImc a’cØn\pw ]¶ph-bv-°en\p ]pXnb Hcp

]m¿ńtbm aq∂masXmcp ]m¿ńtbm IS∂phcnI {]bmkIcamWv. Cu

hn[Øn¬ t\m°nbm¬ C¥ybnse tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn\v t\cnb

Nne hyXymkßƒ ImWmw. kzmX{¥ym\¥cw \Ωƒ tIhe`qcn]£

k{ºZmbamWv kzoIcn-®sX-¶nepw H∂ne[nIw sNdp]m¿ńIƒ \ne\n¬-

°Øs∂ Hcp GII£n]m¿ń ta[mhnXzw DSseSpØp. 1989 \ptijw C¥y

Hcp _lpI£n ap∂Wn k{ºZmbØn\v km£yw hln®p. AtXkabw

Xs∂ ]e kwÿm\ßfnepw a’cmSnÿm\Ønep≈ ZznI£n k{ºZmbw

Ime-{ItaW-t]mepw Iq´pI£n cmjv{Sob-Øns‚ DZbw [mcmfw ]pXnb

]m¿ńIƒ°pw sNdp]m¿ńIƒ°pw sXcs™Sp∏v a’cØn¬ ]s¶Sp°m≥

Ahkcsamcp°n F∂XmWv C¥y≥ ]m¿ń k{ºZmbsØ hyXykvX-

am°nbXv.

\ntbmPI afießfpsS kwhcWw (Reservation of Con-stituencies)

tIhe qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn¬ Hcp {]tXyI \ntbmPI afieØn¬

G‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´v t\Sp∂ ÿm\m¿∞n sXcs™Sp°s∏´Xmbn

{]Jym]n°psa∂v \mw I≠pIgn™p. sNdnb kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ°v

CXv an°t∏mgpw tIm´w hcpØp∂XmWv. C¥ybpsS kmaqlnI kml-

NcyØn¬ CXv {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p≠v. PmXn ASnÿm\Ønepff

hnthN\Øn\Øns‚ Hcp Ncn{Xw Xs∂ \ap°p≠v. AØcw Hcp

kmaqlnI hyhÿbn¬ tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn¬ ta[mhnXz-

ap≈ kmaqlnI hn`mKßfpw PmXnIfpw F√mbnSØpw hnPbn°pIbpw

ASn®a¿-Øs∏´ kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ Aßs\Xs∂ XpScpIbpw

sNbvtX°mw. \ΩpsS `cWLS\m in¬]nIƒ CØcw {]bmkßsf-

°p-dn®v t_m[yap≈hcmbncp∂p. ASn®a¿Øs∏´ kmaqlnI

hn`mKßƒ°v kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb {]mXn\n[yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm-\p≈ Hcp am¿§Øns‚ BhiyIXsb°pdn-®pff t_m[yw

Ah¿°p≠mbncp∂p.

81


Cu {]iv\w kzmX{¥Øn\pap≥]pXs∂ hfscb[nIw N¿®-

sNøs∏ńcp∂p. {_nójv Kh¨-sa‚mIs´ {]tXyI sXcs™Sp∏v

afiew (seprate electorate) F∂ Bibw \S∏nem-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu hyhÿ {]Imcw Hcp {]tXyI kapZmbØn¬ \n∂pw Hcp ÿm\m¿-

∞nsb sXc-s™Sp°Wsa¶n¬ AtX kapZmbØn¬ s]Sp∂

BfpIƒ°mIpw thm´p sNøphm\p≈ tbmKyX. cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW

k`bn¬ \ΩpsS bYm¿∞ e£y \n¿ΔlWØn\v Cu k{º-Zmbw

A\p-tbmPyas√∂ Bi¶ ]e AwK-ßfpw {]ISn∏n®n´p≠v. AXp-

sIm≠mWv "kwhcW afießƒ' F∂ Bibw \S∏nem°m≥

Xocpam\n®Xv. Cu hyhÿ {]Imcw Hcp afieØnse F√m thm´¿-

am¿°pw thm´hImiap≠v, F∂m¬ ÿm\m∞n \n¿_‘ambpw

kwhcWw sNbvXn-´p≈ {]tXyI kapZmbØntem kmaqlnI

hn`mKØntem Dƒs∏Sp∂ Bfmbncn°Ww.

\ΩpsS cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnembn Nne kmaqlnI

hn`mKßƒ Nn∂n NnXdn InS°p∂p≠v. Ah¿ GsX¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI

afieØnse hnPbsØ kzm[o\n°m\p≈ i‡nbp≈ hn`mK-

ambncn°n√. F∂m¬ cmPyw BI-am\w t\m°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ \n¿Wm-

bI i‡n-bp≈ hn`m-K-hp-am-Wv. AhcpsS icnbmb {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏p

hcpØp∂Xn\v kwh-cWw Bhiyambnh∂p. temIvk`bnte°pw

kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnte°pw ]ńIPmXn ]ńIh¿KØn¬s∏´h¿°v

ko‰v kwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. XpS°Øn¬ CXv ]Øp h¿jtØ-

°mWv \¬InbX.v ]n∂oSv XpS¿-®bmbn `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbneqsS

2020 hsc Zo¿Ln∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwhcWØns‚ Imem-h[n-

Ignbptºmƒ, AXv Zo¿Ln∏n®psIm≠v ]m¿esa‚n\v Xocpam\saSp-

°mhp∂XmWv. C¥ybnse P\kwJybn¬ Cu c≠p hn`mKØn\pap≈

FÆØn\v B\p]mXnIambn´mWv ko‰pIƒ kwhcWw sNøs∏ńcn-

°p∂Xv. temIvk`bnse sXcs™Sp°s∏Smhp∂ BsIbp≈ 543

{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ (separate electorate) C¥y-bv°v F∂pw Hcpim]-am-bn-cp-∂p, CXm-Is´ Cu cmPy-Øn\v IW-°m-°m-\m-I-Ø{X tZmjw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.............{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ “\ΩpsS apt∂m-´p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Ahy-‡X ]S¿Øn.... Rßƒ°v (ap…ow-ßƒ°v) Cu tZi-tØm-sSm∏w H∂mbn tNc-Ww.... ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\mbn \o°n h® kwh-c-Wß-fn¬ ssZhsØ Hm¿Øv\nßƒ ssII-S-Ø-cpXv”

XmPm-ap¬ lpssk≥ CAD, Vol.VIII, P.333, 26 sabv 1949

82


ko‰pIfn¬ 84 FÆw ]ńIPmXn hn`mKßƒ°mbpw 47 FÆw ]ńI

h¿§ hn`mKßƒ°mbpw kwhcWw sNbv-Xncn°p∂p.

kwhcW afiew GXmbncn°Wsa∂v BcmWv Xocpam\n°pI?

F¥ns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv CXv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv? AXn¿Øn

\n¿Wb IΩoj≥ F∂ kzX{¥ GP≥knbmWv CXv Xocp-am\n°p-

∂Xv. C¥ybpsS cmjv{S]XnbmWv Cu IΩojs\ \nban°p∂Xv.

""........ F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-knIsf {]Xn-\n-[oI-cn®v Nne Imcy-

ßƒ ]d-bp-hm-\mWv Rm≥ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `qX-Ime C¥y-bn¬

Hcp arK-im-e-bn¬ F∂ t]mse Rßsf H‰-s∏-SpØn \n¿Ønbncp-∂-

Xn-\m¬ {][m\ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-tfmSpw {_nójv Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSpw

{]_p-≤-cmb C¥y≥ ]uc-∑m-tcmSpw Rßƒ \μn-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv. Rßƒ

\nß-tfmSv CgpIn tN¿∂p t]mIp-hm≥ Xøm-dmWv. B ImcWw sIm≠m-

Wv....... \nb-a-k-`-I-fn-te°v Ign-bp-∂{X kwh-cWw Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-®-

Xv. Rßƒ Hcn-°epw {]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ (Separateelectorate) tNmZn-®n-cp-∂n-√........... 1935 se BIvSv {]Imcw C¥y-bnse

samØw \nb-a-k`m afi-e-ß-fpsS FÆw 1585 Bbn-cns° BZn-hmkn

Fw F¬ -F -am-cpsS FÆw shdpw 24 Bbn-cp-∂p..... tI{μ-Øn-\m-Is´

Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.''

Pbv]m¬knwKv CAD, Vol.V, P.209, 27 BKÃv 1947

C¥ybpsS sXc-s™Sp∏p IΩoj\pambn klIcn®psIm≠mWv

AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb IΩoj≥ XßfpsS tPmenIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂Xv.

C¥ybnse apgph≥ afießfptSbpw AXn¿ØnIƒ \n¿Æbn°pI

F∂XmWv Cu IΩojs‚ e£yw. Hmtcm kwÿm\ßfnepw F{X

kwhcWafießƒ D≠mIWw F∂Xv B kwÿm\sØ ]ńI-

PmXn ]ńIh¿§ hn`mKßfpsS FÆØn\m\p]mXnIambn´mWv

\n›bn®bn°p-∂-Xv. AXn\p tijw Cu IΩoj≥ AhnsSbp≈

P\kwJybpsS LS\]cntim[n°p∂p. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]ńIh¿§-

hn`mK A\p]mXap≈ afieamWv Ah¿°mbn kwhcWw sNøpI.

]ńIPmXn hn`mK-ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb IΩoj≥

c≠p ImcyßfmWv ]cnKWn°p∂Xv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]ńIPmXn

P\-kwJym A\p]mXap≈ afießƒ kwh-c-W-Øn-\mbn FSp-°p-

∂p. IqSmsX cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnembn kwhcW afi-e-

83


ßƒ hnXcWw \SØp∂ ImcyØnepw {i≤n-°p∂p. ]ńIPmXn

hn`mKßƒ cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnembn GItZiw Xpeyambn

hnXcWw sNøs∏ńcn°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Cßs\ sNøpXv .

AXn¿Øn \n¿Æb \S]-SnIƒ ssIsIm-≈p-tºmƒ Cu kwhcW

afießƒ Htcm XhWbpw amdn hcmdp≠v.

a‰p Zp¿_e hn`mKßfpsS Imcy-ØnemIs´ CØcw Hcp

kwhcWcoXn `cWLS\ ]cnKWn®nń√. Ime- {ItaW

temIvk`bnte°pw kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnte°pw h\nXIƒ°v

kwhcWw thWa∂pff Bhiyw i‡ambn Db¿∂p h∂p.

{]m[n\nXy kÌfn¬te°v Ipd®p kv{XoIƒ sXcs™Sp°s∏-ń´p-

s≠∂p≈Xv bmYm¿∞yamsW¶nepw aq∂nsem∂p kwhcWw F∂

Bhiyhpw i‡ambn D∂bn-°s∏´p. \Kc {Kma Xt±i ÿm]\ßƒ

kv{XoIƒ°v kwhcWw \evInbn´p≠v. Xt±i Kh¨sa‚p-Isf

kw_‘n°p∂ IqSpX¬ Imcy-ßƒ Xt±i Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ F∂ A[ym-

b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ N¿®sNøpw. temIv-k`-bpsS ImcyØnepw kwÿm\

\nba-kÌfpsS (hn[m≥k`) Imcy -Øn -epw Cu kwhcWw

\S∏nem°p∂Xn\v C\nbpw t`ZKXnIƒ A\nhmcy-amWv. ]m¿esa‚n¬

CXn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ ]eXW Db¿∂p h∂p. F∂m¬ C∂phsc

\nbaw ]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ Ign™nń√.

kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Δhpamb sXc-s™-Sp∏v (Free andFair Elections)

kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Δ-hpamb sXcs™-Sp∏v Dd∏v hcpØpI F∂-XmWv

GsXmcp CeIvj-≥ k{º-ZmbØns‚bpw icnbmb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

P\m[n]XysØ bmYm-¿-∞-Ønte°v ]cnh¿-Ø\w sNøm-≥ \mw B{K-ln°pI-

bm-sW-¶n¬ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZm-bw \njv]£hpw kpXm-cy-hpambn-

cnt°≠Xv ]ca{][m\amWv. IqSm-sX sXcs™Sp∏p ê-Øn-eqsS Xs‚

\nba]-c--amb {]Xn -e\w Is≠-Øm\p≈ thm -dpsS A`nem-jsØ sXc-s™-

-Sp∏v k{ºZm-bw-A\ph-Zn°pI Xs∂ thWw.

]ptcmKXn ]cntim[n°pI.

C¥ybnse ap…ow P\kwJybpsS A\p]mXw GItZiw 13.5 iXam\amWv

F∂m¬ km[mcWbn¬ temIvk`bnse ap…ow Fw.]n. amcpsS FÆw

AhcpsS P\kwJym hnlnXØns‚ ]IpXnbn¬ Xmsg IpdhmWv. Cu

kmlNcyw ]e \nba kÌfnepw \ne\nev-°p∂p. Cu hkvXpXsb ]‰n

aq∂p hnZym¿∞nIƒ hyXykvXamb \nKa\ßfnseØp∂p. \nßƒ AhtcmSv

F¥psIm≠v tbmPn∂p As√¶n¬ hntbmPn°p∂p F∂v tcJs∏SpØpI

84

Indian Constitution at Workhnim¬ : CXv tIhe `qcn]£ k{ºZmbØns‚ (FPTP) A\oXnbmWv

{]Xnên∏n°p∂Xv \Ωƒ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿ

kzoIcn°Ww

Bcn v : CXv ]ńIPmXn ]ńI h¿§Øn\v kwhcWw \evInb bp‡nbmWv

ImWn°p∂Xv. ]ńI PmXn h¿§ßƒ°v \evIp∂Xpt]mse

ap…oßƒ°v kwhcWw \evtI≠Xv BhiyamWv.

km_n : F√m ap…oßsf Ipdn®pw kwkmcn°p∂Xn¬ Igºn√. GsXmcp

hyhÿ {]Imchpw ap…ow kv{XoIƒ°v Hcphn[ {]mXn\n[yhpw

e`n°p∂n√. ap…ow kv{XoIƒ°v Hcp {]tXyI Izm´bmWv

\evtI≠Xv.

km¿h{XnI thm´hImihpw a’cn°m\p≈ AhImihpw(Universal Franchise and Right to Contest)Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw \evIp∂Xn\p ]pdta `cWLS\ c≠v

ASnÿm\ tNmZyßƒ°v adp]Sn \evIpI IqSnsNøp∂p. Bsc√mamWv

thm´¿am¿? Bscm-s° sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°pw? \ΩpsS

`cWLS\ C°mcy-Øn¬ hfsc kpÿm]nXamb P\m[n]Xy

{IaßfmWv ]n¥pS-cp∂Xv.

P\m[n]Xy sXcs™Sp∏n\v B cmPysØ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb

apgph≥ ]uc≥amcpw sXcs™-Sp∏n¬ thm´p sNøm≥ tbmKy-

cmbncnt°≠Xv BhiyamsW∂v \nßƒ CXn\Iw Xs∂ a\ nem-

°nbn´p≠v. CXns\bmWv km¿-Δ{XnI {]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu AhImi Øn\p th≠n ]e cmPyßfnepw

P\ßƒ Zo¿LImesØ kact]mcm´ßƒ \SØn-bn-cp∂p.

kv{XoIƒ°v kac t]mcm´ßƒs°mSphn¬ hfsc sshInbmWv Cu

AhImiw e`n®Xv. \ΩpsS C¥ybnse cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°fpsS

{][m\s∏´ Xocpam\ßfn¬ H∂v {]mb]q¿Øn-bmb F√m ]uc≥

am¿°pw thm´hImiw Dd∏phcpØpI F∂Xmbncp∂p.

1989 hsc C¥ybn¬ {]mb]q¿Ønbmbh¿ F∂Xns‚ A¿∞w 21

hb n\v apIfn¬ {]mbap≈h¿ F∂mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ 1989 se Hcp

`cWLS\m t`ZKXnbneqsS thm´psNøm\p≈ {]mbw 18 hb m°n

Ipd®p. F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf

sXscs™Sp°p∂ {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIm\p≈ Ahkcw

{]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw Dd∏hcpØn. CXv \mw AhImißƒ

F∂ A[ymbØn¬ ]Tn® kaXzw, hnthN\w ImćpXv apXemb XXzßtfmSv

Dƒt®¿∂p \nev-°p∂p. hnZym`ymk tbmKyX t]mepw IW°nseSp°msX

F√mh¿°pw thm´hImiw \¬Ip∂Xv icnbmb \S]Snbs√∂v C°meØp

t]mepw \nch[nbmfpIƒ Nn¥n°p∂p. F∂m¬ kaql-Øns‚ \∑bpw

AhcpsS afieØns‚ \∑bpw Xocpam\n°m\pff tijnbpw

Rm≥ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb

BfmtWm AtXm

A√tbm? Rm≥ Fs‚

`mhn sXmgn¬ PohnXw sXc-

s™-Sp-°m≥ X° ]Iz-a-Xn-

bmWv, ss{UhnwKv ssek

≥kv FSp-°m≥ X° {]mb-

ap≈ Bfm -Wv . F∂m¬

thm´p sNøm≥ X° {]mb-

am -bn -√t{X? \nb-a -ßƒ

F\n°pw _m[-I-am-°p-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ B \nb-a-ßƒ

Bcp \n¿Ωn -°-W-sa∂v

F¥p-sIm≠v F\n°v Xocp-

am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

85


aqeyt_m[hpw {]mb]q¿Ønbmb F√m

]uc∑m¿°pw XpeyamsW∂ ImcyØn¬

\ΩpsS cWLS\m \n¿Ωm-X°ƒ°v Dd®

hnizmkamWp≠mbncp∂Xv.

thm´p sNøp∂Xn¬ GXmtWm

icnbmbn´p≈Xv AXp Xs∂bmWv

a’cn°p∂Xn\pw _m[-Iam -IpI.

sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°p∂Xn\pw {]Xn-

\n[nbm°p∂Xn\pw F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw

AhIm-iap≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw hnhn[ --sXc-

-s™Sp∏pIfn¬ a’cn°p∂Xn\v hy--

XykvXßfmb {]mb]cn-[n --Bhiyap≠v.

DZmlcWØn\v temIvk` sXc--s™Sp∏n¬

a’cn°p∂Xn\v ----ÿm\m¿∞n°v 25 hbs -

¶nepw --XnI™ncn°Ww. IqSmsX a‰pNne

\nb{--¥W--ß-fpap≠v. DZmlcWØn\v, --c≠v

--h¿jtam AXn--e[nItam XShp ----in£

A\p`hn® hy‡nIƒ sXcs™-Sp∏n¬

a’cn°m≥ AtbmKycmWv. -F∂m¬

sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°m\p≈ AhImi-

Øn\v [\w, --hnZym`ymkw, hwiw, h¿§w,

enwKw, --XpSßnb --bmsXmcp --\nb{¥Wß-fpan√. Cu A¿∞Øn¬ \ΩpsS

sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw F√m ]uc∑m¿°pambn Xpd∂n´ncn°p∂p.

kzX{¥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ (Independent Election Commis-sion)

sXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿnXnbpw {]{Inbbpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δ-

hpamsW∂v Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v C¥y \nch[n ]cn{iaßƒ \SØnbn´p≠v.

sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ \SØn∏n\pw ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂Xn\pw kzX{¥amb

Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ cq]oIcWw F∂XmWv CXn¬ G‰hpw

{][m\ambn´p≈Xv. ]e cmPyßfnepw sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ \SØn∏n\mbn Hcp

kzX{¥ kwhn-[m\an√ F∂ Imcyw \nßƒ°v Adnbmtam?

`cWLS\bpsS 324˛mw hIp∏p {]Imcw C¥ybn¬ "thm´¿ ]´nI

Xømdm -°p∂Xn\pw sXcs™-Sp∏ns‚ \SØn∏n¬ ta¬t\m´w

hln°p∂Xn\pw \n¿t±ißƒ \¬Ip∂Xn\pw \nb{¥Wßƒ

Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw' Hcp kzX{¥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ D≠v.

sXcs™Sp∏pambn _‘s∏´ F√m-Imcyßfpw \n¿Δln°p∂Xn\v

21 October 1951

{]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imi k{º-Zm-bsØ

B\-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-

≠m-sW-∂-dn-bmtam? CXp sacp-ßm-Ø-Xm-b-

Xp-sIm-≠mtWm? AtXm Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw B\-

bpsS Hmtcm `mK-ßƒ sXm´p-t\m°n B\

F¥m-sW∂v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ IY-t]m-se-

bmtWm?

86


sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ apJy ]¶v Dd∏p -hcp -Øns°m≠p≈

`cWLS\bnse Cu hm°pIƒ hfsc {][m\-s∏´XmWv. cWLS\bpsS

Cu hymJym\w kp{]ow tImSXnt]mepw AwKoI-cn®n´p≠v.

hIp∏v 324 (1)

sXsc™Sp∏pIfpsS ta¬t\m´hpw am¿§ \n¿t±i \nb{¥WhpwsXcs™Sp∏v IΩnj\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°psa∂v Cu cWLS\{]Imcw,]m¿sa‚nte°pw Hmtcm kwÿm\Øns‚ \nba \n¿ΩmWaWvUeØnte°pw \SØp∂ F√m sXsc™Sp∏pIƒ°pw th≠ kΩXnZmbI ]´nIIƒXømdm°p∂Xp∂Xns‚bpw Ahbnte°p≈ F√msXcs™Sp∏pIfpw\SØp∂-Xn -s‚bpw cmjv{S]XnbpsSbpw D]cmjv{S]XnbpsSbpwÿm\ßfnte°v \SØp∂ sXsc™Sp∏pI-fpsSbpw ta¬t\m´hpwam¿§\n¿t±ihpw \nb{¥Whpw (Cu `cWLS\bn¬ sXsc™Sp∏v IΩn-j≥ F∂v ]cma¿in°p∂) Hcp IΩnj\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°p∂XmWv.

C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs\ klmbn°p∂Xn\v Hmtcm kwÿm-

\ßfnepw Hcp apJy-sXcs™-Sp∏v DtZymKÿ≥ (Chief Electoral Officer)D≠v. Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfnte°p≈ sXc-s™Sp∏pIƒ \SØp-

∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnXzw C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\n¬ \n£n]vXa√.

C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\n¬\n∂pw hyXykvXambn kwÿm\Øv

kzX{¥ambn {]h¿-Øn°p∂ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amcmWv

Xt±i Kh¨sa‚nte°p≈ sXcs™-Sp∏pIƒ \nb{¥n°p∂Xpw

\SØp∂Xpw. c≠n\pw AhcptSXmb {]h¿Ø\ afießfp≠v. CXns\-

°pdn®v IqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ Xt±i Kh¨sa‚pIƒ F∂ A[ymbØn¬

\mw ]Tn°pw. C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ Hcp GImwK kanXntbm

Hcp _lp AwK kanXntbm BImw.

1989 hsc CsXmcp GImwK IΩoj≥ Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬ sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojs\ Hcp _lpAwK kanXnbm°pI F∂ e£ysØ ap≥\n¿Øn

1989˛se s]mXp sXcs™Sp∏n\v apt∂m-Snbmbn c≠p sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojW¿amsc \nban®p. F∂m¬ sXcs™Sp∏n\v tijw hfsc s]s´∂p

Xs∂ CXv ho≠pw Hcp GImwK IΩoj\mbn ]p\x{IaoIcn®p. F∂m¬

1993˛¬ c≠v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amsc \nban®psIm≠v sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩoj≥ ho≠pw Hcp _lpAwK kanXnbm°n am‰n. A∂papX¬ CsXmcp

_lpAwKIΩoj\mbn XpS-cp-∂p. _lpAwK IΩo-js\ Ipdn®v XpS°-

Øn¬ hfscb[nIw Bi¶Iƒ D≠mbncp∂p. B¿°mWv G‰hpw IqSpX¬

A[nImcw F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw F{XtØmfw A[nImcap≠v F∂Xns\

kw_‘n®pw A∂sØ apJy sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿ a‰p IΩojW¿-

amcpambn hy‡amb A`n{]mb hyXymkw D≠mbncp∂p. kp{]ow tImSXn°v

Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnt°≠Xmbpw h∂p. IqSpX¬ DØchmZnXztØmSpIqSn

87


{]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\v A[nImcw hn`Pn®p \¬Ins°m≠p≈ Hcp _lp AwK

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\mWv G‰hpw A\ptbmPyambn´p≈sX∂ ImcyØn¬

Hcp A`n{]mb ka\zbw C∂v cq]s∏ń´p≠v.

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ A[y£\mbn´p≈Xv

apJysXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿ BWv. F∂m¬ a‰p sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojW¿amsc°mƒ IqSpX¬ A[nImcßƒ At±lØn\v

\¬Inbnń√. a{¥nk`bpsS D]tZi-Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬

cmjv{S]Xn-bmWv sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amsc \nban°p∂Xv.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cn°p∂ ]m¿ńtbmSv B`napJyap≈

hy‡nIsf IΩoj≥ AwKßfmbn \nban°p∂Xn\pw

sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Ch¿ Xßsf \ntbmKn°p∂ ]m¿ńI-tfmSv Nmbvhv

]pe¿Øp∂Xn\pap≈ km[yXIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Cu t]mcm-

bva \ne\nev°p∂Xp sIm≠v \nba\ \S]Sn{Iaw amt‰≠Xps≠∂v

[mcmfw BfpIƒ \n¿t±in -°p∂p. apJysXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojWdpsSbpw a‰p IΩojW¿-amcpsSbpw \nba\Øn\v kp{]ow

tImSXn No^v PÃnkpambpw {]Xn]£ t\Xmhpambpw

IqSnbmtemN-\Iƒ \StØ≠Xm-sW∂p≈ Hcp \n¿t±iw ]ecpw

apt∂m v h®n´p≠v.

apJysXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW-dpsSbpw sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojW-¿amcpsSbpw Imemh[nbpsS kwc£Ww `cWLS\

Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p. Bdv h¿jtØbv°v AYhm 65 hb v hsc BWv

AhcpsS \nba\ Imemh[n. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp kÌfpw {]tXyI

`qcn]£tØmsS (Special Majority) Hcp {]tabw ]m m-°nbm¬ C¥y≥

cmjv{S]Xn°v Imemh[n ]q¿Ønbm°p-∂Xn\papºv apJysXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojWsd ]pdØm°mhp-∂XmWv. Xßƒ°v A\pIqeambn Xocpam\ßƒ

ssIs°m≠n√ F∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ `cWI£n apJysXcs™Sp∏p

IΩojWsd am‰m≥ {ian®m¬ AXn¬ \n∂pw At±lsØ

kwc£n°p∂Xn\p th≠nbmWv Cßs\ sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩojW¿amsc C¥y≥ cmjv{S]Xn°v \o°w sNømhp∂XmWv.

C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v [mcmfw NpaXeIfp≠v.

$ thm´¿ ]ńI Xømdm°p∂Xn\pw ]cnjv°cn°p∂Xn\pw ta¬t\m´w

hln°p∂p. cPnÃ¿ sNbvXn p≈ t]cpIƒ ] nIbn¬ D≠mIm-Xncn°pI,

A\¿lcpsS t]cpIfpw \nehnen-√m-ØhcpsS t]cpIfpw IS∂pIqSpI

XpSßnb sX‰pIƒ Hgnhm°n thm´¿]ńI kzX{¥hpw Ip‰-

a‰Xpam°p∂Xn\pw F√m ]cn{iaßfpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥

\SØp∂p.

Cu {]iv\w Ct∏m-sg-¶nepw

]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-ń-s√-¶n¬

k¿°m-cn\v Hcp GImwK

sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-\n-

te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ Ign-

bptam? `c-W-L-S\ Cu

Ifn (game) AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂pt≠m?

88


$ sXcs™Sp∏v kab{Iaw \n›bn°pIbpw sXcs™Sp∏v ]ńI (Sched-ule) Xømdm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sXcs™Sp∏v hn⁄m]\w, \ma\n¿t±i

]{XnI ka¿∏nt°≠ XobXn, ]{XnI ka¿-∏nt°≠ Ahkm\

XobXn, kq£va ]cntim[\m XobXn, ]{XnI ]n≥hen°m\p≈

Ahkm\ XobXn, sXcs™Sp∏v XobXn, thms´Æ¬, e{]Jym]\w

F∂nhsb√mw Dƒs∏Sp∂XmWv sXcs™Sp∏v ]ńI. (Election sched-ule)

$ kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿ΔIhpamb Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v

sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb-IfpsS GXp L´Ønepw Xocpam\saSp°m\p≈

A[nImcw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\p≠v. cmPytØm GsX¶nepw Hcp

kwÿm\tØm As√¶n¬ Hcp afieØntem sXcs™Sp∏v A¥-

co£w IepjnXamhpIbpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿ΔIhpamb Hcp

sXcs™Sp∏v km[ya√msX hcpIbpw sNøp∂ kμ¿`Øn¬

sXcs™Sp∏v \oń hbv°p∂Xnt\m d±m°p∂Xnt\m D≈ A[nImcw

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\p≠v. IqSmsX cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°pw ÿm\m-

¿∞nIƒ°pw Hcp amXrIm s]cpam‰ N´w IΩoj≥ \S∏nem°mdp≠v.

Hcp {]tXyI afieØn¬ ho≠pw thms´Sp∏v (re-poll) Bhiyambn

h∂m¬ AXn\p≈ DØchv ]pds∏Sphn°phm\pw IΩoj\v km[n°pw.

kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Æhpamb√ thms´Æ¬ \S∂sX∂v IΩoj\v

t_m[yw h∂m¬ ho≠pw thms´Æ¬ (re-count) {]Jym]n°m\p≈

A[nImchpw IΩoj\p≠v.

$ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°p≈ AwKoImchpw Ah¿ HmtcmcpØ¿°p≈

{]tXyI `qcn-]£w{]tXyI `qcn-]£w F∂Xp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv:$ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw thm´p sNøp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]£w$ k`-bnse samØw AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS tIhe `qcn-]£w{]tXyI `qcn-]-£-tØmSp IqSn \nß-fpsS ¢m n¬ Hcp {]tabw ]m m-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂n-cn-°-s´. \nß-fpsS ¢m n¬ 57 hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Ds≠∂pk¶-ev]n-°p-I. F∂m¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v Znhkw 51 Ipń-Iƒ lmP-cm-dp-Ibpw AXn¬ 50 t]¿ thms´-Sp-∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂pwhnNm-cn-°p-I. CØcw Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tabw {]tXyI `qcn-]-£-tØmsS ]m m°n F∂v Fßs\ ]d-bm-\mIpw?Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv a‰p aq∂v A[ym-b-Øn-se-¶nepw\nßƒ°v {]tXyI qcn-]-£sØ ]‰n ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ImWm-\m-Ipw. Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw (Executive) F∂ ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Cw]o®vsa‚p-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]tXyI qcn-]-£sØ∏‰n N¿® sNøp∂ a‰p c≠p kμ¿`-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

89


Nn”hpw sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩoj\mWv A\phZn®p \¬Ip

∂Xv.

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v kz¥

ambp≈ DtZymKÿcpsS FÆw hfsc

IpdhmWv. Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ `cW

kwhn[m\Øns‚ klmbtØm

sSbmWv IΩoj≥ sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ

\SØp∂Xv. F∂n-cp∂mepw --Hcn°¬

sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb Bcw`n®p

Ign™m¬ --sXcs™Sp∏pambn

_‘s∏´ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsStaepw

` c W k w h n [ m \ Ø n s ‚ t a e p w

sXcs™Sp∏v -IΩoj\v \nb{¥W-

ßfp≠m-bncn°pw. sX-cs™Sp∏v

{]{Inbmthf-bn¬ tI{μ kwÿm\

DtZymKÿ¿°v -sXcs™---Sp-∏pambn

_‘s∏´ -NpaXeIƒ sXcs™Sp∏p

IΩoj≥ \n›bn®p --\¬Ip∂p.

CXns‚ ]q¿Æ -\nb{¥Ww sXc-

s™Sp∏v ---IΩoj--\mWp≈Xv. ------

DtZymKÿsc ÿew --am‰m\pw Ahcp-

sS ÿew-am‰w ---d±m°m\pw -\njv]£-

ambn {]h¿Øn-°mØh¿s°-Xnsc \S-

]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw IΩoj\v km[n°pw.

A[nImcßfp≈ Hcp kzX{¥ A[nImctI{μambn Ime{ItaW

C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ amdn. sXcs™Sp∏v {]{InbbpsS

]cnip≤n ImØpkq£n°p∂Xn\v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ \njv]£-ambpw

Nmbvhn√msXbpw {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. ÿm]\ßfpsS Imcy£aX sa®s∏Sp-

Øp∂Xn\v \nba]ctam cWLS\m]ctam Bb am‰w A\n-hmcyas√∂v

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ Ncn{Xw ImWn®pXcp∂p. BZy Ccp]Xv

h¿jßfn¬ D≠mbncp∂Xns\°mƒ kzX{¥hpw B[nImcnIhpamWv Ct∏m-

gp≈ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ F∂v ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´ncn-°p∂p.CXv

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ A[nImchpw cWLS\m]camb kwc£Whpw

ho≠pw h¿≤n-∏n®XpsIm≠√, adn®v cWLS\ t\csØ Xs∂ \¬Inb

A[nImcßƒ e{]Zambn D]tbm-Kn®psIm≠mWv sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj\v

CXv km[yambXv.

t\Xm-hvv sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-js\ `b-s∏-Sp-∂p.t\Xm-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-js\ b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°p-I.

--

90


Ign™ 65 h¿jßfnembn 16 temIvk`m sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂p.

AXns\°mƒ IqSpX¬ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw D]sXcs™-

Sp∏pIfpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ \SØpIbp≠mbn. B mw, ]©m_v,

PΩpImivao¿ XpSßnb A{Ia km∂n≤yap≠mbncp∂ taJeIfn¬ sXc-

s™-Sp∏pIƒ \SØp∂Xn\v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v \nch[n _p≤nap´pIƒ

t\cntS≠Xmbn h∂n´p≠v. IqSmsX 1991˛¬ ap≥{][m\a{¥n cmPohvKm‘n

sXcs™Sp∏v ImeØv sIm√s∏´Xns\ØpS¿∂v sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb

]mXnhgn°v \n¿Ønsht°≠n h∂ kmlNcyhpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v

A`napJoIcnt°≠n h∂n´p≠v. 2002˛¬ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v as‰mcp

\n¿ÆmbI kmlNcyw t\cntS≠n h∂p. KpPdmØv \nba-k` ]ncn®phn´v

sXcs™Sp∏v \StØ≠ kμ¿`ambncp∂p AXv. F∂m¬ KpPdmØnse

A\nb{¥nXamb A{Iaw ImcWw AhnsS s]s´∂v Hcp kzX{¥hpw

\oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXc-s™Sp∏v \SØpI km[yas√∂v sXcs™Sp∏v

IΩoj≥ hnebncpØn. kwÿm\ \nbak`-bn-te°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏v

GXm\pw amktØ°v \o´nhbv°m≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ Xocpam\n®p.

kp{]ow tImSXn sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ Cu Xocpam\sØ icnh®p.

sXcs™Sp∏v ]cnjv°mcßƒ (Electoral Reforms)

Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿnXnbpw ]cn]q¿Æa√. AhbpsS bYm¿∞

\SØn∏n¬ [mcmfw Ip‰-ßfpw IpdhpIfpw D≠mIpw. kzX{¥hpw

\oXn]q¿Δhpambn Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v \SØns°m≠p-t]mIp∂Xn\p≈ F√m

am¿§ßfpw ]cn{iaßfpw an° P\m[n]Xy kaqlßfpw XpS¿∂p sIm-

t≠bncn°pw. kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥, sXcs™Sp∏n¬

a’cn°phm\p≈ kzmX{¥yw, {]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw F∂nhbneqsS\nb-a-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-

Øn-sIm≠v \ap°v

sXc -s™-Sp -∏nse

]W-Øn-s‚bpw Iøq-

°n-s‚bpw kzm[o\w

Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-

bptam? \nb-a-Øn¬

am‰w hcp-Øp-∂Xv

sIm≠v bYm¿ YØn

¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w

kw -hn-°ptam?

]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI

sXc-™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw {]tXyI Ah-Im-

i-ßfpw Ds≠∂v F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv?

sXc-s™-Sp∏v kw_-‘-amb GXp-tPm-enbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v

Kh¨sa‚ v Poh-\-°m¿°v DØ-chv \¬Im≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v

Ign-bpw.

Kh¨sa‚n\v apJy-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-Wsd ]pd-Øm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

\oXn-bp-‡-a√ F∂p-tXm-∂p∂ ]£w sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v sXc-s™-

Sp∏v d±m-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

91


kzX{¥hpw \o¿]q¿Δhpamb

Hcp sXcs™-Sp∏v --{]{In-

bbv°p th≠p∂ F√mw

Dd∏m-°m≥ --C¥y ]cn{ian

®n´p≠v. --F--∂ncp -∂mepw

Ign™ 65 h¿-jsØ sXc

s™--Sp∏ v A--\p`hßƒ

C¥y≥ sXcs--™Sp∏v hyh

ÿn-Xn Ip‰a‰Xm°m≥

[mcmfw ] -cnjv°mc

\n¿t±ißƒ apt∂m´ v

hbv°p∂p. sX-cs™Sp∏v

IΩoj≥, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-

Iƒ, -\nc -h[n kzX- {¥

kwLS-\-Iƒ, Cu cwK-sØ

hnZKv≤¿ --F-∂nh¿ [mcmfw

]cnjvImc-ßƒ \n¿-t±in-

®n´p≠v. --Nne \n¿t±ißfm-

Is´ CXp kw_‘n® cW-

LS\m hIp∏pIfpsS am‰-

sØ-°pdn-®p≈-XmWv. CtX-

°pdn®v IqSpXembn Cu

A[ymbØn¬ N¿® sNømw.

• \ΩpsS sXcs™Sp∏v

k{º-Zmbw tIhe `qcn-

]£k{ºZ mbØn¬

(FPTP) \n∂v hn`n∂ambn

B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y-

k{ºZmbØns‚ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp amXrI kzoI-cn-°Ww. CXv Ignbp-∂nS-tØmfw Xßƒ°v

e`n°p-∂ thm´pIƒ°v B\p]m-XnIamb ko‰pIƒ Dd∏p-hcpØp∂Xn\v

]m¿ńIsf klmbn°pw.

• ]m¿esa‚nepw kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnepw aq∂n-sem∂v {]mXn\n[yw

kv{Xo-Iƒ°v e`yam°p-∂Xc-Øn¬ {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ cWLS\bn¬

Dƒ-s∏-SpØWw.

• sXcs™Sp∏v cmjv{So-bØn¬ ]WØns‚ kzm-[o-\w \nb{¥n-°p∂-Xn\v

I¿i\amb \nb{¥-W-ßfpw hIp∏p-Ifp-ap≠m-IWw. sXcs™Sp∏v

sNehpIƒ apgph≥ Hcp {]tXyI ^≠v cq]oIcn®v AXn¬ \n∂pw

k¿°m¿ hln°Ww.

READ A CARTOON

Kuc-h-ta-dnb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v Btcm-]W hnt[-

b-\mb hy‡nsb sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂v hne-t°-≠-Xt√?R

K L

axm

an in

Th

e T

imes

of I

ndia

.

92


• tImSXnbpsS hnNmcWbnencn°p∂ hy‡nbmsW¶n¬ IqSnbpw {Inan\¬

tIkv ]›mØe-ap≈ ÿm\m¿∞nIsf sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn-

°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v hne°Ww.

• sXcs™Sp∏v {]NmcWßfn¬ PmXn˛aX {]oW\ßfpsS D]tbmKw

]q¿Æambpw \ntcm[n-°Ww.

• kpXmcyhpw P\m[n]Xy]chpambmWv cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ {]h¿-

Øn°p∂sX∂v Dd∏p-hcp-Øp∂Xn\pw AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\ßsf

\nb{¥n°p∂Xn\pw {]tXyI \nbaßƒ D≠mIWw.

Chsb√mw Ipd®v \n¿t±ißƒ am{XamWv. C°mcyØn¬ kahmbw

cq]s∏´v h∂nń√. AYhm kahmbw D≠mbm¬ t]mepw \nbaßƒ°pw

Hu]NmcnI hIp∏pIƒ°pw sNøm\mhp∂ Imcy-ßƒ°v Nne ]cnanXnbp≠v.

ÿm\m¿∞nIfpw, ]m¿ńIfpw sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfm-Ip∂

a‰p≈hcpw Hcp bYm¿∞ P\m[n]Xy a’cØns‚ A¥xkØ Dƒs°m≠v

{]h¿Øn°p-tºmƒ am{Xta kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™-Sp∏pIƒ

km[yamhpIbp≈q.

sXcs™Sp-∏pIƒ P\ßfpsS {]Xo£Ifpw P\m[n]Xy A`nemjßfpw

{]Xnên∏n°p∂p F∂v Dd∏p-hcpØp∂Xn\v \nba]camb ]cnjvImcßfn¬

\n∂pw hn`n∂ambn c≠v {][m\ am¿§ßƒ IqSn-bp≠v. P\ßƒ Xs∂

PmKcqIcmbpw {InbmflIambpw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI

F∂XmWv H∂masØ am¿§w. F∂m¬ km[mcW P\ßƒ°v \nc¥cambn

cmjv{Sobhpambn _‘s∏´v F{XtØmfw {]h¿Øn°m\mIpw F∂

ImcyØn¬ Nne ]cnanXnIƒ D≠v. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ kzX{¥hpw

\oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™Sp∏v Dd∏v hcpØp∂Xn\v hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ÿm]-

\ßfpw k∂≤ kwLS\Ifpw hfsc PmKcqIcmbncnt°-≠Xv

A\nhmcyamWv.

D]kwlmcw (Conclusion){]mXn\n[y P\m[n]Xyw ]n≥XpScp∂ cmPyßfn¬ P\m[n]Xyw IqSpX¬Imcy£ahpw hnizmk-]q¿Æhpambn \SØns°m≠pt]mIp∂Xn\vsXcs™Sp∏pw sXcs™Sp∏nse {]mXn\n[y-kz`m-hhpw apJyLSIßfmWv.C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbØns‚ hnPbw [mcmfw LSIßsfB{ibn®mWv \nesIm≈p∂Xv.

• \ΩpsS sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw thm´¿am¿°v XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsfkzX{¥ambn sXcs™-Sp°phm\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p F∂v am{Xa√kwÿm\Ønepw tI{μØnepw kam[m\]cambn Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS am‰wD≠mIpIbpw sNøp∂p.

93


• c≠maXmbn thm´¿am¿ hfsc Xmev]cytØmsSbpw {i≤tbmsSbpwsXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p F∂XmWv.sXcs™Sp∏n¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsSbpw ]m¿ńIfp-sSbpwFÆw IqSnh∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p.

• aq∂maXmbn, C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw hnhn[ hn`mKßƒ°vCSw \¬Ip∂Xpw (accommodative) hyXykvX hn`mKßsf Dƒs°m≈p-∂XpamsW∂v (inclusive) sXfnbn®n´p≠v. \ΩpsS {]Xn\n[nIfpsSkmaqlnI LS\bn¬ kmh[m\w am‰ßƒ D≠mbn´p≠v. h\nXm-kmamPnIcpsS FÆØn¬ kwXr]vXamb XcØn¬ am‰ßƒ D≠mbnń√F¶nepw C∂v \ΩpsS {]Xn\n-[nIƒ hnhn[ kmaqlnI hn`mKßfn¬\n∂v D≈hcmsW∂v ImWmw.

• \memaXmbn, cmPyØns‚ qcn`mKw {]tZißfnsebpw sXcs™Sp∏pêßfn¬ {Iat°tSm _qØp]nSpØtam {]Xnên°mdn√. Nneÿeßfn¬ Xo¿®bmbpw _qØp]nSpØw \S-°m-dp≠v. thm´¿]ńIbn¬\n∂v t]cpIƒ A{]Xy£ambXns\ Ipdn®pw, thm´¿amsc ojWns∏-SpØp∂ ]cmXnIsf°pdn®pw Hs° \nßƒ tIń´p≠mIpw.sXcs™Sp∏pambn _‘s∏´v Nne A{Iakw`hßƒ D≠mbXns‚hm¿Øbpw \nßƒ hmbn®n´p≠mIpw. Cßs\bp≈ kw`hßƒA]q¿Δambn D≠mImdps≠¶nepw sXcs™Sp∏v êsØ AXvImcyambn _m[n-°mdn√.

• Ahkm\ambn, G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ Imcyw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒP\m[n]Xy PohnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ LSIambn amdn F∂XmWv. HcpsXcs™Sp∏ns‚ A¥naêw Xnckv°cn°p-∂Xns\ Ipdn®v HcpKh¨sa‚n\pw C∂v Nn¥n°m≥ t]mepw BIn√. AXpt]mseXs∂sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ IqSmsX Hcp k¿°m¿ cq]oIcn°p∂Xns\°pdn®pwC∂v Nn¥n°m\mIn√. bYm¿∞Øn¬ IrXyamb CSthfIfn¬\SØp∂ sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ Hcp P\m[n]Xy ]co£Wsa∂ \nebv°vC¥ybv°v bi pw Io¿Ønbpw D≠m°ns°mSpØp.

apIfn¬ ]cma¿in°s∏´ LSIßƒ sIm≠pXs∂ C¥y≥sXcs™Sp∏v kwhn[m\Øn\v cmjv{S-Øn\IØpw ]pdØpw BZchpwhnizmkhpw B¿Pn°m≥ Ign™n´p≠v. C¥ybnse thm´¿am¿ hnizmkwB¿Pns®SpØncn°p∂p. P\ßfpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚hnizmky-Xbpw \nbakm[pXbpw h¿≤n®n´p≠v. CXv `cWLS\m\n¿ΩmXm°ƒ ssIs°m≠ Xocpam\sØ \oXoIcnp∂p. sXcs™Sp∏v{]{Inb IqSpX¬ Ip‰a‰XmhpIbmsW¶n¬ \mw thm´¿am¿ F∂ \nebnepw]ucs\∂ \nebnepw IqSpX¬ Imcy£aXtbmsS P\m[n]XyØns‚atlm’hØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmhpIbpw CXv IqSpX¬ A¿∞hØmbnamdpIbpw sNøpw.

94


A`ymkw1. Xmsg X∂n´p≈Xn¬ {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyhpambn kmZriap≈Xv

GXmWv?

(a) IpSpw_ tbmKØnse N¿®Iƒ

(b) ¢mkv tamWn´dpsS sXsc™Sp∏v

(c) Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS ÿm\m¿∞nsb sXsc™Sp°¬

(d) {Kmak`bn¬ FSpØ Xocpam\ßƒ

(e) am[yaßƒ \SØnb A`n{]mbthms´Sp∏v

2. Xmsg ]dbp∂hbn¬ GXv DØchmZnXzamWv sXsc™Sp∏v

IΩoj\n¬ \n£n]vXa√mØv ?

(a) thm´¿]ńI Xømdm°pI

(b) ÿm\m¿∞nIsf \ma\n¿t±iw sNøpI

(c) t]mfnwKv _qØv k÷am°¬

(d) sXsc™Sp∏v s]cpam‰N´w \S∏nem°¬

(e) ]©m-bØv sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ°v ta¬t\m´w hln-°¬

3. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ temIvk-`bv°pw cmPy-k-`bv°pw s]mXp-hm-bXv

GXv?

(a) 18 hb- n\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-ap≈ F√m ]uc-∑mcpw thm´p

sNøm≥ A¿l-cmWv

(b) hyXykvX ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ°v ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn¬ thm´p

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

(c) Hmtcm thmń-s‚bpw aqeyw Xpey-amWv

(d) hnP-bn°v ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ e`n-®n-cn-°Ww

4. tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ hnP-bn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°p∂

ÿm\m¿∞n

(a) G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]mÃ¬ _me‰v t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.

95


(b) cmPyØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ ]m¿´n-bn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Bfm-bn-cn-°Ww

(c) B \ntbm-PIaWvU-e-Øn¬ a‰p≈ ÿm\m¿∞n-Itf-°mƒ IqSp-

X¬ thm v e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww.

(b) 50 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw thm´p-Iƒ t\Sn H∂m-a-sX-Ønb Bƒ

Bbncn-°Ww

5. kwh-cW aWvU-ehpw {]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-ehpw (Sepa-rate electorate) XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv ?

{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afiew (Separate electorate) `c-W-L-S-\m-

\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ \ncm-I-cn-®Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv?

6. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ icn-b-√m-Øh GXv? Hcp

hmt°m Hcp hmN-Itam ]I-cw h®p-sIm-t≠m, ]pXp-Xmbn tN¿Øp-

sImt≠m As√-¶n¬ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn®p sImt≠m {]kvXm-h-\sb

icn-bm-°pI

(a) C¥y-bnse apgp-h≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏pw tIh-e-`q-cn-]-£- k-

{ºZmb (FPTP)amWv]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv

(b) ]©m-bØp sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, \K-c-k-`m-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ta¬t\m´w sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j≥

hln-°p-∂n-√.

(c) C¥y-bn¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-Wsd ]pd-Øm-°m≥ cmjv{S-

]-Xn°v Ign-bn√

(d) sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-\n¬ H∂n-e-[nIw IΩo-j-W¿amsc \nb-

an-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.

7. kmaq-lnIambn Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw C¥y≥

sXc-s™-Sp∏v k{º-Zmbw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw C¥y≥

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk`Ifnse kv{Xo{]m-Xn-\n[yw ]Øp-i-X-am-\-am-sb-

¶nepw amtd-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu kml-Ncyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nßƒ

Fs¥√mw am¿§-ß-fmWv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv ?

8. ]pXn-sbmcp cmPy-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\ N¿® sNøp-∂n-Xn-\p≈ ktΩ-

f-\-Øn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ Nne B{K-l-ßƒ ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-®n-

96


cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n\pw t\sc, Cu B{K-l-ß-fpsS km[q-I-c-W-

Øn-\mbn tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-am-tWm, AtXm B\p-]m-XnI

{]mXn-\n-[y-k-{º-Zm-b-amtWm tbmPn-®Xv F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI

(a) P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nsb Bsc∂v hy‡-ambn

Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. Aßs\ hy‡n-]-c-ambn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-

ap-≈-h-cmbn Ahsc \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

(b) cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn-embn sNdnb `mjm \yq\-]-

£-ß-fp-≠v. \ymb-amb {]mXn\n[yw \mw Ah¿°v Dd-∏p-h-

cp-ØWw

(c) hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw thm´p-

Ifpw ko‰p-Ifpw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°Sv D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.

(d) Hcp \√ ÿm\m¿∞nsb Abm-fpsS/Ah-cpsS cmjv{Sob

]m¿-ńsb CjvS-a-s√-¶n¬ IqSnbpw P\-ßƒ°v sXc-s™-Sp-

°m≥ Ign-bm-Ww.

9. Hcp ap≥ apJy-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-W¿ Hcp cmjv{So-b ]m¿ń-

bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns\

kw_-‘n®v hyXy -kvX-ß-fmb ho£-W-ß-fm -Wp -≈-Xv .

ap≥sXcs™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-W¿ Hcp kzmX{¥ ]uc-\m-sW∂pw At±-

l-Øn\v GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-bn¬ tNcp-∂-Xn\pw

sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Imiw D≠v F∂-XmWv

AXn-sem-∂v. CXv sXc-s™-Sp∏v -IΩo-js‚ \njv]-£-Xsb kzm[o-

\n-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn°m-sa-∂-XmWv as‰mcp hmZw. AXn-

\m¬ ap≥sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-W¿amsc sXc-™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-

°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. CXn¬ GXv \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-SmWv Xm¶ƒ

tbmPn-°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw hy‡-am-°pI?

10. ]mI-s∏-SmØ tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw B\p-]m-

XnI {]mXn-\n[yw k{º-Zm-b-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn\v C¥y≥ P\m-

[n-]Xyw Ct∏mƒ ]mI-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \nßƒ

tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? tbmPn-°p∂p F¶nepw hntbm-Pn-°p∂p

F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ ImcWw \nßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

97

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

A≤ymbw ˛ 4

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw(Executive)

BapJw

\nba\n¿ΩmW k` (Legislature), Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw (Executive),\oXn\ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary) F∂nh Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LSIßfmWv.

{Iakam[m\]me\w, P\ßfpsS t£aw Dd∏m°¬ XpSßnb Kh¨sa‚ v

NpaXeIƒ Cu aq∂v LSIßfpw tN¿∂mWv \n¿Δln°p∂pXv. Cu aq∂v

LSIßfptSbpw tbmPn®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w Dd∏phcpØpIbpw ChbpsS

kwXpenXmhÿ \ne\n¿ØpIbpw sNøpI F∂Xv cWLS\ Dd∏m°p∂p.

Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿnXnbn¬ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKhpw

\nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKhpw ]ckv]cm{ibXzw ]pe¿Øp∂p. \nba\n¿ΩmW

hn`mKw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØbpw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

\nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKsØbpw \nb{¥n°p∂p. Cu A≤ymbØn¬

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ LS\bpw (Structure), NpaXeIfp (Func-tion) amWv N¿® sNøp∂Xv. B\p-Im-enI {]mtbm-KnI cmjv{SobØns‚

`mKambn Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ LS\bnepw {]h¿Ø\Ønepw h∂

am‰ßfpw Cu ]mT`mKØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p≠v. Cu ]mT`mKØneqsS

IS∂pt]mIp∂ Hcp ]TnXmhn\v Xmsg ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ {Kln°phm≥

km[n°p∂p.

• ]m¿esa‚dn, {]knU≥jy¬ FIvknIyp´ohpIƒ XΩnep≈ hyXymkw

Is≠Øm≥.

• C¥y≥ cmjv{S]XnbpsS cWLS\m]Zhn a\ nem°m≥

• a{¥nk`bpsS LS\bpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw {][m\a{¥nbpsS {]m[m\yhpw

a\ nem-°m≥

• `cW kwhn[m\Øns‚ {]m[m\yhpw {]h¿Ø\hpw a\ nem°m≥

98

Indian Constitutionat Work

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂m¬ F¥v? (What isan Exceutive?)\nßfpsS kvIqfns‚ `cW \n¿ΔlW NpaXe B¿°mWv?

Hcp kvIqfntem Hcp k¿ΔIemimebntem {][m\s∏´

Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°p∂Xv BcmWv? GsXmcp ÿm]\Ønepw

Xocpam\ßsfSp°p∂Xn\pw Ah \S∏nem°p∂Xn\pw Hcp

A[nImcn D≠mbncn°pw. Cu {]h¿Ø\sØ `cWw Ft∂m

amt\Pvsa‚ v Ft∂m ]dbpw. F∂m¬ \bcq]oIcWw,

`cW\n¿ΔlWw F∂nhbv°v Db¿∂XeØn¬ Hcp kwhn[m\w

D≠mbncn°Ww. ssZ\wZn\ `cWsØ GtIm]n∏n°pIbpw

ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv Cu hn`mKamWv. hnhn[

_m¶pƒ, hyhkmb imeIƒ, henb hym]mcimeIƒ

F∂nhbnse FIvknIyqóhns\Ipdn®v \nßƒ tIńcn°pat√m?

GsXmcp ÿm]\Ønepw cW\n¿ΔlWØn\mbn Hcp apJy

`cWm[nImcntbm Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKtam D≠mbncn°pw.

Nne A[nImcnIƒ \bßfptSbpw N´ßfptSbpw

cq]oIcWØn\p t\XrXzw sImSp°ptºmƒ as‰mcp hn`mKw

ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn Cu Xocpam\ßƒ

\S∏m°pIbpw sNøp∂p. N´ßfpw \bßfpw \S∏nem°m≥

NpaXes∏´ Hcp hy‡ntbtbm Hcp kwLw hy‡nIsftbm

BWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂XpsIm≠¿∞am°p∂Xv.

Kh¨sa‚nepw Hcp hn`mKw N´ßfpw \bßfpw Bbn

_‘s∏´ Xocpam\saSp°pIbpw as‰mcp hn`mKw Cu N´ßƒ

\S∏nem°pIbpw sNøp∂p. \bßƒ \S∏nem°¬,

`cW\n¿ΔlWw F∂o NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LSIamWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw.

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ apJy NpXaeIƒ

Fs¥√mamWv? \nba\n¿ΩmW k` cq]w \¬Inb \nbaßfpw

\bßfpw \S∏nem°p∂Xv Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKamWv.

an°t∏mgpw \bcq]oIcWØnepw Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKw

]¶phln°p∂p≠v. Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKw hnhn[ cmPyßfn¬

hnhn[ t]cpIfn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. Nne cmPyßfn¬

{]knUs‚∂pw a‰p Nne cmPyßfn¬ Nm≥ke¿ F∂pamWv

Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. cmjv{S]Xn, {][m\a{¥n, a{¥nam¿ F∂nh¿

am{Xw ASßp∂X√ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw. ssZ\wZn\

`cW\n¿ΔlWw \SØp∂ DtZymKÿ hn`mKhpw CXns‚

`mKamWv (Civil servants). Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bcq]oIcWw

P\m[n]XyØn¬ Imcy -\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw P\-ßtfmSv DØc-hmZnXz-s∏ńcn-°p∂p F∂v Nne¿ ]d™XvRmt\m¿°p∂p. CXv henbIº\nIfpsS DtZym -K -ÿ≥amcpsS -Imcy-ØnepwkXy -amtWm? Ahsckn.C.Hm (CEO) F∂t√hnfn°s∏Sp∂Xv. Ah¿°vBtcmSmWv DØchmZnXzw?

99

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

\SØp∂Xn\v NpaXebp≈ Kh¨sa‚ v Xeh\pw a{¥namcpw Dƒs∏Sp∂

hn`mKsØ cmjv{Sob Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw (Political Executive)F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ ssZ\wZn\ cW \n¿ΔlWw \n¿Δln°p∂Xn\v

NpaXebp≈ hn`mKsØ ÿncw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsa∂v (PermananentExecutive) Adnbs∏Sp∂p.

hnhn[ Xcw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKßƒ GsX√mamWv? (What are thedifferent Types of Executive?)F√m cmPyßfnsebpw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw Htc XcØnep≈X√.

Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ns\Ipdn®pw {_nójv cm⁄nsbIpdn®pw \nßƒ

tIńcn°pat√m. Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ns‚ A[nImcßfpw NpaXeIfpw

C¥y≥ {]knU‚ns‚ A[n-Im -c -Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXamWv.

AXpt]mseXs∂ {_nójv cm⁄nbptSbpw `q´m≥ cmPmhns‚bpw

A[nImcßƒ hyXykvXamWv. C¥ybnepw {^m≥knepw {][m\a{¥nam¿

Ds≠¶nepw AhcpsS A[nImcßƒ hyXykvXamWv. CXv F¥psIm≠v?

]mTy {]h¿Ø\w (Activity)km¿°v D®tImSnbptStbm G8 ktΩf\Øns‚tbm

t^mt´mIƒ tiJcn®v ]s¶SpØ t\Xm°fpsS ]ńI

Xømdm°pI. F¥psIm≠mWv Ch¿ ]s¶SpØsX∂pw

]Icw a‰msc¶nepw ]s¶Sp°mXncp∂Xv F∂pw Is≠Øm≥

{ian°ptam?

apIfnse tNmZyØn\v DØcw Is≠ØWsa¶n¬, Ch-bn¬ Nne

cmPyßfnse Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØIpdn®v ]Tnt°≠Xp≠v.

{]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw \ne\n¬°p∂ Atacn°bn¬ FIvknIyqóhv

A[nImcßƒ {]knU‚nemWv \n£n]vXambn´p≈Xv. cmPhmgvNbpw

(Monarchy) ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xyhpw \ne\n¬°p∂ Im\Ubn¬,

cm⁄n Fenk_Øv II cmjv{SØeh\pw, {][m\a{¥n cWØeh\pamWv.

A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw \ne\n¬°p∂ {^m≥kn¬

{][m\a{¥nbpw {]knU‚pw FIvknIyqóhns‚ `mKamWv. {^m≥kn¬

{][m\a{¥nsbbpw a{¥namscbpw \nban°p∂Xv {]knU‚msW¶nepw

Ahsc ]ncn®phnSm\p≈ A[nImcw At±lØn\n√, ImcWw Ah¿°v

]m¿esa‚nt\mSmWv DØchmZnXzap≈Xv. cWØeh≥ {][m\a{¥nbpw

cmjv{SØeh≥ N{Ih¿Ønbpambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\amWv

P∏m\n¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. AXpt]mseXs∂ cmjv{SØeh≥ {]knU‚pw,

`cWØeh≥ {][m\a{¥nbpambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbamWv

C‰enbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. {]knU‚ v cmjv{SØeh\pw At±lw

100


hnhn[Xcw FIvknIyq´nhpIƒ (Types ofExecutive)

Iq´mb t\XrXzw F∂XXzsØ

ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈hyhÿ

Hcp hy‡nbpsS t\XrXzwASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈

hyhÿ

]m¿esa‚dnhyhÿ

$ `c-W-X-e-h≥km[m-cWAdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {][m-\-a{¥nsb∂mWv

$ \nba\n¿amW k`-bnse `qcn-]£ ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hm-bn-cn°pw{][m-\-a{¥n

$ {][m-\-a-{¥n°v \nba\n¿amW k`-tbmSv DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.cmjv{S-Øe-h≥cmPmhv

As√-¶n¬

{]kn-U‚ v

A¿≤-{]-kn-U≥jy≥k{º-Zmbw

$ cmjv{S-]Xncmjv{S-Ø-e-h-\m-bn-cn°pw

$ `c-W-Ø-e-h≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn°pw

$ {][m-\-a{¥n°pwa{¥n-k-`°pw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk`-tbmSvDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-

cn-°pw.

{]kn-U≥jy≥

$ cmjv{S-]Xncmjv{S-Ø-e-h-\m-Wv.

$ At±lw `c-W-Ø-e-h\pwBWv.

$ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xnsb P\-ßƒ t\cn´vsXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

$ cmjv{S-]-Xn°v\nba\n¿amW k`-tbm-Sv, DØ-c-hmZnXzap-≠m-bn-cn-°n-√.

`c-W-L-S-\m-[n-jvTn-X-ambcmP-hmgvN

]m¿e-sa‚dn dn∏-ªnIv

Be-¶m-cnIFIvkn-Iyq- ohv

101

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

\nban°p∂ {][m\a{¥n cWØeh\pambp≈ Hcp A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬

k{ºZmbamWv djybnteXv. F∂m¬ P¿Ω\nbnemIs´ Nm≥ke¿

`cWØeh\pw \maam{Xamb A[nImcßfp≈ {]knU‚ v

cmjv{SØeh\pambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\amWp≈Xv.

Hcp {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbØn¬ cmjv{SØe\pw `cW

Xeh\pw {]knU‚mbncn°pw. Cu hyhÿbn¬ {]knU‚n\v

XXzØnepw {]tbmKØnepw hn]peamb A[nImcßƒ D≠mbncn°pw.

Atacn°bnepw {_koenepw an° em‰n\tacn°≥ cmPyßfnepw Cu

k{ºZmbamWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.

]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ {][m\a{¥nbmWv `cWØeh≥. an°

]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbnepw Hcp \maam{X `cWØeh≥ D≠mbncn°pw.

AXv cmPmhmImw As√¶n¬ cmjv{S]XnbmImw. AØcw hyhÿbn¬

cmPmhns‚tbm cmjv{S]XnbpsStbm ÿm\w XnI®pw Be¶mcnIambncn°pw.

{ioe¶bnse A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw

(Semi-Presidential Executive in Sri Lanka)1978˛¬ {ioe¶ AXns‚ `cWLS\bn¬ t`ZKXn hcpØn. FIvknIyq´ohv{]knU≥kn (Executive Presidency) k{ºZmbw \S∏nem°n. Cu k{ºZmbØn¬P\ßƒ t\cn v {]knU‚ns\ sXs™Sp°p∂p. Cu hyh-ÿbn¬ cmjv{S]Xnbpw{][m\a{¥nbpw Htc cmjv{Sob I£nbn¬s∏´htcm hyXykvX I£nIfn¬s∏´htcmBImw.

`cWLS\ {]Imcw cmjv{S]Xn°v hn]peamb A[nImcßfmWp≈Xv.]m¿esa‚n¬ `qcn]£ap≈ cmjv{Sob I£nbn¬ \n∂mWv cmjv{S]Xn{][m\a{¥nsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥namcpw]m¿esa‚wKßfmbncn°psa¶nepw, Ahsc X¬ÿm\Øp\n∂v \o°w sNøm\p≈A[nImcw cmjv{S]Xn°p≠v. {ioe¶bpsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´ cmjv{SØeh\pwk¿Δssk\ym[n]\pw cWØeh\pw cmjv{S]XnbmWv.

cmjv{S]XnbpsS Imemh[n Bdph¿jamWv. F∂m¬ Imemh[n°p apºmbnAt±lsØ \o°w sNøm\p≈ A[nImcw ]m¿esa‚n\p≠v. ]m¿esa‚nse BsIAwKßfpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v qcn]£Øn¬ Hcp {]tabw ]m m°p∂XneqsS am{Xtacmjv{S]Xnsb \o°w sNøm\mhq. ]m¿esa‚nse samØw AwKkwJybpsS ]IpXn-bn¬ IpdbmØ AwKßfpsS ]n¥pWtbmsS Hcp {]tabw ]m mhpIbpw, cmjv{S]Xn-s°Xnsc D∂bn°s∏´ Btcm]Wßfn¬ At\zjWw BhiyamsW∂v kv]o°¿°vt_m[ys∏SpIbpw sNbvXm¬, kv]o°¿°v Cu hnjbw kp{]owtImSXnbpsS]cnKW\°v hnSmhp∂XmWv.

{ioe¶≥ {]kn-U‚ v, {][m\a{¥n F∂nhcpsS ÿm\w C¥y≥ cmjv{S]Xn,{][m\a{¥n F∂nhcptSXn¬ \n∂v Fßs\bmWv hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂Xv? Cuc≠v cmPyßfntebpw, cmjv{S]Xnamsc Ip‰hnNmcW (impeachment) sNbvXvX¬ÿm\Øv \n∂v \o°w sNøp∂Xn¬ kp{]owtImSXnIƒ°p≈ A[nImcwXmcXays∏SpØpI

102


]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check yourprogress)t\l : CXv hfsc efnXamWv. Hcp cmPyØv

{]knU‚ v Ds≠¶n¬ AXv {]knU≥jy¬

k{ºZmbhpw {][m\a{¥n Ds≠¶n¬ AXv

]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbhpamWv. t\lbpsS Cu

A`n{]mbw F√mbvt∏mgpw icnb√ F∂v \nßƒ

Fßs\ hniZam°pw.

bYm¿∞ A[nImcw ssIømfp∂Xv {][m\a{¥n \bn°p∂

a{¥nk`bmbncn°pw. P¿Ω\n, C‰en, P∏m≥, {_n´≥,

t]m¿®pK¬ XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ Cu hyhÿ \ne\n¬°p∂p.

Hcp A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ hyhÿbn¬ cmjv{S]Xnbpw

{][m\a{¥nbpw D≠mbncn°pw. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn

hyhÿbn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn, Cu k{ºZmbØn¬

cmjv{S]Xn°v cmjv{SØns‚ ssZ\wZn\ `cWImcyßfn¬

CSs]Sm\p≈ A[nImcap≠mbncn°pw. Cu hyhÿbn¬

cmjv{S]Xnbpw {][m\a{¥nbpw Htc cmjv{Sob

I£nbn¬s∏Sp∂hcmIWsa∂n√. {^m≥kv, djy, {ioe¶

F∂o cmPyƒ A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbØn\v

DZmlcWßfmWv.

C¥ybnse ]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhv (Par-liamentary Executive in India)C¥y≥ cWLS\ FgpXs∏´ ka-b-Øp-X-s∂, 1919 tebpw

1935sebpw C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ v \nb-asØ ASnÿm\

am°nbp≈ ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿ \S∏nem°nbXns‚ Nne

A\p`hßƒ C¥y°v D≠mbncp∂p. ]m¿esa‚dn

hyhÿbn¬ FIvknIqóhns\ e{]Zambn \nb{¥n°m≥

P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ°v Ignbpsa∂v Cu A\p`hßƒ sXfnbn®p.

Kh¨sa‚ v P\ßtfmSv DØchmZnXzap≈Xmbncn°Wsa∂pw

AhcpsS {]Xo£ItfmSv {InbmflIambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-sa∂pw

Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm≥ c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ B{K-ln®p.

]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhn\v _Zembp≈Xv {]knU≥jy¬

coXnbnep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v BWv. ]t£ {]knU≥jy¬

FIvknIyqóhn¬ F√m FIvkn-Iyq- ohv A[nImcßfpw {]kn-

\ap°v i‡cmb{][m\a{¥namcp≠mbncp∂nt√?

]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿhy‡n]qPbn¬ \n∂pw]q¿Æambpw ap‡a√F∂t√ CXvImWn°p∂Xv. AXmbXvP\ßfpw \nb\n¿ΩmWhn`mKhpw Ft∏mgpwPmKcqIcmbncn°Ww.

103

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

U‚n-\m-Wv. ]t£ Hcp hy‡n]qPmk{ºZmbw; (personality cult) F∂A]ISw Cu k{ºZmbØn\p≠v. i‡amb Hcp FIvknIyqóhv hn`mKw

D≠mhWsa∂pw F∂m¬ hy‡n]qPm k{ºZmbØns\Xnsc th≠ap≥IcpXepIsfSp°m\pw `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ {i≤n®ncp∂p.]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmWk`°v FIvknIyqóhns\

\nb{¥n°p∂Xn\pw DØchmZnXzw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw [mcmfwD]m[nIfp≠v. AXpsIm≠mWv \ΩpsS `cWLS\ tI{μØnepwkwÿm\ßfnepw ]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóh v hyhÿ

kzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv.{]kn-U‚ v Hu]-Nm-cnI cmjv{S-Ø-e-h-\m-bp≈ Cuhy-h-ÿ-bn¬

{][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpamWv tZiob Xe-Ønse Kh¨sa‚ns\

\bn°p∂Xv. kwÿm\XeØn¬ Kh¿Wdpw apJya{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpwtN¿∂XmWv FIvknIyqóhv.

C¥y≥ `cWLS\b\pkcn®v tI{μKh¨sa‚ ns‚ F√m

FIvknIyqóhv A[nImcßfpw {]knU‚n¬ \n£n]vXamWv. bYm¿∞Øn¬{][m\a{¥nbpsS t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk`bneqsSbmWv CuA[nImcßƒ {]kn-U‚ v \n¿Δln°s∏Sp∂Xv. {]knU‚ns‚ Imemh[n

A©p h¿jamWv. P\ßƒ t\cn´√ {]kn-U‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.]m¿esa‚nse CcpkÌfntebpw kwÿm\ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsSAt[mafieØnsebpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ AwKßƒ ASßnb Hcp

CeIvSd¬ tImtfPmWv {]kn-U‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. B\p]mXnI{]mXn\n[y hyhÿb\pkcn®p≈ GIssIam‰ thm´p coXnbneqsSbmWvcmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.

`cWLS\m ewL\ Ip‰Ønt∑¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]tXyI`qcn]£tØmSpIqSn cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°mhp∂XmWv. Cu \S]Snsb"Cw]o®vsa‚ v' (impeachment) F∂p ]dbp∂p. Cu {]{Inb°v ]m¿esa‚ns‚

Ccp kÌfptSbpw {]tXyI `qcn]£w BhiyamWv.`cWLS\mewL\Øns‚ kmlNcyØn¬ am{Xta Cw]o®sa‚ vkm[yamIpIbp≈q.

A\pt—Zw 74 (1) (Article 74 (1) : cmjv{S]Xnsb klmbn°phm\pwD]tZin°phm\pw {][m\a{¥n Xeh\mbp≈ Hcp a{¥nk`D≠mbncnt°≠Xpw cmjv{S]Xn, Xs‚ NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂Xn¬,Aßs\bp≈ D]tZia\pkcn®v {]h¿Ønt°≠Xpw BIp∂p.

F∂m¬, cmjv{S]Xn°v Aßs\bp≈ D]tZiw s]mXphmtbmA√msXtbm ]p\cmtemNn°phm≥ a{¥nk`tbmS vBhiys∏Smhp∂Xpw Aßs\bp≈ ]p\cmtemN\bv°p tijw

\¬Inb D]tZia\pkcn®v cmjv{S]Xn {]h¿Ønt°≠Xpw BIp∂p.

104


cmjv{S]XnbpsS A[nImchpw ÿm\hpw (Power and po-sition of President)

apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ A\p-t—Zw F¥m-W¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv a{¥n-k-

-bpsS D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-U‚ v _m[y-ÿ-\m-sW-∂mWv CXv kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {]kn-U‚ns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn-[nsb kw_-‘n® hnhm-Z-ß-fpsS

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a{¥n-k- -bpsS D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-U‚ v _m[y-

ÿ-\m-sW∂v c-W-L-S\ t`Z-K-Xn sNbvXpsIm≠v {]tXyIw kqNn-∏n®p.

]n∂oSv as‰mcp t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS {]kn-U‚n\v D]-tZiw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\-

bv°mbn Xncn-®-b-°m-sa∂pw ]t£ AtX D]-tZiw Xs∂ ho≠pw a{¥n-k-

`-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]kn-U‚ v AXv kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v hyhÿ

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

cmjv{S]Xn cmjv{SØns‚ \maam{X`cWm[nImcnbmsW∂v \Ωƒ

a\ nem°nbt√m. Hu]NmcnIambn {]knU‚n\v hnimeamb

\nba\n¿ΩmW (legislative), Imcy\n¿ΔlW (executive), \oXn\ymb (Ju-dicial), ASnb¥ncm[nImcßƒ (emergency) D≠v. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn

kwhn[m\Øn¬ {]knU‚n\v Cu A[nImcßƒ a{¥nk`bpsS

D]tZia\pkcn®p am{Xta hn\ntbmKn°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q.

{][m\a{¥n°pw a{¥nk`°pw temIk`bpsS `qcn]£ ]n¥pW

D≠mbncn°p∂Xn\m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\Øn¬ {][m\a{¥nbpsS

t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk` bYm¿∞ FIvknIyq´ohmbn {]h¿Øn°p∂p.

cmjv{S]Xn an°t∏mgpw a{¥nk` \¬Ip∂ D]tZißƒ

kzoIcn°mdmWp≈Xv.

""\Ωƒ At±lØn\v bYm¿∞A[nImcßsfm∂pw \¬Ip∂n√F¶nepw At±lØns‚ ]ZhnA¥ p‰Xpw B[nImcnIhpamWv.`cWLS\ Hcp bYm¿∞FIvknIyq´nhns\tbm Be¶mcnI]Zhn hln°p∂ cmjv{SØehs\tbmkrjvSn°m≥ Dt±in°p∂n√. t\scadn®vA[nImc hmgvNt°m `cWhmgvNt°mCSw \¬ImØ Hcp D∂X ]ZhnkrjvSn°m\mWv Dt±in°p∂Xv.....''

Ph-e-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

CAD, Vol. VI, p. 734

105

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

cmjv{S]XnbpsS hnthN\m[nImcßƒ (Discretionarypowers of the President)apIfn¬ \S∂ N¿®bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ Hcp kml-

Ncy-Ønepw cmjv{S-]Xn°v hnthN\m[n-Imcßƒ C√

F∂ \nKa\Øn¬ FØm≥ Ignbptam? CXv sX‰mb

hnebncpØembncn°pw. `cW-LS\m-]cambn

cmjv{S]Xn°v a{¥n -k` FSp -°p∂ F√m

Xocpam\ßsf-°pdn®pw Adnbp-hm\p≈ A[nImc-

ap≠v. cmjv{S-]Xn Bhiys∏Sp∂ F√m hnhcßfpw

\¬Im≥ {][m\a{¥n _m[y-ÿ-\mWv. cmjv{S]Xn

]et∏mgpw {][m\a{¥n°v FgpXpIbpw cmPyw

t\cnSp∂ hnjb-ßfn¬ Xs‚ ImgvN∏mSv {]ISn-

∏n°pbpw sNøp∂p.

CXpIqSmsX NpcpßnbXv aq∂v kmlNcyß-

fnse¶nepw -cmjv{S]Xn°v Xs‚ hnthN\m[n-Imcw

D]tbmKn®v {]h¿Øn°m\mhpw. H∂maXmbn

a{¥nk` ---\¬Ip∂ D]tZiw ]p\x]cntim[\°mbn

Xncn®b°m\p≈ A[nImcw cmjv{S]Xn°p≠v.

a{¥nk`bpsS -D]tZißfn¬ \nba]camb

]gpXpItfm ]nghpItfm Is≠-Øp -

ItbmcmPyØns‚ DØa Xm¬--]cyØn\v hncp≤tam BsW¶n¬

a{¥nk`tbmSv Xocpam\w ]p\x]cntim[n°m≥ -- Bhiys∏Sm≥ cmjv{S]Xn°v

Ignbpw. F∂ncp∂mepw {]kvXpX D]tZiw a{¥nk` ho≠pw Ab®m¬

\S∏nem°m≥ cmjv{S]Xn _m[yÿ\mWv. ]p\x]cntim[n°m\p≈

cmjv{S]XnbpsS A`y¿∞\bv°v kzm`mhnIambpw henb ]cnKW\

e`n°mdp≠v. BbXn\m¬ cmjv{S]Xn°v hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn°m≥

Ignbp∂ Hcp am¿§amWnXv.

cmjv{S]Xn kv{Xotbm] p c p j t \ mB I m s a ¶ n e p wFt∏msg¶nepw Hcpk v { X ocmjv{S]Xnbmbn pt≠m?

_n√n¬ H∏phbv°p∂Xn\v {]knU‚n\v kab]cn[n C√ F∂

Imcyw I≠pht√m. CØ-c-samcp kμ¿`w C¥ybn¬ kw`hn®n´ps≠∂v

\nßƒ°dnbmtam? 1986-˛¬ ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°nb C¥y≥ t]mÃv

Hmôkv t`ZKXn _n¬ ]{XkzmX{¥ysØ l\n°p∂XmsW∂v ]cs°

hna¿i\ap≠mbn. A∂sØ cmjv{S]Xn Kym\nskbn¬ knwKv _n√ns\

kw_‘n®v Hcp Xocpam\hpsaSpØn√. ASpØ cmjv{S]Xn

{io.sh¶ćma≥ ]p\x]cntim[\bv°mbn _n¬ ]m¿esa‚nte°b®p.

_n¬ sIm≠ph∂ Kh¨sa‚ v B kabØv (1989) amdpIbpw ]pXnb

Kh¨sa‚ v A[nImcØnseØpIbpw sNbvXp. AsXmcp ap∂Wn

Kh¨sa‚ v Bbncp∂Xn\m¬ B Kh¨sa‚ v _n√v XncnsI

]m¿esa‚n¬ sIm≠ph∂n√. AXmbXv skbn¬ knwKv _n√n\v

AwKoImcw sImSp°p∂Xv \ońhbv°ms\SpØ Xocpam\ØneqsS B

_n√v \nbaam°p-∂-Xns\ e-{]-Z-ambn XS-bp-hm≥ km[n-®p.

Rm≥ shdpsamcp\maam{X A[nImcn -bmtWm? Rm≥ D∂bn-°p-∂Xv bYm¿∞ tNmZy--ß-fm -tWm? Rm≥B { K l n ° p ∂tNmZyßƒ tNmZn-°m\p-≈- Ah-Imiw ]pkvX--I -cNbnXm°--ƒ F\n°v\¬Inbn-t≠m? AhcpsSa\ nep≈ tNmZy -ßfmtWm Rm≥tNmZnt°≠Xv?

106


c≠maXmbn ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°n Ab°p∂ _n√pIƒ ([\Imcy

_n√pIsfmgnI) XS™p h°pItbm A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-°p-Itbm

sNøm\p≈ hot‰m A[n-Imcw (veto power) {]knU‚n\p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ v

]m m°p∂ _n√pIƒ \nbaamIp∂Xn\p apºv cmjv{S]XnbpsS AwKoImcw

t\tS≠Xp≠v. cmjv{S]Xn°v ]p\x]cntim[\°pth≠n _n√pIƒ

]m¿esa‚nte°v Xncn®bv°m\p≈ hot‰m A[n-Imcw ]cnanXamWv. ImcWw

AtX _n√v ]m¿esa‚ v ho≠pw ]m m°n {]knU‚n\v ka¿∏n®m¬

AwKoImcw \¬Im≥ {]knU‚ v _m[yÿ\mWv. cmjv{S]Xn°v Hcp _n√v

F{XImew ssIhiw h®ncn°mw F∂Xns\Ipdn®v `cWLS\

]cma¿in°p∂n√. AXmbXv {]knU‚n\v ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°n Ab°p∂

_n√v F{XImew thWsa¶nepw ssIhiw hbv°mw. CXv cmjv{S-]-Xn°v

as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ hnt‰m A[n-Imcw {]tbmKn°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ipw. CXns\

"t]m°‰v hot‰m' (pocket veto) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

cmjv{Sob kmlNcyßƒ°\pkcn®mWv aq∂masØ hnthN\m[nImcw

Db¿∂phcp∂Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn temIk`bn¬ qcn]£ap≈ I£nbpsS

Xehs\bmWv {][m\a{¥nbmbn \nban°p∂Xv. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬

{]knU‚n\v hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbn√. F∂m¬

temIk`bn¬ Hcp I£n°pw `qcn]£an√mXmIpIbpw ct≠m aqt∂m

t\Xm°ƒ kJyw cq]o-I-cn®p Kh¨sa‚p≠m°m≥ AhImihmZap∂

bn°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ Bsc {][m\a{¥nbmbn \nban°Wsa∂v

cmjv{S]Xn°v Xocpam\n°mw. Cu AhkcØn¬ cmjv{S]Xn Xs‚

hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn®v temIk`bn¬ qcn]£ ]n¥pW e`n°m≥

km[yXbp≈ I£nsb Kh¨sa‚p≠m°m≥ £Wn°p∂p.

1989 apX¬ D≠mbn´p≈ cmjv{Sobam‰ßƒ cmjv{S]XnbpsS {]m[m\yw

h¿≤n∏n®p. 1989 apX¬ 1998 hsc \S∂ \mev sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬ Hcp

{][m\a{¥nsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS ]¶v

(President’s role in choosing the Prime Minister)

1977\p tijw C¥y≥ cmjv{Sobw IqSpX¬ a’cm[njvTnXhpw ]e

kμ¿`ßfnepw Hcp I£n°pw `qcn]£w e`n°mØ

kmlNcyhpap≠mbn. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬ cmjv{S]Xn F¥mWv

sNøp∂Xv? 1998˛se sXcs™Sp∏n¬ BJP°pw kJyI£nIƒ°pw

251 ko‰v e`n®p. qcn]£Øn\v 21 ko‰v Ipdhp≠mbncp∂p. cmjv{S]Xn

sI.B¿.\mcmbW≥ hfsc Pm{KXtbmsSbp≈ \S]Sn{Iaw kzoIcn®p.

kJyØns‚ t\Xmhmb AS¬_nlmcn hmPvt]bntbmS v

At±lØns‚ AhImihmZsØ km[p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ

]n¥p-W-°p∂ cmjv{Sob I£n-I-fpsS tcJ-Iƒ lmP-cm-°p-hm≥ Bh-

iy-s∏´p AXpam{Xa√, A[nImcØntedn ]Øp Znhkßƒ°p≈n¬

hnizmkthm v tXSm\pw Bhiys∏´p.

107

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

I£ntbm ap∂Wntbm `qcn]£w t\Snbn√. Cu kmlNcyßfn¬

Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcWØn\pw temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£w

sXfnbn°m\mhmØ {][m\a{¥namcpsS temIk` ]ncn®phnSm\p≈

A`y¿∞\bpsS ImcyØnepw cmjv{S]Xn°v CSs]tS≠n h∂n´p≠v.

AXpsIm≠v cmjv{S]XnbpsS hnthN\m[nImcw cmjv{Sob

kmlNcyßfpambn _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p. ÿncXbn√mØ k¿°mcpIfpw

ap∂Wn`cWhpw cmjv{S]XnbpsS A[nImcw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p.

an°t∏mgpw cmjv{S]Xn Hu]NmcnIamb A[nImcnbpw Be¶mcnIamb

cmjv{SØeh\pw BWv. CØcØn¬ Hcp cmjv{S]Xn Bhiyap≠v F∂Xv

\nßsf AXnibn∏nt®°mw. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ a{¥nk`

\nba\n¿ΩmWk`bnse `qcn]£sØ B{ibn®mWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.

AXmbXv, GXp kabhpw a{¥nk` ]pdØm°s∏SpIbpw ]pXnb a{¥nk`

A[nImcØn¬ hcnIbpw sNømw. CØcw kmlNcyØn¬

{]XoImflIambn cmPysØ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xn\pw {][m\a{¥nsb

\nban°m\pw NpaXebp≈ Hcp cmjv{S]Xn BhiyamWv. CXmWv km[mcW

kmlNcyßfn¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS I¿Øhyw. CXpIqSmsX B¿°pw

`qcn]£w e`n°mØ Ahÿ h∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚ns\ \bn°m≥ Hcp

{][m\a{¥nsb \nban°m\p≈ A[nI _m[yXbpw {]knU‚n\p≠v.

C¥ybpsS D]cmjv{S]Xn (The Vice President of India)

D]cmjv{S]Xnsb A©v h¿jtØ°mWv sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.

cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ coXn Xs∂bmWv

D]cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂-Xn\pw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. F∂m¬

D]cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂ CeIvSd¬ tImtfPn¬ ]m¿esa‚nse

Ccp kÌfnsebpw AwKßƒ am{Xta D≠mbncn°pIbp≈q. kwÿm\

\nbak`mwKßƒ CeIvSd¬ tImtfPns‚ `mKa√. cmPyk` `qcn]£-

tØmsS ]m m°pIbpw temIk` AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂

{]tabØneqsS am{Xta D]cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.

D]cmjv{S]Xn cmPyk`bpsS FIvkv H^ntjym sNb¿am\mWv. acWw,

cmPn, ]pdØm°¬ (Cw]o®vsa‚ v) F∂o ImcWßfm¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS

ÿm\w Hgnhp hcnIbmsW¶n¬ D]cmjv{S]Xn cmjv{S]XnbpsS NpaXeIƒ

\n¿Δln°p∂p. ]pXnb cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xphsctbm

]camh[n Bdv amkw hsctbm am{Xta D]cmjv{S]Xn°v cmjv{S]XnbpsS

NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q. cmjv{S]Xnbmbncp∂

^{IpZo≥ Aen AlΩZv A¥cn®t∏mƒ ]pXnb cmjv{S]Xnsb

sXcs™Sp°p-∂Xphsc D]cmjv{S]Xnbmbncp∂ _n.Un.Pń

cmjv{S]Xnbmbn {]h¿Øn°p-Ibp≠mbn.

108


]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check your progress)ZfnXv hn`mKßƒs°Xnscbp≈ AXn{Iaßƒ XSbp∂Xn¬ kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚ v ]cmPbs∏´ kmlNcyØn¬ kwÿm\Øv cmjv{S]Xn`cWwG¿s∏SpØm≥ {][m\a{¥n B{Kln°p∂p F∂v k¶ev]n°pI. ]t£cmjv{S]XnbpsS \ne]mSv hyXykvXamWv. At±lØns‚ A`n{]mbØn¬Hgnhm°m\mhmØ kmlNcyØn¬ am{Xta cmjv{S]Xn `cWw t]msebp≈ISpØ \S]SnIfnte°p t]mImhq. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂ GXp\S]Snbmbncn°pw cmjv{S]Xn kzoIcn°pI.

a. cmjv{S]Xn `cWw {]Jym]n°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchn¬ H∏phbv°n√ F∂v{][m\a{¥nsb Adnbn°pw.

b. {][m\a{¥nsb ]ncn®phnSpIc. kwÿm\Øv CRPF s\ Abbv°m≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-tbmSv Bhiys∏SpI.d. {][m\a{¥nbpsS \ne]mSnse sX‰v Nq≠nImWn®p sIm≠v ]{X{]kvXmh\

]pds∏Sphn°pI.e. {][m\a{¥nbpambn N¿® sNbvXv At±lsØ ]n¥ncn∏n°m≥ {ian°pI.

]t£ {][m\a{¥n At±lØns‚ BhiyØn¬ Dd®p \n¬°pIbmsW¶n¬cmjv{S]Xn cWØn\p≈ DØchn¬ H∏phbv°pI.

{][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpw (Prime Minister and Countilof Ministers){][m\a{¥nbpsS Hm^okns\Ipdn®v kqNn∏n°msX Kh¨sa‚ns\

Ipdnt®m C¥ybpsS cmjv{SobsØ Ipdnt®m N¿®Iƒ D≠mImdn√. CXv

F¥psIm≠msW∂v \nßƒ°v Duln°m≥ Ignbptam?

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw

{][m\a{¥nbn√msX a{¥nk`bn√. {][m\a{¥n Fßs\bmWva{¥nk`sb "\bn°p'∂Xv F∂mWv Cu Im¿´q¨ ImWn°p∂Xv.

22 BKÃv -1954

109

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

R

K

La

xm

an

in

T

he

Tim

es

of

In

di

a.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw

F¥psIm≠mWv BfpIƒa{¥namcmIm≥ B{Kln°p∂Xv?Cu Im¿´q¨ ImWn°p∂XvB\pIqeyßƒ°pw ]Zhn°pwth≠nbmsW∂mWv. ]ns∂F¥psIm≠mWv NnehIp∏pIƒ°p th≠nInSa’cßƒ D≠mIp∂Xv.

{][m\a{¥nbpsS t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk`bpsS

D]tZim\pkcWamWv cmjv{S]Xn Xs‚ A[nImcßƒ hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv

F∂v Cu ]mTØns‚ BZy`mKØv \Ωƒ N¿®

sNbvXncp∂p. {][m\a{¥nbmWv a{¥nk`bpsS

Xeh≥. BbXn\m¬ a{¥nk`bpsS Xeh≥

F∂ \nebn¬ {][m\a{¥n \ΩpsS cmPysØ

G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ cWm[nImcnbmbn amdp∂p.

]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ {][m\a{¥n°v

temIk`bpsS `qcn]£ ]n¥pW

D≠mbncn°Ww. Cu `qcn]£w

{][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImcsØ IqSpX¬

i‡am°p∂p. qcn]£ ]n¥pW \jvSs∏Sp∂

AhkcØn¬ Xs∂ {][m\a{¥n°v A[nImcw

\jvSs∏Sp∂p. kzX{¥ C¥ybn¬ Gsd°mew

tIm¨{Kkv I£n°v qcn]£w e`n°pIbpw B

I£nbpsS t\Xmhv {][m\a{¥nbmhpIbpw

sNbvXn´p≠v. 1989 apX¬ Hcp I£n°pw temI-

k- -bn¬ `qcn]£w e`n°mØ kmlNcyßfp-

≠m-bn- p-≠v. AØcw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hnhn[

I£nIƒ tN¿∂v ap∂Wn cq]oIcn®v k`bn¬

`qcn]£w t\Sp∂p. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬

ap∂Wn°v G‰hpw kzoImcy\mb t\XmhmWv

{][m\a{¥n-bmhp∂Xv. Hu]NmcnIambn

temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£w e`n°p∂bmsf

cmjv{S]Xn {][m\-a{¥nbmbn \nban°p∂p.

a{¥n k`mwKßƒ Bsc√mamsW∂v

Xocpam\n°p∂Xv {][m\a{¥nbmWv. AhcpsS

hIp∏pIfpw ]Zhnbpw GsX√mamsW∂v

Xocpam\n°p∂Xpw {][m\a{¥nbmWv.

HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\]cnNbhpw

cmjv{Sob {]m[m\yhpw IW°nseSpØmWv Iym_n\‰v a{¥n, kla{¥n,

D]a{¥n XpSßnb ]Zhn (rank) Iƒ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. kwÿm\ßfn¬

apJya{¥nbmWv kz¥w ]m¿´n-bn¬ \nt∂m I£nIfn¬ \nt∂m a{¥namsc

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥namcpw ]m¿esa‚wKßƒ

Bbncn°Ww. ]m¿esa‚wKa√mØ Hcmƒ a{¥ntbm {][m\a{¥ntbm

BIpIbmsW¶n¬ Bdp amkØn\p -≈n¬ ]m¿esa‚ nte°v

sXcs™Sp°s∏´ncn°Ww.

110


`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse Nne AwKßƒ°v a{¥namsc{][m\a{¥ntbm apJya{¥ntbm Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw \nba\n¿ΩmWk` t\cn´v sXcs™Sp°Wsa∂ A`n{]mbap≈hcmbncp∂p.

Fs‚ ImgvN∏mSn¬ kzn v kwhn[m\ØnteXpt]mse FIvknIyqóhns\\nba\n¿ΩmW k` \n›nXImetØ°v sXcs™Sp°p∂k{ºZmbamWv {]hniyIƒ°v G‰hpw A`nImayw. GIssIam‰ thm´phyhÿbmWv FIvknIyqóhns\ sXcs™Sp°m≥ G‰hpw \√ am¿§w.ImcWw, F√m hn`mKßfptSbpw Xm¬]cyßƒ°v CXphgn {]mXn\n[ywe`n°pIbpw Xßƒ°v aXnbmb {]mXn\n[yw e`n®n√ F∂ tXm∂¬Hcp I£n°pw D≠mhpIbpan√''.

_oKw sFkmkv dkq¬, CAD, thmfyw IV, t]Pv 631, 17 Pqsse 1947(Begum Aizaz Rasul, CAD, Vol.IV.P631,17 July 1947)

a{¥nk`bpsS hen∏w (Size of the Council of Ministers)2003˛se 91-˛mw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn \nbaØn\p apºv a{¥nk`bpsS

hen∏w \n›bn®ncp∂Xv AXmXv ImesØ ASnb¥ncÿnXnbpw

kmlNcyßfpsS kΩ¿-±hpw IW°nseSpØp sIm≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬

CXv hfsc hen∏ap≈ a{¥n-kÌfpsS cq]oIcWØn\p ImcWambn,

IqSmsX Hcp ]m¿ń°pw hy‡amb qcn]£w e`n°mØ Ahÿbn¬

a{¥nÿm\w hmKvZm\w \¬In qcn]£w Dd∏m°p∂ {]hWX D≠mbn.

]e kwÿm\ßfnepw CØcw {]hWX D≠mbncp∂p. AXn\m¬

a{¥namcpsS FÆw temIk`bpsS BsI AwKkwJybpsS

(kwÿm\ßfn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌfnse) ]Xn\©p iXam\Øn¬

IhnbcpsX∂v hyhÿ sNøp∂ t`ZKXn \S∏nemt°≠n h∂p.

FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\v ]m¿esa‚ v D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ hnhn[

am¿K-ßsf°pdn®v \nßƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKw F∂ A≤ymbØn¬ ]Tn°pw.

]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhns‚ {][m\ khntijX F∂Xv Imcy\n¿ΔlW

hn`mKw \nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKØns‚ \nb{¥WØnepw ta¬t\m´ØnepamWv

{]h¿Øn°pI F∂Xv \nßƒ a\ nemt°≠XpamWv.

a{¥nk`°v temIk`tbmSmWv Iq´pØchmZnXzap≈Xv. temIk`bpsS

hnizmkw \jvSs∏´m¬ a{¥nk` cmPnhbv°Ww F∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂pw

a\ nemt°≠Xv. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ FIvknIyqóhv IΩ‰nsb∂ \nebn¬

a{¥n-k` ]m¿esa‚n\pth≠n Iq´mbvatbmsS `cWw \SØp∂p F∂

XXz-Øn-\mWv ChnsS Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Iq´pØchmZnXzw F∂Xv

a{¥nk`bpsS sFIyw F∂ XXzØn¬ A[njvTnXamWv. AXmbXv Hcp

a{¥ns°Xnscbp≈ Ahnizmkw a{¥nk`bpsS cmPnbnte°p \bn°pw

111

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

F∂¿∞w. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Hcp a{¥n°v a{¥nk`bpsS

Xocpam\ßfn¬ hntPmbn∏ps≠¶n¬ Xocpam\sa¥mbmepw

At±lw \n¿_‘ambpw AXv AwKoIcn°pItbm

cmPnhbv°pItbm thWw. Iq´pØchmZnXzw \ne\n¬°ptºmƒ

a{¥nk`bpsS GsXmcp \bhpw ]n¥pScm≥ F√ma{¥namcpw

_m[yÿcmWv.

C¥ybn¬ {][m\a{¥n°v Kh¨sa‚n¬ D∂Xamb

ÿm\amWp≈Xv. {][m\a{¥nbn√msX a{¥nk` \ne\n¬°n√.

{][m\a{¥n kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvXv ÿm\ta‰Xn\p tijamWv

a{¥nk` \nehn¬ hcp∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpsS acWtam

cmPntbm kzm`mhnIambpw a{¥nk`bpsS A¥yØnte°v

\bn°p∂p. AtX kabw Hcp a{¥nbpsS ]pdØm°tem

cmPntbm a{¥nbpsS Hgnhv am{Xta krjvSn°p∂p≈q.

a{¥nk`tbbpw cmjv{S]Xntbbpw ]m¿esa‚ nt\bpw

_‘n∏n°p∂ Hcp IÆnbmWv {][m\a{¥n. AXpsIm≠mWv

]fin‰v Phl¿em¬ s\{lp {][m\a{¥nsb "Kh¨sa‚ns‚

A®mWn' (the linch pin of the Government) F∂v hntijn∏n®Xv.

a{¥nk`bpsS `cWkw_‘amb Xocpam\ßƒ,

\nba\n¿ΩmWØn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ F∂nh cmjv{S]Xnsb

Adnbn°m\p≈ `cWLS\m]camb DØchmZnXzw

{][m\a{¥n°p≠v. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kp{][m\ Xocpam\ßfnepw

\bcq]oIcWØnepw {][m\a{¥n°v kp{][m\ ]¶p≠v.

a{¥nk`bpsS taep≈ \nb{¥Ww, temIk`bnse t\XrXzw,

_yqtdm{IknbpsS taep≈ B⁄mi‡n, am[yakzm[o\w,

sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Db¿ØnIm´p∂ hy‡n sshinjvSyßƒ,

A¥¿t±iob D®tImSnIfnepw hntZi]cyS\ßfnepw

D≠mIp∂ tZiobt\Xmhv F∂ {]Xn—mb XpSßn hyXykvX

cq]-ß-fn-emWv {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImcßƒ {]I-S-am-hp-∂-

Xv.

F∂ncp∂mepw {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImchpw AXns‚

bYm¿∞ {]tbmKhpw \ne -hn -ep≈ cmjv{Sob

kmlNcyßƒ°\p -k-cn -®m -bn -cn -°pw. temIk`bn¬

`qcn]£ap≈ Hcp I£nbn¬ \n∂p≈hcmWv {][m\a{¥nbpw

a{¥nk`bpsa¶n¬ {][m\a{¥nbpsS ÿm\w tNmZyw sNøm≥

IgnbmØ hn[w i‡amWv. F∂m¬ ap∂Wn Kh¨sa‚pIƒ

A[nImcØn¬ hcptºmƒ ÿnXn hyXykvXamIp∂p. 1989

apX¬ hnhn[ ap∂Wn Kh¨sa‚pIƒ A[nImcØn¬ h∂Xn\v

Hcp hy‡n{][m\a{¥nbmIp∂Xv

Abmƒ°[nImcap≈XpsIm≠mtWm AtXm{][m\a{¥nbmbtijwAbmƒ°v A[nImcßƒ

e`n°p∂XmtWm?

112


\Ωƒ km£nIfmWv. Ahbn¬ ]eXpw temIk`bpsS Imemh[n

XnI®nń√. Ah¿ `qcn]£w \jvSs∏´ v cmPnh°pItbm

]pdØm°s∏SpItbm sNbvXn´p≠v. CØcw kw`hßƒ ]m¿esa‚dn

FIvknIyqóhns‚ {]h¿Ø\sØ _m[n®p.H∂maXmbn{][m\a{¥nsb sXc-

s™Sp°p∂Xn¬ cmjv{S]Xn°p≈ hnthN-\m[nImcw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\v Cu kw`-hhnImkßƒ CShcpØn. c≠maXmbn,ap∂Wn cmjv{Sobw, cmjv{Sob ]¶mfnIƒXΩn¬ IqSpX¬ N¿®Iƒ A\nhmcyam°nXo¿Øp. CXv {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImctNm¿®bnte°v \bn°p∂p. aq∂maXmbn,a{¥namsc \n›bn°pI, AhcpsS ]ZhnbpwhIp∏pIfpw Xocpam\n°pI XpSßnb{][m\a{¥nbpsS hntijm[nImcßfpsS ta¬\nb{¥Ww sIm≠ph∂p. \memaXmbn,Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw{][m\a{¥n°v H‰°v Xocpam\n°m≥IgnbmXmbn. hyXykvX {]Xybimkv{Xßfp≈cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ sXcs™Sp∏n\p aptºmsXcs™Sp∏n\p tijtam ap∂WnIfmbnKh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn®p. \nc¥cambN¿®Iƒ°pw HØpXo¿∏pIƒ°pw tijamWv\bßƒ cq]oIcn®ncp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ Cu{]{InbbnemsI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Xeh≥F∂Xns\°mƒ Hcp a[yÿ≥ F∂\ne°mWv {][m\ a{¥n°v {]h¿Ønt°≠nhcp∂Xv.

Nne hyXymkßtfmsSbp≈]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhv Xs∂bmWvkwÿm\-Xeßfnepw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.kwÿm\Øv cmjv{S]Xn \nban°p∂ Kh¿W¿ (tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚D]tZim\pkcWw) D≠v F∂XmWv {][m\ hyXymkw. {][m\a{¥n-sbt∏mse apJya{¥nbpw \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bnse qcn]£ I£nbpsSt\XmhmsW¶nepw Kh¿W¿°v IqSpX¬ hnthN\m[nImcßƒ D≠v.F∂ncp∂mepw kwÿm\XeØnepw ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbpsS {][m\XXzßƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p.

.

R

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Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw

hnizmk{]tabw hnPbn® tijhpwapJya{¥n Ak¥pjvS\mWv.F¥psIm≠mWv CXvkw`hn°p∂sX∂v \nßƒ°vDuln°m≥ Ignbptam

113

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

ÿncw FIvknIyq´ohv : _yqtdm {Ikn (PermanantExecutive : Bureaucracy)a{¥namcpsS Xocpam\ßƒ BcmWv \S∏nem°p∂Xv?

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ FIvknIyq´ohv LSIØn¬ {][m\a{¥n, a{¥nam¿,

DtZymKÿhrμw (bureaucracy) AYhm cWb{¥w F∂nh¿ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

ssk\nItkh\Øn¬ \n∂v CXn\p≈ hyXymkw ASnhcbnSp∂Xn\mWv

CXns\ knhn¬ k¿Δokv F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. `cWImcyßfn¬

sshZKv[yhpw ]cnioe\hpw t\Snbn p≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ÿncw DtZymKÿ¿

\bßƒ cq]oIcn°p∂Xnepw Ah \S∏nem°p∂Xnepw a{¥namsc

klmbn°p∂p.

P\m[n]XyØn¬ `cWØns‚bpw Kh¨sa‚ ns‚bpw

\nb{¥Whpw ta¬t\m´hpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°pw

a{¥nam¿°pambncn°pw. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿnXnbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW

hn`mKw `cWIqSsØ \nb{¥n°p∂p≠v. \nba-\n¿ΩmWhn`mKw

kzoIcn°p∂ \bßƒ DtZymKÿ¿ ewLn°m≥ ]mSn√. `cWØn¬

cmjv{Sob \nb{¥Ww \ne\n¿ØpI F∂Xv a{¥namcpsS DØchmZnXzamWv.

C¥y hnZKvZamb Hcp `cWkwhn[m\Øn\v cq]w \¬Inbn´p≠v.

AtXkabw Xs∂ Cu `cWkwhn[m\w cmjv{Sobambn DØchmZnXzw

D≈Xpw BWv. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ DtZymKÿhrμw (Bureaucracy)cmjv{Sob \njv]£X ]pe¿tØ≠Xp≠v. AXmbXv \b]camb

Imcyßfn¬ DtZymKÿhrμw cmjv{Sob \ne]mSpIsfSp°pIbn√ F∂mWv

]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check your progress){][m\a{¥nbmWv a{¥namsc \n›bn°p∂sX∂v IcpXpI.At±lw F¥mWv sNøpI?

a. hnhn[ hnjbßfn¬ {]mhoWyap≈hscsXcs™Sp°pw.

b. kz¥w I£nbnse BfpIsf am{Xw sXcs™Sp°pw.

c. hy‡n]cambn Xt∂mSv hnizmkhpw Iqdpw D≈hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°pw.

d. Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]n¥pWbv°p∂hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°pw.

e. ÿm\tamlnIfn¬ \n∂pw cmjv{Sob ]n≥_eap≈hscsXcs™Sp°p∂p

114


CXneqsS A¿∞am°p∂Xv. sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Hcp ]m¿´n ]cmPbs∏SpIbpw

]pXnb Kh¨sa‚n\v ap≥ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßƒ°p ]Icw ]pXnb

\bßƒ sXcs™Sp°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv P\m[n]XyØn¬

km[yamWv. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬ \bcq]oIcWØnepw Ah

\S∏m°p∂Xnepw hnizkvXtbmSpw Imcy£aambpw {]h¿Øn°pI F∂Xv

`cWkwhn[m\Øns‚ DØchmZnXzamWv.

C¥ybnse _yqtdm{Ikn Cs∂mcp k¶o¿Æamb hyhÿbmWv.

AJnte¥ym k¿ΔokpIƒ, kwÿm\ k¿ΔokpIƒ, {]mtZinI

Kh¨sa‚nse DtZymKÿ¿, s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ \SØp∂ kmt¶XnI amt\-Po-cn-b¬ sshZ-Kv≤yap≈ DtZymKÿ∑m¿

F∂nh¿ AXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. cmjv{Sob \njv]£Xbpw sshhn≤yhpw

]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp DtZymKÿhrμØns‚ {]m[m\ysØIpdn®v \ΩpsS

`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ t_m[hm∑mcmbncp∂p. knhn¬ k¿Δokv

AYhm DtZymKÿhrμsØ tbmKyXbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬

\njv]£ambn sXcs™Sp°-Wsa∂v Ah¿ B{Kln®ncp∂p. C¥ym

Kh¨sa‚nse knhn¬k¿Δokv DtZymKÿsc (Civil servants)sXcs™Sp°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv

IΩojs\bmWv (UPSC) kam\ambn kwÿm\ßƒ°pw ]ªnIv k¿Δokv

IΩoj\pIƒ D≠v. ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\nse AwKßsf Hcp \n›nX

Imebfhnte°mWv \nban°p∂Xv. kp{]owtImSXn PUvPnbpsS

At\zjWØn\p hnt[bambn am{Xta Ahsc \o°w sNømt\m

kkvs]≥Up sNømt\m ]mSp≈q.

tbmKyXbptSbpw Imcy£aXbptSbpw ASnÿm\-ØnemWv

knhn¬k¿Δokns\ \nban -°p∂sX¶nepw kaqlØnse

DtZymKÿ¿ P\ßsftkhn°m\p≈-h-cm-sW∂vF\n°dnbmw. F∂m¬P\ßsf√mbvt]mgpw CuD t Z y m K ÿ s c`bs∏SpIbpw DtZymKÿ¿bPam\∑msct∏mses]cpamdpIbpw sNøp∂p.

Zp¿_ehn`mKßƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ F√m hn`mKßƒ°pw s]mXp

DtZymKÿ hrμØn¬ ÿm\w e`n°p∂Xn\p≈ Ahkchpw

`cWLS\ Dd∏phcpØp∂p. Cu Dt±itØmsS ZfnX¿°pw

BZnhmknIƒ°pw `cWLS sXmgn¬ kwhcWw Dd∏p

\¬Ip∂p. ]n∂oSv kv{XoIƒ°pw a‰p ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ°pw

kwhcWØn\v hyhÿ sNøpIbp≠mbn. Cu hyhÿIƒ

DtZymKÿ hrμsØ IqSpX¬ {]mXn\n[yap≈Xpw H∏w Xs∂

knhn¬ k¿Δoknte°p≈ \nba\Øn¬ kmaqlnI

AkaXzßƒ IS∂p hcp∂n√ F∂v Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩnj≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂C¥y≥ AUvan\nkvt{S‰ohv k¿Δokv, C¥y≥ s]meokv k¿ΔokvF∂nhbnse DtZymKÿcmWv kwÿm-\-ß-fnse DtZym-Kÿhrμ-Øns‚ \s´-√mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Pn√mXeØn¬

115

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ DtZymKÿ\mWv Pn√m IfIvS¿. IfIvS¿km[mcWbmbn Hcp IAS HmôkdmsW∂pw tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tkh\thX\ hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®mWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂pw \nßƒ°dnbmtam?

Hcp {]tXyI kwÿm\Øn¬ \nbanX\mIp∂ Hcp IAS As√¶n¬ IPSHmôk¿ kwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚ ta¬t\m´Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.

F∂ncp∂mepw tI{μKh¨sa‚mWv IAS, IPS Hmôk¿amsc \nban°p∂Xv.Ah¿°v tI{μ k¿Δoknte°v Xncn®pt]mImhp∂XmWv. G‰hpw {][m\ambnAh¿s°Xnsc A®S°\S]Sn kzoIcn°m≥ tI{μKh¨sa‚n\p am{XtaIgnbpI-bp≈q. kwÿm\ßfnse {][m\ DtZymKÿ¿ tI{μKh¨sa‚ns‚\nb{¥WØnepw ta¬t\m´ØnepamWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂v CXpsIm≠vA¿∞am°p∂p. UPSC \nban°p∂ IAS, IPS DtZymKÿsc IqSmsX kwÿm\]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\neqsS \nban°s∏Sp∂ DtZymKÿcpw tN¿∂mWvkwÿm\ cW \n¿ΔlWw \SØp∂Xv. Cu khntijX kwÿm\ßfpsS`cWØn\pta¬ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb{¥Ww i‡ns∏SpØpIbmWvsNøp∂Xv F∂v sÛdenkw F∂ A≤ymbØn¬ \mw ]n∂oSv ]Tn°pw.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ t£a ]≤XnIƒ P\ßfn¬ FØnt®cm\p≈ D]IcWamWv

DtZymKÿhrμw. F∂m¬ an°t∏mgpw k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿs\ kao]n°m≥

BfpIƒ bs∏Sp∂p. km[mcW P\ßfpsS BhiyßtfmSpw {]Xo£ItfmSpw

A\pIqea√mØ {]XnIcWamWv DtZymKÿhrμw kzoIcn®n p≈Xv F∂XmWv

s]mXphmb A\p`hw. P\m[n]Xy]cambn sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ

DtZymKÿ hrμsØ \nb{¥n®m¬ am{Xta Nne{]iv\ßsf¶nepw e{]Zambn

ssIImcyw sNøm≥ km[n°q. AtXkabw Xs∂ AanXamb cmjv{Sob

CSs]S¬ DtZymKÿhrμsØ cmjv{Sob°mcpsS ssIIfnse D]IcWambn

am‰pIbpw sNøpw. `cWLS\ DtZymKÿ hrμØns‚ \nba\Øn\pth≠n

Hcp kzX{¥ kwhn[m\w G¿s∏SpØnbn´ps≠¶nepw DtZymKÿsc AhcpsS

I¿Øhy \n¿ΔlWØn¬ cmjv{Sob CSs]Sen¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°m≥ Hcp

hyhÿbpw C√ F∂v [mcmfw BfpIƒ Nn¥n°p∂p. DtZymKÿ hrμØns‚

]uc∑mtcmSp≈ DØchmZnXzw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v Bhiyamb hIp∏pIƒ C√

F∂ tXm∂epw \ne\n¬°p∂p. hnhcmhImiw t]mep≈ \S]SnIƒ

sNdnsbmcfhphsc DtZym -K-ÿ-hr-μsØ NpaXemt_m[ap≈hcpw

DØchmZnXzap≈hcpw B°psa∂v {]Xo£n°s∏Sp∂p.

knhn¬ k¿Δokns‚ h¿§oIcWw(classification of Civil Serivice)

AJnte¥ym k¿Δokv tI{μk¿ΔokpIƒ kwÿm\ k¿Δokv(All India Service) (Central Services) (State Service)

C¥y≥ AUvan\nkvt{S‰ohv k¿Δokv C¥y≥ dh\yq k¿Δokv skbn¬SmIvkv Hmôk¿

C¥y≥ t]meokv k¿Δokv C¥y≥ dbn¬th k¿Δokv

C¥y≥ t^mdÃv k¿Δokv sk≥{S¬ sk{It´dnb‰v k¿Δokv

116


D]kwlmcw (Conclusion)

B[p\nI ImesØ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw Kh¨sa‚ns‚

i‡amb Hcp ÿm]\amWv. a‰p hn`mKßfpambn XmcXayw

sNøptºmƒ D∂Xamb A[nImcßfmWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW

hn`mKØn\p≈Xv. CXv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØn\pta¬

P\m[n]Xy]camb Hcp \nb{¥Ww A\nhmcyam°p∂p.

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw \nc¥camb ta¬t\m´Øn\pw

\nb{¥Wßƒ°pw hnt[bambncn°Wsa∂p≈ Hcpƒ°mgvN

`cWLS\ \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ°p≠mbncp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWh¿

]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbw kzoIcn®Xv.-\n-›nX CS-th-f-I-fnse

sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw A[nImc\n¿ΔlWØn¬ D≈ `cWL-S\m-

]camb \nb{¥Whpw P\m[n]Xycmjv{Sobhpw tN¿∂v

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`m-KsØ DØ-c-hmZ ]q¿Æam-°n- -am-‰p-∂p.

A`ymkw (Exercises)1. Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂m¬

a. Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚p≈ Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`m-Kw.

b. ]m¿esa‚ v sXcs™Sp°p∂ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

c. ]m¿esa‚ v Imcy \n¿ΔlW hn`mKambn {]h¿Øn°p∂p.

d. Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw ]m¿esa‚nse `qcn]£ ]n¥pWsb

B{ibn°p∂p.

2. Cu kw`mjWw hmbn°q GXv hmZKXntbmSmWv \nßƒ

tbmPn°p∂Xv? F¥psIm≠v?

AanXv : cWLS\ hyhÿIƒ ]cntim[n®m¬ {]knU‚ v Hcp d∫¿

Ãmºv (Rubber stamp) BsW∂v tXm∂pw.

iyma : {][m\a{¥nsb cmjv{S]Xn \nban°p∂p AXpsIm≠v

At±lØn\\v {][m\a{¥nsb am‰m≥ A[nImcap≠v.

cmtPjv : \ap°v Hcp cmjv{S]XnbpsS Bhiyan√.

sXcs™Sp∏n\ptijw, ]m¿esa‚ v tN¿∂v Hcp t\Xmhns\

{][m\a{¥nbmbn sXcs™SpØm¬ aXnbmIpw.

117

Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw

3. tNcpw]Sn tN¿°pI.

i. \nb-an-°-s∏´ kwÿm\Øn¬ C¥y≥ t^mdn≥ k¿Δokv

tPmen sNøp-∂p.

ii. cmPyØns‚ Xeÿm\tØm, kwÿm\ knhn¬

cmPyØn\IØp≈ at‰sX¶nepw k¿Δokv

ÿetØm D≈ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v

Hm^okn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

iii. A\phZn°s∏Sp∂ {]tXyI AJn-te¥y k¿Δokv

kwÿm\Øv tPmen sNøp∂p.

Xm¬°menIambntI{μØnte°pw

Abbv°s∏Smhp∂XmWv

iv. C¥y≥ ZuXyØn\pth≠n tI{μk¿Δokv

hntZiØv {]h¿Øn°p∂p.

4. Xmsg∏dbp∂ hm¿ØIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ a{¥mebw Is≠ØpI.

CXv tI{μKh¨sa‚ v a{¥mebamtWm? AtXm kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ns‚tbm? F¥psIm≠v?

a. HutZymKnI hn⁄m-]\ {]Imcw 2004 05 ¬ VII, X, XI ¢m pIfnse

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ \ho-I-cn® ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xan-gv\mSv ]mT-]p-kvXI

tIm¿∏-td-j≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

b. CcpºpJ\n Ib‰paXn°msc klmbn°p∂Xn\v Xnct°dnb Xncph≈p¿sNss∂ taJ-e-bn-eqsS Hcp ]pXnb sdbn¬∏mX IS∂pt]mIpw.GItZiw 80 Intemao‰¿ \ofap≈ ]pXnb ]mX ]pØo¿ hgnXpdapJØn\p kao]ap≈ AØn∏´p hsc FØpIbpw sNøpw.

c. cmamb¨ t]´ afieØnse I¿jI BfllXysbIpdn®v]cntim[n°p∂-Xn\pth≠n cq]oIcn® 3 AwKßfp≈ k_vUnhnjW¬ IΩ‰n, hnfhnse ]cmPbw aqeap≠mb kmºØnI{]Xnk‘naqeamWv Cu amkw c≠v I¿jI¿ BfllXy sNbvXsX∂vIs≠Øn.

5. {][m\a{¥nsb \nban°ptºmƒ, cmjv{S]Xn sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.

a. temIk`bnse G‰hpw henb I£nbpsS t\Xmhns\

b. temIk`bn¬ qcn]£]n¥pWbp≈ ap∂Wnbnse henbI£nbpsS t\Xmhns\

c. cmPyk`bnse G‰hpw henb I£nbpsS t\Xmhns\

118


d. temIk`bn¬ qcn]£ ]n¥pWbp≈ ap∂WnbpsStbmI£nbptStbm t\Xmhns\

6. Cu N¿® ]cntim[n®v C¥y°v _m[Iambn´p≈ hkvXpX Is≠ØpI.

AtemIv : {][m\a{¥n Hcp cmPhns\t∏msebmWv, At±lamWv \ΩpsScmPysØ F√m Imcyßfpw, Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.

tiJ¿ : (1) At±lØn\v {]tXyI A[nImcw bmsXm∂pw Xs∂bn√.

(2) {][m\a{¥n "Xpeycn¬ H∂ma≥' am{XamWv.

(3) F√m a{¥nam¿°pw {][m\a{¥n°pw Htc A[nImcwXs∂bmWv.

t_m_n : Kh¨sa‚n\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂hcptSbpw ]m¿´nAwKßfptSbpw {]Xo£Iƒ°v ]cnKW\ \¬tI≠ NpaXe{][m\a{¥n°p≠v. F√mØnepw D]cnbmbn \bcq]oIcWØn\pa{¥namsc sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\pw {][m\a{¥n°v A[nImcwIqSpXemWv.

7. a{¥nk`bpsS D]tZiw kzoIcn°m≥ {]knU‚ v _m[yÿ\mWvF∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂sX¥psIm≠v? 100 hm°pIfn¬ IpdbmsX\nßfpsS DØcw \¬IpI.

8. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbnep≈ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØn¬Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØ \nb{¥n°m\mbn \nba\n¿ΩmWk`°v H´\h[n A[nImcßƒ D≠v. Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØ\nb{¥nt°≠Xps≠∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂sX¥psIm≠v?

9. `cWb{¥Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ AanXamb cmjv{Sobkzm[o\wD≠v F∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. a{¥namtcmSv DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw C√mØIqSpX¬ kzbw `cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ D≠mbncn°Wsa∂v\n¿t±in°s∏´n´p≠v.

a `cWw IqSpX¬ P\Iobam°p∂Xn\v CXv klmbIcamsW∂v\nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂pthm?

b. CXv `cWw IqSpX¬ Imcy£aam°psa∂v \nßƒ IcpXp∂pthm?

c. `cWØn\pta¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°p≈ ]q¿Æ\nb{¥Ww F∂XmtWm P\m[n]Xyw sIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv?

10. \nban°-s∏Sp∂ DtZymKÿ-hrμ-Ø-n\p -]Icw -sXcs™Sp-

°s∏Sp∂-- -DtZymKÿhrμw F∂ \n¿-t± -i--sØIpdn®v 200

hm°pIfn¬ --Hcp -D]--\ymkw Xømdm-°pI.

119

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

A[ymbw 5

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`(LEGISLATURE)

BapJw

C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏pIfpsS {]m[m\ysØ°pdn®pw AXn\v \mw

kzoIcn® coXnIsf Ipdn®pw ap≥ A[ymbØn¬ \nßƒ ]Tn®pht√m ?

\nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ P\ßfm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏SpIbpw Ah

P\ßƒ°pth¨n {]h¿Øn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sXcs™SpØ \nba

\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂pw P\m[n]Xy

Kh¨sa‚pIsf \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn¬ Ah Fßs\ kmlmbn°p∂psh∂pw

\mw Cu ]mT`KØn¬ ]Tn°p∂p. C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v, kwÿm\ \nba

\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ F∂nhbpsS LS\, {]h¿Ø\w, P\m[n]Xy

Kh¨sa‚pIfnep≈ AhbpsS {]m[m\yw F∂nhsb ]‰n \ap°v Cu

]mT`mKØv \n∂pw a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.

Cu A[ymbw hmbn°p∂XneqsS

$ \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌfpsS {]m[m\yw

$ C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ LS\, A[nImcw, {]h¿Ø\w

$ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{Inb.

$ ]m¿esa‚ v Imcy\n¿hlW hn`mKsØ Fßs\ \nb{¥n°p∂p.

$ Fßs\ ]m¿esa‚ v kzbw \nb{¥n°s∏Sp-∂p. F∂nh \ap°v

a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.

120

\ap°v F¥n\mWv Hcp \nba \n¿ΩmW k` ( WHY DO WE NEED

A PARLIAMENT )

\nba \n¿ΩmW k` tIhew \nbaw \n¿Ωn°phm≥am{Xap≈ Hcp kanXn

A√. AhbpsS hnhn[ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ H∂p am{XamWv \nba \n¿ΩmWw.

F√m P\m[n]Xy cmjv{Sob {]{InbIfpsSbpw kncmtI{μamWv

\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ. k` _lnjv°cn°¬, {]Xntj[ßƒ,

{]IS\ßƒ, sFIys∏SepIƒ, klIcWßƒ F∂nhsbms° k`bpsS

{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ an°t∏mgpw ZriyamWv. Chbntemtcm∂n\pw Nne

ASnÿm\ e£yßfpap≠v. Imcy£ahpw ê{]Zhpw {]mXn\n[y

kz`mhhpap≈ \nba \n¿amW kÌƒ Hcp P\m[n]XyØns‚ hnPbØn\v

Xo¿®bmbpw A\nhmcyamWv. P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ°v P\ßtfmSp≈

DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ°v henb

]¶p≠v-v. Xo¿®-bmbpw CXv {]mXn\n[y P\m[n]XyØns‚ ASnÿm\

XXzamWv.

an°hmdpw P\m[n]Xy cmPyßfn¬ tI{μÿm\w \nba\n¿ΩmW

k`bn¬ \n∂pw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØnte°v hgnamdp∂Xmbn ImWmw.

\bßƒ cq]oIcn°p∂Xpw cWØns‚ AP≠ Xocpam\n°p∂Xpw Ah

\S∏nem°p∂Xpw Im_n\‰mWv. C¥ybnepw CXmWv ÿnXn. CØcw

ImcWßfm¬ hna¿iI¿ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ ÿm\w £bn®p hcnIbmsW∂v

A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p≠v F{X i‡amb Im_n\‰mWv \nehnep≈sX¶n¬

t]mepw AXn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ qcn]£w A\nhmcyamWv. F{X

i‡\mb t\XmhmsW¶nepw At±lw ]m¿esa‚ns\ A`napJoIcn

°pIbpw AhnsS \n∂pbcp∂ tNmZyßƒ°v Xr]vXnIcamb XcØn¬

adp]Sn \¬tI≠Xmbpwhcpw. ChnsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ bYm¿∞

P\m[n]Xy i‡n IpSnsIm≈p∂Xv. P\m[n]XyØns‚bpw Ahsb

Ipdn®p≈ N¿®IfpsSbpw G‰hpw anI® thZnbmbmWv CXns\ ImWp∂Xv.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ at‰Xv LSIßsf°mfpw G‰hpw {]mXn\n[y kzm`mhap≈

LSIamWv ]m¿esas‚∂v AXns‚ LS\ ]cntim[n®m¬ a\ nemIpw.

apIfn¬ ]d™Xn\p]cnbmbn Kh¨sa‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°phm\pw

]ncn®phnSphm\pw ]m¿esa‚n\v A[nImcap≠v.

{]h¿Ø\wXmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ ]{X hm¿ØIƒ hmbn®Xn\ptijw\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ C√mXncp∂m¬ F¥mWvkw`hn°pIsb∂v Nn¥n°pI. Hmtcm ]{X dnt∏m¿´pwhmbn®Xn\p tijw Fßs\bmWv \nba\n¿ΩmW kÌmcy\n¿hlW hn`mKsØ \nb{¥n°p∂Xn¬ hnPbn°p∂Xpw]cmPbs∏Sp∂Xpw F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I.$ 2002 s^{_phcn ˛ 28 tI{μ [\Imcya{¥n Pkz¥v knßv,

tI{μ _UvP‰v \n¿t±iØn¬ 50 kg bqdnbbpsS Nm°nt∑¬

121

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

\ΩpsS ]m¿e-sa‚n\v F¥n-\mWv c≠p k -Iƒ?

why do we need two Houses of Parliament)tZiob \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v. kwÿm\ßfpsS \nba

\n¿ΩmW k`bmWv kwÿm\ \nbak` (state legislature).C¥y≥

]m¿esa‚n\v c≠p kÌfp≠.v c≠vv kÌƒ D≈ \nba \n¿ΩmW k`sb

ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`sb∂mWv (bicameral legislature) hnfn°p∂Xv.

C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ c≠v kÌfmWv cmPyk`bpw temIk`bpw,

cmPyk`sb kwÿm\ßfpsS Iu¨kn¬ (Council of State) F∂pw

temIk`sb P\ßfpsS k`sb∂pw ( House of People) F∂pw

hnfn°s∏Sp∂p. kwÿm\ßsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw GI aWvUe \nba

\n¿ΩmW k`tbm (unicameral legislature) ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`tbm

kzoIcn°phm\p≈ AhImiw `cWLS\ \¬Inbn´p≠v. C¥ybn¬

Ct∏mƒ 7 kwÿm\ßfn¬ ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bp≠v.

kaqlØnse F√m P\hn`mKßƒ°pw cmPyØns‚ qanimkv{X]camb

F√m taJeIƒ°pw {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv hfsc

hepXpw sshhn[yßƒ \nd™Xpamb cmPyßƒ ZznaWvUe \nba

12 cq]bpsS h¿[\hpw a‰p c≠p cmkhfßfn¬ GI-tZiw 5˛ iX-am\Øns‚ sNdnb hneh¿≤\hpw ]Jym]n®p. C∂sØ Hcp S¨bqdnbbpsS hnebmb 4830 cq]bpsS 80% k_vknUnbmbn e`n°pw.

$ 2002 am¿®v 11 \v tI{μ[\Imcya{¥n°v {]Xn]£Øns‚ i‡amb{][ntj[sØ XpS¿∂v cmkhfßfpsS hneh¿[\m Xocpam\w]n≥hent°¨n h∂p. (lnμp 2002 am¿®v 12)

$ 1998 Pq¨ 4 \v temIk`, bqdnbbpsSbpw s]{Smfns‚bpwhneh¿[\hns\Xnscbp≈ i‡amb {]Xnt£[Øn\vkm£ywhln®p. apgph≥ {]Xn]£ I£nIfpw k` _lnjv°cn®p.Cu hnjbw c≠p ZnhktØmfw k`sb Cf°n adn°en\pw k`m_lnjv°cWØn\pw hgnsh®p bqdnbbpsS k_vknUnIpdbv°p∂Xns‚ mKambn [\Imcya{¥n Intem{Kman\v 50 ss]kbpsSh¿≤\ _UvP‰n¬ \n¿t±i®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ {]Xn]£Øns‚i‡amb {]Xntj[w [\Imcya{¥n biz¥v kn≥lsbhneIpd°p∂Xn\p t{]cn∏n®p.(lnμpÿm≥ ssSwkv ˛ 1998 ˛ Pq¨ 4,5)

$ Hcp Akm[mcW \o°ØneqsS temIk` C∂v AXns‚ HutZymKnI\S]SnIƒ \n¿Ønsh®p sIm≠v Bkmw {]iv\w N¿®sNøp∂Xn\vap≥KW\ \¬In . Bkman¬ Xmakn®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ hyXykvXkapZmbßfpw hn mKßfpw XΩn¬ klIcWw hf¿ØnsbSp°p∂Xn\vk`bnse F√m AwKßfpw Ah-cpsS \b-Im-gvN-∏mSpIƒ°-Xo-X-ambnkl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v B`y¥c a{¥n ]n.kn. tkØn Hcp {]kvXmh\\SØn. Ct∏mƒ th-≠Xv hntZja√ adn®v km¥z\ kv]¿iamWvF∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p.(lnμpÿm≥ ssSwkv . 1983 s^{_p-hcn22)

$ B{‘ {]tZinse lcnP\ßƒs°Xnscbp≈ AXn{Iaßfn¬{]Xntj[n®v tIm¨{K v AwKßƒ k`bn¬ {]Xn-tj-[-ap-b¿Øn (Zlnμp 1985 am¿®v 3)

122

States with theSecond Chamberof Legislature

ODISHA

(PUDUCHERRY)

(PUDUCHERRY)

(PUDUCHERRY)

UTTARAKHAND

PUDUCHERRY

C¥ybn¬ ZznaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmWk`Ifp≈ kwÿm\ßƒ,B{‘m-{]-tZ-iv,_olm¿,PΩp-Im-ivao¿,I¿Æm-S-I,alm-cm-jv{S,sXep-¶m-\,DØ¿{]-tZiv

123

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

\n¿ΩmW k`Iƒ kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. ZznaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bv°v

as‰mcp t\´w IqSnbp≠v. ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`Iƒ F√m

Xocpam\ßfpw ]p\: ]cntim[\°p≈ Ahkcw Dd∏p hcpØp∂p≠vv. Hcp

k` FSp°p∂ F√m Xocpam\ßfpw a‰v k`bnte°pw AwKo-I-c-Øn-\mbn

Ab°p∂p. CXns‚ A¿∞w Hmtcm _n√pw \bhpw c≠p {]mhiyw

N¿®sNøs∏Sp∂p F∂XmWv. CXv F√m Imcyßfnepw Hcp Cc´ ]cntim[\

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. am{Xa√ th≠{X IqSnbmtemN\Iƒ IqSmsX Hcp k`

Xnc°n v Xocpam\saSpØm¬t]mepw AXv a‰v k`bn¬ ]p\:]cntim[n°p

hm\p≈ Ahkcw ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ km[yamIpw.

cmPy k` (Rajya Sabha)]m¿e-a‚ns‚ Ccp k -I-fn-te°pap≈ {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w hyXy-

kvX-am-Wv. cmPyk` C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-

∂Xv. ]tcm-£-amb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v coXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv cmPy k`mw-K-ßsf Xnc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv. kwÿm\ \nba k`bnte°v P\ßƒ t\cn´v {]Xn\n[n-

Isf sXcs™Sp°pIbpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ \nba k` {]Xn\n[nIƒ

(MLA am¿) AXXp kwÿm-\-ß-fnse cmPy kw`mw-K-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p.

cmPyk -bn-te°v {]mXn-\n[yw \¬Ip-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏ v c≠v XXz-

ßƒ \ne \n¬°p∂p. Hcp cmPy-Ønse F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw / {]tZ-

ißƒ°pw AXns‚ hen-∏tam P\-kw-Jytbm ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Xpey-amb

{]mXn\n[yw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv H∂m-asØ XXzw. CXns\ ka-Xp-enX {]mXn-

\n[yw F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv (symmetrical representation) F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ

XXz-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\-ß-fnse / {]tZ-iß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-°m-\p-]m-Xn-

I-ambn c≠mw aWvU-e-Øn-te-°p≈ {]mXn-\n[yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. CXp

{]Imcw IqSp-X¬ P\kwJybp≈ {]tZißƒ°v/ kwÿm\ßƒ°v

IqSpX¬ AwK-ßsf c≠m-asØ aWvU-e-Øn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°phm≥

km[n°pw.

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw sk\-‰n¬ Xpey {]mXn\n[y-

""....... ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp∂ kanXn F∂ \ne-bn¬...... D]-cn-k` D]-Im-c]-{]-Z-amb Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. AXns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈-Xv. adn®v thm´p-I-f-√. {]iv\-I-ep-jn-X-amb kPoh cmjv{So-bX-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ km[n-°m-Ø-h¿°v At[m-

k- sb D]-tZ-in-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw''

]q¿Wna _m\¿Pn

CAD,Vol.IX,p.33,30 Pqsse 1949

124

amWv D≈-Xv. CXv F√m kwÿm\ßƒ°pw

XpeyX Dd∏p hcpØp∂p. sNdnb kwÿm-

\-ßƒ°pw henb kwÿm-\ßƒ°pw Xpey-

amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p∂psh∂-XmWv

CXp-sIm≠¿∞m-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bnse cmPy

k`-bn¬ \mw kzoI-cn® {]mXn-\n[y k{º-

Zmbw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-

Wv. Hmtcm kwÿm\Øv \n∂pw cmPy-k-`-

bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw

`cWL-S\-bpsS \memw ]ń-I-bn¬ \¬In-

bn- p≠v.

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Xpey

{]mXn-\n[yw F∂ hyhÿ \mw cmPy k -

bn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-I-bm-sW¶n¬ F¥mWv kw -

hn-°p-I? 1998.12 e£w P\-ß-fp≈ DØ-¿-

{]-tZ-in\pw tIhew 6.10 e£w P\-ß-fp≈

kn°n-an\pw Xpey-amb {]mXn\n[yw am{X-ta

e`n-°p-I-bp≈q. c-W-L-S\m \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ

AØcw hnth-N-\-ßƒ XS-bp-hm≥ B{K-

ln®p. C¥ybn¬ Ipd™ P\kwJybp≈

kwÿm\ßƒ°ve`n°p∂ {]Xn\n[n

Isf°mƒ IqSpX¬ {]Xn\n[nIsf

P\kwJy IqSpXep≈ kwÿm\ßƒ°p

e`n°pw. CXp {]Imcw IqSp-X¬ P\-kw-Jy-

bp≈ DØ¿{]-tZ-in\v 31 AwK-ßsf cmPy

k -bn-te°v Ab-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-tºmƒ

Ipd™ P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kn°n-an\v Hcp

ko‰v am{Xta cmPy k`-bn¬ D≠m-hp-I-bp-

≈q.

cmPy- -k- -bnse AwK-ß-sf 6 h¿j

Ime-b-f-hn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. AwK-

ßƒ°v ho≠pw sXc-s™-Sp-°s∏Sm≥

A¿l-X-bp-≠v. cmPyk -bnse F√m AwK-

ß-fp-sSbpw Imem-h[n ]q¿ØnbmIp-∂Xv

Htc ka-b-Ø-√. Hmtcm c≠p h¿jw IqSp-

tºmgpw cmPy k`-bnse Imem-h[n

]q¿ØoIcn® aq∂n¬ H∂v AwK-ßƒ

P¿Ω\nbnse Zzn aWvUe hyhÿZnaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bmWvP¿Ω\nbnep≈Xv . sÛd¬ Akwªn(Bundestat) sÛd¬ Iu¨kn¬(Bundesrag) F∂o t]cpIfnemWvP¿Ω\nbnse c≠p kÌƒ Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. {]Xy£hpw A\p]mXnI{]mXn\n[yhpw tbmPn ∏n®psIm≠p≈Hcp k¶o¿Æ {]{InbbneqsSbmWvsÛd¬ Akwªnbnte°v sXcs™Sp∏v \SØp∂Xv. sXcs™ Sp°s∏Sp∂ AwKßfpsS Imemh[n 4h¿jamWv. P¿a\nbnse 16 sÛd¬kwÿm \ßfmWv sÛd¬Iu¨knens\ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xv.sÛd¬ Iu¨knense (Bundesrat)69 ko‰pIƒ P\kwJym\p]mXnIbmbnkwÿm\ßƒ°v hoXn®p \¬Ip∂p.sÛd¬ Iu¨knense AwKßfmbncn°pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚nsea{¥nam¿. sÛd¬ kwÿm\ßfnseKh¨sa‚pIƒ Chsc \nban°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv A√msX sXcs™Sp°pIb√. P¿a\nbnse \nbaa\pkcn®v kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS\n¿t±im\pkcWw Hcp kwÿm\Ønse F√m AwKßfpw Hcp{Kq∏mbn´mWv sÛd¬ Iu¨ken¬thm´v tcJs∏SptØ¨Xv. kwÿm\ßfn¬ Nnet∏msgms° Iq´p£nKh¨sa‚mbnXn\m¬ AwKßƒXΩn¬ kahmbØnseØphm≥km[n°msX hcnIbpw Ah¿hn´p\n¬°p∂Xnte°v \bn°pIbpwsNøp∂p.

F√m \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbnepwsÛd¬ Iu¨kn¬ thm v tcJs∏SpØmdn√. F∂m¬ sÛd¬ kwÿm\ßƒ°v I¨ Id‚ vA[nImcap≈\b]camb Imcyßfn¬ sÛd¬Iu¨knens‚ AwKoImctØmsS]m m°nbncn °Ww. AØcw \nba\n¿ΩmWsØ hot‰m sNøphm\pwsÛd¬ Iu¨knen\[nImcap v.

125

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

]ncn™p t]mhp-Ibpw B Hgn-hn-te°v ]pXnb sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°pIbpw

sNøp∂p.

Cu Imc-W-Øm¬ cmPy-k` Hcn-°epw ]ncn®p hnSm-dn√. AXn-\m¬

CXns\ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ÿncw k`-sb∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. temI k`

]ncn®p hnSp-Ibpw ]pXnb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-

N-cy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw cmPy-k` hnfn®p Iq´m\pw ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\y-ap≈

Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøm\pw CXp aqew km[n-°p-∂p.

cmPyk -bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ AwK-ßsf IqSmsX \ma

\n¿t±iw sNøs∏Sp∂ AwK-ß-fp-≠v. kmlnXyw, Ie, kmaq-ly-tkh-\w,

kb≥kv XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]mhoWyw sXfn-bn® hy‡n-Ifn¬ \n∂pw

12 AwK-ßsf cmPy k`-bn-te°v \ma \n¿t±iw sNøm≥ cmjv{S-]-Xn°v

A[nIm-c-ap-≠v

temIk` (Loksaba)temI k -bn-te°pw kwÿm\ \nba k -bn-te°pw D≈ {]Xn \n[n-Isf

P\-ßƒ t\cn v sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. temI-k- -bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n cmPysØ (kwÿm\ \nb-a-k- -bmsW-¶n¬, kwÿm-

\-sØ) GI-tZiw Xpey P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XØnep≈ hnhn[ \ntbm-PI

aWvU-e-ß-fm°n Xncn -®n -cn -°p -∂p. km¿Δ-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn

thm´hImisØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Hmtcm aWvU-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp{]Xn-

\n-[nsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂p. km¿Δ-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn thm -h-

Imi {]Imcw Hmtcm hy‡n-bpsSbpw, thm´ns‚ aqeyw Xpey-am-

bn-cn°pw. cmPyØv \ne-hn¬ 543 temI-k` \ntbm-PI aWvU-e-

ß-fmWv D≈-Xv. 1971 apX¬ CXn\v am‰w h∂n- n-√.

temIk -bpsS ]c-am-h[n Imem-h[n 5 h¿j-am-Wv. Imcy

\n¿h-lW hn`mKw F∂ ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse

cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nIƒt°m Iq´p£n ap∂WnIƒt°m sXc-s™-

Sp-∏n\p tijw Hcp Kh¨sa‚n\v cq]w sImSp-°m≥ km[n-°msX

hcn-I-tbm, {][m\a{¥n cmjv{S-]-Xn-tbmSv temIk` ]ncn®p hn v

]pXnb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-hm≥ D]-tZin°p-Itbm sNøpIbm-

sW¶n¬ Imem-h-[nbv°v apºv temI-k` ]ncn®p hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv.

ImbnI XmcßsfbpwIe m°mc≥a m s cb p wi m k v { X ⁄ m s c b p wcmPyk`bnte°v \ma\n¿t±iw sNøp∂Xnep≈hyhÿIƒ Dƒs∏SpØnbXv F¥n\msW∂vF\n°v a\ nemIp∂n√.BscbmWv Ah¿ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xv. Ah¿bYm¿∞-Øn¬ cmPyk`bpsS \S]Sn {Iaßfn¬ kw`m -h\ sNøp -

∂pt≠m?

{]h¿Ø\w

hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cmPy k`-bn-te°v sXc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-I. 2011

se sk≥kkv {]Imcw kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jybpw

Ah-cpsS cmPy-k` {]mXn-\n-[yhpw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp Nm¿ v

Xøm-dm-°p-I.

126

]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? (What does theParliament do?)\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS NpaXeIƒ Fs¥√mamWv ?

]m¿esa‚ns‚ c≠p kÌfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp t]msebmtWm ?

c≠p kÌfpsSbpw A[nImcßfn¬ hyXymkapt≠m ?

\nba \n¿ΩmWw IqSmsX a‰p ]e NpaXeIfpw ]m¿esa‚ v

\n¿hln°p∂p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ NpaXeIsf \ap°v ]ńIs∏SpØmw.

$ \nba \n¿ΩmW NpaXeIƒ: cmPyØn\p th≠n \nba\n¿ΩmWw

\SØp∂Xv ]m¿esa‚mWv. \nba\n¿ΩmWamWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ apJy

NpaXesb¶nepw ]et∏mgpw ]m¿esa‚ v \nba \n¿ΩmWØn\p AwKoImcw

sImSp°pI am{Xta sNømdp≈q. Hcp _n√ns‚ IcSv Xømdm°p∂Xv

_‘s∏á{¥namcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ DtZymKÿcmWv. Hcp _n√ns‚

D≈S°hpw AXns‚ AhXcW kabhpw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv Im_n\‰mWv.

Im_n\‰ns‚ AwKoImcan√msX {][m\ _n√pIsfm∂pw ]m¿esa‚n¬

AhXcn∏n°phm≥ km[n°pIbn√. a{¥namc√mØ AwK-ßƒ°pw

]m¿esa‚ n¬ _n√pIƒ AhXcn∏n°msa¶nepw Kh¨sa‚ns‚

]n¥pWbn√msX ]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ km[n°pIbn√.

$ Imcy\n¿hW hn`mKsØ \nb¥n°pIbpw AXns‚ DØchmZnXzw

Dd∏phcpØpIbpw sNøpI: Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw AXns‚ A[nImc

]cn[n ewLn°p∂n√ F∂pw sXscs™SpØ P\ßtfmSv DØchmZnXzw

]pe¿Øp∂ps≠∂pw Dd∏phcptØ≠Xp≠v. CXv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ G‰hpw

{][m\s∏´ NpaXebmWv. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Cu NpaXesb°pdn®v Cu

A[ymbØns‚ as‰mcp mKØv hniZambn \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.

$ kmºØnI NpaXe: Kh¨sa‚ v ]eImcyßƒ°pw th≠n [mcmfw ]Ww

sNehgn°p∂p≠v. Cu ]Ww FhnsS \n∂pw e`n°p∂p? Kh¨sa‚ns‚

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p≈ ]Ww (hn`hßƒ) Is≠Øp∂Xv ]eXcw

\nIpXnIfneqsSbmWv Hcp P\m[n]Xy hyhÿbn¬ \nIpXn NpaØ¬

{]{Inbbpw Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ ]Ww sNehgn°p∂ am¿§ßfpw

\nb{¥n°p∂Xv \nba\n¿ΩmWkÌfmWv. temIk`bpsS

AwKoImctØmsS am{Xta C¥ymKh¨sa‚n\v ]pXnb \nIpXn NpaØphm≥

km[n°pIbp≈p. Kh¨sa‚ n\v AXns‚hnhn[ ]≤XnIƒ

\S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ hn`hßƒ A\phZn°p∂Xv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ kmº-ØnI

A[n-Im-c-Øn¬s∏- -XmWv. kamlcn°m\m{Kln°p∂ hn`hßsf°pdn®pw

sNehgn® ]WsØ°pdn®pap≈ Hcp IW°v Kh¨sa‚pIƒ

\nba\n¿ΩmW k`bv°v ap∂n¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°Ww. k¿°m¿ ]Ww

Zp¿hn\ntbmKw sNøp∂ns√∂pw AXpt]mse AanXambn ]Ww

sNehgn°p∂ns√∂pw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk` Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. AXp-t]mse

127

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

k¿°m-cns‚ hm¿jnI [\-Imcy Ah-tem-I-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw _P-‰n-eq-sS-bp-

amWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

$ {]mXn\n[yw: cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ {]mtZinI kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI

aXhn`mKßfpsS ho£Wßsf ]m¿esa‚ v {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂p.

$ N¿®m]camb NpaXe: cmPyØns‚ G‰hpw D∂Xamb N¿®mthZnbmWv

]m¿esa‚ v. N¿®Iƒ \SØp∂Xn\p≈ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ A[nImcØn\v

]cnanXnIfn√. AwKßƒ°v GXp hnjbhpw \n¿`bambn ]m¿esa‚n¬

N¿® sNømhp∂XmWv. cmPyw t\cnSp∂ GsXmcp hnjbsØbpw

hniIe\w \SØm≥ CXv ]m¿esa‚ ns\ {]m]vXam°p∂p.

P\m[n]Xy]camb Xocpam\ßfpsS ASn-ÿm\w CØcw ImX-emb N¿®-

I-fm-Wv.

`cWLS\m]camb NpaXe

`cWLS\m t`ZKXn N¿® sNøm\pw \S∏nem°m\pw ]m¿esa‚n\v

A[nImcap≠vv. Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ]m¿esa‚nse c≠p k`bv°pw Xpey

A[nImcamWp≈Xv. cWLS\m]camb F√m c-W-L-S\m t`ZKXnIfpw

]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp k`Ifpw {]tXyI qcn]£tØmsS AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI

]m¿esa‚ v F∂ bPam\\p apºn¬ a{¥nam¿ hfsc hn\oXcmWv. hnhn[a{¥mebßƒ°v ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xn\p≈ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ A[nImcamWv

CXn\p ImcWw.

3 April 1955

128

$ sXscs™Sp∏v NpaXe (Electoral Functions): sXscs™Sp∏v kw_‘amb Nne

NpaXeIfpw ]m¿esa‚ v \n¿hln°p∂p≠v. C¥ybpsS cmjv{S]Xnsbbpw

D]cm{„]Xnsbbpw sXsc™Sp°p∂Xv ]m¿esa‚mWv.

$ \oXn\ymb NpaXeIƒ (Judical Functions): cm{„]Xn, D]cmjv{S]Xn, kp{]owtImSXn

sslt°mSXn PUvPnam¿ F∂nhsc ]pdØm°p∂Xn\p≈ \n¿t±iw ]cnKWn°m\p≈

A[nImcw ]m¿esa‚ns‚ \oXn\ymb NpaXebn¬ s]´XmWv..cmPyk`bpsS A[nImcßƒ

]m¿esa‚ns‚ s]mXphmb NpaXeIfmWv apIfn¬ N¿® sNbvXv. F∂m¬ Hcp ZznaWvUe

\nba\n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ c≠p kÌfpsSbpw A[nImcßfn¬ Nne hyXymkßfp¨v.

Ahsb°pdn®v Xmsg \¬Inb ]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v a\ nem°mw.

cmPyk`bpsS {]tXyI A[nImcßƒkwÿm\ßƒ°v {]mXn\n[yw \¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ÿm]\]camb Hcp

kwhn[m\amWv cmPyk`sb∂v \nßƒ°v Adnbmat√m ? kwÿm\ßfpsS A[nImcßƒkwc£n°pIbmWv AXns‚ e£yw. BbXn\m¬ kwÿm\ßfpambn _‘s∏´GsXmcp hnjbhpw \n¿_‘ambpw cmPyk`bpsS ]cnKW\°pw AwKoImcØn\pw

hnńcn°Ww. kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏´ GsX¶nepsamcp hnjbw (kwÿm\\nbak`bv°vam{Xw \nbaw \n¿Ωn°m≥ ]‰p∂Xv.) cmPyØns‚ s]mXpXmev]cyw ]cnKWn®v bqWnb≥enÃntet°m IÏd‚ v enkvddntet°m am‰m≥ ]m¿esa‚ v B{Kln°pIbmsW¶n¬

cmPyk`bpsS AwKoImcw A\nhmcyamWv. Cu hyhÿ cmPyk`bpsS IcpØvh¿≤n∏n°p∂p. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS A\p-` -h-Øn¬ cmPyk`mwKßƒ kz¥w

cmPy k -bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ$ [t\-Xc _n√p-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bpw,

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw [\ _n√pIƒ°v t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±in-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

$ `cWLS\m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I.$ tNmZyßƒ tNmZn®psIm≠pw {]ta-b-ßƒ

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw Imcy \n¿Δ-lWhn`m-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-I.

$ cmjv{S-]-Xn-sb-bpw, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-sbbpwsXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw \o°w sNøpIbpwsNøp∂p. D]-cm-jv{S -]-Xnsb \o°wsNøp∂ {]{In-b°v ap≥ssI FSp-°p-∂XvcmPy-k- -bm-Wv. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-sebpwsslt°m-S-Xn-bn-sebpw PUvPn-amsc \o°wsNøp∂p.

$ kwÿm\ enÃnse hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ns\Npa-X-e-s∏SpØm\p≈ A[n-Imcw cmPy-k-

-bv°m-Wv.

temIk`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ$ bqWnb≥ enÃnepw IÏd‚ v enÃnepw

Dƒs∏´ hnjbßfn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmWw\SØp∂p. [\˛[t\Xc _n√pIƒAhXcn∏n°pIbpw \nba \n¿ΩmWw\SØpIbpw sNøp∂p.

$ \nIpXn Npa-Ø¬, hm¿jnI kmº-ØnIIW-°p-Iƒ, _UvP‰v F∂n-h-bv°p≈\n¿t±ißƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ tNmZy-ßƒ, D]-tNm-Zy-ßƒ, Xocp-am-\-ßƒ{]ta-b-ßƒ, Ahn-izmk {]ta-b-ßƒ,XpSßnb-h-bn-eqsS Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p.

$ `cWLS\ t`ZKXn sNøp∂p.$ ASn-b-¥n-cm-hÿm {]Jym-]-\sØ AwKo-

I-cn°p∂p.$ cmjv{S]-Xn-sbbpw D]-cmjv{S]Xn-sbbpw

sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.$ cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn, kp{]ow-tIm-SXn

˛ sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am¿ F∂n-hsc \o°wsNøp∂p.

$ IΩ-‰n-I-sf-bpw, IΩo-j-\p-I-sfbpw \nb-an°pIbpw Ah-bpsS dnt∏m¿´pIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

129

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

kwÿm\Ønt\mSp≈Xnt\°mƒ Iqdv kz¥w cmjv{SobI£ntbmSv]pe¿Øp∂Xmbn ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.temIk`bv°v am{Xambp≈ Nne A[nImcßƒ

temIk`bv°v am{Xambn Nne {]tXyI A[nImcßfp≠v.[\_n√pIƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°mt\m, \ncmIcn°phmt\m, t`ZKXnhcpØphmt\m cmPyk`bv°v A[nImcan√. CXn\p≈A[nImcw

temIk`bv°mWv. a¥nk`bv°v temIk`tbmSmWv DØchmZnXzap≈Xv.A√msX cmPyk`tbmS√. BbXn\m¬ cmPyk`bv°v Kh¨sa‚ns\hna¿in°phm\√msX \o°w sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpI-bn-√. CXn\p≈ ImcWw

Fs¥∂v \nßƒ°v ]dbphm≥ Ignbptam? cmPyk`mwKßsfXncs™Sp°p∂Xv kwÿm\ \nbak`bnse AwKßfmWv (M L A),

A√msX P\ßƒ t\cn´√. BbXn\m¬ Xs∂ cWLS\ cmPyk`bv°v

Nne A[nImcßƒ \¬Inbn´n√. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ AwKoIcn®

P\m[n]Xy hyhÿbn¬ A¥na A[nImcw P\ßƒ°mWv. BbXn\m¬

P\ßfm¬ sXscs™Sp °s∏Sp∂ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°mWv Kh¨sa‚ns\

]pdØm°m\pw kmºØnI Imcyßsf \nb¥n°m\p

ap≈ A[nImcap≈Xv.

F∂m¬ [t\Xc _n√pIƒ ]m m°¬ ,

`cWLS\ t`ZKXn, cmjv{S]XnbpsS Cºo®vsa‚,v

D]cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°¬ XpSßnbImcyßfn¬

temIk`bv°pw cmPyk`bv°pw Xp√y

A[nImcamWp≈Xv.

Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v \nbaw\n¿Ωn°p∂Xv? (How does the Parliment makelaws)GsXmcp \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsSbpw ASnÿm\

NpaXe P\ßƒ°pth≠n \nba \n¿ΩmWw \SØpI

F∂XmWv. \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbv°v

hy‡amsbmcp \S]Sn{Iaap≠v. \nba

\n¿ΩmWØn\p≈ Nne \S]Sn{Iaßƒ

`cWLS\bn¬ kqNn∏n®p´p≠v. F∂m¬ NneXv

Iogvhg°ßfneqsS (conventions) cq]w sIm≈p∂hbmWv. Xmsg

sImSpØncn°p∂ \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS hnhn[L´ßsf

kqNn∏n°p∂ Nm¿ v ]cntim[n®m¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{Inb kmt¶XnIhpw

k¶o¿ÆhpamWv F∂v \nßƒ°v hy‡ambn ImWphm≥ km[n°pw.

\n¿Ωn°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ \nbaØns‚ Hcp IcSv cq]amWv _n√v.

J P \ m h v\ nb {¥n°p∂X vtemIk` -bmWv?BbXn\m¬ AXvXs∂ Bbn-cn°pwIqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ k`.

130

Peoples' inputs

CommitteegivesreportBill Sent to

Committee ordiscussed in

the House itself. Bill

House mayor may notaccept thereport

Introductionin eitherHouse incase ofnon-moneybill

Detaileddiscussionof bill inHouse

Bill is acceptedor rejected

Sent to theOther House

Other Houseapproves or givesrecommendations

Joint Session ofParliament(if required)

Presidentapproves or

sendsback for

reconsideration

Billbecomes

Law

P\m- n-em-j-ßƒ

IΩn‰n AXns‚dnt∏m¿ v\¬Ip∂p

_n¬ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v Ab-°p-Itbm k -bn¬N¿® sNøp-Itbm sNøp∂p

dnt∏m¿´v k` kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-

cn-°p-ItbmsNøp∂p_n¬

[t\-Xc _n√p-Iƒ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚GXp k`-bnepw

BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv

_n¬ \nb-a-am-Ip∂p

cmjv{S-]Xn AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-Itbm

]p\x]cn-tim-[-\bv°p th≠n

Xncn-®-b-°p-ItbmsNøp∂p

k`-bn¬ _n√n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Z-

amb N¿®

_n¬ ASpØ k`-bn-te°v Ab-°p∂p

_n¬ kzoI-cn-°p-ItbmX≈n-°-f-bp-Itbm

sNøp∂p

ASpØ k -bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±-

in-°p-Itbm sNøp∂p

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w

Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬

131

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

_n√pIƒhnhn[XcØnep≠v. a{¥nb√msØmcmƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂

_n√ns\ kzImcy _n¬(private members bill) F∂p hnfn°p∂p. F∂m¬

a{¥nbmb Hcmƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂ _n√ns\ Kh¨sa‚ v _n√v F∂mWv

hnfn°p∂Xv. Hcp _n√v \nbaam°p∂ {]{InbbpsS hnhn[ L´ßƒ

Fs¥∂p \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.

]m¿esa‚n¬ Hcp _n√v AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v ap≥]pXs∂ AØcsamcp

_n√v AhXcn∏n°p∂Xns‚ BhiyIXsb∏‰n [mcmfw N¿®Iƒ

Types of Bills

Ordinary Bill ConstitutionAmendment Bill

Government Bill

Non-MoneyBill

Private Member’sBill

Money Bill

hnhn[Xcw _n√pIƒ

Kh¨sa‚ v _n¬ kzImcy _n¬

[t\Xc _n√v [\_n√v

km[mcW _n√v `cWLS\m t`ZKXn

_n√v

\S°p∂p. sXscs™Sp∏v hmKvZm\ßƒ ]q¿ØoIcn°mt\m hcm≥

t]mIp∂ sXscs™Sp∏n¬ XßfpsS hnPbkm[yX sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnt\m-

km[mcWbmbn cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nIƒ _n√pIƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v

Kh¨sa‚n¬ kΩ¿±w sNepØmdp≠v. X¬]c {Kq∏p-Iƒ, am[y-a-ßƒ, ]uc-

th-Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw {]tXyI \nba-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n

Kh¨sa‚ns\ t{]cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. BbXv \nba \n¿ΩmWw tIhew Hcp

\nb-a-]-c-amb \S-]Sn{Iaw am{X-a√ AsXmcp cmjv{Sob I¿Ω]≤Xn IqSn-

bm-sW∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw. \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-

132

ßƒ, Hcp _n√n\p e`n-°p∂ ]n¥pW As√-¶n¬ FXn¿∏v, `cW I£n-

bpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v hnP-b-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ km[y-X-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-

ßƒ Hcp _n√v Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ km[m-cW ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap∂Wn

cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ Ime-L- -Øn¬ {]tXy-In®pw Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿t±-in-°p∂

_n√p-Iƒ ap∂-Wn-bnse F√m I£n-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. CØcw

{]mtbm-Kn-I-amb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-°pI km[y-a√. Hcp \nba

\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap≥]v Iym_n-\‰v

CØcw Imcy-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

\n¿Ωn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ \nb-a-Øns‚ \bw Im_n-\‰v AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-

tXm-sS-bmWv Hcp _n√ns‚ IcSv Xøm-dm-°¬ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv.

GsXmcp _n√n-s‚bpw IcSv cq]w Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv _‘-

s∏´ a{¥m-e-b-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS

hnhml {]mbw 18- ¬ \n∂pw 21 B°n Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

_n√v Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv \nba a{¥m-e-b-am-Wv. h\n-Xm- -inip

t£a a{¥m-e-bhpw CXn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hpw. _n√p-Iƒ

km[m-cW ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ GXp k -bnepw B k -bnse

Hcp AwK-Øn\v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ km[m-

cW a{¥n-bm-Wv _n√v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≈Xv. [\-Imcy

_n√p-Iƒ temI-k- bn¬ am{Xta Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]mSp-

≈q. temI-k` [\-Imcy _n√p-Iƒ ]m m-°n-Ign-™m¬

cmPy-k- -bn-te°v Ab-°pw.

_n√ns\ Ipdn®p≈ N¿®IfpsS {][m\ `mKßƒ

\S°p∂Xv IΩ‰nIfn¬ sh®mWv. IΩ‰n \¬Ip∂

ip]m¿iIƒ ]n∂oSv kÌfnte°v AwKoImcØn\mbn

Ab°p∂p. CXpsIm≠mWv IΩ‰nIsf amXrI

\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv.

\nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS c≠mw LámWnXv.

aq∂masØbpw Ahkm\sØbpw L´ØnemWv _n√v

]m m°p∂Xn\v th≠n thm n\nSp∂Xv. Hcp [t\Xc _n√v

Hcp k` ]m m°n Ign™m¬ AXv ASpØ k`bnte°v

Ab°pIbpw AhnsS CtX \S]Sn {IaßfneqsS Cu

_n√v IS∂p t]mhpIbpw sNøpw .

Hcp _n√v \nbaamIWsa¶n¬ c≠p kÌfpw ]m m°nbncn°Wsa∂v

\nßƒ°dnbmat√m Hcp \n¿±njvS _n√ns\°pdn®v ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp

kÌfpw XΩn¬ A`n{]mb hyXymkw D≠mhpIbmWv F¶n¬ Ccp

kÌfpsSbpw kwbp‡ ktΩf\w hnfn®p tN¿Øv AXv ]cnlcn°phm≥

{ian°pw. Cßs\ Ccp kÌfpsSbpw kwbp‡ ktΩf\w hnfn®p tN¿Ø

kμ¿`ßfnse√mw Xocpam\ßƒ temIk`°\pIqeambn´mWv h∂Xv.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw

Cu coXnbnemtWm Ah¿

IfnIfnse \nbaßƒ

]n¥pScp∂Xv.

133

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

Hcp [\_n√ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ cmPyk`bv°v AXv AwKoIn°pItbm

am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°pItbm sNømw F∂m¬ AXv X≈n°fbphm≥ Ignbn√.

cmPyk` 14 ZnhkØn\Iw [\_n√n¬ \S]Sn FSpØnńs√¶n¬ AXv

cmPyk` ]m m°nbXmbn ]cnKWn°pw. [\_n√n¬ cmPyk`

\n¿t±in°p∂ t`ZKXnIƒ temIk`bv°v kzoIcn°pItbm

kzoIcn°mXncn°pItbm sNømw. Hcp _n√v Ccp kÌfpw ]m m°n

Ign™m¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS AwKoImcØn\mbn Ab®psImSp°pw.

cmjv{S]XnbpsS A\paXn e`n°p∂tXmsS Hcp _n¬ \nbaambn amdpw.

Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v Imcy\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KsØ\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv? (How does the parliament control the Execu-tive)

A\ptOZw 109

[\_n√pambn _‘-s∏´ {]tXyI \S]Sn {Iaßƒ.

(1)

Hcp [\ _n√v cmPy k`bn¬ AhXcn∏n°phm≥

]mSn√.

]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØpI

$ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{In-b-bpsS N¿®-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp

_n√ns‚ hni-Z-amb N¿®-°p-th≠n ]m¿e-sa‚ v Bh-iy-amb

kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt-hm? Cs√-

¶n¬ Cu t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n Fs¥ms°

\n¿t±-i-ß-fmWv \nßƒ°v apt∂m´p hbv°m-\p-≈Xv?

Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xy {]{In-b-bn¬ temIk`bn¬

`qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńtbm ap∂Wntbm BWv Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn°p∂Xv.

CXv FI-vknIyqóhn\v `qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńbpsS ]n¥pWtbmsS

GI]£obhpw A\nb{¥nXhpamb A[nImcw D]tbmK°phm≥ Ahkcw

\¬Ip∂p. CØcsamcp kmlNcyØn¬ ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xyw

a{¥nk`bpsS GIm[n]XyØnte°v hgpXn hogpIbpw Im_n-\‰v \bn-°p∂

hgnsb k` k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]m¿esa‚ v PmKcqIhpw kPohhpw

Bbn {]h¿Øn®m¬ am{Xsa Ah¿°v \nc¥chpw Imcy£ahpambn

FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q. ]m¿esa‚n\v ]e

134

am¿§ßfneqsSbpw FI-vknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°m≥ km[n°pw.

AXn\m¬ G‰hpw ASnÿm\ambXv k`bnse AwKßƒ°v

P\{]Xn\n[nIsf∂ \nebn¬ ê{]Zambpw \n¿`bambpw

{]h¿Øn°phm\p≈ A[nImchpw kzmX{¥yhpw BWv. DZmlcWØn\v

k`mwKßƒ°v GsXmcp ImcysØ kw_‘n®pw k`yXbpsS

AXn¿hcºpIƒ ewLn°msX k`bn¬ ]dbphm\p≈ A[nImcap≠v.

AXns‚ t]cn¬ k`mwKßƒs°Xnsc Hcp \S]Snbpw FSp°phm≥

km[ya√. CXns\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ hntijm\pIqeyw(parliamentaryprivilage) F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. kw`mKßƒ Cu hntijm\pIqeyw ewLn®n-

´pt≠m F∂v Xocpam\n°m\p≈ A[nImcw k`m[y£\nembncn°pw.

P\ßsf {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xn\pw FI-vknIyqóhn\p ta¬

ê{]Zamb \nb{¥Wßƒ \SØp∂Xn\pw th≠n k`mwKßsf

{]m]vXcm°p∂Xn\mWv k`mwKßƒ°v hntijm[nImcw

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v CØcw \nb{¥Wßƒ

\SØp∂Xv? CXn\v ]m¿esa‚ ns‚ ssIhiap≈ am¿§ßƒ

Fs¥ms°bmWv? FIvknIyqóhns‚ AanXm[nImcsØ

\nb{¥n°qhm≥ ]m¿esa‚dn \nb¥Wßƒ ]cym]vXamtWm ?

]m¿esa‚dn \nb{¥WØn\p≈ D]m[nIƒ (Instruments ofParlimentary control)Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW k` FI-vknIyqóhns‚

DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcptØ≠Xv ]e L´ßfnembn´mWv. \bcq]oIc

WL´w, \nbaw (\bw) \S∏nem°ptºmgpw \S∏m°nbXn\p tijhpap≈

L´w F∂nhbmWh. \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ CXv sNøp∂Xv ]e

am¿§ßƒ D]tbmKn®p sIm≠mWv.

$ ]cymtemN\Ifpw N¿®Ifpw

$ \nbaßƒ AwKoIcn°¬ As√¶n¬ Xnckv°cn°¬

$ kmºØnI \nb{¥Ww

$ Ahnizmk {]tabw

]cymtemN\Ifpw N¿®Ifpw.

\nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS AhkcØn¬ k`mwKßƒ°v FI-

knIyqóhns‚ \bkao-]\w, AXv \S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ coXnIƒ

F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v hy‡-ambn N¿® sNøm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p.

IqSmsX CØcw N¿®m thf-bn-e-√msX k`bnse s]mXp N¿®m

thfIfnepw FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°m≥ k`mwKßƒ°v Ahkcw

e`n°pw. F√m Znhkhpw ]m¿esa‚nse tNmtZymØc thfbn¬

k`mwKßfpsS tNmZyßƒ°v adp]Sn ]dbm≥ a{¥nam¿ _m[yÿcmWv.

iq\ythfbn¬ (Zero Hour) k`mwKßƒ°v {][m\sa∂v IcpXp∂ GXv

hnjbhpw D∂bn°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ CØcw hnjbßƒ°v adp]Sn

Hfn Iymad{]h¿Ø\ßƒ\ne\n¬°p∂Cu kmlNcyØnepw ]m¿esa‚ v AwK ßƒ°vF¥pw FhnsSbpw]dbm \p≈ kzmX{¥ywDt≠m?

135

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

\¬Im≥ a{¥nam¿°v _m[yXbp-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. s]mXp {]m[ym\yap≈

hnjbßsf _‘s∏SpØn ]m¿esa‚n¬ \S°p∂ AcaWn°q¿ N¿®

ASnb¥nc {]tabw XpSßnbh FI-vknIypóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm\p≈

a‰p am¿§ßfmWv.

Hcp ]t£ FI- vknIyqóhns\bpw k¿°mdns‚ hnhn[

`cWhn`mKßsfbpw PmK-cq-I-cm-°m≥ G‰hpw e{]Zamb D]m[nbmWv

tNmtZymØcthf. ]m¿esa‚nse AwKßƒ tNmtZymØcthfbn¬ k`bn¬

lmPcmIphm≥ henb Xmev]cyw ImWn°pw. Cu kabØmWv ]camh[n

AwKßƒ k`bn¬ lmPcmIp∂Xv cmJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X.v hne°b‰w,

`£y[m\yßfpsS e`yX, kaqlØnse ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒs°Xn

cmbp≈ A{Iaßƒ, Iem]ßƒ, Icn©¥ XpSßnb s]mXpXmev]cyap≈

hnjbßfnep≈ k¿°mcns‚ \ne]mSpIƒ Adnbp∂Xn\p th-≠nbmWv

tNmtZymØcthfbn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w tNmZy-ßfpw D∂-bn-°p-∂Xv.

XßfpsS \ntbmPI aWvUeßfnse {]iv\ßƒ D∂bn°phm\pw

Kh¨sa‚ns\ hna¿in°phm\pw AwKßƒ tNmtZymØc thfbnse

Ahkcw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. tNmtZymØc thf NqtSdnb N¿®Iƒ°v

thZnsbmcp°p∂p.AwKßƒ i_vZapb¿Øp∂Xpw k`bpsS

\SpØfØnendßp∂Xpw Cdßn t]m°p \SØp∂Xpw Cu AhkcØn¬

km[mcWamWv. CØcw \S]SnIƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS hnes∏´

kabw A]lcn°p∂Xn\v ImcWamIpw. AtX kabw CØcw

{]h¿Ø\ßsf√mw Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw B\pIqeyßƒ e`n°p∂Xn\p

th≠nbp≈ cmjv{Sob X{¥ßfmsW∂v \mw Hm¿t°≠Xp≠v.

F∂ncp∂mepw CØcw X{¥-ßƒ FIvknIyqóhns\ AXns‚

DØchmZnXzw \n¿hln°p∂Xn\p \n¿_‘n°p∂p.

\nbaßƒAwKoIcn°¬ As√¶n¬ Xnckv°cn°¬

\nbaßƒ°v AwKoImcw \¬Iphm\p≈ A[nImcap]tbmKn®pw

]m¿esa‚ n\v FI- vknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°mw. ]m¿esa‚ ns‚

AwKoImctØmSpIqSn am{Xsa Hcp _n¬ \nbaambn amdpIbp≈q.

hy‡amb qcn]£ap≈ Kh¨sa‚n\v k`bn¬ _n√pIƒ \njv{]bmkw

]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ km[n°pw. F∂ncp∂mepw CXv A{X-ta¬ ]cn-K-Wn-

t°≠ Imcy-a-√. ImcWw `cn°p∂ ]m¿ńbnse AwKßƒ°nSbntem,

ap∂Wnbnse I£nIƒ XΩntem Kh¨sa‚pw {]Xn]£hpw XΩntem, D≈

i‡amb hnet]iepIƒ°p tijambncn°pw CØcsamcp AwKoImcw

e`n°p∂Xv. temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£ap≈ Kh¨sa‚n\v cmPyk`bn¬

`qcn]£an√mØ kmlNcyhpw D≠mImdp≠v. 1977 ˛se P\Xm]m¿ń

Kh¨sa‚n\pw 2000 ˛ Ønse tZiob P\m[n]XykJy Kh¨sa‚n\pw

cmPyk`bn¬ qcn]£ap≠mbncp∂n√. CØcsamcp kmlNcyØn¬ c≠p

kÌfnepw Hcp _n¬ ]m m°nsbSp°p∂Xn\v Kh¨sa‚n\v adp ]£Øn\v

Hcp a{¥nbmbncn°p∂Xv F{X_p≤nap´mbncn°pw. F√m Znhkhpw ]co£ \¬Ip∂Xp t]msebmb n c n° n s√CXv ?

136

henb hmKvZm\ßƒ \¬tI≠n hcpw. Nnet∏mƒ temIk` ]m m°nb

_n√v cmPyk` \ncmIcn°mdp≠v. temIv]m¬ _n¬, 2002 se oIchmZw

XSbp∂Xn\p≈ _n¬ (POTA) XpSßnbh CØcw _n√pIƒ°v

DZmlcWßfmWv.

[\]camb \nb{¥Ww (Financial Control)Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]cn]mSnIƒ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\p≈ kmºØnI hn`hßƒ

AYhm ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xv _UvP‰neqsSbmWv. _UvP‰v

Xømdm°pIbpw Ah \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS AwKoImcØn\mbn

ka¿∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ `cWLS\m]camb

_m[yXbmWv. Cu _m[yX Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\hn\ntbmKØn\pta¬

\nb{¥Ww sNepØp∂Xn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bv°v Ahkcw Hcp°p∂p.

Kh¨sa‚n\v hn`hßƒ A\phZn°p∂Xv \nba \n¿ΩW k`°v

\ncmIcn°mw. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ qcn]£ ]n¥pWtbmsS

`cn°p∂ Kh¨sa‚mbXn\m¬ A]q¿Δ-am-tb Cßs\ kw`hn°mdp≈q

F∂ncp∂mepw Kh¨sa‚n\p ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xn\p apºv AXn\p≈

ImcWw temIk`°v N¿® sNømw. Iw]vt{Smf¿ B‚ v HmUn‰¿

P\dens‚bpw ]ªn°v A°u≠v IaΩ‰nIfpsSbpw dnt∏m¿ńs‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ temIk`bv°v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\ Zp¿hn\ntbmKØn

s\Xnsc At\zjWw \SØmw. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmºØnIØns‚ bp‡n

`{Z-amb hn\n-tbmKw am{Xa√ k`bpsS \nb\{¥Ww sIm≠v e£yw

sh°p∂Xv. _UvP‰neqsS {]Xnên∏n°p∂ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßfpsSbpw

\nb{¥Ww CXv e£yw sh°p∂p. kmºØnI\nb{¥WØneqsS

\nba\n¿ΩmWk` Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßsf \nb{¥n°p∂p.

Ahnizmk {]tabw (No Confidence motion)FI-vknIyqńhns‚ DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v ]m¿esa‚ns\

klmbn°p∂ G‰hpw i‡amb Bbp[amWv Ahnizmk {]tabw. cn°p∂

]m¿ńt°m As√¶n¬ ap∂Wnt°m k`bn¬ `qcn]£w D≈nStØmfw

Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pdØm°pI F∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-Øn-ep-]-cn- k-¶ev]w am{X-

am-Wv. F∂ncp∂mepw 1989 \p tijw k`bn¬ hnizmkw \jvSs∏´Xns‚

t]cn¬ ]e Kh¨sa‚pIfpw cmPn shbv°phm≥ \n¿_‘nXambn´p≠vv.

ap∂Wnbnse LSII£nIfpsS ]n¥pW Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn¬

]cmPbs∏´XmWv Cu Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v k`bpsS hnizkw \jvSs∏Sm≥

ImcWambXv.

Cßs\ ]m¿esa‚ n\v FI- vknIyqóhns\ ê{]Zambn

\nb{¥n°phm\pw Kh¨sa‚ns\ IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnØ t_m[-ap-

≈Xm°m\pw km[n°p∂p. F∂m¬ CXn\v k`mImcyßƒ N¿®

sNøp∂Xn\v th≠{X kabw, k`mwKßfpsS N¿®bnse kPoh

]¶mfnØw, cW]£hpw {]Xn]£hpw XΩnep≈ hn´phogvNm at\m`mhw

137

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

F∂nh A\nhmcyamWv. Ign™ c≠p Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn temIk`bpsSbpw

kwÿm\ \nba kÌfpsSbpw ktΩf\ßƒ N¿®Iƒ°mbn

sNehgn°p∂ kabhpw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn Ipd™vsIm≠ncn°pIbmWv.

IqSmsX Izmdw XnIbmsX ]m¿esa‚ns‚ kÌƒ \n¿Ønshbvt°≠

kmlNcyw {]Xn]£Øns‚ k`m _lnjv°cWw XpSßnb

kmlNcyßƒ aqew FI-vknIyqóhns\ N¿®bneqsS \nb{¥n°phm\p≈

k`bpsS A[nImcw FSpØp]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbmsX t]mIp∂p.

]m¿esa‚ v IΩ‰nIƒ Fs¥ms° sNøp∂p? (What Dothe Committees of Parlament Do)

\nba \n¿ΩmWmhiyßƒ°mbn At\Iw IΩ‰nIƒ \nban°s∏Smdp v.

CXv \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS Hcp apJy khntijXbmWv. k`bpsS

ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ am{X-a√ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw

Cu IΩ‰nIƒ apJy ]¶phln°p∂p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ v ktΩ-fn-°p-∂Xv ktΩ-

f-\- Im-e-b-f-hn¬ am{X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ kabw hfsc

]cnanXamWv. F∂m¬ \nba \n¿ΩmWw \StØ≠ hnjbØn¬

BgØnep≈ ]T\w A\nhmcyamWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXn\v IqSpX¬ {i≤bpw

kabhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse hnhn[ a{¥mebßƒ Bhiys∏Sp∂

{Km‚ns\Ipdn®p≈ ]T\w, Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpsS

sNehpIƒ ]cntim[n°¬, AgnaXn tIkpIfn¬ At\zjWw \SØ¬

XpSßnb {][m-\-s∏´ {]hrØnIfpw \SØp∂Xv ]m¿esa‚ndn IΩ‰nIfmWv.

1983 apX¬ ]m¿esa‚dnÃm‚ nwK v IΩ‰nIƒ°v C¥y cq]w

sImSp°pIbp≠mbn. hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpambn _‘s∏´ AØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ 20 ¬ ]cw IΩ‰nIƒ C∂v {]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚p

IfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ AhbpsS _UvP‰v, Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpambn

_‘s∏´v k`bn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ sNehpIƒ _n√pIƒ F∂nhbpsS

ta¬t\m´w CØcw Ãm‚nwKv IΩ‰nIƒ°mWv.

Ãm‚nwKv IΩ‰nIƒ°p ]pdta, kwbp‡ ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nIƒ°v

(JPC) \ΩpsS cmPyØv t{imjvT-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v. Hcp {]tXyI _n√ns\

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

ZqcZ¿i≥ kwt{]jWw sNøp∂ ]m¿esa‚ v ktΩf\ßƒ XpS¿®bmbn

aq∂v Znhkw ho£n°pI. As√¶n¬ XpS¿®bmbn aq∂v ZnhksØ ]{X

dnt∏m¿´pIƒ tiJcn®psIm≠v Hcp Npa¿]{Xw \n¿Ωn°pI. N¿®

sNøp∂ hnjbßƒ k]o°dpsS ]¶v, k`bn¬ D∂bn°p∂ tNmZyßƒ,

{]Xn\n[nIfpsS cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ, \nßfpsS {]tZiØv\n∂pap≈

{]Xn\n[nIƒ, N¿®sNøp∂ hnjbßfpsS ,kz-`mhw tZiobamtWm

{]mtZinIamtWm F∂o Imcyßƒ \nco£Ww \SØpI

138

Ipdn® v N¿® sNøp∂Xn\pw kmºØnI

{Iat°SpIsf Ipdn®v At\zjn°p∂Xn\pamWv

CØcw IΩ‰nIsf \nban°p∂Xv. kwbp‡

]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nbnse AwKßsf Ccp k`Ifn¬

\n∂pambn sXcss™Sp°p∂p.

IΩ‰n k{ºZmbw ]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\`mcw

eLpIcn°p∂p. ]e {][m\s∏´ _n√pIfpw

IΩ‰nbpsS ]cnKW\bv°v ka¿∏n°mdp≠v.

IΩ‰nIƒ ]q¿ØoIcn® {]hrØnIsf Npcp°w Nne

t`ZKXnItfmsS ]m¿esa‚ v AwKoIcn°pIbmWv

]Xnhv. \nba]cambn ]d™m¬ Xo¿®bmbpw

]m¿esa‚ns‚ AwKoImcan√msX Hcp _n√pw

\nbaamhpItbm Hcp _UvP‰pw ]m m°s∏SpItbm

sNøn√. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nIƒ \¬Ip∂

\n¿t±ißsf A]q¿Δamtb ]m¿esa‚ v

Xnckv°cn°mdp≈q.

Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v kzbw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv (How does the Parliment Regu-late Itself)

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI

Kh¨sa‚ns\ FXnsc {]Xn]£w XpS¿®-bmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp am¿§amWvk`m_lnjv°cWw F¥n\pw GXn\pwD]tbmKs∏SptØ≠ Hcp Bbp[amtWmk`m _lnjv°cWw?

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS kzm`mhw]cnKWn°ptºmƒ AXns‚ \S]Sn{Iaßfn¬ am{XamWv\nb{¥Wßfp≈Xv. F∂m¬kØbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsSAs√¶n¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚]cam[nImcØn\v \nb{¥Wßtfm]canXnItfm C√.

F≥. hn. KmUvKn¬ CAD, Vol. XI, P.659, 1949 \hw-_¿ 18

139

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

ap≥]v kqNn -∏n -® -Xp -t]mse ]m¿esa‚ v Hcp N¿®mthZnbmWv.

N¿®IfneqsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ v {][m\s∏´ F√m {]h¿Ø\ßfpw

\SØp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ N¿®Isf√mw A¿∞]q¿Æhpw {Ia{]Imchp

ambncn°Ww. F¶n¬ am{Xta k`bpsS A¥ n\v If¶ta¬°msX

AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ kpKaambn \SØphm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.

kÌfpsS {]h¿Ø\w kqKaambn \SØp∂Xn\v th≠n Nne hyhÿIƒ

`cWLS\bn¬Xs∂ Dƒs°m≈n®n´p≠v. k`m\S]SnIƒ \nb{¥n°p∂

Xn\p≈ A¥na A[nImcw k`m[y£\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°pw.

k`m[y£≥am¿°v k`bnse AwKßfpsS s]cpam‰sØ

\nb{¥n°phm≥ as‰mcp am¿§w IqSnbp≠v. Iqdpam‰ \ntcm[\

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI

""\Ωƒ hm°u´v \S-Øp-I-b-√, \Ω-tfmSv ]pd-tØ°v t]mIp-hm≥ I¬∏n-°-s∏-´-XmWv''.]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ßƒ ]d-™p. CØcw kml-N-cy-ßƒ k`-bn¬ F√m-bvt]mgpw kw`-hn-°m-dpt≠m?

\nbasØ°pdn®v \nßƒ tIń´p≠mbncn°pat√m? GsX¶nepsamcp

cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS Sn°‰n¬ a’cn®v hnPbn®n´mWv an°hmdpw BfpIƒ

k`mwKßfmhp∂Xv. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xn\v tijw Ah¿ kz¥w

]m¿ńbn¬ \n∂pw hn´p-t]m-Im≥ Xocp-am-\n®m¬ F¥mWv kw`hn°pI?

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw h¿jßtfmfw Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°s∏SmsX

\ne\n∂ncp∂p. F∂m¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS _m\dn¬ a’cn®v hnPbn®

Hcmƒ as‰mcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbnte°v Iqdp-am-dp-∂Xv XSbphm≥ cmjv{Sob

]m¿ńIƒ XΩn¬ [mcWbmbn. CXn\p th≠n 1985 ¬ sIm≠ph∂ 52˛mw

140

`cWLS\ t`ZKXnbmWv Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ \nbaw. 91˛mw

`cWLS\t`ZKXn Cu \nbaØn¬Nne ]cnjvImcßƒ sIm≠ph∂p.

Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\hpambn _‘s∏ v tIkpIfn¬ A¥naamb Xocpam\w

FSp°phm\p≈ A[nImcw k`m[y£\mbncn°pw. Hcp AwKw

IqdqamdnbXmbn {]Jym]n®m¬ At±lØn\v k`mwKXzw \jvSs∏Spw.

IqSmsX At±lØns‚ a{¥n]Zw t]msebp≈ ]ZhnIƒ hln°phm\p≈

tbmKyXbpw C√mXmhpw.

F¥mWv Iqdqam‰w? HcwKw IqdpamdnbXmbn {]Jym]n°p∂Xv.

t\XrXzØns‚ \n¿t±iw AhKWn®v k`bn¬ lmPcmImXncn°pIbpw

]m¿ń \n¿t±ißƒs°Xncmbn thm´p sNøpIbpw ]m¿ń

AwKXzw kzta[bm Dt]£n°pIbpw sNøptºmgmWv

HcwKw Iqdp-am-dn-b-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv.

Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ t`ZKXn \nbaw \ne-hn¬ hs∂-

¶nepw AXn\v Iqdpam‰sØ XSbphm≥

km[n®nńs√∂mWv Ign™ 20 h¿jsØ A\p`hßƒ

shfn-hm-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]m¿ń t\XrXzØn\pw

k`m[y£\pw AwKßfpsS ta¬ IqSpX¬ A[nImcw

\¬Ip∂Xn\v CXv ImcWambn.

D]-kw-lmcw]m¿esa‚dn \S]Sn {IaßfpsS X¬kab kwt{]£Ww \nßƒ

I≠n´pt≠m? cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ {]tZißsf {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂

h¿Æmàmb hkv{Xßƒ AWn™ XnI™ Hcp aghn√v t]msebmWv

C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v F∂v \nßƒ°v a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.

AwKßƒ hyXykvX `mjIfnemWv ]m¿esa‚ v \S]Sn{Iaßfn¬

kwkmcn°p∂Xv. Ah¿ hyXykvX PmXnsbbpw aXßsfbpw

hn`mKßsfbpw {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p. Ah¿ ]ckv]cw i‡amb

FXn¿∏pIƒ ]pe¿Ømdp≠v. Ah¿ cmPyØns‚ ]Whpw kabhpw

\jvSs∏SpØpIbmsW∂v Hcp [z\n ]e-t∏mgpw krjvSn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

CtX ]m¿esa‚n\p Xs∂ FI-vknIyqóhns\ Imcy£aambn

Ah¿ F¥n\pt h ≠ n - b m W v]m¿ń amdp -∂-sX∂v F\n°v a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. Hcn-°¬ hn´p-t]mbcmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fn -te°v Ah¿ho≠pw Xncn-®p-h-cnIt]mepw sNøp-

∂p-≠t√m?\ nba\ n¿a mXm°ƒ t]mepw Nne\ n b a Ø n \ vhnt[bcmWv.

141

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

\nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°psa∂v \ap°v Cu ]mT`mKØp \n∂pw

a\ nem°phm≥ km[n®p. kaqlØns‚ hyXykvX hn`mKßfpsS

Xm¬]cyßsf Ah¿°v kwc£n°phm≥ km[n°p∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v

LSIßfn¬ G‰hpw {]mXn\n[yap≈ LS-I-am-Wv \nb-a-\n¿Ω hn`mKw.

hyXykvX kmaqlnI ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂v hcp∂

{]Xn\n[nIfp≈Xn\m¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ IqSpX¬ {]mXn\n[y

kz`mhhpw P\ßfpsS {]Xo£s°mØ {]XnIcWhpw \SØp∂p.Hcp

]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]XyØn¬ P\ßfpsS A`nemjßsf

{]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂ LSIw F∂ \ne°v \nba\n¿ΩmW k`°v

D∂X A[nImchpw DØchmZnXzhpap≠v. ChnsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚

P\m[n]Xy i‡n IpSnsIm≈p∂Xv.

A`ymkw1. P\ßfpsS t£aw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\p th≠n Imcy£aamb

Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v cmPyØn\mhiyaps≠∂v AtemIv IcpXp∂p.

\Ωƒ {][m\a{¥nsbbpw a{¥namscbpw sXcss™Sp°pIbpw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tPmen Ahsc G¬∏n°pIbp sNbvXm¬ \ap°v

Hcp \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS Bhiyan√. \nßƒ Cu

BibtØmSv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? ImcWw \¬IpI.

2. ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS ta∑Isf°pdn®v \nßfpsS

¢m n¬, \S∂p sIm≠ncn°p∂ N¿®bn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂

hmZKXnIƒ Db¿∂p h∂p. Cu hmZKXnIƒ hmbn®v CXnt\mSv

\nßƒ tbmPn°p∂pthm AtXm hntbmPn°p∂pthm F∂v

ImcWklnXw hniZoIcn°pI

$ t\l ]d™p, ZznaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ Hcp

e£yhpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂n√

$ c≠masØ aWvUeØnte°v hnZKv[cmbhsc \ma \n¿t±iw

sNøWsa∂v iyma hmZn-®p.

$ XrZn_v ]d™p, Hcp cmPyØv sÛd¬ hyhÿnXnb√

142

\ne\n¬°p∂sX¶n¬ c≠-masØaWvUeØns‚

BhiyIXbn√.

3. F¥psIm≠mWv temIk`bv°v cmPyk`tb°mƒ Imcy£aambn

FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°p∂Xv.?

4. FI- vknIyqóhns\ Imcy£aambn \nb{¥n°p∂Xnep]cn

temIk` P\ßfpsS {]Xo£Isfbpw A`nemjßsfbpw

{]ISn∏n°p∂ thZnbmWv. \nßƒ CXnt\mSv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?

ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.

5. ]m¿esa‚ns\ IqSpX¬ Imcy£aam°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Nne

\n¿t±ißƒ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p. CXnt\mSv \nßƒ

tbmPn°p∂pthm hntbmPn°p∂pthm F∂v ImcW klnXw

hy‡am°pI. Cu \n¿t±ißƒ kzoIcn°s∏SpIbmsW¶n¬

AXns‚ ]cnWXêw F¥mbncn°pw?. hniZoIcn°pI.

$ ]m¿esa‚ v IqSpX¬ kabw {]h¿Øn°Ww.

$ ]m¿esa‚nse AwKßƒ°v lmP¿ \n¿_‘am°Ww.

$ k`m \S]SnIƒ XS s∏SpØp∂hsc in£n°m≥ kv]o°¿°v

A[nImcap≠mbncn°Ww.

6. {][m\s∏´ _n√pIsf√mw a{¥nam¿ \n¿t±in°pIbpw k`bn¬

`qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńbpsS a{¥nam¿ AhXcn∏n°p∂ Kh¨sa‚ v

_n√pIsf√mw ]m m°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXm¬ ]ns∂

]m¿esa‚n\v \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbn¬ F¥v ]¶mWv

hln°phm\p≈sX∂v Bcn^vAdnbphm≥ B{Kln°p∂p.

At±lØn\v F¥v adp]SnbmWv \nßƒ°v \¬Iphm≥

km[n°pI.

7. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ GsX√w {]kvXmh\ItfmSmWv \nßƒ

IqSpX¬ tbmPn°p∂Xv. ImcWw \¬IpI.

$ \nba\n¿ΩmW kanXnbnse AwKßƒ°v CjvSap≈

]m¿ńbn¬ tNcphm≥ Ahkcw \¬IWw.

$ Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ \nbaw \nbak`mkamPnI¿°p ta¬ ]m¿ń

t\Xm°ƒ°v Hcp ta[m-hnXzw \¬Ip∂p≠v.

$ Iqdpam‰w F√mbvt∏mgpw kz¥w Xm¬]cy

kwc£WØn\pth≠n \SØp∂XmIbm¬ a‰p ]m¿ńbn¬

143

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`

tN¿°phm≥ B{Kln°p∂ \nbak`m kmamPnIsc

ASpØ c≠p h¿jtØ°v a{¥nbm°p∂Xn¬ \n∂pw

AtbmKycm°Ww.

8. ASpØ Ime-Øm-bp≈ ]m¿esa‚ ns‚ Imcy£aXsb

Ipdn®pw ê{]m]vXnsb Iqdn®pamWv tUmfnbpw kp[bpw

kwhmZw \SØp∂Xv. N¿®Iƒ°pw kwhmZßƒ°pw th≠n

sNehmIp∂ ]canXamb kabw k`bpsS {]h¿Ø\Øn¬

hcp∂ XS ßƒ, k`m _lnjv°cWw XpSßnbh aqew

]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v ]nt∂m-´Sn t\cn-Sp-∂p-

s≠∂v tUmfn hniz -kn -°p -∂p. F∂m¬ ]e

Kh¨sa‚pIfpsSbpw temIk`mXeØnse ]cmPbw

AXns‚ Ne-\m-fl-IX°v sXfn-hm-sW∂v kp[ hmZn°p∂p.

tUmfnbpsSbpw kp[bpsSbpw hmZßsf FXn¿Øpw

A\pIqen®pw a‰v F¥v hmZßfmWv \¬Iphm≥ km[n°pI?

9. Hcp _n√v \nbaambn amdp∂Xns‚ hnhn[ L´ßfmWv Xmsg

sImSpØncn°p∂Xv. Ahsb icnbmbn {Ias∏SpØpI.

$ Hcp _n√v N¿®s°Sp°p∂Xn\p th≠n Hcp {]tabw

]m m°p∂p.

$ _n√v cmjv{S]XnbpsS ]cnKW\bv°v hnSp∂p. cmjv{S-]Xn

AXn\p AwKo-Imcw \¬In-bn- n-√-¶n¬ ]n∂oSv AXn\p F¥v

kw`-hn-°p-∂p.

$ _n√v ]m m°p∂Xn\p th¨n ASpØ k`bnte°v

Ab°p∂p.AXv ]m m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ _n¬ \n¿t±in°s∏´ k`-bn¬ Xs∂ ]m m°p∂p.

$ _n√ns‚ Hmtcm hIp∏pIfpw hmbn°pIbpw AXv

thmń\nSpIbpw sNøp∂p.

$ _n√v k_vIΩ‰nbpsS ]cnKW\°v hnSp∂p. IΩ‰n

Bhiyamb XncpØepIƒ hcpØn k`bpsS

N¿®°pth≠n Ab°p∂p.

$ _‘s∏á{¥n _n√ns‚ BhiyIXsb Ipdn®v k`bn¬

hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ \nba a{¥mebw _n√ns‚ IcSv Xømdm°p∂p.

144

10. Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰n kwhn[m\w ]m¿esa‚ns‚

\nba\n¿ΩmW ta¬t\m´sØbpw hnebncpØens\bpw

_m[n®Xv?

145

A[ymbw 6 \oXn \ymb hn`mKw

A[ymbw 6

\oXn \ymb hn`mKw (JUDICIARY)

BapJw (Introduction)hy‡n-Iƒ XΩntem, kzImcy ÿm]-\-ßƒ XΩntem Dff X¿°-ßƒ Xo¿∏m-

°p∂ a≤y-ÿ¿ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e-t∏mgpw tImS-XnIsf ImWm-dp-f-f-Xv.

F∂m¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v Nne cmjv{Sob Npa-X-e-Iƒ IqSn-bp-≠v.

\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv. temI-Ønse-

Xs∂ G‰hpw i‡-amb tImS-Xn-I-fn-sem-∂mWv C¥y-bpsS kq{]ow tImS-

Xn. cW LS-\sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-epw, AXns\ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xnepw

1950 apX¬ Xs∂ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ]¶mWv \oXn \ymb hn`mKw hln-®ph-

cp-∂Xv. \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]¶ns\°pdn®pw {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pamWv

Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ \nßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-

°p-∂-Xn¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K--Øn-\p-ff {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v "auenImh-Im-

i-ßƒ' F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ hmbn-®-Xm-W-t√m. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-

ßƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ ]T\w \sΩ klm-bn-°pw.

* "\oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw' F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w.

* \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-

Øns‚ ]¶v.

* `c-W-L-S-\sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]¶v.

* C¥ybn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘w.

146


Hcp kzX{¥ \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb¥v

˛ Why do we need an Independent Judiciary?)GsXmcp kaq-l-Ønepw, hy‡n-IƒXΩn-epw, hy‡n-Ifpw kwL-ßfpw

(groups) XΩnepw, hy‡nIfpw kwL-ßfpw Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw X¿°-

ß-fp-≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. \nb-a-hmgvN (Rule of Law) F∂ XXz-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h-¿Øn-°p∂ kzX-{¥-amb Hcp ÿm]\w CØ-c-Øn-

ep-ff F√m X¿°-ßfpw Xo¿∏m-°p-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-am-Wv F∂XmWv \nb-a-

hmgvN F∂Xv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv. F√m hy‡n-Ifpw, kº-∂cpw Zcn-

{Z-cpw, kv{XoIfpw, ]pcp-j≥amcpw, apt∂m°°mcpw ]nt∂m-°-°mcpw Htc

\nb-a-Øn\v hnt[-b-cmWv. \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ apJy-Np-a-Xe \nba

hmgvN kwc£n°p-Ibpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ]c-

am-[n-Imcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂-Xm-Wv. hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

kwc-£n-°p-I, \nb-a-]-c-ambn X¿°-ßƒ

Xo¿∏m-°p-I, P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp hy‡n-

bpsStbm kwL-Øn-s‚tbm tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-

Øn-te°v hgn amdp-∂n√ F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-

ØpI F∂n-hbpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-

Øns‚ a‰v Npa-XeIfmWv. Cu Npa-X-e-

Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \n¿Δ-ln-°W-sa-¶n¬

\oXn \ymb hn`m-Kw, cmjv{Sob kΩ¿Z-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw kzX-{¥-am-tI-

≠Xm-Wv.

\oXn-\ymb hn`mKØns‚ kzmX{¥yw F∂-

Xp -sIm≠v F¥m-W¿∞-am -°p -∂Xv?

Fßs\ Cu kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ømw?

\oXn -\ymb hn`m -K -Øns‚

kzmX{¥yw (Independence of Ju-diciary)efn-X-ambn ]d-™m¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-

Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw F∂XvsIm≠v A¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv,

$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ a‰v LS-I-ß-fmb

\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpw (Legislature)"apjvSn-bp≤w th≠ CXv \nb-a-hm-gvN-bmWv'

READ A CARTOON

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147


Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Khpw (Executive ) \oXn \ymb hn`m-

K-Øns‚ (Judiciary) Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ XS w

krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I:

$ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬, Kh¨sa‚ns‚

a‰v c≠v LS-I-ß-fmb \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -bpw, Imcy \n¿Δ-

lW hn`m-Khpw CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I.

$ `btam ]£-t -Ztam C√m-sX, \ymbm[n-]≥am¿°v Xß-fpsS

Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥ Ign-bpI F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-sat∂m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-√mbva

Ft∂m kzX{¥ \oXn\ymb hn`mKw F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞-

am°p∂n√. cmPysØ P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\-Øn-s‚

Hcp mK-amWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ \oXn\ymb

hn`m-K-Øn\v cmPyØns‚ c-W-L-S\tbmSpw P\m-[n-]Xy ]mc-

º-cy-tØmSpw P\-ß-tfmSpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v.

\oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw Fßn-s\-bmWv kwc-

£n-°p-Ibpw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-f-fXv?

hnhn[ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS mc-X-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\ \oXn-\ymb

hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ymbm-[n-

]≥amcpsS \nb-a\ {]{In-b-bn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k` CS-s]-Sp-

∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ch-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ I£n-cm-jv{So-

b-Øn\v Imcy-amb ]s¶m-∂p-an-s√∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcmƒ,

\ymbm-[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ H∂p-In¬ Hcp \nb-a-]-

fin-X-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww, As√-¶n¬ A`n- m-j-I\mbn A\p- h ]cn-

Nbw D≠m-h-Ww. Hcm-fpsS cmjv{So-bm- n-{]m-b-tam, cm{„ob hnt[-

b-Xztam \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ff am\Z-fi-

ßf√

\ymbm-[n-]≥am¿°v Hcp \n›n-X-amb HutZym-KnI Imem-h-

[n-bp-≠v. Ah¿°v hnc-an-°¬ {]mbw FØp-∂Xv hsc tPmen-

bn¬ XpScmhp-∂-XmWv. hfsc A]q¿Δ-ambn am{Xta Ahsc

tPmen-bn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNøm-dp-f-fq. Ah-cpsS tPmen ÿncX

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. btam ]£-t -Ztam C√msX tPmen sNøp-

∂-Xn\v Ahsc {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂Xv Cu sXmgn¬ kpc-£n-X-Xz-am-

Wv. \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc X¬ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw \o°w sNøp-∂-

Xn\v hfsc {]bm-k-ta-dnb Hcp \S-]-Sn-{I-a-amWv `c-W-L-S\

\n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. (Impeachment) \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS sXmgn¬

kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv `c-W-L-S\

c≠mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n® am®-ens‚ tIkv F\n-t°m¿Ω-bp-≠v. Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂ns√ sshIn e`n -°p∂\oXn, \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂\oXn-bm-W∂v C°m-cy-Øn¬Bsc-¶nepw Fs¥-¶nepwsNtø-≠-Xp≠v.

148


\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ CØ-c-Øn-semcp \S-]Sn {Iaw \n¿t±-in-®-Xv.

kmº-Øn-I-amb Imcy-ßƒ°mbn \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\v, \nba

\n¿ΩmW k`tbtbm, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-sØ-tbm B{i-bn-t°-≠-

Xn-√. \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS iº-fhpw a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw \nba \n¿ΩmW

k -bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn\v hnt[-b-a√ F∂v c-W-L-S\ hyhÿ sNbvXn-

cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ah-cpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ°pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw,

hy‡n-]-c-amb hna¿i-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AØ-

c-Øn¬ hna¿in-°p-∂-hsc tImS-Xn-b-e£yIp‰w (contempt of court) NpaØn

hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. \oXn-bp-‡-a-√mØ

hna¿i-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS

Cu A[n-Imcw ^e-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-\m-

°p∂Xn\mbn c-W-L-S\ \n¿t±-in-®n- p≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS mK-am-b-√msX

\ymbm-[n-]-cp-sS s]cp-am‰w kw_-‘n®v N¿® sNøm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v Ign-

bp-I-bn-√. hna¿i\ hnt[-b-amIpw F∂ `bw IqSmsX \oXn \n¿Δ-lWw

\S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff kzmX{¥yw CXp-hgn \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v e`n-°p-

∂p.

F\n°v `b-ap-≠v, Rm≥Bi-¶m-Ip-e-\mWv Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \nßƒ°v{][m\a{¥ntbtbm, {]kn-U ‚ n s \ t ∏ m e p t a mhna¿in°mw ]s£ \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc hna¿in-°m-\m-hn√. F¥mWv Cu tImS-Xn-b-e£yw? Cu Imcy-ßsfIpdnNv Rm≥ tNmZy-ßƒtNmZn -®m¬ AXvtImSXnbe-£y-am-hptam?

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Activity)Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ¢m n¬ Hcp kwhmZw

kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p-f-f-Xn¬ GsXms° LS-I-ß-fmWv

hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ym[n-]≥am¿°v \nb-{¥-

W-ß-fm-hp-∂Xv? CXv \oXoI-cn-°-Ø-°-Xm-sW∂v

\nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m?

$ `c-W-L-S\

$ Iogvhg-°-ßƒ

$ a‰v tImS-Xn-I-fpsS A`n-{]mbw

$ s]mXpP\m- n-{]mbw

$ \nb-a-Øns‚ ]mc-ºcyw

$ \nb-a-ßƒ

$ ka-b-Ønt‚bpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw A]-cym-

]vXX

$ s]mXp-P\ hna¿i-\-tØm-Sp-ff bw

$ Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-≠m-

Iptam F∂ bw (Fear of action by Executive)

149


PUvPnamcpsS \nb-a\w

PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a\w Hcp ImeØpw cmjv{Sob hnhm-Z-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw ap‡-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv cmjv{Sob {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-am-

Wv. c-W-L-S\ Fßn-s\-bmWv hymJym-\n-°s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂Xv

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnepw sslt°m-S-Xn-bnepw PUvPn-am-cmbn tkh-

\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hsc B{i-bn®v hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°pw. \ymbm-[n-

]≥am-cpsS cmjv{Sob XXz-im-kv{Xw, kPo-hhpw ZrV-hp-amb

\oXn\ymb hn`mKw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dnt®m \nb-{¥n-Xhpw {]Xn--_-

≤-hp-amb (Committed) \oXn \ymb hn`mKw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dnt®m

D≈ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ \nb-a-

ß-fpsS hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n°p-∂p.

a{¥nk`, Kh¿W¿am¿, apJy-a-{¥n-am-¿, kq{]ow tImSXn No^v

PÃnkv F∂-nhsc√mw \ymbm-[n-]≥amcpsS \nb-a-\-{]-{In-bsb

kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.

kp{]ow tImSXn No v PÃn-kns‚ \nb-\-asØ kw_-‘n-

®-nS-tØm-fw, h¿j-ß-fm-bn-´p-ff Hcp Iogvhg°w kq{]ow tImS-

Xn-bnse G‰hpw apXn¿∂ PUvPnsb, No^v PÃn-kmbn \nb-an-

°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Aßns\bmsW-¶nepw Cu Iogvhg°w c≠p

Xh-W -ew-Ln-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. kp{]ow tImSXn-bnse apXn¿∂ aq∂p

PUvPn-amsc adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠mWv 1973 ¬ PÃnkv F.F≥. sd

(Justice A.N.Ray) No v PÃn-kmbn \nb-an-°-s∏- -Xv. ho≠pw 1975

¬ PÃnkv F®v. B¿.-J-∂sb adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠v Pkv‰nkv Fw.F-

®v. _Kv (Justice M.H. Beg) kp{]ow tImSXn No^v PÃn-kmbn

\nb-an-°-s∏- p.

kp{]ow tImSXn No v PÃn-kp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn® tij-

amWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse a‰v PUvPn-am-sc-bpw, sslt°m-SXn

PUvPn-am-scbpw {]kn-U‚ v \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv. e-Øn¬ CXn-\¿∞w

Ch-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ A¥na Xocp-am\w FSp-°m-\p-ff A[n-

Imcw a{¥n-k- -bn¬ \n£n-]vX-amWv F∂-XmWv. Aßn-s\-bm-sW-

¶n¬ No v PÃn-kp-am-bp-ff IqSnIm-gvN-bpsS {]k-‡n F¥m-Wv?

Cu Imcyw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS apºmsI 1982 apX¬ 1998

hsc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hn¬ \nc-h[n XhW hcp-I-bp-≠m-bn. No v

PÃn-kns‚ ]¶v hnZ-Kv[m- n-{]mbw \¬IpI F∂Xp am{X-am-sW-

∂mWv XpS-°-Øn¬ tImS-Xn°v tXm∂n-b-Xv. No^v PÃn-kns‚

A`n-{]mbw {]kn-U‚ v kzoI-cnt°≠Xm-sW∂v ]n∂oSv tImSXn

\ne-]m-sS-SpØp. Ah-km-\w, tImSXn \qX-\-amb Hcp \S-]Sn {Iaw

PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬a{¥n k`°v Hcp {][m\ ]¶vD≠m-tb-°p-sa∂v Xs∂-bmWvRm≥ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. As√-¶n¬ kzbw \nb-an-°p∂ HcpkanXn BtWm \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw?

150


\n¿t±-in-®p. kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse \mev apXn¿∂ PUvPn-am-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-

tem-Nn®v \nb-an-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ No v PÃnkv ip]m¿i sNøp-I.

Aßns\ \nb-a\-Øn-\mbn ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xn\v "sImfo-Pn-bm-en‰n k{º-

Zmbw' (Principle of Collegiality) kp{]ow tImSXn hyhÿ sNbvXp. Aßns\,

\ne-hn¬ \nb-a\ Imcy-Øn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bnse apXn¿∂ \mev PUvPn-am-

c-S-ßp∂ kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\mWv ap≥Xq-°w. Aßns\, \oXn-\ymb

hn`m-K-Ønse \nb-a-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpw, a{¥n k`bpw {][m-

\-s∏´ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p.

\ymbm-[n-]≥amsc ÿm\-{`-jvS-cm-°¬ (Removal of Judges)

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn-se-bpw, sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn-sebpw \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc

X¬ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw \o°w sNøp-I F∂Xv AXy-[nIw _p≤n-ap- p≈ Imcy-

amWv. sXfn-bn-°-s∏´ s]cp-am‰ Zqjy-Øn-t‚-tbm {]m]vXn-bn-√m-bva-bp-sStbm

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta Chsc \o°w sNøm\m-hq. PUvPn-s°-Xn-cmbn D∂-

bn-°p∂ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp∂ Hcp {]tabw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v

k`-I-fpw {]tXyI qcn-]-£-tØmsS (Special Majority) AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°-

Ww. {]tXy-I- q-cn-]£w F∂m¬ F¥mWv F∂v \nßƒ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂pt≠m?

sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Ip-dn-®p-ff A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \Ω-fXv ]Tn-®n- p-≠v. Hcp \ymbm-

[n-]s\ X¬ÿm-\Øp \n∂pw \o°w sNøm≥ hfsc _p≤n-ap- m-sW∂v Cu

\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]m¿e-sa‚ v AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]mXp-hmb

Hcp ka-hm-b-ans-√-¶n¬ Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ \o°w sNøm-\m-hn-√. -{]-tXyIw

{i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp Imcyw \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ Imcy \n¿h-

lW hn`m-K-Øn-\pw, Ahsc X¬ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn¬

\nba \n¿ΩmW k -°p-amWv \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-f-f-Xv. CXv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-

K-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥yhpw H∏w LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse A[n-Im-c-kw-Xp-e-\hpw

(Balance of power) Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CtX-hsc Hcp Xh-W-am-{X-amWv

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ \o°w sNøm-\p-ff Hcp {]tabw

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]cn-K-W-\°v h∂n- p-f-f-Xv. aq∂n¬ c≠v qcn-]£w B {]ta-

b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn e`n-®p-sh-¶nepw k -bpsS BsI AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS

`qcn-]£w (absolute majority) e`n-°msX t]mb-Xn-\m¬ \ymbm-[n-]s\

X¬ÿm\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøm\m-bn-√.

Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-\m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff hn^e{iaw (Unsuccessful Attempt to Remove a Judge)Hcp kp{]ow tImSXn \ymbm-[n-]s\ ÿm\-{ -jvS-\m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff C¥y-bnseBZysØ {]ta-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn 1991 ¬ ]m¿e-sa‚nse 108 AwK-ßƒ

H∏p h®p. ]©m_v sslt°m-SXn No v PÃ-kmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬ s]mXp-[\w Zpcq-]-tbmKw sNbvXp F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Pkv‰nkv cma-kzm-

151


an-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Bt£-]w. ÿm\ {`jvS\m-°¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]m¿e-sa‚n-em-cw-`n®v Hcp h¿j-Øn\v tijw 1992 ¬ kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn-am-c-S-ßp∂ Hcp D∂-X-Xe At\z-jW IΩo-j≥ PÃnkv cma-kzman Ip‰-°m-c-

\m-sW∂v Is≠-Øn. [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS A[x-]-X\w, HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-bpsSt_m[-]q¿Δhpw {]I-S-hp-amb h≥tXm-Xn-ep-ff Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw, \nb-a-]-c-ambN -ß-fpsS ewL-\w, kzImcy Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn s]mXp-[\w Zpcq-]-tbmKw

sNø¬ F∂nh ]©m_v lcn-bm\ No^v PÃn-km-bn-cns° PÃnkv cma-kzman sNbvX-Xmbn At\z-jW IΩo-j≥ Is≠-Øn. C{X i‡-ambIp‰]{Xw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n- p-t]mepw X\n-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]pd-

Øm-°¬ {]ta-bsØ PÃnkv cma-kzman AXn-Po-hn-®p. k -bn¬ lmP-cmbnthm´p-sNbvX AwK-ß-fpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v qcn-]£w {]ta-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn e`n-®p-sh-¶n-epw, tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń k -bnse thms -Sp-∏n¬ \n∂pw

hn´p-\n-∂p. thms -Sp-∏n¬ \n∂pw tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń hn´p-\n-∂-Xn-\m¬ k -bpsS BsI AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS ]IpXn t]cpsS ]n¥pW {]ta-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn In´msX t]mhp-Ibpw {]tabw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ (Structure of the Judiciary)Hcp GI kwtbm-PnX \oXn \ymb hyh-ÿ-bmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\hyhÿ sNøp-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv, a‰v ]e sÛ-d¬ cmPy-

ß-fn-ep-ap-f-f-Xp-t]mse C¥y-bn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v {]tXy-I-amb \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m\w C√ F∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚LS\ Hcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw apI-fn-embn kp{]ow

tImSXn AXn\v Xmsgbmbn sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ, AXn\pw Xmsg-bmbn Pn√mtImS-Xn, G‰hpw ASn-bn-embn Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Ifpw (Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff

]T\ ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI

$ PpUo-j-dn-bpsS kzmX{¥yw F¥p-sIm≠v {][m-\-s∏- -Xm-Ip∂p?

$ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øn\v (Executive) PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-

°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-

∂pt≠m?

$ PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-

Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°m≥ \nßt-fmSv Bh-iy-

s∏-´m¬ F¥p am‰-ß-fmWv \nßƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI?

152


Ub{Kw t\m°p-I) Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ ta¬t°m-S-Xn-I-fpsS t\cn- p≈ ta¬t\m--Øn-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n (Jurisdiction of Su-preme Court)temIØnse G‰hpw A[n-Im-c-ap-ff tImS-Xn-Ifn¬ H∂mWv C¥y-bpsS

kp{]ow tImS-Xn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw c-W-L-S\ \n›-bn-®n- p-ff ]cn-[n-°p-f-fn-

emWv AXv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-h-c-

hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw `c-W-L-S\ \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v IrXy-amb

A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bp-≠v.

Supreme Court of India Its decisions are binding on all courts. Can transfer Judges of High Courts. Can move cases from any court to itself. Can transfer cases from one High Court to

another.

High Court Can hear appeals from lower courts. Can issue writs for restoring Fundamental

Rights. Can deal with cases within the

jurisdiction of the State. Exercises superintendence and control

over courts below it.

District Court Deals with cases arising in the

District. Considers appeals on decisions

given by lower courts. Decides cases involving serious

criminal offences.

S u b o r d i n a t eCourts Consider cases of

civil and criminalnature

C¥y≥ kp{]ow tImSXn$ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ cmPysØ F√m tImS-Xn-

Iƒ°pw _m[-I-amWv$ sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-amsc ÿew am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.$ cmPysØ GXp tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw hyh-lm-c-ßƒ (cases) kp{]ow

tImS-Xn-bn-te°v am‰mw.$ Hcp sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-te°v hyh-

lm-c-ßƒ am‰p-∂p.

sslt°m-SXn$ Iog vt°mS -Xn -I -fn¬ \n∂pff A∏o -ep -Iƒ

tIƒ°p∂p$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn dn´p-

Iƒ ]pds∏Sphn-°p∂p$ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-f-fn-ep-≠m-

hp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°p-∂p.$ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fpsS ta¬t\m´ \nb-{¥W Npa-X-e-

Iƒ hln-°p-∂p.

Pn√m tImSXn$ Hcp Pn√-°p-f-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-ß-

fn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂p.$ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ff A∏o-ep-

Iƒ tIƒ°p∂p$ Kpcp-X-c-amb {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-ß-fn¬

Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°p-∂p.

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ$ knhn¬ kz`m -hhpw,

{Inan-\¬ kz`m-hhpapffX¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏vI¬∏n-°p∂p

153


X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ (Original Jurisdiction)Nne hyhlm-c-ßƒ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn-se-ØmsX Xs∂ t\cn v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-K-W-\-s°-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ Ub-{K-Øn¬\nßƒ Hcp Imcyw {i≤n-®n´p≠m-hpw, tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep-

ff X¿°-ßƒ t\cn v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bp-sS ]cn-K-W-\-°mWv hcn-I. s^U-d¬ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ X¿°-ß-fn¬ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bv°v Hcpa[y-ÿs‚ ]¶v Dd-∏n-°p-∂XmWv X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ. s^U-d¬ k{º-

kp{]ow tImS -Xn -bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n

X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ: tI{μK h ¨ s a ‚ p wk w ÿ m \Kh¨sa‚pIfpwXΩn-ep-ff X¿°-ßƒ, kwÿm\K h ¨ s a ‚ p -Iƒ°nS-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂ X¿°-ßƒF∂n-h-b°v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂p.

A∏o-e-[n-Im-c-ßƒ:knhn¬, {Inan-\¬ c-W-L-S\ hnj-b-ßƒF∂nh kw_-‘n®vIogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂p-ff A∏o-ep-Iƒ]cn-K-Wn®v Xo¿∏vI¬∏n-°p-∂p.

D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw:s]mXp {]m[m-\y-ap-ff hnj-b-ßfnepw,\nb-aØnepw cmjv{S-] -Xn°v D]-tZiw\¬Ip-∂p.

dn´p-Iƒhy‡n-I-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒkwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn, tl_n-bkvtIm¿]-kv, am≥U-a-kv, s{]mln-_n-j≥, tIzmhm-d-t‚m, sk¿jn-tbm-ddnapX-em-b dn´p-Iƒ ({]tXyI DØ-c-hp-Iƒ) ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.

{]tXyI A[n-Im-c-ßƒC¥y-bpsS q{]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-≈nse GsXmcp tImS-Xnbpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-cthmXocp-am-\tam kw_-‘n-®p≈ A∏o-ep-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ff A[n-Im-cw.

154


Zm-b-Øn¬ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw XΩnepw hnhn[kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩnepw \nb-a-]-c-amb X¿°-ßƒ D≠m-IpI

kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ffA[n-Imcw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn-em-Wv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hyh-lm-c-ßƒ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv. kp{]ow tImS-

Xn°v am{X-ap-ff Cu A[n-Im-c-sØ-bmWv X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ (Originaljurisdiction) F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ffA[n-Imcw sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒt°m, a‰v Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒt°m C√. Cu A[n-

Im-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v kp{]ow tImSXn tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-t‚bpw kwÿm\ßfp-sSbpw c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-ßsf hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°n-S-bn-ep-ff X¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

dn´p-Iƒ ]pds∏Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Imcw (Writ Jurisdiction)auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ F∂ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®-Xp-t]m-se, GsXmcp hy‡n-°pw, Abm-fpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp auen-Im-h-Imiw ewLn-°-s∏´p F∂p

tXm∂n-bm¬, ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn t\cn v kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. auen-Im-h-Imiw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn dn´p-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v {]tXyI DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw CØ-c-Øn¬ dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. auen-Im-h-Imi ewL-\-ap-≠m-hp-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n°v t\cn v kp{]owtImS-Xn-tbtbm As√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-Xn-tbtbm ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn kao-]n-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-t\m, {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hmt\m th≠n dn´p-I-fn-eqsS tImS-Xn-Iƒ°vDØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm-≥ Ign-bpw.

A∏o-e-[n-Imcw

C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ A∏o¬ tImS-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow tImSXn.sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS Xo¿∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc Hcp hy‡n°v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬

A∏o¬ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-Øn-t‚tbm, c-W-L-S-\-bp-sStbm Kuc-h-Xc-amb hymJym\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw A∏o¬\¬Im≥ tbmKy-am-sW∂v sslt°m-SXn km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-

fmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\°v hcp-I. CXv IqSmsX {Inan-\¬Ip‰-ß-fn¬ Iogvt°m-SXn h[ in£ hn[n® Hcmƒ°v sslt°m-S-Xn-tb-tbm,kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbtbm A∏o-ep-ambn kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-k-abw

sslt°m-SXn A∏o¬ A\p-h-Zn-®n- n-√mØ hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v kzta-[bm A∏o¬ A\p-h-Zn-°m-\pw, sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS hn[n ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°m\pw Xo¿®-bmbpw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Hcp hyh-lm-chpw AXp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ \nba {]iv\-ßfpw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°pI F∂-XmWv A∏o-e-[n-Imcw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv. IogvtIm-SXn a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXykvX-ambn \nb-a-Ønt\m c-W-L-S-\t°m as‰mcp A¿∞X-e-ap-

155


≠∂v kp{]ow tImSXn hnNm-cn-°p∂ ]£w Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bpsShn[n\ymbw Xncp-Øp-I-bpw, _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v ]pXnb hymJym\w

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fpsS hn[n-\ym-b-ßƒs°-Xnsc sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw

A∏o-e-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw

X\Xv A[n-Imcw (Original Jurisdiction) A∏o-e-[n-Imcw F∂n-

hbv°v ]pdsa kp{]o tImS-XnbpsS as‰m-c-[n-Im-camWv D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw

(Advisory Jurisdiction) s]mXp {]m[m-\y-ap-f-ftXm As√-¶n¬ c-W-

L-S\m hymJym\w Bh-iy-am-btXm Bb GsXmcp Imcy-Ønepw {]kn-

U‚n\v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZiw tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ D]-

tZiw \¬Im≥ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbm, D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-

Ut‚m _m≤y-ÿ-c-√.

Aßn-s\-sb-¶n¬, kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZ-im-[n-Im-c-Øns‚

D]-bp-‡X (Utility) F¥mWv? CXns‚ D]-bp-‡X c≠v Xc-Øn-em-

Wv, H∂m-a-Xmbn Hcp \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv, B hnj-b-Øn¬

Hcp \nb-tam-]-tZiw tXSm≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v Ign-bp∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-Im-

hp∂ hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn,

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v

AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw \nba \n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw Bh-iy-

amb am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p-ff A\p-t—-Z-ßƒ hmbn-°p-I. C¥y-bnse

\oXn \ymb hyh-ÿ-bpsS GIo-IrX kz`m-hw, kq{]ow tImS-

Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mc-W-bp-

≠m-°m≥ Ch \Ωsf klm-bn-°pw. kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS

Xocpam\ßƒ C¥ybnse F√m tImSXnIƒ°pw -_m-[-I-am-Wv.

kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-hp-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw

\S-∏m-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v GXp ka-bØpw

D]-tZiw \¬Ip-∂-Xpw,Ah --kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xpw --sF—nIw (optio-nal) BsW∂XvIuXp -II -c -am -W v .Rm≥ Icp-Xnbn-cp-∂XvtImSXn -\¬Ip∂ D]-tZ -i-ßƒ ---kzoI-cn -°m≥ F√m-hcpw -_ m≤yÿ - c m -W v .F∂mWvv.

A\p-t—Zw 137

........................... kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v AXns‚ Xs∂ DØ-c-hp-Itfm hn[n-\ym-b-ßtfm ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ffA[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

A\p-t—Zw 144

C¥y≥ `q{]-tZ-i-Ønse knhntem PqUo-jytem BbF√m A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-ßfpw kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°v klm-b-I-ambn {]h¿Ø-°-Ww.

156


AXns‚ Xs∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°mw. IqSmsX kp{]ow

tImSXn Xs∂-bm-Wv AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff tImSXnbe£y tIkp-Iƒ

]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

{Inb-mflI \oXn-\ymbw

"PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw' "s]mXp-Xm¬]cy l¿Pn' F∂o ]Z-ßƒ

\nßƒ tI´n- pt≠m?

ASpØ Ime-Øm-bn, \oXn \ymb kwhn-[m-\-sØ-Ip-dn®p-ff

N¿®-I-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-ff ]Z-ß-fm-Wn-h. \oXn-\ymb

kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ hcpØnF¥n-\mWv kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb AXns‚ Xs∂hn[n \ymb-ßƒ Xncp-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv? tImS-Xn-Iƒ-°pwsX‰p ]‰mw F∂p-f-f-Xp-sIm-≠mtWm? BZyw hn[n]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® _©n¬AwK-am-bn-cp∂ \ymbm-[n-]\v Xs∂ AsX hn[n]cn-jv°-cn-°p-tºmƒ B_©nepw AwK-am-Im≥Ign-bptam?

AXns\ P\-Io-b-am-°nb c≠v Imcy-ß-fm-Wnh F∂v ]ecpw Icp-Xp-

∂p.

s]mXp Xmev]cy l¿Pn, kmaqly {]h¿Ø\ l¿Pn F∂n-h-bn-eq-

sS-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ PpUo-jy¬ BIvSn-hnkw i‡n-s∏-´-Xv. F¥mWv

s]mXp-Xm¬]-cy-l¿Pn (Public Interest Litigation) As√-¶n¬ kmaq-ly-

{]-h¿Ø\ l¿Pn (Social Action Litigation) Fßs\ Ft∏m-gmWv AXv

cq]-s∏´v h∂Xv? km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Hcp hy‡n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-

°p∂Xv hy‡n-]-c-ambn Abmƒ I£n-bm-hp-tºmtgm Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

Bbmƒ°v \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-tgm, X¿°-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tºmtgm

BWv. 1979 ¬ Cu k¶¬∏-Øn\v am‰w kw -hn-®p. km{ºm-ZmbnI coXn-

\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-

bn-cp-Øp-I.

tNcpw ]Sn tN¿°p-I.

$ _olm¿ kwÿm-\hpw tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚pw XΩn-ep-ff X¿°w

BcmWv tIƒ°pI

$ lcnbm\ Pn√m tImSXnbn¬

\n∂p-ff Hcp A∏o¬ Ftßm-

´mWv t]mhpI

$ GI kwtbm-PnX \oXn \ymb

hn`mKw

$ Hcp \nb-asØ c-W-L-S\m hncp-

≤-ambn {]Jym-]n-°¬

$ sslt°m-SXn

$ D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw

$ \oXn \ymb ]p\x-

]-cntim[\

$ X\Xv A[n-Imcw

$ kp{]ow tImSXn

$ GI- -c-W-L-S\

157


bn¬ \n∂pw amdn Hcp {]tXyI hyh-lmcw tIƒ°p-∂-Xn\v 1979 ¬ tImSXn

Xocp-am-\n®tXmsSbmWv, B ]pXnb coXn°v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv. B hyh-lm-

c-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X, AXv tImS-Xn-bn¬ t_m[n-∏n-®Xv AXns‚ Cc-I-fm-bn-

cp-∂n-√, adn®v Ah¿°p-th≠n a‰p-f-f-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p F∂-XmWv. s]mXp-Xm¬]-

cy-ap-ff Hcp {]iv\w AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ B hyh-

lmcw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AØ-c-Øn-ep-ff hyh-lm-c-ßƒ ]n∂oSv s]mXp

Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-≠tX ka-bØv

Xs∂-bmWv Pbn¬ At¥-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kw_-‘n® hyh-

lmcw kp{]o tImSXn ]cn-K-W-\-s°-Sp-Ø-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-ff Ah-Im-i-ßfqsS

kwc-£-Ww, Zcn-{Z-cpsS PohnX kml-Ncyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS

kwc-£Ww XpSßnb s]mXp Xm¬]-cy-ap-ff a‰p ]e {]iv\-ß-fnepw \oXn-

\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬ tXSn-sIm≠v s]mXp t_m[-ap-ff ]uc≥am¿°pw

P\-Iob kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff am¿§w Xpd∂p

In´p-∂-Xn\v AXv Imc-W-am-bn. s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-

READ A CARTOON

_μv, l¿Øm¬ F∂nh \nba hncp-≤-amWv F∂ kao-]-Im-esØ hn[n-\ym-b-ßƒ \nßƒ {i≤n®n´pt≠m?

Irfa

n

158


hn-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-ambn amdn.

]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn, Xßƒ°v apºn-se-Øp-∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-

°p-∂-Xn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n∂n-cp∂ \oXn \ymb hn`m-Kw, ]{X hm¿Ø-I-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw, X]m-en-eqsS Xßƒ°v e`n-°p∂ ]cm-Xn-I-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Ønepw hyh-lm-c-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Bcw- n-®p. Bb-Xn-\m¬, \oXn-

\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn-®p-ff IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-amb hnh-c-W-ambn

PIL F∂m¬"ss{]h‰v C‚-dÃven‰n -tK-j≥' F∂vBtcm ]d -bp -∂XvRm≥ tI´p. AsX-¥p-

PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw amdn.

Nne BZy-Ime s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ

$ hnNm-c-W-X-S-hp-Im-sc-Ip-dn®v 1979 ¬ h¿Ø-am-\-]-{X-ßƒ hm¿Ø-

Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \o≠ h¿j-ßƒ Pbn-en¬ sNe-h-gn® \nc-

h[n XS-hp-Im¿ _olm-dn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ GXv Ip‰-Øn-

\mtWm AdÃv sNø-s∏-´-Xv, B Ip‰-IrXy-Øn\v Ah¿ in£n-

°-s∏-´n-cp-∂m¬ t]mepw, Ah¿°v e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂ ]c-am-h[n

in£m Ime-b-f-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Imew Pbn-en¬ Ign-™-

h¿. Cu hm¿Øsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hcp h°o¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬

Hcp ]cmXn \¬In. kp{]ow tImSXn Cu tIkv tIƒ°p-Ibpw,

BZy Ime s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-I-fn-sem-∂mbn CXv {]i-

kvX-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv lpssk-\mc JmØq¨ vs_olm¿ tIkv (Hussainara Khatoon vs Bihar).

$ XS-hp-Im¿s°Xn-sc-bp-ff imco-cnI ]oV-\-ßƒ hnh-cn®p sIm≠v,

Xolm¿ Pbn-ense Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ IpØn-°p-dn® Hcp IjWw

IS-em-kv, kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ hn.B¿. IrjvW-

ø¿°v 1980 ¬ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. PUvPn AsXmcp ]cm-

Xn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bm-bncp∂p. IØp-Iƒ ]cm-Xn-bmbn kzoI-

cn-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw ]o∂oSv tImSXn Dt]-£n-s®-¶nepw Cu hyh-

lmcw kp\n¬ _m{X vs U¬ln c-W-IqSw (Sunil Batra vs DelhiAdministration 1980) BZyIme s]mXp Xm¬]-cy l¿Pn-I-fn-sem-

∂mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-I-fn-eqsS, Ah-Imiw F∂ Bi-bsØ tImSXn

hn]p-e-am-°n. ip≤ hmbp, aen-\-am-ImØ Pew, A¥-kmb PohnXw apX-em-

bh s]mXp kaq-l-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Fhn-sS-

sbms°bmtWm Ah ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, Ahn-sS-sbms°, hy‡n-Iƒ°v

kaq-l-Øns‚ mK-sa∂ \ne-°v, \oXn-°mbn {ian-°m-\p-ff Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-

h-W-sa∂ tXm∂¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p≠m-bn.

159


c≠m-a-Xm-bn, tImS-Xn-Isf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kao-]n-°m≥ Ign-hn-

√mØhcmb kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_e P\ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff k∂-≤-X, 1980 \p tijw, s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-

I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw

{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv, \oXn \ntj-[n-°-

s∏- -h¿°pw, Bh-iy-°m¿°pw th≠n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v

s]mXp t_m[-ap-ff ]uc≥am-sc-bpw kmaqly kwLS\Isfbpw \oXn-

\ymb hn`mKw A\p-h-Zn-®n- p-f-f-Xv.

""CXp-hsc tImS-Xn-bpsS {i≤ t\Sn-bn-cp∂ {]iv\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw KpW-]-c-ambn G{Xtbm hyXy-kvX-amWv Zcn-{Z-

cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ F∂v Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-\m¬,

hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \oXn-\ymb kao-]\w Ah-cpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-

temaI-camb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ \Ωƒ A‘-ambn ]n≥Xp-

S¿∂m¬ Bh¿s°m-cn-°epw Ah-cpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-

ßƒ km[q-I-cn®v In´p-hm-\m-hn√''.

(PÃnkv `K-hXn _mZph ap‡n tam¿® vs bqWn-b≥

Hm^v C¥y 1984.)

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w

GsX-¶nepw Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff

hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®v, Fßn-s\-bmWv Cu hyh-lmcw

Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-

bXv F∂v ]Tn-°p-I.

PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-kw, C¥y≥ cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \m\m-hn-

[-amb {]Xy-mLm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. hy‡n-Iƒ°p am{X-a-√, hy‡n-I-

fpsS Iq´-ßƒ°pw (groups) tImS-Xn-I-fn-te°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°-

s∏- -Xn-eqsS AXv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KsØ IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]XyhXv°-

cn®p. Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-XzsØ CXv IqSp-X¬

\n¿_-‘n-X-am-°n. sXc-s™-Sp∏v k{º-Zm-bsØ IqSp-X¬ kzX-{¥hpw

\oXn-bp-‡-hp-am-°p-∂-Xn\v AXv {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hy‡-amb [mc-W-

tbmSvIqSn P\-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-

bp-∂-Xn-\mbn ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p∂ kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-Øn¬

(affidavit) Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk tbmKyXIƒs°m∏w kmº-ØnI

Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv, PpUo-jy¬AI v‰ n -h nkwI qS p -X -e mb n_‘-s∏ -´ n -c n -°p-∂-Xv, \nba\n¿ΩmW k`-bpw, Imcy\ n ¿ h - l Whn`m-Khpw F¥vsNøWw F∂-Xp-am -bn -´m -Wv.\ n b a\ n ¿ Ω m Wk`bpw, Imcy\ n ¿ h - l Whn`m-Khpw \oXn\ n ¿ h - l W wF∂ ImcywsNøm≥ XpS-ß-nbm¬ F¥mWvkw -hn-°pI?

160


BkvXnbpw hcp-am-\hpw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v tImSXn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. h¿≤n® tXmXn-ep-ff s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ°pw ""kPoh

\oXn-\ym-b-hn-`mKw'' F∂ Bi-b-Øn\pw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb Hcp hiw IqSn-bp-

≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn CXv tImS-Xn-I-fpsS tPmen-`mcw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. c≠m-a-Xmbn

PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`bv°pw Imcy\n¿h-lW hn`m-

K-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep-ff AXn¿hc-ºpw, AXp-t]mse Chbv°pw \oXn\ymb hn`m-

K-Øn-\p-an-S-bnse AXn¿h-cºpw Zp¿ -e-am°n. Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`mKw A`n-

kw-t_m-[\ tNtø≠ tNmZy-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\mbn tImS-Xn-bpsS

CS-s]-S-ep-≠m-bn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hmbp i_vZ aen-\o-I-c-W-ßƒ Ipd-°p-I,

Agn-a-Xn-tI-kp-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-I, sXc-s™-Sp∏p ]cn-jv°m-c-

ßƒ sIm≠v hcn-I F∂n-h-sbm∂pw Xs∂ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-

Øns‚ I¿Ø-hy-ß-f-√. Ch \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS

ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ cW hn`m-Kw ssIIm-cyw sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-

fm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse

A[n-Imc kwXp-e\w (Balance of power) PqUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw

teme-am-°n-b-Xmbn Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-

Ihpw a‰v LS-I-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[nbpw

_lp-am-\n-°pI F∂-XmWv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w.

PqUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw Cu P\m-[n-]Xy XXzsØ Zp¿_-e-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

\nß-fmWv \ymbm-[n-]≥ (You are the Judge)Hcp \K-c-Ønse GXm\pw ]uc≥am¿ Hcp s]mXpXm¬]cy l¿Pn-bp-ambn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂p. \K-c-Øn-te°v \nt£-]-Isc BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \K-c-Øn-ep-ff tNcn-Iƒ \o°w sNbvXv\Kcw tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v, ap≥kn-∏¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v \n¿t±iw \¬Ip∂ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°Ww F∂-Xm-W-hcpsS Bh-iyw. CXn¬Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]-cy-ap≠v F∂m-W-h-cpsS hmZw.Pohn-°p-hm-\p-ff Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-Øn≥ taep-ff IS-∂p-I-b-‰-sa∂-\n-e-bnemWv tNcn \nhm-kn-Iƒ CXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. Pohn-°m-\p≈ Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-amWv bYm¿∞-s]m-Xp-Xm¬∏-cy-sa∂pw "hrØn-bp-≈-\-Kcw' F∂ Ah-Im-i-Øn-ep-]-cn-bm-Wn-sX∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. \nß-fmWv\ymbm-[n-]≥ F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I.

CXn¬ Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cyapt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Hcp hn[n-\ymbw

Xøm-dm-°p-I..

Rm≥ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv, Hcp\ymbm-[n-]-\m-Ip-∂-XmWv\ √ - s X - ∂ m - W v .A ß n s \ s b ¶ n ¬F\n°v sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Ip-dn-t®m, s]mXpP\]n¥p-W-sb-°p -dnt®mBi-¶ -s∏ -tS -≠-Xn√.AtX kabw \nc-h[nA[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.

161


Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Khpw (Judiciary and Rights)hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°pI F∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \oXn-\ymb

hn`m-K-Øns‚XmW∂v \Ωƒ I≠p-I-gn-™-t√m. Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒ D≠m-

Ip-tºmƒ kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v c≠v coXn-bn¬ ]cn-lmcw ImWm-sa∂v c-W-

L-S\ hyhÿ sNøp-∂p.

$ H∂m-a-Xmbn, tl_n-bkv tIm¿∏-kv, am≥U-akv t]mse-bp-ff (A\p-

t—Zw 32) dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p-sIm≠v kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v auen-Im-h-

Im-i-ßƒ ]p\xÿm-]n-°mw. sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff dn´p-

Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. (A\p-t—Zw 226).

$ c≠m-a-Xmbn kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v _‘-s∏´ \nb-aw cW LS\m hncp-

≤-ambn {]Jym-]n®v AXp-hgn {]kvXpX \nbaw {]tbm-K-£-a-a-√m-Xm°mw.

(A\p-t—Zw 13)

`cWLS-\-bpsS hymJym\w, ]uc≥amcpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£Ww

F∂nh kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-chpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-am-W∂v Cu c≠v

`c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-Iƒ hy‡-ambn ÿm]n-°p-∂p. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® am¿§-

ß-fn¬ c≠m-a-sØ-XmWv \oXn \ymb ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ (Judicial Review)bpambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp ]t£ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ A[n-Im-c-sa-∂Xv

Cu ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw (Judicial Review) BWv. Hcp \nb-a-Øns‚

`c-W-L-S-\m-km-[pX ]cn-tim-[n®v B \nbaw c-W-L-S-\m-X-Xz-ßƒ°v hncp-

≤-am-sW-¶n¬, AXns\ c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-sa∂pw {]tbm-K-]-c-X-bn-√m-Ø-

sX∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p-ff kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS As√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-

Xn-I-fpsS A[n-Im-c-sØ-bmWv \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ (Judicial Review)F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. c-W-L-S-\-bn-sem-cn-SØpw \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\

F∂ ]Zw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Fgp-X-s∏´ `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ff C¥y-bn¬

auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn\v hncp-≤-sa-¶n¬ GsXmcp \nb-ahpw d±v sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-

ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-°p-≠v. CXn¬ \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\

(Judicial Review) F∂ A[n-Imcw A¥¿eo-\-am-bn- p-≠v.

IpSmsX sÛ-d¬ XXz-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn-epw, c-W-L-S\ B\p-im-kn-

°p∂ A[n-Imc hn -P-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-sa-¶n¬ Hcp \nbaw \oXn \ymb ]p\x-

]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-°p-≠v.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿Ωn® Hcp \nbaw kwÿm\ hnj-b-

Øn¬ (State List) Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂v GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-\-Øn\v

tXm∂p∂ ]£w Ah¿°v kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-

cpsS \ne-]mSv icn-bm-sW∂v kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v t_m[y-s∏- m¬ B \nbaw

`c-W-L-S-\m-hn-cp-≤-ambn kp{]ow tImSXn {]Jym-]n-°pw. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬

162


auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-am-Ip-∂-tXm, sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-Ønse A[n-

Im-c-hn- -P-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-Ip-∂tXm Bb \nb-a-ßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-

[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n- p-≠v. kwÿm\ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -Iƒ \n¿Ωn-

°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏- n-cn°p-∂p.

dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Im-chpw \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-

tim-[-\m-[n-Im-chpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-KsØ hfsc i‡-am-°p-∂p. IrXy-

ambn ]d-™m¬, ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw F∂-Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv,

cmPy-Øns‚ c-W-L-S-\bpw \nba \n¿ΩmW k` \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw

tImS-Xn°v hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xm-Wv. `cWLS-\-sbbpw,

]uc≥amcpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw e-{]-Z-ambn kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu A[n-

Imcw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KsØ {]m]vX-am-°p∂p≠v F∂v \nc-h-[n-t]¿ Icp-Xp-

∂p. s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-I-fpsS kzoIm-cy-X, ]uc≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-

ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-ff \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw hn]p-e-

s∏-Sp-Øn.

Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-Ip-dn-®p-ff A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ah-

Im-i-sØ-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv \nßƒt°m¿Ω-bpt≠m? \n¿_-‘nX

]e cmPy-ß-fnepw s]mXp-Xm¬]cy l¿Pn F∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚kzoIm-cyX h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ°-dn-bptam? temI-Øns‚hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep-ff tImS-Xn-I-fn¬, {]tXy-In®v sXs° Gjy,B{^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn-te-Xn\v kam-\-amb Xc-Øn-ep-ff PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Z£nWm{^n-°≥ `cWLS\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ (Bill of rights) s]mXp Xm¬]cyl¿Pnsb Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Cßs\ as‰m-cm-fpsS \ntj-[n-°s∏Áh-Imiw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Z£nWm{^n-°-bn¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw `c-W-L-S\m tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw. AhnsS CsXmcp]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv.

tPmen, a\p-jy-hym-]m-cw, A]-I-S-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-Øn-¬ Ipń-I-sf

tPmenbnte¿s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂n-hsb Cu Ah-Imiw hne-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

tNmZy-an-Xm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ Ch¿s°-ßs\ tImS-Xnsb

kao-]n-°m-\mhpw? CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-

Xn-\v, s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-bpw, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-khpw tImS-Xn-Isf

{]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. Pbn¬ At¥-hm-kn-Isf t]meokv A‘-cm°n am‰n-b-Xv,

Icn-¶¬ Izmdn-I-fnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS a\p-jyXz cln-X-amb sXmgn¬ kml-

N-cyw, Ipń-Isf ssewKnI Nqj-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°¬ apX-emb Hcp Iq´w

hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Cßs\ tImSXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CXv Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw

163


Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏- -h-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ßsf A¿∞-h-Øm-°n.

]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Khpw

Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-

\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

$ Ft∏m-gmWv tImSXn \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

$ \oXn \ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw dn´p-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff hyXym-k-sa¥v?

°p-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w, {]mtbm-KnI cmjv{So-b-Øn-eqsS c-W-L-S\ A´n-a-dn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ kml-Ncyw XS-bp-∂-Xnepw tImS-Xn-Iƒ kPo-h-am-Wv. Cßs\ {]kn-

U‚n-s‚-bpw, Kh¿W-dp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-ßƒ t]msebp≈ \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-

]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS ]cn-[n°v ]pd-Øp-hcp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ IqSn tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-

Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-f-fnte°v sIm≠p-h-cnI-bp-≠m-bn.

Imcy \n¿h-l-W hn`m-K-Øns‚ GP≥kn-Iƒ°v \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-

I-h-gn, \oXn \n¿h-lWw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v, kp{]ow tImSXn kzta-

[bm kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-´-Xn\v \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. lhme tIkv,

\c-knw-l-dmhp tIkv, A\-[n-IrX s]t{Smƒ ]ºv A\p-h-Zn-°¬ tIkv F∂n-

h-bn-sems° cm{„ob t\Xm-°ƒ°pw DtZym-K-ÿ¿°p-sa-Xnsc tIsk-SpØv

At\z-jWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂v kp{]ow tImSXn kn._n.sF tbmSv \n¿t±-in-°p-

I-bp-≠mbn. CXn¬ Nne hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-]‰n \nßƒ tI´n- p-≠m-hpw. PpUo-

jy¬ BIvSn-hn-k-Øns‚ DXv]-∂-amWv Cu hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ an°-Xpw.

]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-hn- -P\w, \nb-{¥-Whpw kwXp-e-\hpw (Checksand Balances) F∂o teme-amb XXz-ß-fmWv C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-

Ø-d. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-I-Øn\pw hy‡-amb Hcp {]h¿Ø\ taJ-

e-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv CXp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-epw, c-

W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-epw, ]m¿e-sa‚n-\mWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. F∂m¬

Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-Ww, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW k -bpsS (Executive) ]c-am-[n-Im-c-amWv.

\nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv c-W-L-S\m XXz-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-am-bn- mtWm

F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw X¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂Xv \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-am-Wv. IrXyamb A[n-Im-c

164


hn -P\w Ds≠-¶n¬t∏mepw, ]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-epw,

Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-hpw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-apff kwL¿j-

ßƒ C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \nc-¥cw D≠mbns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

kzØ-h-Im-isØ kw_-‘n-®pw, cW LS\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-

ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-csØ kw_-‘n-®pw, \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\pw

]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-an-S-bn-ep-≠mb A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p-

h-s√m. \ap-°-sXm∂v kw{K-ln-°mw.

`c-W-L-S\ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂ DS-s\-Xs∂ kzØ-h-Im-i-Øn-\p-ta¬

(Right to property) \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-

Imcw kw_-‘n®v hnhmZw Db-cp-I-bp-≠mbn. q]-cn-jv°-cWw \S-∏n¬ hcp-

Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn, kzØv ssIhiw sh°m-\p-ff ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-ta¬

Nne \nb-{¥-W-ß-tf¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v B{K-ln-®p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-

ßƒ°pta¬ \nb-{¥Wta¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-an√ F∂

\ne-]m-SmWv tImSXn kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ]n∂o-SmWv c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-

Xn-\p-ff {iaw ]m¿e-sa‚ v \S-Øn-bXv. ]s£ Hcp c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-

eqsSt]mepw auen-Im-h-Im-isØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hmt\m, FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-

hmt\m Ign-bn√ F∂v tImSXn {]kvXm-hn-®p.

]m¿e-sa‚pw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-≠mb Cu hnhm-Z-Øns‚

tI{μ _nμp Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]iv\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

$ kzØ-h-Imi (Right to property) \nb-a-Øns‚ hym]vXn F¥mWv?

$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, FSpØv If-bp-I, Akm-[p-hm-

°pI F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hym]vXn

F¥mWv?

$ `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚

hym]vXn F¥mWv?

$ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-tºmƒ auen-Im-h-Imiw ]cn-an-X-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnt\m FSpØv If-bp-∂-Xnt\m Akm-[p-hm-°p-∂-Xnt\m

]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-apt≠m?

1967 apX¬ 1973 hsc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hn¬ Cu hnhmZw IqSp-X¬ Kuc-h-ap-f-f-Xm-bn. q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-ßƒ°v ]pd-sa, Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ \S-∏m-°¬ \nb-a-

ßƒ, sXmgn¬ kwh-cW \nb-a-ßƒ, s]mXp Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn kzImcy qanGs‰-Sp-°¬ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ, Aßns\ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ qan°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

165


\¬Im≥ hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw \nba \n¿ΩmW

k`bpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-ßƒ°v Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -bpw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ

{Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬, 1973 ¬ kp{]ow tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-chvkp{]-[m-\-ambn. tIi-hm-\μ mcXn tIkv F∂ hnJym-X-amb tIkn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu DØ-c-hv. c-W-L-S-\°v Hcp ASn-ÿm\ LS-\- (Basic Structure)bp-s≠-∂pw, Hcmƒ°pw, ]m¿e-sa‚n\p t]mepw Cu ASn-ÿm\ LS\ ewLn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂pw Cu tIkn¬ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. IqSmsX tImSXn c≠v Imcy-ßƒ IqSn sNbvXp. H∂m-a-

Xm-bn kzØ-h-Imiw (X¿° hnj-bw) c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ LS-\-

\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw ]cn-]m-en-°-

s∏-SWw F∂ Bh-iy-Øn¬ c≠-`n-{]mbw D≠m-

hm-\n-S-bn-s√-¶nepw Hcp {][m\ XXzw IqSn IW-

°n-se-Sp-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Hcp kq∏¿

ePn-t…-®¿ As√-¶n¬ Hcp kq∏¿ FIvkn-Iyq- ohv

F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥, \oXn \ymb

hn`m-KsØ {]m]vX-am-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬, "\oXn \ymb

hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw' F∂Xv ""tNmZyw

sNøm≥ ]mSn-√mØ Hcp kn≤m¥w'' F∂ \ne-bn-

te°v Db¿Øm≥ ]mSn-√. `cW LS\ \n¿Δ-Nn-

°m-\pw, Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-

hm-\p-amWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-ap-f-f-Xv.

A√mUn IrjvW-kzman Aø¿, CAD,Vol.XI,P.837, 23 \hw-º¿ 1949

\nß-fpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-hpw, ]m¿e-sa‚pw XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-Øns‚{][m\ Imc-W-ßƒ ({]iv\-ßƒ) Ch-bm-Wv.$ PUvPn-am-cpsS \nba-\w,$ PUvPn-am-cpsS iº-fhpw a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw,$ `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-

c-Øns‚ hym]vXn$ \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-ff ]¿e-sa‚ns‚

CS-s]-S¬

166


bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-X-s√∂pw Bb-Xn-\m¬ tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-™p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, c-W-L-S-\bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-

bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-s¥m-s°-bm-W∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw kp{]owtImS-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw \n£n-]vX-am-°n. c-W-L-S-\sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-sØ, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw ka¿∞-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-Xns‚ G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv Hcp ]s£ tIi-hm-\-μ- m-cXn tIkv.

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -°pw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep-

≠m-bn-cp∂ X¿°-ß-fpsS kz`m-hsØ Cu tImSXn hn[n am‰n adn-®p. \Ωƒ t\ctØ ]Tn-®-Xp-t]m-se, 1979 ¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw kzØ-h-Imiw (Rights to property) \o°w

sNbvXp. AXpw, Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Cu c≠v LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse_‘-Øns‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ klm-bn-®p. \nba\n¿ΩmW k -bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm\pw AXns\ {Iao-

I-cn-°m\pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v Ign-bptam? CXp t]mse Nne{]iv\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw Cu c≠v LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse X¿° hnj-b-am-Wv. kzbw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw (\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw) AXnse

AwK-ß-fpsS s]cp-am-‰sØ {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff A[n-Im-cw,Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW k -bv°p-≠v.C{]-Imcw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ (Privi-leges) ewLn®p F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v Hcp hy‡nsb in£n-°p-hm≥ AXn\v Ign-bpw. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS (Privileges) ewL\w F∂ Ip‰wBtcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hy‡n°v tImS-Xn-bpsS kwc-£Ww tXSmtam? \nba

\n¿ΩmW k` A®-S° \S-]Sn kzoI-cn® Hcp \nba k`mw-K-Øn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS kwc-£Ww e`y-am-Iptam? CXp-hsc ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw, ePn-t…-®-dn\pw FIvkn-Iyq- n-hn-\p-anS-bn¬ X¿°-ßƒ°v ]cym-]vX-am-b-Xp-amb {]_-e-

amb {]iv\-ß-fm-Wv Ch. AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv PUvPn-am-cpsS s]cp-am‰w(conduct) ]m¿e-sa‚n\v N¿® sNøm-\m-hn√ F∂ `c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ.\oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A[n-t£-]n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff

\nc-h[n kw -h-ßƒ ]m¿e-sa‚n-epw, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -I-fnepw D≠m-bn- p-≠v. AXp t]mse-Xs∂ \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-Isfhna¿in-°p-Ibpw, \nba \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

Ah¿°v \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-I-bpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. "]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw' (Parliamentary Sovereignty) F∂ XXz-Øns‚ ewL-\-am-bmWv \nba\n¿ΩmW k -Iƒ CXns\ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ c≠v LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse kwXp-e-\w F{X teme-am-

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\LS-\-bn¬ (Basic structure)Fs¥ms° hyh-ÿ-IƒDƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂v Hcn-°-se-¶nepw (Hscm‰ XhW F√m-h¿°p-ambn) F¥p-sIm≠vtImS-Xn°v ]d-bm-\m-hp-∂n√?

167


sW-∂pw, Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn¬,Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-Ihpw a‰v LS-I-

ß-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ _lp-am-\n-t°-≠XvF{X-am{Xw {][m-\-s∏´-Xm-sW∂pw Cuhnjbßƒ kqNn∏n°p∂p

D]-kw-lmcw (Conclusion)

\ΩpsS P\m-[n-]Xy LS-\-bn¬ \oXn-\ymb

hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]¶n-s\-Ip-dn-®mWv Cu A≤ym-

b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ ]Tn-®-Xv. Imcy \n¿Δ-lW

hn`m-K-hpw, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW hn`m-Khpw XΩn¬

]e-t∏mgpw kwL¿j-ß-fp-≠m-hm-dp-s≠-¶nepw

\oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]Xm]w Ign™

Ime-ß-fn¬ KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®n- p-≠v. AtX

kabw \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Ønep≈ {]Xo-£-

Ifpw hf-sctbsd-bm-Wv. Fßn-s\-bmWv Nne-

bm-fp-Iƒ°v hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-

cm-hm≥ Ignbp∂sX∂pw Fßn-s\-bmWv kº-

∂¿°pw i‡∑m¿°pw A\p-Iq-e-ambn km£n-

Iƒ°v -sam-gn-Iƒ am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂pw

km[m-cW ]uc≥am¿ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.

\ΩpsS \oXn \ymb hn m-Khpw Bi-¶-s∏-Sp∂

Nne {]iv\-ß-fm-Wn-h.

\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw C¥y-bn¬ hfsc i‡-

amb Hcp ÿm]-\-am-sW∂v Cu A≤ym-b-

Øn¬ \nßƒ I≠p Ign-™p. Cu A[n-

Imcw Cu ÿm]\Øn\v ta¬ AXy-[nIw

BZchpw Gsd {]Xo-£Ifpw krjvSn®n´p≠v.

C¥y-bnse \oXn \ymb hn`mKw AXns‚ kzmX{¥yw sIm≠v IqSn-bmWv

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw, hnhn[ hn[n \ymb-ß-fn-eqsS ]uc≥am-

cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-p-I-bpw, c-W-L-S-\°v ]pØ≥ hymJym-\-ßƒ

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]Xyw \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn\pw

]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-an-S-bnse teme-amb A[n-Imc kwXp-e-\-Øn (Balance of power)emWv Xncn-bp∂sX∂p Cu c≠p ÿm]-\-ß-fpw c-W-L-S\ hyhÿ sNbvXn-

Npcp-ßnb ]£w, Cu am\y-s\-¶nepw \oXn-\ymbhn`m-K-Øn¬ kt¥m-j-hm-\mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw

Ah-km\w Rm≥ Ip‰ hnap-‡-\m-°-s∏-´p. Ign-™-sX√mw Hcp Zpxkz-]v\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ C\n Hcn-°epw Agn-aXn sNøp-I-bn-s√∂v kXyw sNøp-∂p.

168


169


´p-ff ]cn[n°pf-fn-¬ \n∂mWv {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-sX∂pamWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS \mw a\-

n-em-°p-∂-Xv.

A`ymkw (Exercises)1. GsXms° hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn- p-f-fXv? tbmPn°mØXv Is≠ØpI.

(i) kp{]ow tImSXn No v PÃn-kp-am-bpff IqSn-bm-tem-N-\°p tij-amWv kp{]ow

tImS-Xn-bnse a‰p PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv.

(ii) PUvPn-amsc km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-cpsS hnc-an-°¬ {]mbw FØp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv

X¬ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøm-dn√

(iii) Hcp sslt°m-SXn PUvPnsb as‰mcp sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-te°v ÿew am‰m-\m-hn-

√.

(iv) PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-√.

2. \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v AtcmSpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an√ F∂-XmtWm \oXn \ymb

hn`mKØns‚ kzmX{¥yw (Independent of Judiciary) F∂Xp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv?

\qdp-hm-°n¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

3. \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn-s‚ kzmX{¥yw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

4. ChnsS sImSp-Øn´p-ff hm¿Øm-Ip-dn∏v hmbn®v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Is≠-

Øp-I.

Cu hyh-lmcw (Case) F¥p-ambn _‘-s∏- -XmWv?

Cu hyh-lm-c-Ønse KpW-t`m-‡mhv (benefeciary) Bcm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu hyh-lm-c-Ønse ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥ BcmWv?

Iº\n aptºm- p-h® hyXy-kvX-amb hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°pw

F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I.

I¿j-I¿ aptºm´p h® hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°pw?

Zlm\p I¿j-I¿°v REL (Reliance Energy Limited) 300 tImSn cq] \¬I-W-sa∂v

kp{]ow tImSXn DØ-c-hn´p.

tIm¿∏-td‰v _yqtdm 24 am¿®v 2005.

apwss_: apwss_ \K-c-Øns‚ {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-amb Zlm\p taJ-e-bn¬ Nn°p ]g-ßƒ

Irjn sNøp∂ I¿j-I¿°v 300 tImSn cq] dne-b≥kv F\¿Pn \¬I-W-sa∂v kp{]ow

tImSXn DØ-c-hn- p. dne-b≥kv sX¿a¬ ]h¿ πm‚ v D≠m-°nb aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-

Xnsc Nn°p I¿j-I¿ tImS-Xn-bn¬ \¬Inb ]cm-Xnsb XpS¿∂mWv DØ-c-hv.

apwss_ \K-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw 150 Intem-ao-‰-¿ AIse a’y-k-º-Øn-\pw, h\-

ßƒ°pw t]cp-tI´ kzbw ]cym-]vX-amb Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S-\-bp-ff Hcp {]tZ-i-am-

bn-cp∂p Hcp Zim_vZw apºv hsc, Zlm-\p. ]s£ 1989 ¬ Hcp sX¿a¬ ]Δ¿ πm‚ v

Cu {]tZ-iØv {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn ChnSw XI¿∂v Xcn-∏-W-am-bn. sXm´-

170


SpØ h¿jw Cu e- p-bn-jvT-amb {]tZiw BZysØ "hnf-Ø-I¿®' t\cn´p. alm-cm-

jv{S-bpsS ]g-°pS (Fruit bowl) F∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ Cu {]tZ-isØ 70 iX-am\w hnfbpw

C∂v \in-®n-cn°p∂p. at’ym-Xv]m-Z\ tI{μ-ßƒ AS-®p-]q-´p-I-bpw, h\kºØv

ipjvIamhpIbpw sNbvXn-cn°p∂p. ]h¿ πm‚n¬ \n∂p-ff vssfBjv (fly ash) qK¿`

Pe-Øn¬ Ie-cpI hgn apgp-h≥ ssPh hyh-ÿ-sbbpw AXv aen-\-am-°p-I-bmWv F∂v

I¿j-Icpw, ]cn-ÿnXn hmZn-I-fpw, A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A¥-co-£-Øn-te-°p-ff kƒ -

dns‚ ]pd-¥-f-f¬ Ipd-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp aen\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v sX¿a¬

tÃj-\n¬ Bcw- n-°-W-sa∂v Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn‰n DØ-

c-hn-Sp-Ibpw B DØ-chv kp{]ow tImSXn icn-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂n´pw 2002

hsc aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v sX¿a¬ ]h¿ πm‚n¬ ÿm]n-®n-√. 2003 ¬ dne-

b≥kv, sX¿a¬ πm‚ v Gs‰-Sp-°-pI-bpw, aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v ÿm]n-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-b-{Iaw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn®v 2004 ¬ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aen-\o-I-

cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v C\nbpw ÿm]n-°-s∏- n- n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬, Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-

ÿnXn kwc-£W kan-Xn, 300 tImSn cq] _m¶v Kymc-≠n-bmbn \¬I-W-sa∂v dne-

b≥kn-t\mSv Bh-iy-∏- p.

5. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff hm¿Øm-Ip-dn∏v hmbn®v ..... kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-f-fh Is≠-ØpI

hyXykvX Xe-ß-fnse Kh¨sa‚ns\ Is≠-ØpI

kp{]ow tImS-XnbpsS ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

\oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw GsXms°

LS-I-ß-fmWv CXn-ep-f-fXv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏- n- p-ff \b-{]-iv\-ßƒ, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ, \nb-a-Øns‚ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-epw, hymJym-\-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ hnj-b-ßƒ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.

tI{μhpw U¬lnbpw kn.F≥.Pn hnj-b-Øn¬ ssItIm¿°p-∂p.

Ãm^v dnt∏m¿´¿, Z lnμp 23 sk]vXw-_¿ 2001

\yq U¬ln, sk]vXw-_¿ 22/ kn.F≥.Pn A√mØ F√m hmWnPy hml-\-ßfpw

Xe-ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\v ASp-Ø-bmgvN kwbp-‡-ambn

kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m≥ tI{μhpw U¬ln Kh¨sa‚pw [mc-W-bn-se-

Øn. apgp-h≥ KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\hpw Hscm‰ C‘-\sØ B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv A]-

I-S-I-c-hpw, Zpc¥ Imc-W-hp-am-tb°mw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Hscm‰ C‘-\sØ B{i-bn-

°p-∂Xv \n¿Ø-em°n U¬ln \KcØn¬ Hcp Cc´ C‘-\-\bw kzoI-cn-°m\pw

Xocp-am-\n-®p.

Xe-ÿm-\Øv kzImcy hml\ DS-a-Iƒ kn.F≥.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv \ncp-

’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Xocp-am-\-ambn. U¬ln \K-c-Øn¬ 0.05 iX-am\w Xmgv∂

171


kƒ^¿ Uok¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v _kp-Iƒ HmSn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-hm-Z-Øn-\mbn Ccp

Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øn-tb-°pw. am{X-hp-a-√, bqtdm 2 \ne-hmcw

]pe¿Øp∂ hmWnPy hml-\-ßsf am{Xta \K-c-Øn-eqsS HmSm≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°mhq F∂pw tImS-Xn-bn¬ hmZn-t®°mw. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw c≠n-

epw, Htc hmZ-ap-J-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-hp-I. kn.F≥.Pn bpambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-Øn¬

tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v U¬ln Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \ne-]m-Sn\v Xpd∂ ]n¥pW \¬In-

tb-°pw. U¬ln apJya{¥n {ioa-Xn. joem Zo£nXpw tI{μ s]t{Sm-fnbw {]Ir-

Xn-hm-XI a{¥n {io. cmw \mbn°pw XΩn¬ \S∂ IqS-°m-gvN-bn-emWv Cu Xocp-

am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

cmPyØv s]mXp-hmbn Hcp hml\ C‘\ \bw (Auto fuel policy) \n¿t±-in-

°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tUm. B¿.-F. amti¬°-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp D∂-Xm-[n-Imc

kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xn-\m-epw, \n¿±njvS ka-b-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-

tØmfw _kp-Iƒ kn.F≥.-Pn.-bn-te°v am‰pI _p≤n-ap- m-b-Xn-\m-epw, kn.F≥.Pn

bnte°v am‰p-∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-b-]-cn[n \oń-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v

tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-°p-sa∂v {ioa-Xn. joe Zo£nXv

]d-™p. amtj¬°¿ IΩn‰n Bdp amk-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-

°p-sa-∂mWv {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v kabw thW-sa∂v apJy-

a{¥n ]d-™p. tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff am¿K-ßfpw

coXn-I-fpw, U¬ln-bpsS samØw kn.F≥.Pn C‘-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X,

kn.F≥.Pn \nd-°p∂ tI{μ-ß-fnse Xnc°v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°¬, kn.F≥.Pn bn¬

HmtS≠ hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆw Cßs\ F√m hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

sa∂v Cu kwbp‡ kao-]-\sØ ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v {ioa-Xn. Zo£nXv ]d-

™p.

\K-c-Ønse _kp-Iƒ kn.F≥.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂ \n¿t±-i-Øn¬

Cfhv \¬Im≥ tImSXn hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. F∂m¬ SmIvkn-Ifpw Hmt´m-dn-£-Ifpw

kn.F≥.Pn Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in®n-ń√ F∂pw tImSXn ]d-

™p. apgp-h≥ bm{X kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw kn.F≥.Pn sb am{Xw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv

Zpc-¥-ambn amdn-tb°mw F∂-Xn-\m¬ _kp-I-fn¬ tem kƒ^¿ Uok¬ D]-

tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-t°-≠Xps≠∂v \mbn°v ]d-™p. Xe-ÿm-\Øv kn.F≥.-

172


Pn. hnX-cWw ss]∏v sse\n-eqsS Bb-Xn-\m¬, GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep-ff XS w

hnX-c-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bm¬ AXv s]mXp bm{Xm kwhn-[m-\sØ apgp-h≥ Xmdp-am-

dm-°pw.

6. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv CIz-tUm-dns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Hcp {]kvXm-h\-bm-

Wv. Cu DZm-l-c-Whpw C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hyh-ÿbpw XΩn-ep-ff Fs¥ms°

kmZr-iy-ßfpw hyXym-k-ß-fp-amWv \nßƒ ImWp-∂Xv?

""Hcp s]mXp \nb-a-tam, \nb-a-]-c-amb Iogvhg-°tam D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Hcp

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v AXv klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-am-

bn-cp-∂p. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, CIztUm-dns‚ tImSXn B coXn-bn-e√ {]h¿Øn-

°p-∂Xv. Db¿∂ tImS-Xn-Iƒ ap≥Ime hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hn[n-

\ym-b-ßƒ _lp-am-\n-°m≥ PUvPn-am¿ \n¿_‘n°s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F¥p-sIm≠v

Cu hyXymkw F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°msX Hcp kam-\-amb hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ Htc

\ymbm-[n-]≥ Xs∂ C∂v Hcp Xc-Øn-epw, \msf BZy-tØ-Xn\v hncp-≤-ambn

as‰mcp Xc-Ønepw hn[n ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-t®-°mw.''

7. Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p-ff {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ hmbn-°pI X\Xv A[n-Im-cw, A∏o-e-[n-

Im-cw, D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw F∂n-ßs\ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ A[n-Im-c-ß-

fp-ambn AXns\ tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I.

PΩp Imivao-cn¬ ]mIn-ÿm≥ A[o\ {]tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]ucXz

]Z-hnsb kw_-‘n®v Hcp \nb-a-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bptam F∂v Kh¨sa‚ v

Adn-bm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p.

Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xangv\mSv Kh¨sa‚ v tImS-

Xnsb kao-]n-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p.

AW-sI-´ns‚ kao] {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Isf Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-

Xnsc P\-ßƒ \¬Inb A∏o¬ tImSXn \ncm-I-cn-®p.

8. s]mXp Xm¬∏cy l¿Pn-Iƒ°v GsXms° coXn-bn¬ Zcn-{Zsc klm-bn-°m≥

Ignbpw?

9. PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-kw, \oXn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Khpw Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Khpw

XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn°pw F∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-

sIm≠v?

10. auenImh-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-hp-am-bn, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw Fßns\

_‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. AXv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS hym]vXn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v

klm-b-I-c-am-bn-´pt≠m?

173

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

A[-ymbw 7A[-ymbw 7A[-ymbw 7A[-ymbw 7A[-ymbw 7

sÛ-d-enkw sÛ-d-enkw sÛ-d-enkw sÛ-d-enkw sÛ-d-enkw (Fedaralism)

BapJw

1947 sebpw 2001 sebpw cmjv{Sob `q]-S-ßƒ t\m°n-bm¬ (Ah ASpØ

c≠p t]Pp-I-fn-em°n sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p) Ah-bn¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂ \mS-Iob

am‰-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ, t]cp-Iƒ,

Ah-bpsS FÆw F∂n-h-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰w h∂n- p-≠v. kzmX{¥y e_v[n-

bpsS ka-bØv {_ó-jvIm¿ Ah-cpsS cW kuI-cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v cq]oI-

cn® \nc-h[n {]hn-iy-I-fm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w

\nc-h[n \m´p cmPy-ß-fpw C¥y-bn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CXmWv \nßƒ

BZysØ q]-S-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. AXn\p tijw \nc-h[n XhW kwÿm-

\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ]p\x\n¿Æn-bn°-s∏- p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ kwÿm-

\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn am{X-a√ P\-Iob A`n-em-jsØ XpS¿∂p Ah-bpsS

t]cp-Ifpw amdp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aßs\ ssakq¿ I¿Æm-S-I-bmbpw a{Zmkv

Xan-gv\m-Smbpw amdn. AºXph¿j-Im-e-b-f-hn-ep-≠mb Cu am‰-ßƒ q]Sw

]cn-tim-[n®p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-

Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ Ncn-{Xhpw \ap°v ]d™v Xcpw.

Cu A≤ymbw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \nßƒ°v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ a\ n-

em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

$ F¥mWv sÛ-d-enkw?

$ C¥y≥ cW LS-\-bnse sÛ-d¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ.

$ tI{μhpw kwÿm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿° hnj-b-ßƒ.

$ khn-ti-j-amb LS-\bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw sIm≠v Nne

kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v e`n-®n- p≈ {]tXyI A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

174


IND

IA I

N 1

947

175

A[ymbw 7 s^U-d-enkw

INDIA2001

176


F¥mWv sÛ-d-enkw? (Whatis Federalism)

temI-Ønse h≥ i‡n-I-fn¬ H∂m-

bn-cp∂p tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥. ]t£

1989 \p tijw AXv XI¿∂v \nc-h[n

kzX{¥ cmjv{S-ß-fmbn amdn. A[n-

Imc tI{μo-I-c-Whpw ka-{Km-[n-]-Xy-

hp -amWv tkmhn -b‰v bqWn-bs‚

XI¿®°v hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv. X\-Xmb

`mjbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ap≈ a‰p {]tZ-

i-ß-fpsS taep≈ djy≥ B[n-]-

Xyhpw XI¿®°v B°w Iqń. DZ:

Dkv_-°n-ÿm≥. AXp-t]mse Xs∂

sNs°m-…-hm-°n-b, bqtKm-…m-hnb

]mInkvXm≥ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßfpw

hn -Pn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. {^©v mj

kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Cw•ojv `mj

kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°w

aqew Im\-Ubpw Hcp hn -P\ ojWn

t\cn-Sp-∂p. hn -P-\-Øns‚ thZ-\m-P-\-

I-amb A\p- -h-ß-fn-eqsS kzmX{¥yw

t\Snb C¥y Ign™ Fgp-]Xv h¿j-

ambn Hcq H‰ cmjv{S-ambn XpS-cp-∂Xv

henb t\´-at√? F¥mWv Cu t\´-

Øn\p ]n∂nse Imc-W-ßƒ. C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S-\-bn-eqsS \S-∏n-em-°n-bn- p≈

sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-amtWm Cu t\ -

ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬? apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-

®n-´p≈ F√m cmjv{S-ßfpw sÛ-td-

j-\p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n´pw hn -P-\sØ Hgn-

hm-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√.

AXp-sIm≠v Hcp sÛ-d¬ hyhÿ

kzoI-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w B hyh-ÿ-

bpsS kz`mhhpw AXns‚ {]tbm-Khpw

hfsc {][m\w Xs∂-bm-Wv.

shÃv C≥Uo-knse

sÛ-d-enkw (Federlism inWest Indies)

shÃv C--≥Uokv {In--°‰v Soans\

Ipdn®v \nßƒ tIń- p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-

-a--t√m. ]-t£ shÃv C≥Uokv

F∂ t]--cn¬ H--cp cmjv{S-apt≠m?

C¥y-sb-t]mse shÃv

C≥Uokpw Hcp {_nójv tImf-\n-

bm-bn -cp -∂p. 1958 ¬ shÃv

C≥Uokv Hcp sÛ-td-j-\m-bn-am-

dn. {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v kmº-ØnI

kzmX-{¥y-ap≈ Zp¿_-e-amb tI{μ-

K-h¨sa-t‚mSp IqSnb sÛ-td-

j-\m-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu {]tXy-

I-X-Ifpw {]hn-iy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈

cmjv{Sob a’-chpw shÃv

C≥Uokv sÛ-td-j≥ 1962 ¬

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-

Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn.

]n∂oSv 1973 se NnKp-c-amkv

(Chiguaramas) DS-º-Sn-bn-eqsS Hcp

s]mXp \nbak- , kp{]owtImS-Xn,

\mWbw-, s]mXp-I-tºmfw F∂n-

h-bn-eqsS kzX{¥ Zzo]p-Iƒ Hcp

cmjv{Sob GIo-I-c-W-Øn\p {ian-

®p. Ico-_n-b≥ kaq-l-Øn\p

s]mXp-hmb Hcp Imcy-\n¿h-lW

hn`m-K-ap-≠v. AwK-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS

Xe-h≥am-sc√mw CXn¬ AwK-ß-

fmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ {]hn-

iy-Iƒ°v Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬ Hcp-an®p \nev°mt\m th¿]n-

cn™v kzX{¥-ambn \n¬°mt\m

Ign-bm-sX-bm-bn.

177

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

Hcp qJ-fi-Øn\v kam-\-amb sshhn[y-tØmSv IqSnb hnim-e-amb

`q{]-tZ-i-amWv C¥y. ChnsS 22˛Hmfw {][m\ `mj-Ifpw \qdp-I-W-°n\p sNdp-`m-j-I-fp-ap-≠v. Nne {][m-\-a-X-ß-fpsS D¤h tI{μhpwChn-sS-bm-Wv. Cu cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn-embn Zi-e-£-°-W-

°n\p Xt±-inob-cmb P\-ßƒ A[n-h-kn-°p∂p≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ F√m-hn[ sshhn-[y-ßƒ°pw D]-cn-bmbn kap°v Hcp GIo-IrX qan imkv{X-am-Wp-≈X.v Hcp s]mXp Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \ap-s°√mw ]¶m-fnØw D≠v.

{]tXy-In®v kzmX{¥y kac t]mcm- -Øn-eqsS \Ωfpw Hcp s]mXp Ncn-{X-Øns‚ mK-am-bn. Cu LS-I-ßƒ \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw F∂ ho£-W-Øn-ep≈ C¥ysb hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-

°sf t{]cn-∏n®p. Nne-t∏m-sgms° CXns\ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS sFIywF∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.

sÛ-d-enkw F∂Xv hyXy-kvXamb Ncn{X kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-

t]-£-Wob-amb kp\n-›n-X-amb XXz-ß-f-√. adn®v hyXy-kvX-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcp∂ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sshhn-[y-am¿∂XXz-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp sÛ-d¬ cmjv{Sob hyhÿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ BZyw

cq]w sIm≠ Ata-cn-°≥ sÛ-d-enkw a‰p sÛ-td-j-\p-I-fmb C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw P¿a-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. F¶nepw sÛ-d-en-

k-Øn\p Nne ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßfpw k¶¬∏-\-ß-fp-ap≠v (Concepts).$ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚p-Isf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjv{Sob kwhn-

[m-\-amWv sÛ-d-enkw H∂v tZinb Xe-Ønepw as‰m-∂v {]mtZ-

inI Xe-Øn-epw. Hmtcm Kh¨sa‚pw Xß-fpsS taJ-e-bn¬ kzbw`cWw D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. Nne sÛ-td-j-\p-I-fn¬ Zzn]ucXz k{º-Zmbw Xs∂-bp-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ GI ]uc-Xz-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

$ AXp t]mse-Xs∂ P\-ßƒ°v c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzXz-ßfpwIqdpw D≠m-bn-cn°pw ˛ H∂p {]mtZ-in-Ihpw as‰m∂p tZin-b-hpw.DZm-l-c-W-am-bn- \-Ωƒ C¥y°mcm-sW-∂-Xp-t]mse Xan-g≥am-tcm,ae-bm-fn-I-tfm, KpP-dm-Øn-Itfm BWv. cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-I-fpsSHmtcm Xe-Ønepw hyXy-kvX-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw {]tXyI Kh¨sa‚ v kwhn-[m-\hpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

$ Cu c≠p Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsSbpw hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp cW LS-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu]-c-

am-[n-Imc c-W-L-S-\-bmWv c≠p Kh¨sa‚p-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-

Øns‚ {][m\ Dd-hn-Sw. cmjv{SsØ apgp-h≥ _m[n-°p∂ Nne

hnj-b-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn \mW-b-ßƒ, {]Xn-tcm-[w, F∂nh

ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse{]mtZ-in-I-amb Imcy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°pw.

F\n°v a\- n-embn!CXv \ΩpsS kvIqfn-s\ - t∏m - se -bmW vhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ F∂\ne°v ]Xn-s\m∂mw¢mkv, ]{¥≠mw¢m v Cßs\hnhn[ kzXz -ßƒ\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂hnhn[ Unhn-j-\p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ a¬k-chpw D≠m-Ipw. F∂n-cp -∂mepw \ΩƒkvIqfns‚ `mK-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬A`n-am\w sIm≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

178


$ tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p

AhnsS Hcp kzX{¥ \oXn-\ymb hyhÿ D≠m-bn-cn°pw A[n-Imchn -P-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-

K-Øn-\mWv

bYm¿∞ cmjv{So-bw, kwkvImcw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, Ncn{Xw F∂nh

Hcp sÛ-td-js‚ bYm¿∞ {]h¿Ø-\sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-

fm-Wv. ]c-kv]c hnizm-kw, kl-I-c-Ww, _lp-am-\w, \nb-{¥Ww F∂nhHcp sÛ-td-js‚ kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. cmjv-{Sob]m¿ń-Ifpw Hcp c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ coXnsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.

GsX-¶nepw Hcq kwÿm-\-tam, mjm-hn- m-K-tam, {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xtam apgp-h≥ sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-Ønepw Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp a‰p hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Aa¿j-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ipw. CØcw

Hcp kml-Ncyw kwÿm-\-ßƒ ]ncn™p t]mIp-∂-Xn-tet°m B`y¥cbp≤-Øn-tet°m \bn-t®-°mw. \nc-h[n cmjv{S-ßƒ CØcw hnL-S-\-hmZ

ò£-Wn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v.

ss\Po-cn-b-bnse sÛ-d-enkw (Federalism in Nigeria)

AsX, H∂m-asØA[ym -b -Ø n¬\Ωƒ hmbn -® -sXs¥∂v Rm≥Hm¿°p∂p. B¿s°ms° F{X-tØmfw A[n -Imcw Ds≠∂pXocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv`c-W-L-S-\-bmWv

179

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

{]hn-iy-Ifpw hnhn[ kaq-l-ß-fpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]c hnizm-k-an-√-¶n¬ sFIyw

D≠m-°nsbSp°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp sÛtd-j≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏Smw F∂p-≈-Xn\p

G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv ss\Po-cn-b.

1914 hsc DØc ss\Po-cn-bbpw Z£nW ss\Po-cn-bbpw {_n´s‚ c≠v

{]tXyI tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 1950 se C_-Zm≥ (Ibadan) c-W-L-S\ ktΩ-

f-\-Øn¬ h®v ss\Po-cn-b≥ t\Xm-°ƒ Hcp sÛ-d¬ c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-

°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ss\Po-cn-b-bpsS ]Sn-™mdpw Ing°pw hS°pw {]tZ-i-

ßƒ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv bYm-{Iaw tbmdp_ (Yoruba), Ct_m (Ibo), luk- -

^p-em\n (Hausa - Fulani) F∂o aq∂v hwiob hn`m-K-ß-fm-bn-c-∂p. a‰v {]tZ-i-

ß-fpsS ta¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øm-\p≈ Ah-cpsS {ia-ßƒ kwL¿j-

ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn. Cu kml-N-cy-ßƒ ss\Po-cn-b-bpsS cWw ssk\yw

]nSns-®-S-°p-∂-Xn\p hgn-sX-fn®p. 1960 se c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v tI{μØn\pw

{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw ss\Po-cn-b≥ t]men-kn\p ta¬ IqSnb \nb-

{¥-W-am-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ssk\y-Øns‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬

Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ 1970˛se `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kwÿm-\- knhn¬ t]meokns\

A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

1999 ¬ ss\Po-cn-b-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-s -¶nepw aX-]-c-

amb n∂-X-Ifpw FÆbpsS hcp-am-\sØ kw_-‘n® X¿°-ßfpw ss\Po-

co-b≥ sÛ-td-j\p henb oj-Wn-Iƒ Db¿Øn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. {]mtZ-

inI hwiob hn`m-K-ßƒ FÆ-bpsS tI{μo-IrX \nb-{¥-WsØ {]Xn-tcm-

[n-®p. {]hn-iy-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ aX-]-c-hpw, hwio-b-hpw, kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb

hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ sI´p]nW™v InS-°p∂ cmPy-Øn\pZml-c-W-amWv ss\Po-

cn-b.

sÛ-d-enkw C¥y≥ `c-WL-L-S-\-bn¬ (Federalism in]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

$ Hcp sÛ-td-j-\nse tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

BcmWv \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv?

$ Hcp sÛ-td-j-\n¬ tI{μ-K-h-¨sa‚n\pw kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚n\pw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn-

°-s∏Spw

180


the Indian Constitution)

kzmX{¥yw e`n°p-wapºv Xs∂ C¥y-sb-t]mse hfsc _rl-Ømb Hcpcmjv{S-Øns‚ c-W-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ßƒ tI{μ {]hniy Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hn -Pn-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ°v hy‡-amb [mc-

W-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-ambsshhn-[y-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿ t_m[-hm≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu sshhn-[y-ßƒ°vAwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]mtZ-inI

P\-X°v cWØn¬ ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-th≠n-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Hmtcm{]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw cWw AXmXv P\-X°v Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚ v F∂ Bhn-iy-Øn≥taep≈ bp‡n CXm-Wv.

ChnsS Htc Hcp tNmZyw {]mtZ-inI Khä‚p-Iƒ°v F{X-tØmfw A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. hn -P-\-Øn\p aptº ap…oßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {]mXn\n[yw F∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn®p ap…ow eoKv \S-Ønb {]t£m- -

Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ cWw F∂Xv N¿®-sN-ø-s∏- n-cp-∂p. C¥y hn -P-\-Øn-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø-Xn\p tijw, c-W-L-S\ \n¿amW k` tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-

Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw kl-I-cW-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈Hcp -cW k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-°m-\mWv Xocp-am-\n®X.v AhnsS kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v {]tXy-I-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. kl-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ c-

W-L-S\ kzoI-cn® sÛ-d-en-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb khn-ti-j-X. Aßs\sshhn-[ysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w cWLS\ sFIy-Øn\pw Du∂¬\¬Ip-∂p.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ sÛ-td-j≥ F∂ hm°v Hcn-SØpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-ń√ F∂ Imcyw \nßƒ°-dn-bm-tam? C¥y≥ cWLS-\- kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬,HsØm - c p - a -tbmsS --Pohn-°pI --F∂-Xns‚ e£yw\Ωƒ F√mh-cpw kt¥m---j-tØmsS --Pohn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈ - h - c p s Skt¥mjw Dd-∏m -°p -IbpwsNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv.

A\p-tOZw 1 :

(1) C¥y AXm-bXv `mcXw kwÿm\ß-fpsS Hcp bqWn-b-\m-bn-

cn-°p-∂-XmWv.

(2) kwÿm-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS q{]-tZ-i-ßfpw H∂mw ]ń-I-bn¬

]d-™n- p≈hn[w Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

181

A[ymbw 7 s^U-d-enkw

A[n-Imc hn -P\w (Division of Powers)

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v cq]w

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p ˛ H∂p cmjv{S-Øn\p samØ-Øn-ep≈ Hcp

tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw as‰m∂p {]mtZ-inIambp≈ kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚pIfpw. Cu c≠p Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw c-W-L-S\m

]Z-hnbpw hy‡-ambn \n¿Δ-Nn-°-s∏- n- p≈ A[n-Im-c-ß-fpw D-≠m-

bn-cn-°pw. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-s‚bpw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚n-

s‚bpw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-ßsf kw_-‘n® X¿°-

ßƒ c-W-L-S\m N -ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw ]cn-

l-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS

Iogn¬ hcp∂ hnj-b-ßsf c-W-L-S\ IyXy-ambn hn -Pn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. (ASpØ t]Pn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nm¿´v ]cn-tim-[n-

®m¬ Fß-s\-bmWv tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°n-S-bn¬

A[n-Imcw hn -Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v hy‡-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.)

Cu A[n-Imc hn -P-\-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jX c-W-L-S\m

]c-ambn kmº-ØnI ˛ [\-Imcy A[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ss°

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n-\mWv F∂-XmW.v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v [mcmfw

IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-s≠-¶nepw ]cn-an-X-amb hcp-am\ t{kmX-

p-I-ƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

1. Ah-injvTm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-°-

s∏-S-W-sa∂p \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂pt≠m?

2. A[n-Imc hn`-P-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈

AXr-]vXn°v Imc-W-sa-¥mWv?

F\n°v tXm∂p-∂--Xv kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v kz¥-ambn hf-sc-Ipd®v hcp-am\w am{XamWp-≈-Xv. Fßs\ A--h¿ A--h-cpsSBh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th‰pw? NneIpSpw-_--ß-fn¬ ]Ww ¿ØmhvssI-hiw kq£n-°p-Ibpwho´p---Im-cy-ßƒ mcy \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠n-h-cpIbpw sNøp∂Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWv CXv Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

182


Constitution of India

kwÿm\ enkv‰v

$ Irjn$ t]meokv$ Pbn¬$ {]mtZ-inI

Kh¨sa‚ v$ s]mXpP\m-

tcmKyw$ `qan$ aZyw$ hmWn-Pyhpw

hym]m-chpw$ I∂p-Imen ]cn-

]m-e\w$ kwÿm\

]ªn°vk¿Δo-kp-Iƒ

kwÿm\ \nb-a -\n¿Ωm -W-k -`°vam{X-amWv Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nbaw\ n ¿ a n -° m - \ p≈

A[n-Imcw

kwbp‡ enÃv

$ hnZym- ymkw

$ Irjn`qan Hgn-

®p≈ kzØns‚

ssIam‰w

$ h\-ßƒ

$ sXmgn-emfn

kwL-S-\-Iƒ

$ ambw tN¿°¬

$ ZsØ-Sp -°epw

]n¥p-S¿®-h-Im-

ihpw

tI{μ kwÿm\Kh¨-sa‚p--Iƒ°vCu hnj-b-ß-fn¬\nbaw \n¿an-°m-hp-∂-XmWv

Ahin-jvSm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ

$ Cu aq∂p enÃnepw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-SmØ hnj-b-ßƒ Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

$ ssk_¿ \nb-a-ßƒ$ C¥y-bn¬ Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \nbaw \n¿an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\pam{XamWv.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse

A[n-Im-c-hn- -P\w

tI{μ enÃv

$ {]Xn-tcm[w

$ BW-thm¿Pw

$ hntZ-i-Imcyw

$ bp≤hpw

kam-[m-\hpw

$ _m¶nMv

$ sdbn¬ KXm-KXw

$ X]m¬

Iºn X]m¬

$ thyma-bm\w

$ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ

$ hntZ-i-hym-]mcw

$ \mW-b-hy-hÿ

tI{μ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k- °v am{X-amWv Cuhnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nbaw\n¿an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw.

183

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

i‡-amb tI{μ Kh- sa-t‚mSp IqSnb sÛ-d-enkw

(Federalism with a strong central Govt.)C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ i‡-amb Hcp tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-

°p∂p F∂p-≈Xv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Hcp `qJ-

fi-Øn\p Xpey-amb sshhn-[y-ßfpw kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ß-fpap≈ cmjv{S-

amWv C¥y. Cu sshhn-[y-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ tijn-bp≈ Hcp sÛ-d¬

kwhn-[m-\-amWv \ap°v Bhiy-sa∂p c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-X-m°ƒ hnizkn-

®n-cp-∂p. AtX kabw Xs∂ inYn-eo-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-lnI

cmjv{Sob am‰-ßƒ sIm≠ph-cp-∂-Xn\pw Hcp i‡-amb tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚

]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v Ah¿ t_m[-hm≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y kzX-{¥-amb ka-

bØv C¥y-bn¬ {_nó-jpIm¿ cq]oI-cn® {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v ]pdta `n∂n®p

\n∂n-cp∂ 500 Hmfw \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chsb C¥y≥ bqWn-

b\n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw i‡-

amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp≈ Hcp tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AJ-fi-Xsb Ipdn-®p≈ DXvIWvT- am-{X-a-√, kwÿm\-ß-fpsS kl-I-

c-W-tØmsS kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw i‡-

amb tI{μK-h¨sa‚ v Bh-iy-am-sW∂p c-W-L-S\m\n¿am-Xm-°ƒ hnizkn-

®n-cp-∂p. Zmcn-{Zyw, \nc-£-X-c, kº-ØnI Ak-aXzw XpS-ßnb {]iv\-ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bkq-{X-Whpw GtIm-]-\hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Aßs\

AJ-fi-Xbpw hnI-k-\hpw Db¿Ønb DXvIWvTI-fmWv i‡-amb tI{μ-K-

h¨sa‚ v F∂ Bi-b-Øn-te°v c-W-L-S\ \n¿am-Xm-°sf \bn-®-Xv.

""Cu k`-bnse _lp-am-\y-cmb AwK-ßsf Rm≥

]d-™p-sIm-≈s´, Hgp°v ...... F√m `c-W-L-S-\-

bnepw tI{μ-Øn-te-°m-Wv. ........ t]meokv cmjv{S-

ßƒ t£a-cm-jv{S-ambn sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ B[p-\nI

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ bqWn-‰dn-bm-bmepw sÛ-d¬

Bbmepw cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI A`n-hr-≤n-

bpsS BXy-¥nI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apgp-h\pw tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚n-\mWv

‰n .‰n . IrjvW-am -Nmcn,CAD,Vol.XI,p.955-

956,25 \hw -º¿1949

184


i‡-amb tI{μKh¨sa‚ v cq]n-I-c-W-Øn\v klm-bn® {][m\-

s∏´ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ Hcp kwÿm-\-Øns‚ \ne-\nev∏pw AXns‚ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AJ-

fi-Xbpw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ssII-fn-em-Wv. Hcp kwÿm-\sØ hn`-

Pnt®m As√-¶n¬ H∂n-e-[nIw kwÿm-\-ßsf Iqń-t®¿tØm ]pXnb

kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-≠v.

$ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ASn-b-¥-c-m[n-Im-c-ßƒ°p≈ hyh-ÿ-I-fp-

≠v. ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿm {]Jym-]-\sØ XpS¿∂p sÛ-d¬ cmjv{Sob

kwhn-[m\w Hcp tI{μo-IrX kwhn-[m-\-Ønte°v amdp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.

ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bpsS ka-bØv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \nba ]c-ambn Xs∂

tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn\p Iogn¬

hcp∂ hnj-b-ß-fnepw \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\p IgnbpIbpw

sNøp-∂p.

$ km[m-cW \ne-bn¬ Xs∂ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v e-{]-Z-amb [\-Imcy

A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-ap-≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn hcp-am-\-Øns‚

{][m-\-s∏´ t{kmX- p-I-sf√mw tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-

em-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßƒ°v kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns\ B{i-bn-°p-∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn

Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Bkq-

{XWw F∂ am¿K-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y Ahn-jvI-cn-®Xv

am{X-a√ Bkq-{XWw tI{μo-Ir-X-amb kmº-ØnI Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

°¬ {]{Inb-bn-te°v \bn-®p. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v \nb-an-°p∂ Bkp-

{XW IΩo-j-\mWv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hn`h hn\n-tbm-K-Øns‚ \nb-

{¥-Whpw ta¬t\m- -hpw. IqSmsX kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßƒ kwÿm-

\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v AXns‚ hnth-

N-\m-[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmº-ØnI hn -h-ß-fpsS Cß-

s\-bp≈ hnX-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-Iƒ `cn-°p∂

kwÿm-\-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p∂p F∂ Btcm-]-W-Øn\pw CS-bm-°n-

bn- p-≠v.

$ \nßƒ t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]mse Kh¿W¿°v kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚n-s\bpw \nb-a-k-`-tbbpw ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ tI{μ-tØmSv

ip]m¿i sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX km[m-cW kml-N-cy-ß-

fn¬t∏mepw kwÿm\ \nb-a-k -Iƒ ]m m-°nb Hcp _n¬ ssIhiw

sh°p-hmt\m cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\-°mbn ka¿∏n-°mt\m At±-

l-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. CXp-hgn kwÿm-\-Øns‚ \nba \n¿amW

{]{Inb°v Ime-Xm-akw hcp-Ømt\m {]kvXpX _n√ns\ Xs∂

hot‰m sNømt\m D≈ Ah-kcw tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\p e`n-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-

S\ a‰p-≈-h-bn¬

\n∂pw IS-sa-Sp -

°pI am{X -a√

s N b v X - - s X ∂ v

Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ a\-

n-em-°p-∂p. CXv

\ΩpsS Bh-iy-

ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v

sÛ-d-en-ksØ

cq]-I-ev]\ sNbv

Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

185

A[ymbw 7 s^U-d-enkw

$ Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fnt∑¬

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v \nba \n¿amWw \S-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. cmPy-k- -bpsS

AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nba \n¿amWw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ kwÿm-

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ FIvkn-Iyq- ohv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°pw apI-fn-em-sW∂v c-

W-L-S\ hy‡-ambn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp IqSm-sX, Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\p kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \evIm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-tOZw CXv hy‡-

am-°p-∂p.

A\p-tOZw 257 (1):

Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-\n¿h-lW A[n-Im-c-ßƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Imcy \n¿h-lW

A[n-Im-c-ßsf ewLn-°p∂ coXn-bntem AXn-s\-°p-dn®v ap≥hn-

[n-tbmsS kao-]n-°p∂ coXn-bntem BI-cp-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂

Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Hcp kwÿ-\-Øn\p \n¿t±-i-ßƒ sImSp-°m≥X°

hym]vXn-bp-≈-XmWv tI{μ-Øns‚ Imcy \n¿h-lW A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

$ \Ωp-tSXv GIo-IrX cW kwhn-[m-\-am-sW-∂p-≈Xv \nßƒ FIvkn-

Iyq- ohv F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®n- p-≠-t√m. AJn-te¥y k¿Δo-kpIƒ

C¥y-bpsS apgp-h≥ {]Z-i-ß-fn-te-°p-≈Xmb-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu

k¿Δo-kp-I-fn-te°v sXsc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ kwÿm-\-ß-

fnepw tkh\w A\p-jvTn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. AXp-sIm≠v If-Iv‰-dmbn Npa-

X-e-bp≈ IAS DtZym-K-ÿ\pw t]meokv IΩo-j-W-dm-bn- p≈ IPS DtZymK-

ÿ\pw BXy-¥n-I-ambn tI{μ -K-h¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.

kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v Cu DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS-ta¬ A®-S° \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-

°mt\m tPmenbn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-®p-hn-Smt\m Ign-bn-√.

$ `cWL-S-\-bpsS 33 Dw, 34 Dw A\p-tOZ {]Imcw tI{μ-Øntem kwÿm-

\-Øntem tPmen t\m°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ\v Abmƒ ]´mf \nbaw \ne-hn-

en-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv FSpØ \S-]-Sn-I-fnt∑¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v kwc-£Ww

\¬Ip-∂-Xmbn-cn-°pw. Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tI{μ-Øns‚ A[n-Imcßƒ H∂p-

IqSn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv {]tXyI ssk\n-

Im-[n-Imc \nb-a-ßƒ (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-

≈-Xv. Cu \nbaw ]e-t∏mgpw P\-ßfpw ssk\yhpw XΩn-ep≈

kwL¿j-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v.

tI{μ Kh¨-sa‚ v hfsc-- -----i‡ -am - sW ---∂mWv Rm≥ -- ----\ -kn - em -°p -∂Xv. kwÿm-\-ƒ°v AXn¬---- ]cm-Xn- sbm-∂p-ant√?

186


C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ hyh-ÿ-bnse kwL¿j-ßƒ (Conflictsin Indian Federalism)

Cu ]mT- -mK-Øns‚ ap≥`m-K-ß-fn¬, c-W-L-S\ i‡-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv

tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p \¬In-bn-´p-≈-sX∂p \Ωƒ I≠-t√m. AXm-bXv c-

W-LS\ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS X\-Xmb kzXzw AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ IqSp-

X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm-

-\-ß-fpsS kzXzw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw cW \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn¬ Ah¿ IqSp-

X¬ ]¶m-fnØw {]Xo-£n-°pw. CXv kwÿm-\-ßƒ \nc-h[n Bh-iy-ßƒ

apt∂m´v h°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-ambn. Ime-{I-taW kwÿm-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬

kzbw-`-c-Whpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. CXp tI{μ ˛

kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ Iep-jn-X-am-°n. tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-

Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ \nba]c-amb X¿°-ßƒ°v tImSXn apJm-¥ncw ]cn-lmcw

ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ kzbw `cW Bh-iy-ßƒ t]mse-bp≈ IqSp-

X¬ cmjv{Sob kz`m-h-ap≈ {]iv\-ßƒ ka-hmb N¿®-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.

tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ (Centre - State relation)

1950 Ifnepw 60 Ifp-sS BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnepw C¥y≥ sÛ-d-en-k-Øn\p ASn-

Ø-d-bn-´Xv Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hm-Wv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tI{μ-Ønepw

kwÿm-\-Ønepw tIm¨{K v ]m¿ń-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb

kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw Hgn-®p≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\

_‘-ßƒ hfsc km[m-cW KXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-Øns‚ [\-k-lm-b-

tØmsS Xßƒ°v hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-°m-sa∂ {]Xo-£-bm-bn-cp∂p kwÿm-

\-ßƒ°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√, tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v cq]w \¬Inb kmaq-

lnI kmº-ØnI hnI-k\ \b-ß-tfmSv XnI™ iq`m]vXn hnizmkhpw

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

1960 IfpsS a[y-tØmsS tI{μ-Øns‚ B-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p Xncn-®Sn G¬°p-

Ibpw \nc-h[n kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p IqSp-X¬ kzbw c-Whpw A[n-Im-c-

ßfpw \¬I-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-Øn\p i‡n ]I¿∂p. bYm¿∞Øn¬

hyXykvX- cm-jv-{Sob]m¿ń-Iƒ tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-

Øn-se-Øn-b-Xns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bmWv CØcw Bh-iy-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-

187

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ tI{μw `cn® tIm¨{K ns‚ A\mhiy

CSs]SepIfn¬ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ {]Xntj[n°m≥ XpSßn.

tIm¨{K ns\ kw_‘n®StØmfw {]Xn]£ ]m¿ńIƒ \bn°p∂

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv A{X

kpJIcambncp∂n√. Cu khntij cmjv{Sob kmlNcyw Hcp "sÛd¬

hyhÿbnse kzbw`cWw' F∂ ImgvN∏mSns\°pdn®p≈ N¿®Iƒ°v

hgnsbmcp°n.

1990 ItfmsS tI{μØn¬ tIm¨{K v B[n]Xyw ]q¿Æambpw

A{]Xy£amIpIbpw \Ωƒ ap∂Wn cmjv{SobØns‚ ImeL´Ønte°v

{]thin°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwÿm\ßfnepw hnhn[ {]mtZinI tZiob

]m¿ńIƒ A[nImcØn¬ h∂p. CXv kwÿm\ßfpsS kzm[o\w

h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw sshhn[yßtfmSv BZchp≈ ]Izamb Hcp sÛd¬

hyhÿ°v XpS°w Ipdn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu c≠mw

L´Øn¬ kzbw`cWØn\p≈ Bhiyw F∂ {]iv\w cmjv{Sobambn

IqSpX¬ i‡n B¿Pn°p∂p.

kzbw`cWØn\p≈ AhImihmZßƒ (Demands forAutonomy)

\nch[n kwÿm\ßfpw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIfpw ImemImeßfnembn tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw IqSpX¬ kzbw`cWw Bhiys∏Sp∂p. F∂ncp∂mepw

CXv hf-sc c-k--ap-≈-Im --cyamWv.\ n b a ß f p w`cWLS\bpwa m { X a √F √ m I m c yßfpw Xocp -a m\ n°p∂X v .F √ m Ø n \ p wD ] c n - b m b n{ ] m t b m K n Icmjv{Sob--amWv\ΩpsS Kh¨--s a ‚ n s ‚k z ` m h w\ n ¿ Æ b n - ° p∂Xv.

kzbw `cWsØ kw_‘n®v hyXykvX ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv hnhn[

kwÿm\ßƒ°pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°pw D≈Xv.

NnecpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ kwÿm\-ßƒ°\pIqeambn A[n-Imc

hn`P\Øn¬ th-≠ am‰ßƒ hcpØn AXp--hgn IqSpX¬ A[n-Imc--ßfpw

hfsc {][m\s∏´ A[nImcßfpw kwÿm\ßƒ°v e`n°Ww.

\nch[n kwÿm\ßfpw (Xangv\mSv, ]©m_v, ]›na_wKmƒ) A\h[n

cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIfpw (DMK, Akalidal, CPI (M)) kabmkabßfn¬

CØcØnep≈ kzbw`cW Bhiyw apt∂m v h®n´p≠v.

$ kwÿm\ßƒ°p hcpam\Øns‚ kz¥amb DdhnSßfpw

hn`hßfpsSta¬ IqSpX¬ \nb{¥Whpw D≠mbncn°-Wsa∂XmWv ams‰mcmhiyw. CXv [\Imcy kzbw`cWw F∂vAdnbs∏Sp∂p (Financial Autonomy). 1977 ¬ ]›na _wKmfnse

CSXp]£ Kh¨sa‚ v C¥ybnse tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘ßƒ]p\xkwLSn∏n°-Wsa∂p Bhiys∏´psIm≠p≈ {]amWw

188


]pdØnd°n. Xangv\mSns‚bpw ]©m_ns‚bpw kzbw`cWØn\p≈ BhiyØnepw [\Imcy kzbw cWw Dƒs∏Spw.

$ aq∂maXmbn kzbw cWØn\p≈ Bhiyw kwÿm\ßfpsS`cW-]camb A[n-Imcßfpambn _‘-s∏´XmWv. tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚n\v kwÿm\ `cW--b{¥Øn≥ ta-ep≈ \nb--{¥W--Øn¬ kwÿm\-ßƒ°v Aa¿jap≠v.

$ \meaXmbn, -kzbw`cW--Øn\p≈ B-h--iyw kmwkv--I--mcnIhpw

`mjm]chpamb {]iv\--ßfpambn _‘-s∏´-XmWv. lnμn `mj-bpsS ta[mhnXzØns\-Xnsc Xangv\mń¬ \S-∂ {]-£m`-ßfpwA--Xp-t]mse Xs∂ ]©m_n mj-bpsSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw

hnI-k--\Øn\p th≠n--bp≈ Bh---iyßfpw CXn\pZm--lc--W---ßfmWv.Nne kwÿm\--ßsf kw_-‘n®v lnμn -kwkmcn-°p∂ {]tZi--ßƒ --a‰v {]tZißfpsS ta¬ B[n]Xyw -ÿm]n°psa∂

òXnbp≠v. bYm¿∞Øn¬ 1960 Ifn¬ lnμn ASnt®¬∏n°p∂Xn-s\Xnsc hnhn[ kwÿm\ßfn¬ \nch[n {]t£m`ßƒD≠mbn´p≠v.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-`-c-Whpw Kh¿Æ¿am-

cpsS ]¶pw.

tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘ßfnse

F°mesØbpw hnhmZ hnjbamWv

Kh¿ÆdpsS ]¶ns\Ipdn®p≈X. v

Kh¿Æsd sXcs™Sp°pIb√

sNøp∂Xv. an° Kh¿W¿amcpw hncan®

]´mf DtZymKÿtcm knhn¬

k¿ΔokpImtcm XeapXn¿∂

cmjv{Sob°mtcm Bbncn°pw. IqSmsX,

Chsc \nban°p∂Xv tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚mbXpsIm≠v Xs∂

Kh¿ÆdpsS {]h¿Ø\w tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ kwÿm\

`cWØnep≈ ssIISØembn´mWv

IcpXp∂Xv . tI{μØnepw

kwÿm\Ønepw hyXyÿ ]m¿ńIƒ

`cn°p∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬ Kh¿ÆdpsS

\S]SnIƒ IqSpX¬ hnhmZamImdq≠v.

icn-bmWv lnμn

C ¥ y - b p - s S

HutZym-KnI `mj-

bm-sW-∂-\n-°-dn-

bmw. ]t£. C¥y-

bpsS hnhn[ `mK-

ßfn¬ \n∂pw

hcp∂ Fs‚ kl-

]m-Tn-Iƒ°v lnμn

Adn-bn√

Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse cmjv{S-`mjsb kw_-‘n-

®p≈ N¿®m-th-f-bn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv IqSp-X¬ kln-jvWpX

Im´m≥ lnμn kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]hn-iy-I-tfmSv s\lvdphn\v

A`y¿∞n-t°-≠n-h-∂p.

189

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘ßsf°pdn®p ]Tn°m≥

1983 ¬ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v k¿°mcnb IΩojs\

\nban®p. 1988 ¬ Cu IΩo-j≥ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿ v

ka¿∏n°pI-bp-≠m-bn. Cu dnt∏m¿- n¬ k¿°m-cn-

b-I-Ωn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®Xv Kh¿-Æ-dpsS \nb-a\w

I£n cmjv{So-b-Øn-\-Xo-X-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv.

Kh¿Æ-dpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw C{Xbpw

hnhm-Z-ßfp≈-Xm-Im≥ Hcp ImcWw IqSn-bp-≠v.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse G‰hpw hnhm-Z-ßfp--≠m-

°p∂ A\p-tO-Z-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv A\p-tOZw 356.

Cu A\p-tO-Z-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬

cmjv{S-]Xn cWw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. c-W-L-S-\m-

\p-krX-ambn `cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ v ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv

Cu hIp∏v km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚

ê-ambn kwÿm\ cWw tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v Gs‰-

Sp-°p-∂p. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS {]Jym-]-\-Øn\p ]m¿e-

sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bhiy-am-Wv. aq∂p-h¿jw

hsc {]kn-U‚ v cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI

s\lvdp Kh¿W¿amsc \nb-an-®-t∏mƒa{¥n-°-tkc hns´m-gn-bm≥ Nne¿°p aSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

kwÿm-\-Øn-se Kh¨sa‚n-s\bpw \nba k -tbbpw ]ncn®p hnSm≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-

Xn-\≈ A[n-Imcw Kh¿Æ¿°p-≠v. CXv \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. 1959 ¬

\nba k -bn¬ qcn-]-£-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIcf Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]ncn-®p-hn- -Xp-t]m-sebpw 1967

\p tijw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Kh¨sa‚p-Isf Ah-cpsS `qcn-]£w

]cn-tim-[n-°msX ]ncn-®p-hn- Xp t]mse-bpap≈ kw -h-ßƒ Nne-t∏m-sgms° D≠m-bn- p-≠v.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nne tIkp-Iƒ tImS-Xn-bn-se-Øp-Ibpw B tIkp-I-fpsS hn[n-\ym-b--Øn¬

{]knU‚ v c-W---Øns‚ c-W-L-S\m km-[pX ]cntim-[n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xß-ƒ°m-

sW∂p tImSXn hy‡--am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v.

1967 hsc 356˛mw hIp∏v A]q¿Δ-amtb D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p≈p. 1967 \p tijw \nc-h[n

kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIm -{K- n-Xc Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ A[n-Im-c--Øn-se-Øn. ]t£ At∏mgpw

tI{μ- c-Ww tIm¨{K- n-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v Cu hIp-∏p-]tbm-Kn®v kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Isf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂Xv ]Xn--hmbn. am{X-a√ kwÿm\ Kh¿Æsd D]-tbm-Kn®p

sIm≠v, `qcn-]--£w t\Snb ]m¿ńtbm- ap∂-Wntbm A[n-Im-c--Øn-se-Øp-∂Xp XS-bm\pw

Ah¿ {ian-®n-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1980 I-fn¬ B{‘-{]-tZ-in-tebpw PΩp-Im-ivao-cn-

tebpw sX--c-s™---Sp-°-s∏´ Kh¨sa‚p---Isf tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v ]ncn-®p-hn- n-cp∂p.

190


]pXnb kwÿm-\-

ßƒ°m-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-

hm-Z-ßƒ (Demands for NewState)

]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ Bh-

iy-am-bn-cp∂p s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m-

\-Ønse kwL¿j-ßfpsS as‰mcp

Xew. tZiob {]ÿm\w Hcp ]m≥

˛ C¥y≥ kzXzw (Pan - Indian) cq]o-

I-cn-®-tXm-sSm∏w `mj, {]tZ-iw,

kwkvIm-cw XpS-ßn-b-hsb Np‰n-∏-

‰n-bp≈ khn-tij kzXz-ßƒ°pw

cq]w \¬In. \ΩpsS tZiob

{]ÿm\w P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p

th≠nbpw ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠v kzmX-{¥y-k-ac Ime-L- -

Øn¬ Xs∂ kwÿm\ cq]n-I-

cWw km[y-am-Ip-∂nStØmfw mj-

I-fp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v

Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p.

AXm-bn-cp∂p mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn-ep≈ kwÿm\ cq]oI-cWw

F∂ Bh-iy-Øn-te°v kzmX-{¥ym-\-

¥cw \sΩ \bn-®-Xv. 1953 Unkw-_-

dn¬ cq]w sIm≠ kwÿm\

]q\xkwL-S\m IΩo-j≥ {][m\

`mjm hn`m-K-ßƒs°-¶nepw kwÿm-

\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v ip]m¿i

sNbvXp. 1956 ¬ kwÿm\

]p\xkwLmS -\ -Øn -eqsS Nne

kwÿm-\-ßƒ \nen-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw

B {]{Inb Ct∏mgpw XpS¿∂p

sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1960

emWv KpP-dmØpw, alm-cm-jv{Sbpw

cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xv. ]©m_pw lcn-bm-

Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Isf adn-®n-Sp∂ CuIfn F√m-hcpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI

]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠ns]cp-In-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ

Sh

an

ka

r.

Co

pyri

gh

t:

Ch

ild

ren

’s

Bo

ok

T

rust.

26 July 1953

191

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

\bpw 1966 ¬ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. ]n∂oSv hS°v Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS

]p\xkwL-S-\-bn-eqsS aWn-∏q¿, {Xn]p-c, taLm-e-b, antkm-dmw, Acp-Wm-

N¬ {]tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

c≠m-bn-c-mam-≠n¬ {]tXyI kwÿm-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-

sØbpw cW Imcy-£-aX°p th≠n-bp≈ Bh-iy-sØbpw ap≥ \n¿Øn

Nne henb kwÿm-\-ßƒ ho≠pw hn -Pn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Aßs\ a[y-{]-

tZ-iv, DØ¿{]-tZ-iv, _olm¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ hn`-Pn®v bYm-{Iaw

NØo-kvK-Vv, DØcmJ-fiv, Pm¿Jfiv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p kwÿm-\-ßƒ

cq]o-I-cn-°s∏´p. F¶n-epw, Nne mjm-hn- m-K-ßfw {]tZ-i-ßfpw {]tXyI

kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ {]t£m- -ßƒ XpS¿∂p sImt≠-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ hnZ¿` kwÿm-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-hmZw

CXn\pZml-c-W-am-Wv.

A¥¿ kwÿm\ kwL¿j-ßƒ (Inter state Conflicts)

kzbw`c-W-Øn\pw hcp-am\ t{kmX- p-Iƒ°pw th≠n kwÿm-\-ßƒ

tI{μ-hp-ambn hne-t]-i¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xp-t]mse kwÿm-\-ßƒ

XΩnepw \nc-h[n kwL¿j-ßfpw X¿°-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-

≠v. Cu X¿°-ßƒ°v \nb-a-]-c-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ \oXn-

\ym-b-hy-hÿ {ian-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Cu X¿°-ß-sfm-∂pw shdpw

\nb-a-]-c-a-√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. Cu {]iv-\-ßƒ°v cmj-{Sob

am\-ßƒ D≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ N¿®Ifn-eq-sSbpw ]c-kv]c

hnizm-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta Ah e-{]-Z-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

Ign-bpIbp≈q.

hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-

fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. AXn¿Øn X¿°ß-

fmWvv Ah-bn¬ H∂v. Nne kwÿm-\-ßƒ Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ß-

fpsS q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw D∂-bn-°p∂p. mjm-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn-emWv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-®-sX-¶nepw

H∂n-e-[nIw mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ an° kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

AXn¿Øn {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂

`mjm qcn-]£w F∂ am\-Z-fi-Øn-eqsS Ffp∏w ]cn-l-cn-°m-

hp∂ {]iv\-a√ CXv. alm-cm-jv{Sbpw I¿Æm-S-Ibpw XΩn¬ hf-

{]h¿Ø\w

C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]ńI Xbm-dm°n Ah

Hmtcm∂pw \ne-hn¬ h∂ h¿jw Is≠-Øp-I.

AXp-sIm≠v, sÛ-d-enkwF∂m¬ kwL¿j-ß-fmtWm. BZyw \ΩƒtI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpwXΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]n∂oSv kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈Xns\-°p-dn-®pw kwkm-cn®p. \ap°vkam-[m-\-tØmsS Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bnt√?

192


sc-°m-e-ambn _¬Kmw \K-csØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ AXn¿Øn X¿°w \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ aWn-∏qcpw \mK-mem‚pw XΩn¬ \o≠

\mfmbn Hcp AXn¿Øn X¿°w \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. ]©m-_n¬ \n∂pw lcn-

bm\ F∂ kwÿm-\sØ AS¿Øn-am-‰n-bXv c≠p kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-

ep≈ AXn¿Øn X¿°-ßƒ°v am{X-a√ Xe-ÿm-\-amb NfioK-Vn\p

th≠n-t∏mepw X¿°-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. NfioKVv F∂ Cu

]´Ww Ct∏mƒ c≠p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Xe-ÿm-\-amW.v 1985˛¬

A∂sØ {][m-\-a{¥n cmPohv Km‘n ]©m-_ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-hpambn Hcp

[mc-W-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p. Cu [mcW {]Imcw NfioKVv ]©m-_n\p

ssIam-td-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ CXp-hsc B ssI-am‰w \S-∂n- n-√.

AXn¿Øn X¿°-ßƒ sshIm-cn-I-am-sW-¶n¬ \Zo-Pe X¿°-ßƒ

AXnepw cq£-amb {]iv\-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw AXp kwÿm-

\-ß-fpsS IpSn-sh-≈hpw Irjnbp-ambn _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-Isf t\cn´p

_m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. \nßƒ Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°sØ Ipdn®v tIń-´p-

≠m-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m. Xan-gv\mSpw I¿Æm-S-Ibpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-

am-WnXv. Cu c≠p kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw I¿j-I¿ Imthcn \Zo-P-esØ

B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. \Zo-Pe X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ss{S_yq-

W¬ Ds≠-¶nepw Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°w kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ FØn-

bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXp-t]mseXs∂ alm-cm-jv{Sbpw KpP-dm-Øpw, a[y-{]-

tZipw \¿ΩZ \Zo-P-esØ kw_-‘n®pw kam-\-amb Hcp X¿°-Øn-te¿s∏-

ń-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \Zo-Pew Hcp kp{]-[m\ hn`m-K-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠vXs∂

AXn≥ta-ep≈ X¿°w kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS kln-jvWp-Xtbbpw kl-I-

cWat\m- m-h-sØbpw ]co-£W hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p.

{]tXyI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ (Special Provisions)

C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ A]q¿Δ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv Nne

kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v AXv \¬Ip∂ {]tXyI ]cnK-W-\. C¥y-bnse

kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hen-∏hpw P\-kw-Jybpw hyXy-kvXam-b-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂

Ah-cpsS ]m¿e-sa‚nse {]mXn-\n-[yhpw hyXy-kvXam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v \nb-

a-\n¿ΩmW k` F∂ A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS \Ωƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠-t√m.

sNdnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v an\naw {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂

henb kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {]mXn\n[yw Cu kwhn-[m\w hgn e`y-

am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A[n-Imc hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw s]mXp-hmb hyh-ÿ-I-

fmWv F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂n-

cp-∂mepw Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb khn-

tij klm-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®p sIm≠v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Ah°v

icn-bmWv Kh¿W¿

am-cp-sSbpw mjbp-

sSbpw AXn¿Øn-

bp-sSbpw \Zo Pe-

Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬

X¿°-ßƒ. F∂m

epw Hcp-an®p Ign-

bm≥ \Ωƒ io

en®pw Ign-™p.

193

A[ymbw 7 s^U-d-enkw

_p≤n-]-chpw k¥p-

en-X-hp-amb cq]-I-

ev]\ F∂v Ah¿

H∂m-asØ A[ym-b-

Øn¬ ]d-™-Xns‚

A¿∞w F\n-°n -

t∏mƒ a\- n-em-bn.

{]h¿Ø\w

ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈

GsX-¶nepw Hcp \Zo-Pe X¿°-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-

i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.

]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

F¥p-sIm≠mWv kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v kzbw- -cWw Bh-iy-

ambn hcp-∂Xv

kzbw `c-Whpw hnL-S-\-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

F¥mWv?

{]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ IqSp-

Xepw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ KWy-amb hn- mKw BZna tKm{X-

h¿K-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hS°p Ing-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv (B mw,

\mKm-em‚ v, Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZiv, antkmdw XpS-ßn-b-h). Cu hn`m-K-

ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb kmwkvIm-cnI X\na \ne-\n¿Øm≥

CXv Ahsc klm-bn-°p-∂p. (A\p-tOZw 371). F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu {]tZ-

i-ß-fnse A\y-h-XvI-c-W-sØbpw oI-c-hm-Z-sØbpw sNdp-°m≥ Cu

hIp∏v ]cym-]vX-a-√. AXp-t]mse ]¿ΔX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kwÿm-\-

amb lnam-N¬ {]tZ-in\pw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fmb B{‘-{]-tZ-iv, tKmh,

KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cm-jv{S, kn°nw, sXep-¶m\ XpS-ßn-bhbv°pw {]tXyI

hIp-∏p-Iƒ c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v.

PΩp Imivao¿ (Jammu and Kashmir)

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ {]tXyI ]Zhn \¬In-bn-´p≈ as‰mcp kwÿm-\-

amWv PΩp Imivao¿ (A\p-tOZw 370). kzmX-{¥ym-\¥cw C¥y-bntem

]mIn-ÿm-\ntem tNcm≥ Ah-k-c-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- h-enb \m´p cmPy-ß-

fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p PΩp Imivao¿. kzmX{¥yw e`n®v Ipd®v \mfp-

Iƒ°Iw Xs∂ C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw Imivao-cns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp bp≤-

Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. B kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Imivao-cns\ C¥y≥

bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-∏n-°m≥ Imivao¿ alm-cm-Pmhv Xocp-am-\n-®p.

an°-hmdpw F√m ap…ow q-cn-]£ \m´p cmPy-ßfpw ]mIn-ÿm-\n¬

tN¿∂-t∏mƒ Imivao¿ am{Xw Hgn™p \n∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv

Imivao-cn\v C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ _rl-Ømb kzbw- -cWw \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 370˛mw A\p-tOZ-{]-Imcw tI{μ enÃnepw

kwbp‡ enÃn-epw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ \nba \n¿ΩmWw

Imivao-cn-cn\p _m[-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ AwKo-Imcw

Bhiy-am-Wv. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp hyh-

194

Indian Constitutionat Workÿ-bn-√. AhnsS aq∂p ]ń-I-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ A[n-Imc hn -P\w kzm`m-hn-I-

ambn F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. ]t£ PΩp˛ Imivao-cns‚

Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ-en-Ãn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\p

]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-tf-bp-≈q. am{X-a√ tI{μ-en-Ãnepw kwÿm\

enÃnepw ]d-™n-´p≈ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\p kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXv PΩq-Im-ivao-cn\p hen-b-tXm-

Xn¬ kzbw`cWw \¬Ip-∂p.

]t£ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ Imivao-cn\p 370˛mw A\p-tO-Z-Øn¬ ]d-

™n-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzbw`cWw e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂p-≈Xv Hcp

bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. {]kn-U‚n\v kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS

tI{μ- -en-Ãnse GsXms° mK-ßƒ PΩp- -Im-ivao-cn\v _m[-I-am-°m-sa∂v

Xncp-am-\n°mw Fs∂mcp `c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. PΩp Imivao¿

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]pd-Øn-d-°nb c≠v {]kn-U≥jy¬

DØ-chv hgn tI{μ enÃnse qcn-]£w hyh-ÿ-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ PΩp Imivao-

cn\p IqSn _m[-I-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ê-am-bn, PΩp ˛ Imivao-cn\p

{]tXyIw ]Xm-Ibpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw Ds≠-¶n¬ t]mepw tI{μ enÃn¬

Dƒs∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Imivao-cn-\p-IqSn _m[-I-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-

\p≈ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Imcw Ct∏mƒ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v.

B`y-¥c Ipg-∏-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ kwÿm-\Øv ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-

]n-°p-∂-Xn\p PΩp-Im-ivao¿ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-sW-∂p-

≈-Xm-Wv, a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Ct∏mƒ Imivao-cn-\p≈ hyXym-kw. AXp-

t]mse PΩp- Im-ivao-cn¬ kmº-ØnI ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚n\p Ign-bn-√. \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ Imivao-cn\p _m[-I-a-√. AXp-

t]mse Xs∂ 368˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn-®p≈ c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Imivao-

cn\p _m[-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

Hcp sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw A[n-Imc

hn`-P-\-Øn¬ XpeyX D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-

∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc F√m-bvt∏mgpw

i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm-dp-ap≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ AØcw

{]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ hnL-S-\-hm-Z-Øn\p Imc-W-am-tb-°p-sa-∂p≈ Bi-¶-I-

fp-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v CØcw c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw \nc-h[n

hnhm-Z-ßƒ \ne-\n-¬°p-∂p.

195

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

kw{Klw

sÛ-d-enkw Hcp ag-hn√p t]mse-bm-Wv. hyXykvX \nd-ßƒ IqSn tN¿∂mWt√m

at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ag-hn-√mbn amdp∂Xv. tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-

en-X-amb _‘w XpS¿®-bmbn \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ {]bm-k-I-c-amb ZuXy-amWv

sÛ-d-en-k-Øn\p \n¿Δ-ln-°m-\p-≈Xv. \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ sImt≠m ÿm]-\-

ßƒsIm-t≠m- am{Xw Hcp sÛ-d-¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏m-

°m≥ Ign-bn-√. BXy-¥n-I-ambn P\-ßfpw cmj-{Sob {]{In-bbpw tN¿∂p kln-

jvW-pX-bp-tSbpw ]c-kv]c hnizm-k-Øn-s‚-bpw, kl-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp kwkvImcw

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sÛ-td-j≥ Htc kabw sFIy-tØbpw sshhn-[y-

tØbpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßsf \ncm-I-cn-®psIm≠v t\Sm≥

Ign-bp∂ H∂-√, tZiob sFIyw. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS ssIh-cn-°p∂ AØcw

sFIyw kmaqly kwL¿j-ßƒ°pw A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw

BXy-¥n-I-ambn AXv tZiob sFIysØ XI¿°p-I-bpw sNøpw. sshhn-[y-sØbpw

kzbw- -c-W-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ Bh-iy-ß-sfbpw A\p- mh ]q¿Δw t\m°n-°m-Wp∂

cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-°p-am-{Xta Hcp kl-I-c-Wm-flI sÛ-td-js‚ (Co-operativeFederalism) ASn-Ø-d-bmbn h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.

A -ymkwA -ymkwA -ymkwA -ymkwA -ymkw

1. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sÛ-d-en-k-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xp Is≠Øn ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.

$ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v, sNmΔmgvN GNLF \bn-°p∂ Um¿Pn-enwKv Kq¿J ln¬

Iu¨kn-en\p `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 6˛mw ]ń-I-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kzbw `cWw A\p-

h-Zn-®psIm≠v DØ-c-hn-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v, ]›na-_w-Kmƒ

Kh¨sa‚ v, kp`mjv sKbvknwKv \bn-°p∂ Kq¿° tZiob hntam-N-\-ap-∂-Wn

F∂nh tN¿∂p c≠p Znhkw \o≠p \n∂ NqtS-dnb N¿®-Iƒ°v tijw Hcp

{XnI£n [mcWm]{X-Øn¬ H∏p hbv°p-I-bm-bncp∂p.

$ ag-s°-SpXn _m[n® kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn:

ag-s°-Sp-Xn-bn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ Zpcn-Xm-izmk klm-b-ßƒ AXn-

thKw e`n-°p-∂Xn\p hni-Z-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°m≥ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v

{]kvXpX kwÿm\ßtfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

196


$ U¬ln°v ]pXnb IΩo-j-W¿

Xeÿm\-Øn\p Hcp ]pXnb ap≥kn-∏¬ IΩo-j-Wsd e`n-°p-

hm≥t]mIp-∂p. C°mcyw icn-h-®psIm≠v Ct∏m-gsØ ap≥kn-∏¬

IΩo-j-W¿ cmtIjv taØ ]d-bp-∂Xv, At±-lØn\p ÿew am‰

DØ-chv e`n®p Ign-™qsh-∂m-Wv. ]Icw Ct∏mƒ Acp-Wm-N¬

{]tZiv No^vsk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-´p≈ Atim-Iv Ip-am¿ Cu ÿm\-

tØ°p FØp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. 1975 _m®nse IAS Hm^o-k¿ Bb

cmtI-jvI-taØ aq∂-c-h¿j-Im-e-tØmfw U¬ln ap≥kn-∏¬

tIm¿∏-td-js\ \bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

$ aWn-∏q¿ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e°v tI{μ-k¿Δ-I-em-ime ]Zhn:

Ign™ _p[-\mgvN cmPy-k-`, aWn-∏q¿ k¿Δ-I-em-im-esb tI{μ

k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ _n√n\p AwKo-Imcw \¬In.

Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fmb Acp-Wm-N¬

{]tZ-iv, {Xn]p-c, kn°nw F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tI{μ k¿Δ-I-

em-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-sa∂v am\-h-hn`htijn hnI-k\ a{¥n

{]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

$ XpI e`y-am°n: tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v AXns‚ {KmaoW Pe-hn-X-cW

]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw 553 e£w cq] Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZ-in\v \¬In.

CXns‚ BZy-KUp. 446.81 e£w cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

$ apw_-bn¬ Fßs\ Pohn-°-W-sa∂v _olm-dn-Isf \Ωƒ ]Tn-∏n-

°pw.

\qtdmfw inh-tk-\-°m¿ J.J. Aip-]-{Xn-bn-te°v AXn-{I-an®p

IS∂p. AXns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kvXw`n-∏n-®p. D®-

Øn¬ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ apgp-°nb Ah¿, alm-cm-jv{S-°m-c-√mØ

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒs°-Xnsc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬, CuImcyw

Ah¿ Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNøp-sa∂v `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

$ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pd-Øm-°m-\p≈ Bh-iyw.

ASp-ØnsS tIm¨{K v \nb-a-k`mI£n (CLP) Kh¿Æ¿°v

197

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

\¬Inb \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ `c-W-I-£n-bmb "\mKm-em‚ v P\m-[n-]Xy kJysØ

(DNA) ]ncn-®p -hn-S-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\-Zp¿hn-\n-tbm-Khpw

s]mXp-[-\-Øns‚ Zp¿hy-bhpw kw_-‘n® Btcm-]-W-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv

tIm¨{Kkv Cu Bhiyw D∂-bn-®-Xv.

$ \Ivk-sse-‰p-I-tfmSv Iog-S-ßm≥ NDA Kh¨sa‚ v Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

RJD bpw AXns‚ kJy-I-£n-I-fmb tIm¨{K pw CPI (M) Dw \nb-a-k` _ln-

£vI-cn-®-Xn\nsS, _olm¿ Kh¨sa‚ v, \Ivk-sse-‰p-I-tfmSv A{I-a-W-Øns‚

]mX Dt]-£n-°m-≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. sXmgn-en-√mbva C√m-Xm°n _olmdns\ hnI-

k-\-Øns‚ ]pXp-bp-K-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-sa∂pw Kh¨sa‚ v {]kvXm-hn-°p-bp-

≠m-bn.

2. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ icn-tb-X∂p Is≠Øn ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.

$ a‰p-≈-h¿, Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-csØ Xß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-sa∂ `b-an-

√msX P\-ßƒ°v kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw sÛ-d-enkw krjvSn-°p-

∂p.

$ hyXykvX hn -h-ßtfmSp-Iq-Snb c≠v {]tZ-i-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kzX-{¥-amb kmº-

ØnI hn\n-a-b-ßsf sÛ-td-j≥ XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ tI{μ-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ sÛ-d¬ k{ºm-Z-b-Øn\p

Ign-bp-∂p.

3. _¬Pnbw `c-W-L-S-\-bnse BZy GXm\pw hIp-∏p-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-

°p∂p. Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sÛ-d-en-ksØ Fßs\bmWv B cmPyw

hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I. kam-\-amb hIp-∏p-Iƒ C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S-\°v th≠n FgpXn Xøm-dm-°m≥ {ian-°p-I.

in¿jIw:1 s_¬Pnbw sÛ-td-j-s\bpw AXns‚ LS-I-ß-sfbpw `q{]-tZ-

i-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v

A\p-tOZw 1: kap-Zm-b-ßfpw {]tZ-i-ßfpw IqSn-t®¿∂mWv _¬Pn-bw sÛ-

td-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A\p-tOZw2: aq∂p kap-Zm-b-ßƒ tN¿∂mWv _¬Pnbw sÛ-td-j≥ cq]o-I-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv: {^©v kap-Zm-bw, ^vsfanjv kap-Zmbw, P¿Ω≥ kap-Zm-bw.

198


A\p-tOZw 3: aq∂p {]tZ-i-ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv _¬Pnbw: hmep¨ {]tZ-iw,

^vsfanjv {]tZ-iw, {_ ¬ v {]tZ-iw.

A\p-tOZw 4: _¬Pn-b-Øn\p 4 `mjm {]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: {^©v kwkm-

cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw, U®p kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw, Xe-ÿm-\-amb {_ ¬kv

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Zzn`mjm {]tZ-iw, P¿Ω≥ kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw.

cmPysØ Hmtcm "kap-Zm-bhpw' (commune) CXn-te-sX-¶nepw Hcp `mjm {]tZ-

iØv Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°pw.

A\p-tOZw 5: hmeq¨ {]tZiw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {]hn-iy-Iƒ tN¿ØmWv cq]n-

I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmeq¨ {_m_‚ v, slbv\mƒ v, entbPv, eIvkw-_¿Kv, \maq¿

(walloon Barbant, Hainault, Liege, Luxembury and Namur) vsfanjv {]tZiw NphsS

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]h-iy-Iƒ tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. B‚ vvsh¿∏v (Antwerp) ^vsfanjv

{_m_‚ v (Fleurish Brabant) shÃv vfmt‚¿kv (West Flanders) CuÃv vfmt‚¿kv

(East Flanders) enw_¿Kv (Limburg) F∂n-h-bm-W-h.

4. \nßƒ s^U-d-en-k-sØ kw_-‘n® hIp-∏p-Iƒ am‰nsbgp-Xp-I-bm-sW∂v

k¶¬∏n-°p-I. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ 300 hm°p-

I-fn¬ Ipd-bmØ Hcp D]-\ym-k-ambn Fgp-Xp-I.

a. tI{μ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°nS-bnse A[n-Imc hn`-P\w

b. [\-Imcy hn`-h-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw

c. A¥¿ kwÿm\ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿Kßƒ.

d. Kh¿Æ-dpsS \nb-a-\w.

5. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-hbn¬ GXm-bn-cn-°Ww kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ASn-

ÿm\w? ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.

a. s]mXp-hmb `mj

b. s]mXp-hmb kmº-ØnI Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ

c. s]mXp-aXw

d. `c-W-ku-Icyw

199

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw

6. hSt° C¥ybnse `qcn-]£w kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ (cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, DØ-

c-{]-tZ-iv, _olm¿) lnμn-bmWv kwkmc `mj. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-sf-sb√mw

tN¿Øv Hcp kwÿm-\-am-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp sÛ-d-enkw F∂ Bi-

bhpambn HØv t]mIptam? \nß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ \nc-Øp-I.

7. kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-tf-°mƒ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬Ip∂

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \mev khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

8. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \nc-h[n kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v Kh¿Æ-dpsS ]¶n-s\-Ip-dn®v

AkwXr]v-Xn-bp-≈Xv?

9. `c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®√ kwÿm\ cWw \S-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ {]kn-

U‚ v `cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmW.v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ GXv kμ¿`-ß-fn-sem-s°-

bmWv {]kn-U‚ v `cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂p Is≠-Øp-I. AXn-

\p≈ Imc-W-ßfpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.

$ {][m\ {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-I-fnse c≠p \nb-a-k`mwK-ßsf {Inan-\-ep-Iƒ sIme-

s∏-Sp-Øn. AXns\ XpS¿∂p {]Xn-]£w kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]ncn-®p-hn-S-

W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

$ Ipń-Isf Xń-sIm-≠vt]mbn tamN-\-{Zhyw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kw`-h-ßƒ h¿≤n-

°p-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-cmb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p-

≠v.

$ ASp-ØnsS kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-bn-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Hcp I£n°pw

`qcn-]£w Inń-bn-√. ]W-Øn-\p-th≠n Nne I£n-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ Hcp

cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńsb ]n¥p-W-°p-sa∂pw `b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ ISpØ FXn-cm-fn-I-fmb hyXykvX cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-

\-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p.

$ GI-tZiw 2000 Øne-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ h¿§ob Iem-]-ß-fn¬ sIm√-s∏-´p.

200


$ c≠p kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ \Zo-Pe X¿°-Øn≥ taep≈ kp{]ow tImSXn

hn[nsb A\p-k-cn-°m≥ Hcp kwÿm\w Xbm-dm-Ip-∂n-√.

10. IqSp-X¬ kzbw `cW Ah-Imiw apt∂m-´vshbv-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ßfpsS Bh-

iy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

11. Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ `cWw \S-tØ-≠Xv {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Wtam? CXv a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf {]tIm-]n-∏n-°nt√? cmjv{S-

Øns‚ sFIysØ Du´n Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-bn-°p-tam?

201

Chapter 8: Local Governments

A≤ymbw 8

{]tZinI Kh¨sa‚ v

(Local Government)

BapJw

Hcp P\m[n]Xy k{ºZmbØn¬ sXcs™SpØ Kh¨sa‚pIƒtI{μØnepw kwÿm\ßfnepw am{Xw D≈Xv A]cym]vXamWv.{]mtZinIamb Imcy-ßƒ t\m°n \SØp∂Xn\v {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬Xs∂ sXcs™SpØ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. \ΩpsS cmPysØ{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS LS-\sb°pdn®mWv \Ωƒ Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn°p∂Xv. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚{]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pwAh-bpsS kzX{¥ A[nImcLS\sb-°pdn®pw CXn¬ ]Tn°mw. Cu]mTw ]Tn -°p -∂-Xn -eqsS \Ωƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ Imcyßƒ

a\knem°p∂p.

$ {]mtZinI kzbw-`-cW ÿm]\ßfpsS {]m[m\yw.

$ 73 Dw 74 Dw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn Iq´n-t®¿Ø hyhÿIƒ.

$ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS NpaXeIfpw DØchmZnØhpw.

202


F¥psIm≠v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ? (Why localGovernments?)

a[y{]tZinse sk--tlm¿ Pn√bnse Ptam\nb Xem_v{Kma]©mbØwKamWv {ioaXn. KoX dmtØm¿. 1995˛¬ HcpkwhcW afieØn¬ \n∂v {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚mbn

sXc---s™Sp°s∏´p. Ah¿ AXphsc B ---\mńseP\ßƒ°pth≠n sNbvX kvXpXy¿lamb tkh\Øn\v {]Xn-^-esat∂mWw 2000˛¬ H--cp s]mXp afieØn¬ \n∂pw

P\ßƒ Ahsc ho≠pw sXcs™SpØp. tIhew Hcpho´Ωbn¬ \n∂v cmjv{Sob Zo¿Lho£WtØmsSbp≈ Hcpt\Xmhmbn Ah¿ hf¿∂ph∂p. ]©mbØnse kwtbmPnX

hn`htijn D]tbmKn®v {KmaoW \hoIcWØn\mbn \nch[n]≤XnI--ƒ°v XpS°anSm\pw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\pw Ah¿°pIgn™p. kvIqƒ sIńS \n¿ΩmWw, {KmaØnte°p≈

tdmUv\n¿ΩmWw. IpSnsh≈ Sm¶pIfpsS -----\n¿ΩmWw,kv{XoIƒ°pt\scbp≈ Km¿lnI ]oT\Øns\Xncmbi‡amb \ne]mSpIƒ, ]cnÿnXn t_m[--h¬°cWw, h\h¬-

°cWw, Pe hn`h amt\Pvsa--‚ v F∂nh Ahbn¬ NneXpam{XamWv (]©mbØn cmPv update Vol X1. No:3 s^{_p :

2004.)CXv as‰mcp h\nXbpsS hnPb KmYbmWv. Xangv\mńseshwssKhmk¬ {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚mbncp∂p Ch¿.1997˛¬ Xangv\mSv Kh¨sa‚ v 2 slIvS¿ `qan 71 k¿°m¿Poh\°m¿°mbn A\phZn®p. Cu `qan {Kma]©mbØns‚A[o\Xbnep≈ {]tZiambncp∂p. D∂X DtZymKÿcpsS\n¿t±i {]Imcw Im©o]pcw Pn√m IfIvS¿ ap≥\n›bn®{]Imcap≈ ]≤Xn°v A\phZn®v Hcp {]tabw]mkm°phm≥ {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚nt\mSv Bhiys∏´p.{Kma ]©mbØpw ]©mbØv {]knU‚pw IfIvSdpsS \n¿t±iw\nckn°pIbpw AXn\m¬ IfIvS¿ qan Gs‰SpØpsIm≠p≈DØchv Cd°pIbpw sNbvXp. IfIvSdpsS \S]Sns°Xnsc]©mbØv a{Zmkv sslt°mSXnbn¬ Hcp dn v l¿Pn ka¿∏n®p.sslt°mSXn kwKnƒ s_©v IfIvSfpsS Xocpam\wicnsh°pIbpw qan Gs‰Sp°p∂Xn\v ]©mbØns‚ A\paXnBhiyan√∂v \nco£°pIbpw sNbvXp. knwKnƒ s_©vhn[ns°Xnsc ]©mbØv Unhnj≥ s_©ns\ kao]n®p.knwKnƒ s_©v hn[n Unhnj≥ s_©v d±m°n. {]kvXpXhn[n]©mbØv A[nImcØnt∑ep≈ IS∂p Ib‰hpw]©mbØns‚ `cWLS\m ]Zhnbnt∑ep≈ \·ambewL\hpamsW∂v Unhnj≥ s_©v {]kvXmhn®p.]›mbØncmPv update. Vol - 12, Vol XII, June 2005.

{Kma]©mbØnse kv{Xo

k¿]m©pamsc ]pcpj∑m¿

A]am\n°p∂v kw`hßƒ

D≠mbn´pt≠m? kv{XoIƒ

A[nImc ÿm\ßfn¬

Ccn°p∂Xn¬ ]pcpj∑m¿

Ak¥pjvScmtWm?

203


tZiobXeØn¬kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂Hcp {]mtZinIK h ¨ s a ‚ va m { X a m b p ≈hyhÿ km[yamtWm? almflK m ‘ n b p s SBibßƒ CuZ nib ne p≈XmsW∂v F\n°ptXm∂p∂p.

Cu c≠v IYIfpw H‰s∏´ kw`hßf√. ]©mbØo cmPvÿm]\ßƒ°v caLS\m ]Zhn \¬Inb 1993 apX¬ cmPyhym]Iambn\S°p∂ henb ]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ c≠v DZmlcWßfmWnh.

{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v F∂p]dbp∂Xv {KmaXeØnepwPn√mXeØnepap≈ Kh¨sa‚mWv. km[mcW°mct\mSv G‰hpwASpØp \n¬°p∂XmWv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ. {]mtZinI

Kh¨sa‚pIƒ km[mcW°mcs‚ ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØnepw Ah-cpsS{]iv\-ß-fnepw CSs]Sp∂hbmWv. Xt±i ⁄m\hpw Xm¬]cyßfpw{]mtZinI P\m[n][y Xocqam\ßsfSp°p∂Xn\v AXy¥mt]£nXamWv

F∂v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v (Local govt) hnizkn°p∂p. Imcy£ahpwP\kulrZhpamb `cWkwhn[m\Øn\v CXv AXymhiyamWv.{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ G‰hpw {][m\t\´w CXv P\ßtfmSv ASpØp

\n¬°p∂p F∂p≈XmWv. P\ßƒ°v BhcpsS {]iv\ßƒ thKØnepwIpd™ sNehnepw ]cnlcn°m\mbn {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ vIsfkao]n°phm≥ km[n°pw. KoXm dmtØmdns‚ IY-bn¬ Pptam\nb Xem_v

{Kma]©mbØn¬ henb am‰w hcpØphm≥ Ah¿°p Ign™Xv{Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚ v F∂ \nebnep≈ AhcpsS {]h¿Ø\waqeamWv. {Kma-]-©m-bØv {]kn-U‚n-t‚bpw IΩn‰n AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw

\nc-¥c ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ^e-am-bmWv B `qan-bn≥ta-ep≈ Ah-Imiw\ne\n¿Øm≥ Ign-™Xpw qan F¥n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Xocp-am\wFSp-°m\p≈ Ah-Imiw e`n-®-Xpw. AXp-sIm≠v {]mtZ-inI P\-XbpsS

Xm¬]-cy -ßƒ ^e-{] -Z -ambn ]cn -l-cn -°p -hm≥ {]mtZ -inI

Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°p Ign-bpw.

P\ßfpsS A¿∞]q¿Æamb ---- ]¶mfnØhpw DØc-hmZnXzhpamWv P\m-

-[n]Xyw. -i‡hpw Du¿÷kzehpamb {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v P\-ß-

fpsS kPoh--]¶mfnØhpw kZpt±i]camb DØchmZnXzhpwDd∏phcpØp∂p. KoXmdm--tØmdns‚ IY CØcØn¬ DØchmZn-Xz-ap≈P\]¶mfnØØn\pZm--lcWamWv. `qanbnt∑ep≈ AhImiw

ÿm]ns®Sp°p∂Xn\mbn \SØnb shwssK hmk¬ {Kma]©mbØns‚hn{iaan√mØ t]mcm´w AhcpsS DØ---chmZnXzØns‚bpwBflm¿∞XbpsSbpw DZmlcWamWv. km[mcW P\hn`mKßƒ°v

AhcpsS PohnXhpw Bhiyßfpw k¿tΔm]cn hnIk\hpw kw_-‘n®Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\saSp°p∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ Ignbp∂Xv{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v XeØn¬ am{XamWv.

{]mtZinIambn sNøm≥ ]‰p∂ tPmenIƒ {]mtZinI P\XbpwAhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfpw tN¿∂v sNøp∂Xv P\m[n]Xy {]{Inbbn¬A\nhmcyamWv. km[mcW P\ßƒ°v kwÿm\ tZiob

Kh¨sa‚pItf°ƒ AhcpsS {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pItfmSmWv ASp∏w.{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ F¥v sNøp∂p F∂Xpw Ah-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ ]cm-P-bhpw P\-ßsf t\cn v _m[n-°p-∂-X-m-

204


b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-Wv.AXpsIm≠v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf i‡ns∏SpØpIsb∂Xv

P\m[n]Xy {]{Inbsb i‡ns∏SpØp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wv.

Ign™ ImesØ°pdn®v F\n°vAdnbn√, F¶nepwsXcs™Sp°s∏SmØHcp {Kma ]©mbØns‚ B[n]XywF√mbvt∏mgpw {KmaapJy∑mcptSXpw [\n-I-cp-tSXpw D]cn h¿§Øns‚ Xpambncn°psa∂vRm≥ kwibn°p∂p.

{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS hf¿® C¥ybn¬ (GROWTH

OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDIA)C¥ybn¬ Fßs\bmWv {]tZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ hf¿∂sX∂pw\ΩpsS cWLS\ F¥mWv AtX°pdn®v ]d™ncn°p∂sX∂pwt\m°mw. k`-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ kzbw `cW

{KmaoW kaqlw hf-sc-°m-e-ß--ƒ°v ap≥]v Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ime{ItaW --CXv]©mbØpIfmbn (A©pt]cpsS k`) cq]s∏SpIbpw-- -Ch {Kma

XeØn¬ P\ßfpsS {]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°pIbpw sNbvXp.hnhn[ ImeL´ßfn¬ AhbpsS NpaXeIƒ°pw{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw am‰w kw`hn®p.

B[p\nI ImeL´Øn¬ 1882 \ptijamWv sXcs™Sp°s∏´{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ cq]s∏´Xv. A∂sØ ssht{kmbnbmbncp∂ dn∏¨ {]`phmWv CXns‚ cq]oIcWØn\v ap≥ ssI

FSpØXv. Chsb {]mtZinI t_m¿UpIƒ (Local boards) F∂phnfn®ncp∂p. hfsc aμ-K-Xn-bn¬ ]ptcmKXn {]m]n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂Xt±i ÿm]\ßsf Imcy£aam°p∂Xn\pth≠n \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-

°p-hm≥ C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkv Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv Ah-iy-s∏´p 1919 se C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nba{]Imcw C¥ybnseGXm\pw {]hniyIfn¬ hnt√Pv ]©mbØpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p.

1935˛se Kh¨sa‚ v DØ-c-hn-\p-tijhpw Cu {]h-WX XpS¿∂p.kzmX{¥y kac ImeL´Øn¬ kmºØnI cmjv{Sob A[n-

Im-c-ß-fpsS hntI{μoIcWØn\p th≠n almflmKm‘n i‡ambn

hmZn®p. {Kma ]©mbØpIsf i‡oIcn°pIbmWv CXn\p≈am¿§sa∂v Km‘nPn hnizkn®p. F√m hnIk\{]h¿Ø\ßfpsSbpw hnPbØn\v {]mtZinI CSs]SepIƒ

205


BhiyamWv. A[nImc hntI{μoIcWØns‚bpw ]¶mfnØP\m[n]XyØns‚bpw D]IcWambn´mWv {Kma]›mbØpIsf I≠Xv.

U¬ln Bÿm-\-ambn `cWw \S-Ønb Kh¿W¿P\den¬ AXy-[nIwA[nImcw tI{μoIcn®Xns\ \ΩpsS kzmX¥y {]ÿm\w Bi-¶-tbm-sS-bmWv I≠Xv. AXn\m¬ \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm°fpsS a\- n¬ kzmX{¥y

sa∂m¬, \b-cq -]n -I -c -W-Ønepw `cW \n¿h-l-W-Ønepw

A[nImchntI{μnIcWw km≤y-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥ybpsS kzmX{¥yw F∂m¬ apgph≥ C¥y-bp-sSbpw

kzmX{¥yamWv. XmsgØ´nemWv kzmX{¥yw Bcw`nt°≠Xv.AXn\m¬ Hmtcm {Kmahpw Hmtcm dn∏ªn°mhp∂p.. Hmtcm {Kmahpwkzbw ]cym]vXhpw AhcpsS Imcyßƒ \ndth‰m≥

{]m]vXcpambncn°pw. AkwJyw {Kmaßfm¬ \n¿ΩnXamb CuLS\ hf¿∂p hnIkn®psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hebßƒt]msebmWv.ChnsS PohnXw ASn-Ø-d-bpsS _esØ B{i-bn®p \nev°p∂

D]-cn-X-e-ap≈ Hcp ]cn-anUv t]mse-bm-Wv alm-flm-Km‘n

`cWLS\ Xømdm°nbt∏mƒ, {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ kw_-‘n®

hnjbßƒ kwÿm\ßƒ°mWv \¬InbXv. CXv cmPyØns‚ \n¿t±iIXXzßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn C¥ybnse F√m Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw_m[Iam°nbn´p≠v. c≠mw A≤ymbØn¬ ]Tn®Xpt]mse \n¿tZiI

XXzßfpsS mKambXn\m¬ cWLS\bnse Xt±i Kh¨sa‚pIƒ F∂hyhÿ tImSXn aptJ\ ]cnlmcw ImWm≥ IgnbmØXpw D]-tZi kz`mhwam{X-ap-≈-Xp-am-Wv.

]©mbØpIƒ Dƒ∏sSbp≈ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v cWLS\Xømdm°nb kabØv aXnbmb {]m[m\yw e`n®n√. CXv Fßs\kw`hn®psh∂v \nßƒ°dnbmtam? NneImcWßƒ ChnsS kqNn∏n°mw.

H∂maXmbn hn`P\w krjvSn® {]iv\ßfm¬ i‡amb Hcp tI{μKh¨sa‚mWv `cWLS\ hn`m`h\w sNbvXXv. Xo{hamb Xt±inb(Localism) hmZw C¥ybpsS sFIyØn\pw AJfiXbv°pw FXncmsW∂m-

bn-cp∂p Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp-hns‚ A`n-{]mbw c≠maXmbn, hn`mKobXbnepwPmXnhyhÿbnepw A[njvSnXamb {KmaoW kaqlw {]mtZinIKh¨sa‚pIfpsSalØmb e£yßsf ]cmPbs∏SpØpsa∂v

`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse \n¿ÆmbIamb km∂n≤yambncp∂ tUm.

Awt_ZvI¿ hmZn°pI-bp -ap -≠m -bn . F∂ncp∂mepw hnIk\

Bkq{XWØnse ]¶mfnØØns‚ {]m[m\ysØ Bcpw GXn¿Øn√.`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse \nch[n AwKßƒ {Kma]©mbØpIsf

P\m[n]XyØns‚ ASnÿm\ambn I≠psh¶nepw C¥y≥ {KmaßfpsS

hn`mKobXbnepw a‰v t]mcmbvaIfnepw Ah¿ Bi¶mIpecmbncp∂p. .

206


kzX{¥ C¥ybnse kzbw`cW Kh¨sa‚pIƒ (LocalGovernments in Independent India)`cWLS\bpsS 73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXnItfmsSbmWv \ΩpsS {]mtZinIKh¨sa‚pIƒ°v henb apt∂‰ap≠mbXv . F∂m¬

AXn\pap≥]pXs∂ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS cq]nIcWØn\vNne {iaßƒ \S∂n´p≠v. Cu Znibn¬ \S∂ BZysØ {]h¿Ø\w1952˛¬ Bcw`n® {KaoWhnIk\ ]≤XnbmWv (Community Devel-opment Programme). CXv sshhn[yam¿∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfnepsS

P\]¶mfnØ {KmaoW hnIk\Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬IpIbp-≠mbn. CXns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ {KmaoWtaJeIfn¬ Hcp {XnXe]©mbØv `cW k{ºZmbhpw ip]m¿i sNøpI-bp-≠mbn.

1960˛ItfmSpIqSn C¥ybnse Nne kwÿm\ßƒ (DZm: KpPdmØv,almcmjv{S) sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Xt±i kanXnIƒ cq]oIcn®p.F∂m¬ an° kwÿm\ßfnepw Cu kanXnIƒ°v {]tZinI-amb

hnIk\w km[yam°p∂Xn\mhiyamb A[nImcßfpwNpaXeIfpw C√mbncp∂p. kmºØnI klmbØn\mbn tI{μkwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf Ch¿°v B{ibnt°≠Xmbn h∂p.

]e kwÿm\ßfpw sXcs™SpØ {]mtZinI kaXnIfpsSBhiyIXsb°pdn®v Nn¥n®ncp∂n√. {]mtZinI kanXnIsf]ncn®phn´v `cWw DtZymKÿ≥am¿°v ssIamdnb \nch[n

kw`hßfpw D≠mbn´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ipsd kwÿm\ßfn¬{]mtZinI kanXnIfnte°v ]tcm£ sXcs™Sp∏mWv\SØnbncp∂Xv. \nch[n kwÿm\ßfn¬ {]mtZinI

""..... P\m[n]XyØns‚ DØaXm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn {Kma-ßƒ°v kzbw `cW Ie-bn¬{]mtbm -KnI ]cnioe\w\¬tI≠XmWv. AXn-eqsS kzbw]cym-]vXn-bn-te°pw\ΩpsS {Kmaßsf ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp -Øp -hm\pw P\m[n]Xyaqeyßfn¬ A[njvSnXambKh¨sa‚pIƒ AhnSßfn¬cq]oIcn°phm\pw \ap°v Ign-b-Ww.

A\¥ib\w Aø¶m¿ CA D Vol. VII .P 428 \hw-_¿ 1948

F√m cmjv{Sob] m ¿ ´ n b n e p wk w L S \ b n e p wF¥n\v Fs‚ ¢mkn¬t ] m e p whnaX∑mcp≈t∏mƒ{ K m a X e Ø n e p ≈hnaX {]h¿Ø\ßsfP\ßƒ `bs∏Sp∂XvF¥p sIm≠mWv?{Kq∏pIfpw hnaX{ ] h ¿ Ø \ ß f p wF √ m b v t ∏ m g p wicnbt√?

207


kanXnIfnte°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏v ImemImeßfmbn am‰nsh®psIm≠ncp∂p.

{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®v hniZamb Hcp]p\chtemI\w 1987 \v tijw D≠mbn. {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v`cWLS\m ]Zhn \¬IWsa∂v 1989 se ]n.sI. XpwK≥ IΩn‰n ip]m¿i

sNbvXp. {]mtZinI `cW ÿm]\ßfnte°v ImemImeßfnep≈sXcs™Sp∏v, DNnXamb NpaXeIfpsS ]´nIs∏SpØ¬, aXnbmb ≠vF∂nh Dd∏m°p∂Xn\mbn Hcp `cWLS\mt`ZKXn°v IΩ‰n ip]m¿i

sNbvXp..

73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXnIƒ (73rd and 74th Amendments)1989- ¬ c≠p cWLS\m t`ZKXnIƒ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v sIm≠ph∂p. Cu

t`ZKXnIƒ e£ywh®Xv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf i‡ns∏SpØpIbpwcmPyØpS\ofw Chbv°v GIoIrX LS\bpw NpaXeIfpw \¬IpI

F∂p≈XpamWv.

{_koenb≥ cWLS\ {_ko-en¬ kwÿm\ßfpw s^Ud¬

Pn√Ifpw ap≥kn∏¬ Iu¨knepIfpw cq]nIcn°m≥ hyhÿsNøp-∂p≠v. Chbvt°mtcm∂n\pw kzX{¥ A[nImcßfpwA[nImc]cn[nbpw \¬Inbn´p-ap≠v. {_ko-en-b≥ dn∏ªn°v

tÃ‰ns‚ Imcyßfn¬ CSs]Sm≥ ]mSn√ (`cW LS\\n›bn°p∂sXmgn®m¬) F∂Xpt]mse tÃ‰v ap≥kn∏n¬Iu¨knepIfpsS ImcyØnepw CSs]Sm≥ ]mSns√∂v

hyhÿbp≠v. Cu hIp∏pIƒ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsSA[nImcw kwc£n°p∂p.

\nßfpsS ]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI.

s\lvdphn\pw tUm. Awt_ZvI¿°pw Xt±i `cWÿm]\ßfpsS Imcy-Øn¬ th≠{X Du¿P-kz-e-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf°pdn®v c≠p t]¿°pw Htc

XcØnep≈ FXn¿∏mtWm D≠mbncp∂Xv?

$ 1992˛¬ ap≥]v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]\ßfpsS

`cWLS\m]camb hyhÿ F¥mbncp∂p?

$ GsX√mw kwÿm\ßfmWv 1960˛1970 ImeL´ßfn¬

{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ ÿm]n®Xv.

208


1992˛ \v tijw 73 Dw 74 Dw cWLS\m t`ZKXnIƒ ]m¿esa‚ v]mkm°n. 73˛mw t`ZKXn {KmaoW Xe-Øn-ep≈ {]mtZinI

Kh¨sa‚pIsf-°pdn®pw (Chsb ]©bØocmPv ÿm]\ßƒ(PRI) F∂p hnfn°p∂p) 74˛mw t`ZKXn \Kc {]mtZinIKh¨sa‚pIsf°pdn®pw (\Kc]menI) D≈XmWv. 73 Dw 74 Dw

t`ZKXnIƒ 1993 ¬ {]m_eyØn¬ h∂p.{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ kwÿm\ ]ń-I-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ hnj-

b-am-sW∂v \Ωƒ t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xm-Wv. Cu hnj-b-

Øn¬ kwÿm\-ßƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb \nbaw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈kzmX--{¥y-ap≠v F∂m¬ Hcn-°¬ c-W-L-S\ t`Z-K-Xn-sN-bvXm¬kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v {]mtZ-inI kzbw- -cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS \nb-a-

Øn¬ am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS \nb-a-Øn¬am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Hcp h¿jsØ kabw \¬In.

73˛mw t`ZKXn (73rd Amendment)73- mw cW LS\mt`ZKXn ]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfn¬

Fs¥ms° am‰ßfmWv hcpØnbsX∂v ]cntim[n°mw.

{XnXe LS\ (Three Tier Structure)

F√m kwÿm\ßƒ°pw Hcp GIoIrX{XnXe ]©mbØocmPv

LS\bmWp≈Xv. G‰hpwASnØńep≈Xv "{Kma]©mbØv'. Hcp{Kma]©mbØv Hcp{KmasØtbm

HcpIq´w {Kaßsftbm{]Xn\n[nIcn°p∂p. a[yÿm\Ømbn -\nesIm≈p∂Xv afi¬ (tªm°v,

Xmeq°v F∂o t]cpIfnepw hnfn°pw)Cu ÿm]\ßsf afi¬ A√¶n¬Xmeq°v ]©mbØpIƒ F∂p

hnfn°p∂p. sNdnb -kwÿm\ßfn¬a[y kanXn cq]oIcn°W---sa∂ \n¿_-‘-an-√. G‰hpw apIƒXń¬ Pn√m

]©mbØv (Jilla Panchayat). Pn√-bnse -F√m {Kma{]tZißsfbpw{]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p.F√m {Kma---]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw {Kma-k-`-Iƒ cq]n-

Icn°-Wsa∂v 73˛mw cWLS\m t`Z-KXn hyhÿ sNøp∂p.]©mbØv {]tZisØ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb F√m thm´¿amcpw {Kma--k`bnse AwKßfmWv. kwÿm\ \nba\n¿amW k`bmWv

Hcp {KmaØns‚ samØwP\m[n]Xy thZnbmtWm{Kmak`? {KmakÌƒÿncambn ktΩfn°mdpt≠m?

F ¥ p s I m ≠ m W vkwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬\n∂p am{Xw hnjbßƒssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂Xv? F¥p sIm≠vtI{μhń Ibn¬ \n∂pwGXm\pw hnjbßƒssIam‰w sNømØXv?

209


CXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßfpw NpaXeIfpw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.

sXcs™Sp∏v (Elections)

]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfpsS aq∂pXeßfnepw P\ßƒt\cn´mWv sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. Hmtcm ]©mbØv kanXnbpsSbpw

Imemh[n 5 h¿jamWv. A©ph¿jImemh[n Xocp∂Xn\pap≥]vkwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v ]©mbØns\ ]ncn®phnSpIbmW¶n¬BdpamkØn\p≈n¬ ]pXnb sXcs™Sp∏p \StØ≠XmWv.

sXcs™Sp°s∏´ ]©mbØv ÿm]\ßfpsS \ne\n¬]v CuhIp∏neqsS (N´w) Dd∏phcpØp∂p. 73˛mw t`ZKXn°p ap≥]v ]ekwÿm\ßfnepw Pn√mXe kanXnIfnte°v ]tcm£

sXcs™Sp∏mWv \S∂ncp-∂Xv. ]ncn®phn´Xn\ptijw DS≥ Xs∂

sXcs™Sp∏p \SØphm≥ Náp≠mbncp∂n√.

kwhcWw (Reservations)F√m ]©mbØv ----- ÿm]\ßfnsebpw 1/3 ko‰pIƒ kv{XoI-ƒ°mbnkwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. P\kwJym\p]mXnIambn ]ńI PmXn˛ ]Íh¿§ hn`Kßƒ°pw aq∂p {]mtZinI kaXnIfnepw ---ko‰pIƒ

kwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. BhiyamsW¶n¬ kwÿm\ßƒ°va‰ v ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ (OBC) °v kwhcWwG¿s∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

ChnsS {][m\ambn {i≤nt°≠Xv kwhcWw km[mcWAwKßƒ°pam{Xa√ ]©mbØv sNb¿t]gvks‚bpw

(A[y£bpsSbpw) ÿm\tØ°pw _m[IamWv. kv{XoIƒ°p\¬Inbncn°p∂ 1/3 kwhcWw s]mXphn`mKØnse ko‰p-Iƒ°pam{Xa√ ]ńI°PmXn ]ńIh¿§ a‰p]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ°pw

IqSnbp≈XmWv. Hcp ko‰v kv{Xo°mbn kwhcWw sNøptºmƒ AXv]ńI PmXn hn`m-K-Øntem ]ńIh¿§ hn`mKØntem D≈ Hcpkv{Xobv°m-Im-sa-∂mWv AXpsIm≠v k¿]m©v Xo¿®bmbpw Hcp

ZfnXv kv{Xotbm As√¶n¬ BZnhmkn kv{Xotbm Bhp∂-XmWv

243 G hIp∏v ˛ ]©mbØpI-fpsS A[nImcßfpw ]Z-hnbpw

DØchmZnØßfpw..... Hcp kwÿm\Øns‚ \nba k`bv°v

\nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-eqsS ]©mbØpIƒ°v Bh-iy-amb

A[nImcßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw...... ]Xns\m∂mw ]ńIbn¬

Dƒs∏ń´p≈ hnjbßsf B[mc-am-°n-sIm≠v

kwÿm\ KhWvsa‚pIƒ Zcn{ZcmWv. tI{μKh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pwAh¿ ]Ww Bhiys∏Sp∂Xmbn Ign™A≤ymbØn¬ \Ωƒhmbn®p. Fßs\b m W v A h b v ° v{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚n\v ]Ww \¬Iphm≥IgnbpI.

210


]Xns\m∂mw ]ńIbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ Nnehnjbßƒ

(Some Subjects listed in the eleventh Schedule)

1. Irjn.

3. sNdpInS PetkN\w, Pehn`h amt\Pvsa‚ v,

\o¿ØS hnIk\w.

8. sNdpInS hyhkmbßƒ, `£y kwkv°cW

hyhkmbßƒ Dƒs∏sS.

10. {KmaoW `h\ \n¿ΩmWw.

13. tdmUpIƒ, Iep¶pIƒ

14. {KmaoW sshZypXoIcWw.

15. Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]cn]mSnIƒ

17. hnZym`ymkw ˛ ss{]adnbpw sk°≠dnbpw

kvIqfpIƒ Dƒs∏sS.

18. kmt¶XnI ]cnioe\hpw sXmgne[njvTnX

hnZym`ymkhpw

19. htbmP\ A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw.

20. {KŸimeIƒ

21. kmwkvImcnI {]h¿Ø\ßƒ

22. N¥Ifpw tafIfpw

23. BtcmKyhpw ipNnXhpw, Bip]{XnIƒ, {]mYanI

BtcmKytI{μßƒ, Unkv]≥kdnIƒ Dƒ∏sS.

24. IpSpw_t£aw.

25. kv{XoIfpsSbpw Ip´pIfpsSbpw ]ptcm-KXn

26. kmaqlyt£aw

27. Zp¿_e hn`mKßfpsS t£aw, {]tXyIn®v

]ńIPmXn ˛ ]ńIh¿§ßfpsS.

28. s]mXphnXcW k{ºZmbw....…

F ¥ p s I m ≠ m W vkwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬\n∂p am{Xw hnjbßƒssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂Xv?F¥psIm≠v tI{μ]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw Hcphnjbhpw ssIam‰wsNømØXv?

211


CXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

hnjbßfpsS ssIam‰w. (Transfer of Subjects)kwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw 29 hnjbßsf Is≠Øn `cW-LS\bpsS 11˛mw ]ńI--bn¬ tN¿Øncn°p∂p. Cu hnjbßƒ

F√mw ]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßƒ°v ssIam‰wsNtø≠Xmbn´p≠v. Cu hnjbßfn¬ IqSpXepw t£ahpwhnIk\hpambn _‘s∏´ Xt±i --- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ -- [¿ΩßfmWv.

Cu [¿ΩßfpsS -bYm--¿∞ ssIam‰w ----- kwÿm\ \nba\n¿ΩmWsØ B{ibn®mWncn-°p-∂-Xv. ssIam‰w -- sNbvXn´p≈ 29hnjbßfn¬ GsXms° {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v \¬Ip-

sa∂v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v Xocpam\n-°mw.

C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS

Bhmk taJ-e -I -fn¬ 73˛mw t`ZKXn \S]Sn{Iaßƒ_m[Iam°nbncp∂n√. 1996˛¬ Hcp {]tXyIw \nbaw ]mkm°n]©mbØocmPv hyhÿIƒ Cu taJebn¬IqSn hym]n∏nn®p. ]e

BZnhmknkaqlßfpw AhcptSXmb ]cºcmKX BNmc{]Imcws]mXphn`hßfmb h\w, sNdp Pekw`cWnIƒ F∂nhsbssIImcyw sNbvXncp∂p. AXn\m¬ Cu ]pXnb \nbaw hn`hßƒ

ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ AhcpsS AhImisØAwKoIcn°p∂p. CXn\mbn Cu {]tZißfnse {KmakÌƒ°vIqSpX¬ A[nImcw \¬In. AhnsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´

{Kma]©mbØpIƒ°v ]e Imcyßfnepw {KmakÌfpsS A\paXntXtS≠Xmbnh∂p. Cu \nbaØns‚ ]n∂nse Bibw B[p\nIsXcs™Sp∏v kanXnIƒ \S∏n¬hcpØptºmƒ ]cºcmKX ˛

{]mtZinI kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßsf kwc£nt°≠-Xp≠v F∂-XmWv. CXv hntI{μoIcWw, sshhn[yw F∂o aqeyßsf DuńDd∏n°p∂p.

kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿am¿ (State ElectionCommissioners)]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfnte°v sXcs™Sp∏p

\SØp∂Xn\mbn kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojs\ \nban°m≥]pXn-b \nbaw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.ap≥]v Cu {]hrØn \n¿Δln®psIm≠ncp∂Xv kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ v \nb{¥WØnep≈ kwÿm\ `cWkwhn[m\ambncp∂p. Ct∏mƒ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩnjW¿tZiob sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsdt∏mse kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-i-

ap≈XmWv. kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojWdptSXv kzX-{¥-amb

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ Zcn{ZcmWv.tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n¬\n∂pw Ah¿ ]WwBhiys∏Sp∂XmbnIgn™ A≤ymbØn¬ \Ωƒ hmbn®p.F ß s \ b m W vAhbv°v {]mtZinIKh¨sa‚n¬ ]Ww\¬Iphm≥ IgnbpI.

212


Hcp ]Zhn-bmWv tI{μ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWdpambn bmsXmcp_‘hpan√. am{Xa√, kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩnjW¿

tI{μIΩojs‚ \nb{¥WØne√msX kzX{¥ambn´mWv{]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.

kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩoj≥ (State Finance Commission)

Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtXmdpw Hcp kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩojs\kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v \nbant°≠-Xm-Wv. kwÿm\sØ

{]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfpsS [\ÿnXnbpw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚{]h¿Ø\ßfpw hnebncpØp∂Xv Cu IΩoj\mWv. Cu kanXnHcp `mKØv kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pw {]mtZinI kzbw `cW

ÿm]\ßƒ XΩnepw adp`mKØv {Kma \Kc cWIqSßƒ°nSbnepw \S°p∂ [\hn\ntbmKsØ ]cntim[\bv°vhnt[bam°p∂p. Cu \qX\ Bibw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v

XpI A\phZn°p∂Xnse cmjv{Sob ]cnKW\ Hgnhm°p∂XvDd∏m°n.

{]h¿Ø\w

74˛mw t`ZKXn

74˛mw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn \Kc Xt±i ÿm]\ßsf

kw_‘nt®m \Kc ]menIsb kw_‘nt®m BsW∂v ap≥]p

kqNn∏n®ncp∂t√m?

F¥mWv Hcp \Kc{]tZiw? henb\Kc--ßfmb apws_tbtbm

I¬°Øtbtbm Xncn®dnbp∂Xv hfsc --Ffp∏ambncn°pw. F∂m¬sNdnb \Kc{]tZißƒ {]tXyIn®v {KmaØn\pw ]´-WØn\pwCSbne---p≈hsb Xncn®dnbp∂Xv {]bmkambncn°pw. \Kc

{]tZißsf tZiob sk≥k-kv C{]Imcw \n¿ΔNn°p∂p. (a)G‰hpw Ipd™ P\kwJy 5000 (b) P\kwJybnse Ipd™Xv75% ]pcpj∑m¿ Im¿jntIXc taJeIfn¬

sXmgnseSp°p∂hcmbncn°Ww (c) P\-km-{μX kvIzb¿ In.ao-‰-¿{]tZiØv Ipd™Xv 400 t]¿ A[nhkn°p∂XmIWw. C¥y-bn¬2011˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw GI-Ziw 31% P\ßƒ

tNcn\nhmknIƒ°mbn

sa®s∏´ ]m¿∏nS

kuIcyw \Kc

{]mtZinI ÿm]\

ßƒ Hcp°psa∂v

F\n°v {]Xo£n

°mtam? G‰hpw

Ipd™Xv Ah¿°v

ipNnapdn sb¶nepw

\¬Iptam?

$ \nßfp ---sS -kwÿm\ ----Kh¨--sa‚ v --]©mb--ØpIƒ°v-- --hn´p--- sImSpØncn°p∂

(delegated)Nne ---A-[n-Im-cßƒ Is≠ØpI.

213


\KchmknIfmWv.

74˛mw t`ZKXn ]eImcyßfnepw 73˛mw

t`ZKXnbpsS Bh¿Ø-\amWv. 74˛mwt`ZKXn \Kc {]tZißfpambn_‘s∏´XmWv. 73˛mw t`ZKXnbnse

hnjbßfmb {]Xy£ sXcs™Sp∏v,kwh-cWw, cW hnjbßfpsS ssIam‰w,kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥,

kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩoj≥ XpSßnbhsb√mw 74˛mw t`XKXnbnbnepw \Kc]menI\nba-Ønepw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. \Kc

Xt±iÿm]\ßƒ°v kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚ v hnjbssIam‰w \StØ≠Xv`cWLS\m]camb NpaXebmWv. Cu

NpaXeIsf√mw `cWLS\bpsS 11˛mw

]´nIbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXn \S∏nem°¬

(Implementation of 73rd and 74th

Amendments)C¥ybnse F√m kwÿm\ßfpw 73Dw 74Dw t`ZKXn \S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn \nba\n¿ΩmWw \SØnbn´p≠v. Cu t`ZKXnIƒ

\nehn¬ h∂v Ccp]Xv h¿jw ]n∂n- -t∏mƒ(1994˛2014) H´p--an° kwÿm\ßfnepw \mepXhW {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfnte°v sX--

cs™Sp∏p \S∂n´p≠v. a[y{]tZiv -cmP--ÿm\n¬, a‰p Nne kwÿm\ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ aq∂p sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂p.

C¥ybn¬ C∂v GItZiw 600 Pn√m ]©mbØpIfpw, 6000 -tª--m°v ]©m-bØpIfpw- 2,--40,000 {Kma]-©mbØpIfpw, \K-c-{]-tZ-iØv 100˛¬ A[nIw

\Kc tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpw 1400 ap≥-kn∏m--en‰nIfpw 2000˛¬ A[nIw\Kc]©mbØpIfpw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtXmdpw --32 e£-Øne[nIw AwKßsf --hnhn[ kzbw `cW ----ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te°v

sXc™----Sp-°p∂p. CXn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™Xv 13 e£Øn ------¬ A[nIw t]¿kv{XoIƒ BWv. AtX kabw kw---ÿm\ \n-bak`Ifnepw ]m¿esa‚nepwIqSn 5000 tØmfw sXcs--™-SpØ {]Xn\n[nIƒ am{XamWp≈Xv. {]mtZinI

ÿm]\--ßfn¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIfpsS FÆw {Iaambnh¿≤n°p∂p≠v.

Cu ]XmI {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pI-

sf°pdn®p≈ P\ßfpsS {]Xo£bpsS

ASbmfamWv. P\ßƒ Hu]-NmcnI \nbasØ

A√ B{Kln°p∂Xv. \nbaØns‚ icnbmb

coX--- nbnep≈ \S∏nem°emWv Ah¿

B{Kln°p∂Xv. Cu ap{ZmhmIy-sØ-°pdn®p≈

Hcp -Npcps°gpØv Xømdm°pI'' Cu-

{KmaØnep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v RßfmWv?

214


215


`cWLS\bpsS 73Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXn cmPysØ ]RzmbØocmPv\Kc]menI ÿm]\ßfpsS LS\ cmPyØmIam\w GIoIcn°pIbpw

{]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfpsS km∂n≤yw P\]¶mfnØtØmSpIqSnbp≈ cWkwhn[m\Øn\v Ahkcw krjvSn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXp-hgn]©mbØpIfnepw \Kc k`Ifnepw kv{XoIƒ°p \¬Inb kwhcWw

kv{Xo{]mXn\n[yw Cu k`Ifn¬ Dd∏phcpØn.Cu kwhcWw AZy£]Zhnbnte°pw k¿]m©v ]Zhnbnte°pw_m[Iam°nbXn\m¬ [mcmfw kv{XoIƒ Cu ]ZhnIƒ hln°p∂p. C∂v

cmPysØ 200 ¬ ]cw Pn√m-]-©m-bØv A≤y-£-]-Z-hnbpw 2000 ¬ ]cwtªm°v ]©m-bØv A≤-£-]-Z-hnbpw 80,000 ¬∏cw k¿]©v A≤y£ ]Z-hnbpw hln-°p-∂Xv kv{XoI-fm-Wv.

\ap°v Ct∏mƒ 30˛¬ A[nIw tIm¿∏tdj\pIfnse tab¿amcpw Su¨

ap\kn∏men‰nbnse 500 ¬ A[nIw A[y£amcpw 650 \Kc ]©mbØv{]knU‚pamcpw kv{XoIfmWv. hn`hßfn≥taep≈ \nb{¥Wwkv{XoIƒ°v IqSpX¬ A[nImchpw Bflhnizmkhpw t\Sns°mSpØp.

CØcw ÿm]\ßfnep≈ AwKXzw \nch[n kv{XoIƒ°v cmjv{Sob{]h¿Ø\w icn°v a\ nem°phm≥ klmbn®n´p≠v. {]mtZinI

Cu Nn{Xw t\m°q. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tbmKw ]pdØv \S°p∂p. a‰v

Fs¥¶nepw {]tXyIXIƒ ImWp∂pt≠m?

READ AN IMAGE

216


Xeßfnep≈ N¿®Ifn¬ henb tXmXn¬ CSs]Sp∂Xn\vkv{XoIƒ°p Ign™n´p≠v. \nc-h[n kμ¿`ß-fn¬ {]tZ-inI

`cW kan-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ N¿®-Ifpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Ah-cn¬ ]pXn-b-Im-gvN-∏mSpw Db¿∂ A`n-ap-Jyhpw P\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. IqSpX¬ kmlNcßfnepw kv{XoIƒ°v AhcpsS

km∂n≤yw Adnbn°phm≥ IgnbmXncn°pItbm IpSpw_Ønse]pcpj∑mcpsS B⁄m\ph¿ØnIfmbn sXcs™Sp∏n¬a¬kcn°pItbm BWv apºv sNbvXncp∂Xv.

`cWLS\m t`ZKXn hgn ]ńIPmXn ]ńIh¿§ kwhcWwDd∏m°nbt∏mƒ `qcn`mKw kwÿm\ßfpw a‰p ]nt∂m°PmXn°m¿°pth≠n kwhcW N´ßfp≠m°m≥ Xøm-dmbn.

C¥y≥ P\kwJybn¬ 16.2 iXam\w ]ńI PmXn°mcpw 8.2iXam\w ]ńIh¿§m°mcpamWv. GItZiw \Kc {Kma{]tZißfnse sXcs™Sp°s∏´ AwKßfn¬ 6.6 e£w

{]Xn\n[nIƒ Cu c≠p kaqZmbßfn¬ \n∂p≈hcmWv. CXv{]mtZinIÿm]\ßfpsS km---aq---ly----LS\bn¬ henb am‰ap≠m°n.ChcpsS kmaqlybmYm¿∞yßsf icnbmb coXnbn¬

{]Xnên∏n°p∂Xn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m°n, F∂m¬ CXv kwL¿j-ßƒ°pw hgn -sbm -cp -°n -bn -´p -≠v . ap≥]v {Kmaßsf\nb{¥n®psIm≠ncp∂ B[n]Xyh¿§w AhcpsS A[nImcw

Dt]£n°phm≥ Xømd√. CXv A[nImc hSwhen Xo{ham°p∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. kwL¿jßfpw a’cßfpw F√mbvt∏mgpwtami-am-sW∂v ]c-bm-\m-hn-√. ap≥]v A[nImcan√mXncp∂h¿°v

A[nImcw \¬In P\m[n]XysØ IqSpX¬ A¿∞hØm--°p∂Xn\p {ian°ptºmƒ kaqlØn¬ Ipsd -sbms°kwL¿jßfpw {]iv\ßfpw \n›bamWv, AXv Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hp-

∂-Xp-a-√.`cWLS\m t`ZKXnaqew kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏´ 29

hnjbßfn¬ {]mtZinI ÿm-]\ßƒ°v \nba\n¿ΩmWw

\SØmw. {]mtZinI hnIk\hpw t£ahpambn _‘s∏Sp∂XmWv--Cu hnjbßƒ. Ign™ ]Xn‰m≠pIfnse {]mtZinIKh¨sa‚pIfpsS A\p`hw hy‡am°p∂Xv ]cnanXamb

A[nImcßƒ am{XamWv Ahbv°v e`n®ncp∂Xv F∂m-Wv. ]ekwÿm\ßfpw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v A[nImchntI{μoIrX hnjbssIam‰w \SØnbncp∂n√. icnbmb coXnbn¬

{]mtZ-inI ÿm]\ßƒ°v {]h¿Øn°phm≥ Ign™ncp∂n√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \nch[n {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv shdpw{]XoImfl-- Iamb Hcp {]{In-b-bmbn amdpIbmbncp∂p. {]mtZinI

kanXnIfpsS cq]oIcWw tI{μØnepw kwÿm\ßfnepwXocpam\saSp°p∂ coXnbn¬ am‰sa∂pap≠mbnń√∂v Nne¿

\nbaw \√XmWvF∂m¬ AhISemkn¬ am{XamWv.CXns\bmtWm XXzhpw{]tbm\hpw XΩnep≈hnShv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv?

217


hna¿in°p∂p. {]mtZinI P\hn`mKßƒ°v t£a {]h¿Ø-\ßƒsXcs™Sp°p∂Xntem hn`h hnXcWØntem aXnbmb kzmX{¥yw

e`n°p∂n√. {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v kz¥w ≠v hfsc°pdhmWv.kmºØnI klmbØn\mbn tI{μ kwÿm\ K---h¨sa‚pIsfB{ibn°p∂Xv ChbpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p.

samØw dh\yp hcpam\Øns‚ 0.24% am{XamWv {]mtZinI kanXnIfpsS]s¶¶nepw dh\yphcpam\Øns‚ 4% Ch¿ sNehgn°p∂p. AhcpsShcpam\Ønt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ XpI Ah¿ sNehgn°p∂p. CXv ^≠p

\¬Ip∂htcmSp≈ hnt[bXzw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.em‰n≥ Atacn°bnse P\m[n]Xy hntI{μoIrXamXrIbmbn s_mfohnbsb

an°t∏mgpw Np≠o°m´mdp≠v. 1994˛se P\]¶mfnØ \nbaw {]mtZinI XeØn¬

A[nImchntI{μoIcWw \SØpIbpw, cmPysØ \nc-h[n ap≥kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fmbn hn -

Pn-°p-Ibpw tab¿amcpsS sXcs™Sp∏v P\Iobam°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-a√

ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v [\ssIam‰w kzta[bm \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. 314

ap≥kn∏men‰nIfmbn s_mfohnsb hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p. s_mfohnbbnse Cu

Kh¨sa‚pIfnse√mw P\Iobambn sXcs™SpØ tab¿amcpw ap≥kn∏¬

Iu¨knepamWv. Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtºmgpw {]tZinI sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ

tZihym]Iambn \SØp∂p. {]mtZinI BtcmKyhpw hnZym`ymk kuIcyhpw

Dd∏phcpØpI, ]›mØe kuIcyw Hcp°pI XpSßnbh t_mfohnb¬ {]mtZinI

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ NpaXeIfmWv. s_mfnhnbbn¬ tZiob XeØn¬ ]ncns®Sp°p∂

\nIpXnbpsS 20% ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v Btfmlcn hnlnXambn \¬Ip∂p. Cu

ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v tam´m¿hml\ \nIpXn, \Kc `q\nIpXnbpw henb

Irjn`qanbnt∑ep≈ \nIpXnbpw ]ncn°mw. henb tXmXnep≈ kmºØnI ssIam‰w

ChbpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v henb IcpØp \¬Ip∂p.

D]-kw-lmcw

tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS hnIk\ ˛ t£a ]≤XnIƒ\S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbp≈ GP≥knIfmbmbn {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ

XpS¿∂pw {]h¿Øn°psa∂v Cu A\p`hßƒ \sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p.{]mtZinI kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßƒ°v \Ωƒ IqSpX¬ A[nImcw\evIpI F∂-Xn-\¿∞w bYm¿∞ A[nImchntI{μoIcWØn\v \mw

IqSpX¬ Xøm-dm-IWw F∂-Xm-Wv. BXy¥nIambn P\m[n]XywF∂ph®m¬ P\ßƒ A[nImcw ]¶p hbv°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. {KmaoWP\X°pw \Kc P\X°pw Ah¿°mhiyap≈ \b]cn]mSnIƒ

Xocpam\n°m\p≈ A[nImcap≠v. ap≥]p ]Tn®Xpt]mseP\m[n]Xysa∂m¬ A[nImc hntI{μoIcWhpw P\ßƒ°v IqSpX¬A[nImcw \¬IepamWv. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpambn _‘s∏´

\nbaßƒ P\m[n]Xy h¬°cWØnte°p≈ Nhn p]SnbmWv. F∂m¬N´-°q-Sp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ am{X-a√, P\m[n]XyØns‚ icnbmb]co£Wsa∂Xv tIhew \nba]camb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am{X-a√ adn®v

Ahsb {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂XnemWv

218


A -ymkw

1. C¥y≥ cWLS\ ]©m-b-Øp-Isf kzb- -c-W-Øns‚ Hcv bpWn-‰m-≠bn- mWv hn`m--h\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

Xmsg-∏-^-bp∂ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fnse kml-N-cy-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn Ah Hcp kzbw-`-cW ÿm]\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]©m-b-Øns‚ i‡n-bmtWm Zu¿_-ey-amtWm F∂phni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

a Hcp kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v henb Hcp Ão¬ πm‚ v XpSßm≥ Hcp Iº\n°v A\paXn\¬In. \nch[n {Kmaßsf tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂XmWv Ão¬ πm‚ v. henbhyhkmbw XpSßp∂Xn\p ap≥]v {]tZihmknIfpambn IqSnbmtemNn®v AhcpsS

{]iv\ßƒ°v ]cnlmcw ImWWsa∂v {]iv\-_m-[nX {Kma-Ønse {Kma-k` {]tabw]mkm-°n.

b Kh¨sa‚ns‚ 20% sNehpIƒ ]©mbØpIƒ hgn \S∏nem°phm≥ Xocpam\n®p.

c. {KmaØn¬ Hcp kvIqƒ XpSßp∂Xn\v ≠v A\phZn°Wsa∂v Hcp {Kma ]©mbØvBhiys∏SpIbpw Khx DtZymKÿ∑m¿ ^≠v a‰v ]≤XnIƒ°v th≠nA\phZn®ncn°pIbmsW∂pw AXv hgnamdn sNehgn°m≥ IgnbpIbn√∂pw Adnbn®p.

d Zp≥Km¿]q¿ {KmasØ Kh¨sa‚ v Pap\, skmlm\ F∂o {Kmaßfmbn hn`Pn®p.Ct∏mƒ Zp≥Km¿]q¿ hnt√Pv Kh¨sa‚ v tcJIfnen√.

e. Hcp {Kma]©mbØv AhnSpsØ Pet{kmXkpIƒ thKw h‰nhcfp∂XmbnIs≠Øn.

{KmaoWbphm°sf kwLSn∏n®v {KmaØnse ]gb Ipfßfpw InWdpIfpw]p\xcp≤cn°m≥ kzta[bm Xocpam\n®p.

2. Hcp kwÿm\Øns‚ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v ]≤Xn cq]oIcn°phm\p≈ Ah-kcw

Xm¶ƒ°pe`ns®∂p IcpXpI. Fs¥√mw A[nImcßfmbncn°pw {Kma]©mbØp-Iƒ°v kzbw `cW ÿm]\ßsf∂ coXnbn¬ \¬IpI? GsX¶nepw A©vA[nImcßfpw Ahsb c≠phcnbn¬ IpdbmsX km[qIcn°pIbpw, Fßs\bmWv

Cu A[nImcw \¬InbsX∂v hniZoIcn°pIbpw sNøp-I.3. kmaqlnIambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ P\hn mKßƒ°v cWLS\bpsS 73˛mw t`ZKXn

Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ N´ßƒ Fs¥√mw? {KmaoW t\Xr \ncbn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰ßfmWv

Cu N´ßƒ sIm≠ph∂Xv?4. 73- mw cWLS\m t`ZKXn°p ap≥]pw tijhpw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfn¬ h∂ {][m\

hyXymkßƒ Fs¥√mw?

5. Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ kw`mjWw hmbn°pI? 200 hm°n¬ IpdbmsX Cu N¿®bn¬Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂ hnhcßfn¬ \nßfpsS A`n{]mbw tcJs∏SpØpI.AtemIv: \ΩpsS cW LS\ kv{Xo˛]pcpj kaXzw Dd∏phcpØp∂p. {]mtZinI

ÿm]\ßfn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p\¬Inbncn°p∂ kwhcWw AhcpsSA[nImc]¶mfnØw Dd∏phcpØp∂p.t\l: kv{XoIƒ°v \¬Inbncn°p∂ A[nImcw ]cym]vXa√. {]mtZinI

ÿm]\ßfpsS _kvdq´n¬ kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyI ]Zhn \¬tI≠Xv BhiyamWv.

219


Ptbjv: F\n°v CØcw kwhcWtØmSv Xm¬]cyan√/ CjvSa√. Hcp {]mtZinIÿm]\w {KmaØnse F√m P\ßfpsSbpw ImcyØn¬ {i≤sNepØptºmƒ

kz`mhnIambpw kv{XoIfpsS Xm¬]cyßfpw ]cnKWn°pw.6. 73˛mw t`ZKXn N´ßƒ hmbn°pI. Xmsg∏dbp∂ Fs¥ms°{]iv\ßfmWv Cu t`ZKXn A`naqJoIcn°p∂Xv.

a ÿm\w \jvSam°psa∂ oXn P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ P\ßtfmSv IqSpX¬DØchmZnXzw ImWn°p∂Xn\v ImcWamIp∂p.

b D∂XPmXn°mcpw ^yqU¬ (P∑n) {]`p°∑mcpw {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfn¬

B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂p.c {KmaoW \nc£cX hfsc IqSpXemWv. (Db¿∂tXmXnemWv)

\nc£cmb {KmaoW¿°v hnIk\Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\saSp°m≥ Ignbn√.

d ^e{]Zambn {]h¿Øn°Wsa¶n¬ {Kma]©mbØpIƒ°vhn`hßfpw D≠mbncn°Ww.

7. NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂Xv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°\pIqeamb hmZßfmWv.

ap≥KWm{Iaw A\pkcn®v Ahsb {Ias∏SpØpIbpw AXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\sa∂v\nßƒ IcpXp∂ hmZKXn a‰p≈hsb°mƒ F¥psIm≠v {]k‡amsW∂vhniZoIcn°pI. \nßfpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂hbnse GXp

bp‡nb\pkcn®mWv shwssK hmk¬ ]©mbØv Xocpam\saSpØXv? F¥psIm≠v?a {]mtZinI kaqlØns‚ ]¶mfnØtØmsS Kh¨sa‚n\v Ipd™ sNehn¬

]≤XnIƒ ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ Ignbpw.

b {]mtZinI P\X Xømdm°p∂ hnIk\ ]≤XnIƒ°v k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿ¿Xømdm°p∂ ]≤XnItf°mƒ IqSpX¬ kzoImcyXbp≠mIpw.

c P\ßƒ°v AhcpsS {]tZißsf°pdn®pw Bhiyßsf°pdn®pw

{]iv\ßsf°pdn®pw ap≥KW\Isf°pdn®pw hy‡amb [mcW D≠mbncn°pw.Iq´mb ]¶mfnØØneqsS AhcpsS PohnXw kw_‘n® Imcyßfn¬ N¿®bneqsSXocpam\saSp°p∂p.

d km[mcW P\ßsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw AhcpsS kwÿm\ \nbak`bnsetbm,]m¿esa‚nsetbm {]Xn\n[nIfpambn _‘s∏Sphm≥ A{X Ffp∏a√.

8. \nßfpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂hbn¬ GXmWv

A[nImchntI{μoIcWhpambn _‘s∏´Xv? F¥psIm≠mWv a‰p≈hhntI{μoIcWhpambn tbmPn°mØXv?

a {Kma]©mbØnte°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏p \SØpI.

b XßfpsS {KmaØn\v A\ptbmPyamb \bßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw Fs¥∂Xv {KmaoW¿Xs∂ Xocpam\n°pI.

c. {Kmak`mtbmKw hnfn°p∂Xn\p≈ A[nImcw.

d. kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v Bcw`n® Hcp ]≤XnbpsS ]ptcmKXn dnt∏m¿ v {Kma hnIk\DtZymKÿ≥ {Kma]©mbØn\p \¬Ip∂p.

9. U¬ln k¿ΔIemime hnZym¿∞nbmb cmLth{μ ]¿]Æ {]m[anI

hnZym`ymkØnse hntI{μoIrX Xocpam\saSp°ens\°pdn®v ]Tn°m≥B{Kln°p∂p. {KmahmknItfmSv At±lw Nne tNmZyßƒ tNmZn°p∂p. Cu

220


tNmZyßƒ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p. \nßƒ Cu {KmahmknIfnsemcmfmsW¶n¬Hmtcm tNmZyØn\pw F¥v DØcamWv \nßƒ \¬IpI?

{Kmak`bpsS Hcp tbmKw hnfn®pIqń HmtcmIpńsbbpw kvIqfn¬ FØn°p∂Xn\vFs¥ms° \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°msa∂v N¿® sNbvXp.

a. ao‰nwKns‚ DNnXamb XobXn \nßƒ Fßs\ Xocpam\n°pw? ao‰nwKn¬ Bscms°

]s¶Sp°pw/]s¶Sp°n√ \nßfpsS ImcWw FgpXpI.i) {Kma hnIk\ Hmôktdm Pn√m IfIvStdm \n›bn® Znhkw.ii) {KmaapJy≥ sXcs™SpØ Znhkw.

iii) Hcp RmbdmgvN.iv) \mK]©an / kw{Im¥n.

b. ao‰nwKn\v A\ptbmPyamb ÿew GXmWv? F¥psIm≠v?

i) Pn√m IfIvSdpsS k¿°pe¿ DØchv {]Imcw \n›bn® ÿew.ii) {KmaØnse aX {][m\y ÿew.iii) ZfnXv al√ / ZfnXv {Kmaw

iv) Db¿∂ PmXn°m¿ Xmakn°p∂ ÿew.v) {KmaoW hnZymebw.

c. {Kmak`bpsS tbmKØn¬ BZyambn Pn√m IfIvS¿ Ab® DØchv / k¿°pe¿

hmbn®p Hcp hnZym`ymk dmen kwLSn∏n°p∂Xn\pw AXns‚ dq´v / KXnXocpam\n°p∂Xn\pw Fs¥√mw \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Wsa∂v \n¿t±in°p∂p.kvIqfn¬ CXphscbpw hcmXncn°p∂ IpńIsf°pdnt®m s]ÏpńIfpsS

hnZym`ymksØ°pdnt®m kvIqƒsIńSØns‚ Ahÿsb°pdnt®m kvIqƒ kab{IasØ°pdnt®m ao‰nwKv N¿® sNbvXn√. RmbdmgvNbmbXn\m¬ Hcp h\nXA≤ym]Icpw ao‰nwKn¬ ]s¶SpØn√.

d. \nßfpsS ¢mkns\ {Kmak`bmbn k¶ev]n°pI. AP≠ N¿® sNbvXv e£ywt\Sp∂Xn\p≈ L´ßƒ hy‡am°pI?

221

Chapter 9: Constitution as a Living Document

A≤ymbw ˛ 9

`c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh

{]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

(Constitution As A Living Document)

BapJw

I-gn-™ 68 h¿-j-am-bn \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\ F-ß-s\ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂pw C-tX -c-W-L-S-\-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn \-Ωp-sS cm-Pyw F-ß-s\ -

cn-°-s∏- p F-∂pw Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \n-∂pw \-ap-°v a-\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km-

[n-°pw. Cu A-[ym-bw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS \-ap-°v I-s≠-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°p-

∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv.

$ Im-e-L- -Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-°v t -Z-K-Xn

h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.

$ [m-cm-fw -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ I-gn-s™-¶n-epw -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS k-

Ø-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bpw C-t∏m-gpw am-dm-sX \n¬-°p-∂p.

$ -c-W-L-S-\-sb hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \o-Xn-\ym-b

hn- m-Kw {]-[m-\ ]-¶v h-ln-®n- p-≠v.

$ am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v {]-Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw

hnImkw {]m-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp {]-am-W-am-Wv -c-W-L-S-\.

222


-c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ \n-›-e-am-tWm ?am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-t®m,k-aq-l-Øn-se B-i-b-ß-fp-sS am-‰-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-t®m,cm-jv-{So-b am-‰-ßƒ aq-e-tam -c-W-L-S-\ Xn-cp-

Øn F-gp-Xp-I F-∂-Xv H-cp cm-jv-{S-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-km-[m-c-W-am-b H-cp Im-cy-a√. tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-\v A-Xn-s‚ 74 h¿-j-

sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\ Im-e-b-f-hn¬ 4 `-c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. (1918,1924,1936,1977). 1991 ¬tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-\n-se I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n-

bp-sS `-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-®-tXm-sS tkm-hn-b-‰vs -U-td-j≥ in-Yn-eo-I-cn-°-s∏- p. cm-jv-{So-bhn-π-h-Øn-\p ti-jw ]p-Xp-Xm-bn cq-]w sIm-≠

d-jy≥ s^-U-td-j≥ 1993˛¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b `-c-

W-L-S-\ kzo-I-cn-®p.

F-∂m¬ C-¥y-bp-sS Im-cyw {i-≤n-°q. 1949\-hw-_¿ 26 \v C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\ Aw-Ko-I-cn-

°-s∏-´p. 1950 P-\p-h-cn 26 \v `-c-W-L-S-\ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂p. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw68 h¿-j-ßƒ I-gn-™p-sh-¶n-epw \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-

Øv K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp N- -°q-Sm-bn C-tX -c-W-L-S-\ C-∂pw {]-h¿-Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-

øp-∂p.

am-‰-ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-hn-[w \-Ωp-sS -

c-W-L-S-\ an-I-®-Xm-sW-∂m-tWm C-Xp-sIm-≠v

D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv? m-hn-bn¬ h-t∂-°m-hp-∂ am-‰-

ß-sf ap≥-Iq-´n Im-Wp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-{X Zo¿-

L-ho-£-W-ap-≈-h-cpw hn-th-In-I-fp-am-bn-cp-t∂m

\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ? Cu c-

≠p D-Ø-c-ß-fpw H-c¿-∞-Øn¬ i-cn-bm-Wv. h-

f-sc I-cp-Øp-‰ H-cp -c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv \mw kzm-

b-Ø-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv F-∂-Xv H-cp k-Xy-am-Wv.

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ N- -°q-Sv \-Ωp-sS

cm-Py-Øn-\v h-f-sc tbm-Pn-®-Xm-Wv. \-Ωp-sS -c-

W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ h-f-sc Zo¿-L-ho-£-

Ww D-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xpw m-hn-bn-se {]-

iv-\-ßƒ ap≥-Iq- n I-≠v A-h¿ ]-cn-lm-cw \n¿-

t±-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xpw k-Xy-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ H-

cp -c-W-L-S-\-°pw m-hn-bn¬ \-S-°m≥ t]m-Ip-

I-gn-™ c-≠p \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

{^m≥-kn-\v A-t\-Iw -c-W-L-S-

\-Iƒ D-≠m-bn- p-≠v. hn-π-h-Øn-

\p ti-j-hpw s\-t∏m-fn-b-s‚ Im-

e-L-´-Øn-epw {^m≥-kv H-cp `-c-

W-L-S-\-°p th-≠n \n-c-¥-c ]-

co-£-W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

1793 se hn-π-hm-\-¥-c-ap-≈ `-c-

W-L-S-\-sb B-Zy {^-©v dn-∏-

ªn-°n-s‚ Im-e-L-´w F-∂m-Wv

hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. c-≠m-a-sØ {^-

©v dn-∏-ªn-°v 1848 ¬ B-cw-`n-

®p. aq-∂m-a-sØ {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-

°v 1875¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b -c-W-L-

S-\-tbm-sS cq-]w sIm-≠p. 1946¬

]p-Xn-b H-cp -c-W-L-S-\-tbm-Sp Iq-

Sn 4˛mw {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-°v \n-e-

hn¬ h-∂p. A-h-km-\-am-bn 1958

¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b -c-W-L-S-\-tbmSp

Iq-Sn 5˛mw {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-°v \n-

e-hn¬ h-∂p.

`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b am-‰-

ßƒ cm-jv-{So-b hn-Im-k-hp-

am-bn h-f-sc A-Sp-Øv _-‘-

s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂m-Wv F-

\n-°v tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.

223


∂ F-√m Im-cy-ß-sf-bpw ap≥-Iq-´n Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[y-a√. am-‰-

ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xm-b H-cp {]-am-W-hp-an-√.

]n-s∂ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv C-tX -c-W-L-S-\ C-∂pw cm-Py-sØtk-hn-®p sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv? k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ am-dp-∂-B-h-iy-ßƒ-

°-\p-k-cn-®v ]-cn-jv-°-cn-t°-≠ B-h-iy-I-X \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Ø-cw tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p-≈ H-cp-Ø-cw. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn -c-W-L-S-\ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-s‚ hym-

Jym-\-Øn¬ ]-c-am-h-[n A-b-hp-≈-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. -c-W-L-S-\ \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-[n-I-fpw Xn-I-™ ]-Iz-X-bpw A-b-hpw Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.C-Ø-cw L-S-

I-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\-sb A-S-™-Xpw \n-›-e-hp-am-b H-cp\n-b-a {]-am-W-hp-am-°m-sX A-Xn-s\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-°n

\n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p.

G-sXm-cp k-aq-l-Øn-epw -c-W-L-S-\ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-h¿ s]m-

Xp-hm-b H-cp sh-√p-hn-fn A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v. B Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ k-aq-lw t\-cn-Sp-∂ {]-iv-\-ßƒ X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]-Xn- -en-∏n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv A-

Xvv. A-tX k-a-bw `-c-W-L-S-\ `m-hn-bn-se K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ N-´-°q-Sn-s\°p-dn-®v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ {]-am-W-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. A-Xp sIm-≠v m-hn-bn-se sh-√p-hn-fn-I-sf t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈ I-gn-hv -c-W-L-S-\-

bv-°p-≠m-I-Ww. Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ -c-W-L-S-\ H-tc k-a-b-Øv

k-a-Im-eo-\-hpw Cu-Sp-\n¬-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

A-tX k-a-bw -c-W-L-S-\ H-cn-°-epw \n-›-e-hpw am-‰w h-cp-Øp-

hm≥ km-[n-°m-Ø-Xp-am-b {]-am-W-a-√. a-\p-jy \n¿-Ωn-X-am-b H-cp {]-am-Ww B-b-Xn-\m¬ C-Xn-\v ]p-Xp-°-epw am-‰w h-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpw ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. -c-W-L-S-\ H-cp k-aq-l-

Øn-s‚ kz-]v-\-ß-sf-bpw A- n-em-j-ß-sf-bpw {]-Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww F-∂-Xv h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. H-cp -c-W-L-S-\ k-aq-l Øn-s‚ P-\m-[n-]-Xy -c-W-{I-a-Øn-\p-≈ N- -°q-Sp-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.

Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ k-aq-lw A-h¿-°p-th-≠n \n¿-Ωn-® H-cp D-]m-

[n-bm-bn -c-WL-S-\-sb I-W-°m-°mw.

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Cu c-≠p Np-a-X-e-I-fpw A-Xn-s‚ ]-Z-hn-sb kw-_-‘n-®v Nn-e Zp-jv-°-c-am-b tNm-Zy-ßƒ D-b¿-Øp-∂p. H-

cmƒ-°pw H-cp Im-e-Øpw am-‰m≥ ]-‰m-Ø X-c-Øn¬ -c-W-L-S-\]-hn-{X-am-tWm? t\-sc a-dn-®v km-[m-c-W \n-b-a-ß-sf t]m-se F-fp-∏-Øn¬ am-‰p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-∂ H-cp tI-h-e {]-am-W-am-tWm -

c-W-L-S-\?

Cu {]-iv-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v t_m-[-hm≥-am-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ H-cp k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-

C-cp-∂q-dn-te-sd h¿-j-ßƒ-

°v ap-ºv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ A-

ta-cn-°≥ -c-W-L-S-\ C-Xp-

h-sc 27 {]m-h-iyw am-{X-

amWv t -Z-K-Xn sN-ø-s∏- n- p-

≈-Xv. A-sXm-cp {i-≤n-°-s∏-

tS-≠ Im-cy-a-t√?

224


\n¿-Øm-\m-Wv {i-an-®-Xv. A-h¿ -c-W-L-S-\-sb km-[m-c-W \n-b-a-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ {]-Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bpw m-hn X-e-ap-d A-Xn-s\ A-\p-k-cn-°p-sa-∂v {]-Xo-

£n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-tX k-a-bw Cu {]-am-Ww m-hn-bn¬ Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-I-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS \n¿-Ωm-W-th-f-bn¬ X-s∂ ]-e-Im-cy-ß-fn-epw hy-Xy-kv-X A- n-{]m-b-ß-fp-s≠-∂v

A-h¿-°v t_m-[y-s∏- n-cp-∂p. F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw k-aq-lw H-cp {]-tXy-I A- n-{]m-b-Øn-te-°v am-dp-tºmƒ `-c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ am-‰w A-\n-hm-cy-am-Ipw. Np-cp-°-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\ ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® c-≠p k-ao-]-\-

ß-fp-sS-bpw H-cp k-a-\z-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xm-b-Xv H-tc-k-a-bw -c-W-L-S-\ ]-hn-{X-am-b H-cp {]-am-W-am-Wv, A-Xn¬ Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ am-‰-ßƒ A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\ \n-›-e-am-b H-cp {]-am-

W-tam F-√m-‰n-s‚-bpw A-h-km-\ hm-t°m am-‰w h-cp-Øp-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-tXm B-b H-cp {]-am-W-a-√.

-c-W-L-S-\ Fßs\ -t -Z-K-Xn sN-ømw (How to Amend the Constitution)

-c-W-L-S-\m k-¥p-en-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v -c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ {i-an-®-Xm-

bn ap≥-]v \mw kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m? B-h-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn h-

cp-Øp-I X-s∂ th-Ww. F-∂m¬ A-\m-h-iy-hpw \n-c-¥-c-hp-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-

fn¬ \n-∂v A-Xn-s\ kw-c-£n-t°-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ H-

tc k-a-bw -c-W-L-S-\ Zr-V-hpw A-b-hp-ap-≈-Xm-I-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ B-{K-ln-

®p. F-fp-∏-Øn¬ am-‰p-hm-\pw t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂ -c-W-L-S-\-I-

fm-Wv A-b-hp-≈ (flexible Constitution) -c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ. F-∂m¬ t -Z-K-Xn-

Iƒ h-cp-Øp-hm≥ h-f-sc {]-bm-k-ap-≈ -c-W-L-S-\-I-fm-Wv Zr-V-am-b -c-W-

L-S-\-Iƒ (Rigid Constitution). c-≠v k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv

C¥y≥ -c-W-LS\.

A\ptOZw 368 {]Imcw

....Cu -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ F-¥p-X-s∂ B-bn-cp-∂m-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v A-Xn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Wm-[n-Im-cw {]-tbm-Kn-®v- CuA-\p-tO-Z-Øn¬ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≈ \-S-]-Sn {I-aw A-\p-k-cn-®v Cu-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xp hy-h-ÿ-bpw Ip- n-t®¿-°-tem, hyXym-k-

s∏-Sp-Ø-tem d-±m-°-tem h-gn t -Z-K-Xn sN-øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

225


-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ sX-‰p-I-sfm Ip-d-hp-I-sfm D-≠m-Ip-hm-\p-≈

km-[y-X-sb Ip-dn-®v -c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ t_m-[-hm≥-am-

cm-bn-cp-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\ ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw sX-‰p-Ip-‰-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pwhn-ap-‡-a-√ F-∂-h¿ a-\- n-em-°n. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ D-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ A-h H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n -c-W-L-S-\

F-fp-∏-Øn¬ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ B-{K-ln-®p. Xm¬-°m-en-I-am-bn Nn-e hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- ]p-Xn-b ]m¿-e-sa‚ v A-[n-

Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ ti-jw Cu hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-tam F-∂v A-¥n-a-am-bn Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-sa-∂pw A-h¿I-cp-Xn. -c-W-L-S-\ H-cp s -U-d¬ hy-h-ÿn-Xn-°m-Wv cq-]w sIm-

Sp-Ø-Xv. F-∂-Xn-\m¬ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS k-Ω-X-an-√m-sX am-‰p-hm≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂pw hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-flm-hv F-∂v I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂

Nn-e k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ am-‰-s∏-Sm-sX kw-c-£n-°-W-sa-∂v `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ B-{K-ln-®p. A-Ø-cw h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ am-‰wh-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ hy-h-kv-X-Iƒ I¿-°-i-am-°p-hm≥ A-h¿ Xo-

cp-am-\n-®p. C-Ø-cw ]-cn-K-W-\-I-fm-Wv -c-W L-S-\-bp-sS hn-hn-[-

X-c-Øn-ep-≈ t -Z-K-Xn-°v h-gn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv.

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Nn-e A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ km-[m-c-W \n-b-a \n¿-

Ωm-W {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS tZ-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw. Cu

t -Z-K-Xn-°v {]-tXy-I \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√. A-Ø-cw Im-

cy-ß-fn¬ -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-bpw km-[m-c-W \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W

{]-{In-b-bpw X-Ωn¬ bm-sXm-cp hy-Xym-k-hp-an-√. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-

sS Cu m-Kw h-f-sc A-b-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. Xm-sg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂

Nn-e -c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ {i-≤m-]q¿-Δw hm-bn-°p-I.Cu

c-≠p A-\p-tO-Z-ß-fn-epw '\n-b-aw aq-ew' (by law) F-∂-Xp sIm-

≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 368- mw A-\p-tOZ-

Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]m-en-°m-sX X-s∂ A-h-

sb t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw F-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Xp-t]m-se,

F-fp-∏-Øn¬ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ a-‰p ]-e A-\p-tO-Z-

ß-fpw C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v. A-\p-tO-Zw :2 - ]m¿-e-sa‚n\v

\n-b-aw aq-ew ]p-Xn-b kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-te-°v

tN¿-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.

F-ß-s\-bm-Wv H-cp `-c-W-

L-S-\ A-b-hp-≈-Xpw Zr-V-

hp-am-Ip-∂-Xv F-∂v F-\n-°v

a-\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. H-cp Im-

e-L-´-Øn-se cm-jv-{So-b-am-

tWm H-cp -c-W-L-S-\-sb Zr-

V-hpw A-b-hp-≈-Xp-am-°p-

∂-Xv.

226


-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ti-jn-°p-∂ m-K-ßƒ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-

\p-≈ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A-\p-tO-Zw 368 ¬ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu A-\p-tO-Z {]-Im-cw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v c-≠v hy-Xy-ÿco-Xn-I-fp-≠v. H-cp am¿-§-a-\p-k-cn-®v Nn-e A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ ]m¿-e-

sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k- -I-fp-sS-bpw {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£-tØm-Sn-Iq-Sn t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. c-≠m-a-sØ am¿-§w Ip-d-®p Iq-Sn {]-bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. A-Xn-\v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£-Øn-

\p ]p-d-sa ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. G-sXm-cp `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpw ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ am-{X-sa B-cw- n-°p-hm≥ (initiate) ]m-Sp-≈p F-∂p-≈ h-

kv-Xp-X {]-t{Xy-Iw {i-≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. -c-W-L-S-\m-t -Z-K-Xn-°v]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w Iq-Sm-sX a-‰p _m-ly ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ( -c-W-L-S-\m I-Ωo-j≥ A-s√-¶n¬ {]-tXy-I k-an-Xn)

Aw-Ko-Im-cw B-h-iy-an-√.

A-Xp-t]m-se ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ ]m- m-°p-I-bpw Nn-e k-μ¿- -Øn¬

kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v]n-∂o-Sv P-\-ln-X ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-tS-≠ B-

h-iy-an-√. a-s‰-√m _n-√p-I-sf-bpw t]m-se -c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn_n-√p-I-fpw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS Aw-Ko-c-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v A-Xv ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[-\-°p-th-≠n Xn-

cn-®-b-bv-°p-hm≥ A-[n-Im-c-an-√. Cu hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ Im-Wn-°p-∂Xv`-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn {]-{In-b F-{X-am-{Xw Zr-V-hpw k-¶o¿-Æ-hpw B-Ip-am-bn-cp-t∂-s\ F-∂m-Wvv. F-∂m¬ \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-

\ C-Ø-cw k-¶o¿-Æ-X-I-sf H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C-Xv `-c-W-

Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ H-cp -

c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn B{K-

ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F¥v

kw`-hn°pw? Ah¿°v Hcp

t`Z-KXn \n¿tZ-in-°p-hm≥

]‰ptam? kwÿm-\-ßƒ-

s°-Xn-cmbn tI{μ-Øn-\-\p-

Iq -e-amb hyh-ÿbv°v

as‰mcp DZm-l-c-W-at√

CXv?

A\p-tOZw 2:]m¿e-sa‚n\v \nb-aw-aqew]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßsfC¥y≥ bqWnb-\n-te°vtN¿°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.

A\p-tOZw 3:

]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v \n-b-aw

aqew G-sXm-cp kw-ÿm-

\-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-kv-Xr-Xn

h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥

km[n°pw

227


L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-I-sf Xm-c-X-tay-\ e-fn-X-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn {]-{In-b H-cp {]-[m-\ X-Xz-sØ A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. F-s¥-∂m¬ P-\-ß-

fm¬ sX-sc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°p am-{X-sa -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-j-b-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-hm-\pw A-¥n-a Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm-\pw A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈q. A-Xp-sIm-≠v sX-sc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-

sS ]-c-am[n-Im-c-am-Wv (]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ ]-cm-a-[n-Im-cw) -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn

\-S-]-Sn {I-a-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\w.

{]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w (Special Majority)sX-sc-s™-Sp-∏v, Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn- m-Kw, \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn- m-Kw F-∂o A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ hy-h-ÿ-I-sf-∏-‰n

\mw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. F-¥m-Wv {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-sX-∂v H-cn-°¬ Iq-Sn ]-d-bmw. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn \n-b-a \n¿-Ωm-W k- -bn¬ H-cp {]-ta-b-tam _n-t√m ]m- m-°p-∂-Xn-\p k- -bn¬ B k-a-b-Øv lm-P-cm-bn

thm- p sN-øp-∂ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS tI-h-e q-cn-]-£w e- n-®n-cn-°-Ww. H-cp _n-√n-s‚ thm-s -Sp-∏v k-a-b-Øv H-cp k- -bn¬ 247 Aw-K-ßƒ lm-P-cm-hp-I-bpw F-√m-h-cpw thm-s -Sp-∏n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp F-∂p hn-Nm-cn-°p-I. A-ß-s\

bm-sW-¶n¬ _n-√n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn 124 Aw-K-ßƒ thm- p sN-bv-sX-¶n¬ am-{X-sa _n-√v ]m- m-hp-I-bp-≈q. F-∂m¬ -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn _n-√n-s‚ Im-cyw A-ß-s\-b-√. -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn _-√n-\v c-≠p hy-Xy-ÿ X-c-Øn-ep-

≈ {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w B-h-iy-am-Wv. H-∂m-a-Xm-bn k- -bp-sS sam-Øw Aw-K-_-e-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv ]-Ip-Xn t]¿ B _n-√n-s\ A-\p-Iq-en-®vvthm-´p sN-bv-Xn-cn-°-Ww. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn k-`-bn¬ lm-P-cm-bn thm-´p sN-øp-∂

Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ap-∂n¬ c-≠v m-Kw (2/3) t]-cp-sS ]n-¥p-W-bpw _n-√n-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k- -I-fn-epw t -Z-K-Xn _n¬ C-tX co-Xn-bn¬ sh-tΔ-sd ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. (C-Xn-\m-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ kw-bp-‡ k-tΩ-f-\-

Øn-\v hy-h-ÿ-bn-√.) Hm-tcm t -Z-K-Xn _n-√n-\pw Cu {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£w B-

h-iy-am-Wv.

Cu B-h-iy-I-X-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw F-¥m-Wv? tem-I-k- -bn¬ 545 Aw-K-ß-

fp-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ G-Xv -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-°pw 273 Aw-K-ß-fp-sS

]n-¥p-W D-≠m-I-Ww. t -Z-K-Xn _n-√n-s‚ thm-s -Sp-∏v k-a-b-Øv 300 Aw-K-ßƒam-{X-sa k-`-bn¬ lm-P-cm-bn-´p-≈q-sh-¶n-epw -c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn _n-√n-\v273 t]-cp-sS ]n-¥p-W D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. H-cp t -Z-K-Xn _n-√n-s‚ thm-s -Sp-∏n¬

]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv 400 Aw-K-ß-fm-sW-∂v k-¶¬-∏n-°p-I. F-¶n¬ B _n-√v ]m- m-

°p-∂-Xn-\v F-{X Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ]n-¥p-W e- n-®n-cn-°-Ww?

Iq-Sm-sX ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k-`-I-fpw t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS sh-tΔ-sd ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´ H-cp t`-Z-K-Xn

_n-√n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn H-cp A-`n-{]m-b sF-Iyw D-≠m-bn-s√-¶n¬ _n¬ ]m- m-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xp sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. -cn-°p-

228


∂ ]m¿- n-°v k- -bn¬ t\-cn-b q-cn-]-£-ta-bp-≈q F-¶n-epw A-h-cp-sS C-jv-S-a-

\p-k-cn-®v \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-Øp-hm-\pw _-Uv-P-‰v Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\pw {]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚ F-Xn¿-∏v D-s≠-¶n¬ t]m-epw km-[n-°pw. F-∂m¬-c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-°v {i-an-°p-tºmƒ G-Xm-\pw {]-Xn-]-£-]m¿- n-I-fp-sS-sb-

¶n-epw hn-izm-kw t\-Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww. -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Xzw F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-K-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-epw hn-im-e-am-b tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-°p-I F∂XmWv.

an° B[p-\nI c-W-L-S-\-I-fnepw c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°p≈

hyXykvX \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn¬ c≠p XXz-ß-fmWv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-

°p-∂-Xv.

{]tXyI `qcn-]-£-amWv AXn¬ Hcp XXzw. DZm-l-cW-W-Øn\v

Ata-cn° (bpssW-‰Uv tÃ‰v) Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, djy XpS-ßnb

cmPy-ß-fpsS `cW LS-\b-bn¬ Cu XXz-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂n¬ c≠p

(2/3) `qcn-]-£hpw F∂m¬ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, djy F∂o cmPy-

ß-fn¬ Nne t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°v \men¬ aq∂v 3/4 qcn-]-£hpw Bh-

iy-am-Wv.

an° B[p-\nI `c-W-L-S-\-I-fnepw {]kn-≤-amb as‰mcp XXz-

amWv `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn°v ap≥ssI FSp-°p-hm-\p≈ P\-

ß-fpsS A[n-Im-cw. P\-ßƒ ap≥ssI FSp-°p-Itbm t`Z-K-Xn-

Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ a‰v cmPy-ßƒ°p-Zm-l-c-W-

amWv C‰-enbpw djy-bpw.

{]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£w F-∂

k-{º-Zm-bw F-s∂ a-Sp-∏n-°p-

∂p A-Xv F-√m k-a-b-Øpw

k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b I-W-°p-Iq- -

ep-Iƒ-°v \n-ß-sf \n¿-_-

‘n-°p-∂p. C-Xv bm-Ym¿-Ø-

Øn¬ cm-jv-{So-b-am-tWm A-

s√-¶n¬ K-Wn-X-am-tWm ?

kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw)C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bn-se Nn-e A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-hm≥ {]-tXy-

I q-cn-]-£w am-{Xw t]m-cm. tI-{μ kw-ÿm-\ K-h -sa‚p-I-fp-sS A-[n-Im-chn- -P-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ, {]m-Xn-\n-[y-hp-am-bn (representation)_-‘-s∏- A-\p-tO-Zw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS t -Z-K-Xn-°m-bn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS

A- n-{]m-b-hpw A-\p-a-Xn-bpw t\-tS-≠-Xv B-h-iy-am-Wv. C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS s -U-d¬ kz- m-h-sØ Ip-dn-®v \mw ]Tn-®n- p-≠v. s -U-d-en-kw sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv kw-ÿm-\ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sS A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ tI-{μ K-

h -sa‚n-s‚ Hu-Zm-cy-a-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv. H-cp -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn \n-e-hn¬h-cp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ B t -Z-K-Xn _n¬ ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww F-∂v \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv -c-W-L-S-\m Cu \n-_-‘-\ D-

229


d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. s^-U-d¬ L-S-\-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hy-h-ÿ-°p ]p-d-saau-enIm-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘-am-b hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw C-Xp-t]m-se kw-c-£n-°-s∏- n-

´p-≠v. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Nn-e m-K-ß-fn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ tI-{μ kw-ÿm-\ K-h -sa‚p-I-fp-sS hn-im-e-am-b sF-Iyw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v \-ap-°v ]-d-bp-hm≥ I-gn-bpw. Cu hy-h-ÿ kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf am-\n-°p-I-bpw A-h¿-°v -

c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-bn¬ ]-¶m-fn-Øw \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-tX k-a-b-Øv Cu \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ Zr-V-am-sW-¶n-epw ]-c-am-h-[n A-b-hp-≈-Xm-°m≥ {i-≤ sN-ep-Øn-bn- p-≠v. t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°m-bn ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS A-\p-a-

Xn th-W-sa-¶n-epw kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k- -I-fn-se tI-h-e q-cn-]-£wam-{X-am-Wv -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-\v B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv. C-{]-Im-cw Cu hy-h-ÿ h-f-sc I-Wn-i-am-sW-∂v tXm-∂p-sa-¶n-epw AXv A-{]m-tbm-Kn-

I-a-√ F-∂p-Im-Wmw.

hn-im-e-am-b A- n-{]m-b sF-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-bpw kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS ]n-cn-an-X-

am-b ]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sS-bpw -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°p-sa-∂v \-ap-°v kw-{K-ln-°mw. F-fp-∏-Øn¬ hn-I-e-am-°p-hm≥ ]-‰m-Ø co-Xn-bn-em-

bn-cn-°-Ww \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\ F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ -c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ G-sd {i-≤ sN-ep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw -c-W-L-S-\-sb Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-b am-‰-ßƒ-°pw B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm-\pw ]-cn-

jv-I-cn-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-iw m-hn X-e-ap-d-bv-°v \¬-In-bn- p-≠v.


C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t`Z-K-Xn-

Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p GsX√mw hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv ]q¿Øo-I-

cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv? A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿeØv Nm¿´n¬ icn

am¿°v sNøp-I.

t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS hnjbw {]tXyI kwÿm\ßfpsS

`qcn-]£w AwKo-Imcw

]uc-Xz-hn-jbw

aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈

Ah-Imiw

bqWn-b≥ enÃn¬ am‰w

hcp-Ø¬

kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn

am‰w hcp-Ø¬

sXc-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j-\p-ambn

_‘-s∏´v hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

230


F-¥v-sIm-≠m-Wv \-Ωp-sS `-

c-W-L-S-\ \n-c-h-[n X-h-W

t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øn-b-Xv? X-I-cm-

dv \-Ωp-sS k-aq-l-Øn-t\m A-

tXm \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-

t°m?

F-¥p-sIm-≠v C-{X-b-[n-Iw -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ2018 P-\p-h-cn 26 -\v C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂v 68 h¿-jw

]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®p. Cu 68 h¿-j Im-e-b-f-hn¬ C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\101 X-h-W t -Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xn- p-≠v. -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn{I-a-ßƒ _p-≤n-ap-t´-dn-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS F-Æw

hfsc Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-∂v Im-Wmw. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv C-{X-b-[n-Iw-c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-sX-∂v \-ap-°v I-s≠-Ømw.

Cu -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS H-cp e-Lp N-cn-{Xw \-ap-°v

]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {Km- v {i-≤m-]q¿-Δw ]-

cn-tim-[n-°p-I.H-tc hn-h-c-ßƒ c-≠p hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn-em-Wv C-hn-sS sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-tcm 10 h¿-j-Øn-epw \-S-Øn-b -c-W-L-S-\m t -

Z-K-Xn-I-sf Ip-dn-®m-Wv H-∂m-a-sØ {Km- n¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B Im-e-L- -Øn¬ \-S-Øn-b t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-am-Wv {Km-^n-s‚ _m¿ AS-bmfw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Hm-tcm ]-

Øv t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°pw F-Sp-°p-∂ Im-e-b-f-hm-Wv c-≠m-a-sØ {Km-^n¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-tcm ]-Øv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p th-≠n F-Sp-Ø h¿-j-am-Wv c-≠m-a-sØ {Km-^n-s‚ _m¿ AS-bm-f-

Øn¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1970 ap-X¬ 1990 h-sc-bp-≈ c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-Wv [m-cm-fw t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-sX-∂v a\- n-em-°mw. t\-sc-a-dn-®v c-≠m-a-

sØ {Km- v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. 1974 ap-X¬1976 h-sc-bp-≈ 3 h¿-j Im-e-b-f-hn¬ 10 t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-Xm-bnIm-Wmw. A-tX co-Xn-bn¬ 2001 ap-X¬ 2003 h-sc-bp-≈ tI-h-ew 3

h¿-j-ß-fn¬ ]-Øv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Cu c-≠p Im-e-L-´-ß-fpw {]-tXy-Ik-hn-ti-j-X-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. tIm -{K-kv ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚ Im-e-L-

-am-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-tØ-Xv. tIm -{K- v ]m¿- n-°v ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ i-‡-am-b q-cn-]-£-ap-≈ Im-e-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. (tem-I-k- -bn¬352 ko-‰pw an-°-hm-dpw kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a k- -I-fn¬ q-cn-]-£-hpw)

t\-sc a-dn-®v 2001 ap-X¬ 2003 h-sc Iq-´p-I-£n cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-s‚Im-e-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hy-Xy-kv-X ]m¿- n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p Cu Im-e-Øv A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv. Iq-Sm-sX m-c-

Xo-b P-\-Xm ]m¿- n-bpw A-h-cp-sS F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpw X-Ωn¬ I-Sp-Øi-{Xp-X \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂ Im-ew Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. F-∂n- pw CuIm-e-b-f-hn¬ 3 h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]-tØm-fw t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-

Xm-bn Im-Wmw. -cn-°p-∂ ]m¿- n-I-fp-sS q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚ kz- m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ km-[y-am-hp-I F-∂-Xv sX-‰m-b\n-K-a-\-am-sW-∂v C-Xn¬ \n-∂pw a-\- n-em-°mw.

231


C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS F-Æ-sØ kw-_-‘n-®v [m-cm-fw hn-a¿-i-\w ]-e-t∏m-gpw D-b¿-∂p h-∂n- p-≠v. 68 h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-°v 101 X-h-W t -Z-K-

Xn H-cp -c-W-L-S-\-°p-≠m-hp-I-sb-∂-Xv A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn tXm-∂mw. cm-jv-{So-b ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn- -√ C-{X-b-[n-Iw t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-bn- p-≈-sX-∂v ap-I-fn¬ sIm-Sp-Ø {Km-^p-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-

hn¬ h-∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-≈ B-Zy ]-Xn-‰m-≠v H-gn-®p-\n¿-Øn-bm¬ ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-bp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ k-am-\-am-b H-cp h¿-≤-\-hv I-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Xv A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv cm-jv-{So-b-Øn‚ kz- m-h-tam

A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂ cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-bp-sS kz- m-h-tam ]-cn-K-Wn-°m-sX -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-th-≠-Xv Im-e-L- -Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂pF-∂-Xm-Wv. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) -c-W L-S-\-bp-sS A-]-cym-]v-X-X aq-e-am-tWm

C-{X-bpw t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-b-Xv? \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\ A-{X-bv-°v A-b-hp-≈-Xm-tWm?

Graph 1Amendments perdecade

Graph 2Years taken for every tenamendments

232


C-Xp-h-sc \-S-∂ t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS D-≈-S-°w (Contentsof Amendments made so far)C-Xp-h-sc \-S-∂ -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-I-sf aq-∂v hn- m-K-ß-fm-bn

X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. H-∂m-a-sØ hn- m-K-Øn¬ km-t¶-Xn-I-tam -c-W-]-c-tam B-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fm-Wv. b-Ym¿-∞ hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ sN-dn-bam-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øm-t\m, hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬-Im-t\m, hy-‡-am-°p-

∂-Xn-t\m th-≠n-bm-Wv Cu t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A¿-∞-Øn¬ am-{X-am-Wv C-h t -Z-K-Xn-I-fm-hp-∂-Xv. ]-s£h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bn -c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v Im-X-em-b am-‰-

ßƒ Ch h-cp-Øp-∂n-√.ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw 60 ¬ \n-∂pw

62 h-b- m-bn D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw (15˛mw t -Z-K-Xn,) kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-

te-bpw ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-te-bpw P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS i-º-fw h¿-≤n-∏n-®-Xpw (55˛mw-t`-Z-K-Xn) km-t¶-Xn-I-tam -c-W-]-c-tam Bb t`-Z-K-

Xn-Iƒ-°p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

]- n-I-Pm-Xn ]- n-I-h¿-§-Øn¬ s]- -h¿-°v \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k-

`-I-fn¬ ko-‰p-Iƒ kw-h-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS H-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww \-ap-s°-Sp-°mw. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) -c-W-L-S-\m hy-hkvX{]-Im-cw (Original constitution) 10 h¿-j-tØ-°m-bn-cp-∂p Cu kw-h-c-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cw hn- m-K-°m¿-°v

\o-Xn-]q¿-Δ-am-b {]m-Xn-\n-[yw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n 10 h¿-j-tØ-°v Iq-Sn Cu kw-h-c-Ww \o-t´-≠-Xv B-h-iy-am-bn h-∂p.C-ß-s\ Hm-tcm 10 h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-j-hpw -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-bn-

eq-sS Cu kw-h-c-Ww \o- p-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-tX co-Xn-bn¬6 t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ C-Xp-h-sc \-S-Øn-bn- p-≠v. F-∂m¬ Cu t -Z-K-Xn-I-sfm-∂pw -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Im-X-em-b L-S-\-bn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øn-

bn- n-√. Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ C-sXm-cp km-t¶-Xn-I-am-b t -Z-K-Xn am-

{X-am-Wv..cm-{„-]-Xn-bp-sS ]-¶n-s\ Ip-dn-®v 4˛mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿-® sN-

bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv \n-ßƒ Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m? ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn a-{¥n-k- -bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv cm-jv-{S-]-Xn {]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xv F-∂m-Wv \-Ωp-sS H-dn-Pn-

\¬ (aq-e) -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ (Original constitution) hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn- p-≈-Xv. a-{¥n k- -bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥cm-jv-{S-]-Xn _m-[y-ÿ-\m-sW-∂ Im-cyw 74(1) A-\p-tO-Zw ]n-∂o-Sv

t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xp sIm-≠v H-∂p-Iq-Sn A-Sn-h-c-bn-´v hy-‡-am-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. F-∂m¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bv-°v bm-sXm-cp am-‰-hpw Cu t -Z-K-Xn sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. hm-kv-X-h-

Øn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bv-°v H-cp hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬-

Ip-I am-{X-am-Wv Cu t -Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS sN-bv-X-Xv.

-c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS

F-Æ-sØ-b-√ a-dn-®v t`-Z-K-

Xn-bn-eq-sS h-∂ am-‰-sØ-bm-

Wv \mw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

H-cp cm-jv-{So-b hn-Zym¿-∞n F-

∂ \n-e-bn¬ \mw kzo-I-cn-

t°-≠ k-ao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv.

233


hy-Xy-ÿ hym-Jym-\-ßƒ (Differing interpretations)\o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-hpw A-Xm-Xp Im-e-sØ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fpw `-cW-L-S-\-sb hy-Xy-kv-Y-am-bn hy-Jym-\n-®-Xn-s‚ D¬-∏-∂-am-bncq-]w sIm-≠ G-Xm-\pw t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. C-Ø-cw hym-Jym-\-

ßƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw G-‰p-ap- p-tºmƒ A-Xn-sem-∂n-s\ B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-°n A-Xv t -Z-K-Xn-bm-bn sIm-≠v h-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬ hy-Xy-kv-X ÿm-]-\-ßƒ -

c-W-L-S-\-sb hym-Jym-\n-°p-I-bpw A-h-c-h-cp-sS A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚hym-]v-Xn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. Pq-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS hym-Jym-\-ß-tfm-Sv ]m¿-e-sa‚pw ]-e-t∏m-gpw tbm-Pn-®n-cp-∂n√.

A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf a-dn-°-S-°p-hm-\m-bn ]-e-t∏m-gpw -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v {i-an-®n- p-≠v. 1970˛75 \v C-S-bv-°p-≈ Im-e-L- -Øn¬ C-Ø-

cw km-l-N-cyw C-S-bv-°n-sS D-≠m-bn- p-≠v.

]m¿-e-sa‚pw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A- n-{]m-b- n-∂-X-I-

sf kw-_-‘n-®v \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw F-∂ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw

]Tn-®n- p-≠v: au-eo-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Xz-ß-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv H-∂m-a-Xm-bn A-`n-{]m-b n-∂-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kz-Im-cy kz-Øn-s‚ hym-]v-Xn, -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ hym-

]v-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b a-‰p c-≠p hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw A-`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1970˛75 Im-e-L- -ß-fn¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn- m-K-Øn-s‚{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-b hym-Jym-\-ß-sf a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Xp-S¿-®-bm-

bn -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ \-S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.Cu Im-e-L- -Øn¬ (1970˛75) \n-c-h-[n cm-jv-{So-b kw- -h hn-

Im-k-ßƒ A-c-tß-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-Xp-sIm-≠v B Im-e-L-´-

Øn-se cm-jv-{So-b km-l-N-cy-ß-sf a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS am-{X-ta-`-c-W-L-S-\m h-f¿-®-sb-°p-dn-®v ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw A-dn-bp-hm≥ \-ap-°v km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. A-Sp-Ø h¿-jw kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c C-

¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b N-cn-{X-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ-°v

C-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ a-\- n-em-°mw.

cm-jv-{So-b k-a-hm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈ t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ(Amendments through political consensus)cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-b A- n-{]m-b k-a-hm-b-Øn-eq-sS cq-]-s∏- -Xm-Wv aq-∂m-a-sØ hn- m-K-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂ t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ.\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ cm-jv-{So-b X-Xzim-kv-{X-hpw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ A- n-

em-j-ß-fpw {]-Xn -en-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ -c-W-L-S-\m X-Xz-ß-fn¬

Rm≥ C-t∏m-gpw B-i-b-°p-

g-∏-Øn-em-Wv. H-cp F-gp-X-

s∏-´ `-c-W-L-S-\ B-bn-´p-

t]m-epw A-Xn-\v C-{X-b-[n-

Iw hym-Jym-\-tam? A-s√-

¶n¬ P-\-ßƒ A-h¿-°n-jv-

S-s∏-´ co-Xn-bn¬ -c-W-L-S-

\-sb hm-bn-°p-I-bm-tWm?

234


am-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v hn-im-e-am-b X-e-Øn¬ k-a-hm-b-ap-≠m-tI-≠-Xv B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1984 \p ti-j-ap-≈ ]-e t -Z-K-Xn-I-

fpw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Iq- p-I-£n K-h -sa‚p-I-fp-sS -c-W-Im-e-L- -Øn-epw \n-c-h-[n- -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-bn F-∂-Xv Cu A-h-k-c-Øn¬ \-Ωƒ Hm¿-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]-e {]-iv-\-ß-

fn-epw cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ cq-]-s∏- v h-cp-∂ k-a-hm-b-am-Wv C-Ø-cw -c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ Im-c-Ww.Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ t -Z-K-Xn-bn¬ Xp-S-ßn (52˛mw t -Z-K-Xn) \n-c-h-

[n t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Cu I-ep-jn-X-am-b cm-jv-{So-b-¥-co-£-Øn-epw D-≠m-b-Xm-bn \-ap-°v Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.

Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ (52,91 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ) Iq-Sm-

sX thm-´nw-Kv {]m-bw 21 ¬ \n-∂v 18 B-°n Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈t -Z-K-Xn (61˛mw t -Z-K-Xn) ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\w (73˛mw t -Z-K-Xn) \-K-c-]m-en-I kw-hn-[m-\w (74˛mw t -Z-K-Xn) Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-

Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. tPm-en-bn-ep-≈kw-h-c-Ww, hn-Zym- ym-k ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se {]-th-i-\ kw-h-c-WwXp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hym-]v-Xn hy-‡-X h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw hym-]n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw-th-≠n Cu Im-e-L- -Øn¬ Nn-e t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1992 ˛ 93 \p ti-jw C-Ø-cw hn-j-ß-fn¬ cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\w H-cp s]m-Xp k-a-hm-bw D-b¿-∂p h-∂-Xn-\m¬ 77,81,82

t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-en-b {]-bm-kw Iq-Sm-sX ]m- m-°p-hm≥ km-[n-®p..

hn-hm-Z-am-b t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ (Controversial Amendments)-c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ H-cp Im-e-Øpw hn-hm-Z-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√ F-∂v C-Xp h-sc-bp-≈ N¿-®-I-fn-eq-sS H-cp [m-c-W-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√. 1970˛80 Im-e-L- -ß-fn-se t -Z-K-Xn-I-fpam-bn_-‘-s∏- v \n-c-h-[n cm-jv-{So-b-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-hp-am-b hn-hm-Z-ßƒ D-

S-se-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. -c-W-L-S-\-sb A- n-a-dn-°p-hm-\p-≈ -c-W-I-£n-bp-sS {i-a-ß-fm-bm-Wv {]-Xn-]-£-]m¿- n-Iƒ Cu t -Z-K-Xn-I-fn¬ ]-e-Xn-s\-bpw I-≠-Xv. hn-ti-jn-®pw 38,39,42 t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ C-

h-bn¬ G-‰-hpw hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1975 Pq¨ ap-X¬C-¥y-bn¬ {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´ tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv Cu t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-≠m-b-Xv. C-h -c-W-L-S-\-

bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-bn¬ au-en-I-am-b am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øp-hm≥D-t±-in-®n- p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hen-sbmcp mKsØ _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬

hnim-e-am-bn-cp∂p 42˛mw t`Z-K-Xn. tI-i-hm-\-μ m-c-Xn tI-kn¬

kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-® hn-[n-sb a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-

bp-≈ H-cp {i-aw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. Cu t`-Z-K-Xn tem-I k-`-

cm-jv-{So-b-°m¿-°v Nn-e hn-

j-b-ß-fn¬ tbm-Pn-∏p-s≠-

¶n-epw A-h¿-°v tbm-Pn-∏p-

≈ hn-j-b-ß-fp-sS A¿-∞-

sØ kw-_-‘n-®v A-h¿ C-

∂pw X¿-°n-®p sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv.

235


bp-sS Im-em-h-[n 5 h¿-j-Øn¬ \n-∂pw 6 h¿-j-am-bn am-‰p-I-t]m-

ep-ap-≠m-bn. A-h-Im-i-ß-sf°p-dn-®p-≈ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ au-en-I-

I-S-a-I-sf Ip-dn-®v \n-ßƒ ]Tn-®p-h-t√m? Cu t -Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-

Wv au-eo-I-I-S-a-Iƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Iq- n-t®¿-Ø-X.v 42˛mw t -Z-

K-Xn \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-s‚ ]p-\: ]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Im-c-Øn¬

\n-b-{¥-W-ßƒ sIm-≠p h-∂p. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) -c-W-L-S-\-bp-

sS ]-e `m-K-ß-fpw am-‰n F-gp-X-s∏-´-Xv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-

sW-∂v ]-d-bmw. Cu t`-Z-K-Xn -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-J-Øn-epw

7˛mw ]- n-I-bn-epw 53 A-\p-tO-Z-ß-fn-epw am-‰w h-cp-Øn-bn- p-s≠-∂v

\n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-tam? Cu t -Z-K-Xn ]m-c-e-sa‚n¬ ]m- m-°p-∂ th-

f-bn¬ ]-e-{]-Xn-]-£mw-K-ß-fpw P-bn-en-e-S-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. 1977 -

se sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂-Xpw -c-W-I-£n (tIm -{K- v) ]-cm-P-b-

s∏-´-Xpw Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-

∂ ]p-Xn-b K-h¨-sa‚ v Cu hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn ]p-\:]-cn-

tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. A-Xn-\p

th-≠n 43,44 -c-W-L-S-\m-t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ sIm-≠v h-cn-I-bpw 38,39,42

t -Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS h-cp-Øn-b ]-e hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw d-±v sN-øp-I-bpw

sN-bv-Xp. Cu t -Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ

]p-\: ÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ km-[n-®p.

{]h¿Ø\w

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p≈ t`Z-KXn

GsX∂v Is≠-Øp-I. Cu t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS

{]m[m-\ysØ Ipdn®v \nßƒ F¥mWv

Icp-Xp-∂Xv?

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bpw ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw

(Basic Structure and Evolution of the sonstitution)

C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Zo¿-L-Im-ew kzm-[o-

\w sN-ep-Øn-b H-∂m-Wv -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\mkn-≤m-¥w. {]-kn-≤-am-b tI-i-hm-\-μ m-c-Xn tI-kn-em-Wv \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-Kw Cu kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m- p sh-®-Xv. Cu hn-[n Xm-

sg ]-d-bp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ k-lm-bn-®n- p-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v CsX√mw

cmjv{Sobw Xs∂-bm-Wv. c-

W-L-S-\bpw AXns‚ t`Z-

K-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

F√m Imcy-ßfpw \nb-a-

Øn-\p-]-cn-bmbn cmjv{So-b-

hp -ambn _‘-s∏-´n -c n -

°p∂p F∂v F\n°v ]d-

™p-IqsS?

236


$ -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-hm-\p-≈ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-\v hy-‡-am-b ]-cn-[n \n¿-Æ-bn-®p.

$ C-Xp {]-Im-cw H-cp t -Z-K-Xn-°pw -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-sb ew-Ln-°p-hm≥ I-gn-b-cp-Xv.

$ Cu ]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n-∂p-sIm-≠v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v c-W-L-S-\-

bp-sS G-sX-¶n-epw m-K-ß-tfm F-√m m-K-ß-tfm t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-hm≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\ F-¥m-sW-∂pw H-cp t -Z-K-Xn A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m ew-L-\w

\-S-Øn-bn- p-t≠m F-∂pw Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-hm-\p-≈ A-¥n-a A-[n-Im-cw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-°n.

1973 em-Wv kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn tI-i-hm-\-μ m-c-Xn tI-kn¬

hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv. I-gn-™ 4 Z-i-I-ß-fm-bn C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-√m hym-Jym-\-ß-fpw Cu hn-[n-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Iq-Sm-sX C-¥y-bn-se F-√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-

\m kn-≤m-¥-sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥w `-c-W-L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-sW-∂p-≈-Xn-\v sX-fn-hm-Wv. -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥-sØ Ip-

dn-®v H-cp ]-cm-a¿-i-hp-an-√. \o-Xn-\ym-b hym-Jy-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-WvC-Xv D-cp-Øn-cn-™v h-∂-Xv. \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-hpw A-Xn-s‚ hym-Jy-\-ß-fpw A-ß-s\ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b H-cp t -Z-K-Xn C-√m-sX X-

s∂ -c-W-L-S-\-sb {]m-tbm-Kn-I X-e-Øn¬ t -Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xp.

kw-hm-Z-ßƒ, hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ, a-’-c-ßƒ, {]m-tbm-Kn-I cm-jv-{So-

bw F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-{]-Im-cw F-√m k-Po-h {]-am-W-ß-fpw D-cp-Øn-cn-™p h-cp-∂-Xv. 1973 ap-X¬ ]-e tI-kp-I-fn-epw tIm-

S-Xn A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥w F-s¥-∂v hy-‡-am-°p-I-bpwF-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv A-Sn-ÿ-\ L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏- -sX-∂v hn-i-Z-am-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn- p-≠v. H-c¿-∞-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS

Zr-V kz- m-h-Øn-\pw A-b-hp-≈ kz- m-h-Øn-\pw X-Ωn¬ k-¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-°v Im-c-W-am-°n-b-Xv Cu kn-≤-¥-am-Wv. Nn-e m-K-ßƒt -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√ F-∂p {]-kv-Xm-hn-®p-sIm-≠v A-Xv -

c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Zr-V kz- m-h-Øn-\pw a-‰v m-K-ßƒ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-b-hp-≈ kz- m-

h-Øn-\pw Cu kn-≤m-¥w h-gn sX-fn-bn-®p.

\o-Xn \ym-b hy-mJym-\-ßƒ -c-W-L-S-\-sb kw-_-‘n-®p \-

Ωp-sS [m-c-W-I-sf F-ß-s\ am-‰n adn-®p F-∂-Xn-\v a-‰p ]-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. tPm-en-bn-epw hn-Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ kw-h-c-Ww sam-Øw ko-‰n-s‚ 50% Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-Ip-hm≥

At∏mƒ, \oXn\ymb hyh-

ÿ-bmWv Ah-km-\-hm°v!

CXp PpUn-jy¬ BIvSn-

hnkw Xs∂-bt√?

237


]m-Sn-s√-∂v kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS ]-e hn-[n-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw A- n-{]m-b-s∏- n- p-≠v. C-Xn-t∏mƒ s]m-Xp-sh kzo-Im-cy-am-b H-cp X-Xz-am-bn-´p-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ a-‰p ]n-t∂m-° hn- m-K-°m-cp-sS kw-h-c-

W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn {Ioan-e-b¿ F-∂ B-i-bw sIm-≠p h-cn-I-bpw {Ioan-e-b¿ hn- m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°v kw-h-c-W-Øn-\v A¿-l-X-bn-s√-∂v Xo¿-∏p-I¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw, Po-hn-°m-\pw hy-‡n kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-iw, \yq-\-]-£ hn-Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw \-S-Øn-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-

∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ A-h-Im-iw F-∂n-h-sb kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒhym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠v \o-Xn \ym-b-hn-`m-Kw -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b Nn-e t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-bp-

sS hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS hn-Im-k-Øn-\v F-{X-

tØm-fw k-lm-b-I-am-hpw F-∂-Xn-s‚ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wn-Xv.

-c-W L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-Ww F-∂ \n-e-bn¬

(Constitution as a Living Document)\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-sW-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°pI-bp-≠m-b-t√m? A-Xp-sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?

Po-h-\p-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-Spw A-h-ÿ-

I-tfm-Spw {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp t]m-se Cu {]-am-W-hpw {]-Xn-I-cn-®p-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w

1990 I-fp-sS A-h-km-\-Øn¬ -c-W-L-S-\-sb ]q¿-Æ-am-

bpw ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-a-ß-fp-≠m-

bn. 2000 ¬ C-¥ym K-h -sa‚ v -c-W-L-S-bp-sS {]-h¿-

Ø-\w ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v H-cp I-Ωo-j-s\

\n-b-an-®p. kq-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂pw No-^v P-Ãn-

km-bn hn-c-an-® P-Ãn-kv sh-¶n-Sm-N-√-ø B-bn-cp-∂p

Cu I-Ωo-j-s‚ sN-b¿-am≥. {]-Xn-]-£ ]m¿-´n-I-fpw a-

‰p ]-e kw-L-S-\-I-fpw Cu I-Ωo-j-s\ _-ln-jv-I-cn-

®p. H-cp-]m-Sv cm-jv-{So-b hn-hm-Z-ßƒ Cu I-Ωo-j-s\

Np-‰n-]-‰n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-

Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\ kn-≤m-¥-sØ ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-® I-Ωo-

j≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-sb A-]-I-S-

Øn-em-°p-∂ bm-sXm-cp \-S-]-Sn-bpw ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xn-

√. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥-Øn-

s‚ {]m-[m-\yw C-Xp kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.

C-sX-√mw sX-‰m-Wv. t`-Z-K-

Xn°v k-a-bw th-W-sa-∂v

B-Zy-a-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. F-

∂m¬ P-Uv-Pn-am¿ -c-W L-

S-\-bp-sS sam-Ø-Øn-ep-≈

A¿-∞w X-s∂ am-‰p-∂-Xm-

bn- m-Wv \-Ωƒ C-t∏mƒ Im-

Wp-∂-Xv.

238


sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Po-h-\p-≈ h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-t]m-se -c-W-L-S-\ A-\p- -h-ß-tfm-

Sv {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS kp-ÿn-c-X-sb kw-_-‘n-®v Cu A-[ym-b-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ \mw kq-Nn-∏n-® A-hy-‡-X-°p-≈ D-Ø-c-hp-am-Wn-Xv.k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]-e am-‰-ß-fpw kw-`-hn-®n-´pw -c-W-L-S-\ Im-cy-£-a-X-tbm-sS

{]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ImcWw A-Xn-s‚ N-e-\m-fl-I-am-Ip-hm-\p-≈ I-gn-hpw,hym-Jym-\-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ Xp-d-∂ k-ao-]-\-hpw am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-Sv {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ I-gn-hp-am-Wv. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z C-Xm-

Wv. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ {]-tbm-K-ß-fpw B-i-b-ß-fpw Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bnam-dp-I-bpw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v k-aq-lw ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øpw. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw ]p-Ø≥ {]-h-W-X-I-sf h-f-cp-hm≥

A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ -c-W-L-S-\ kp-ÿn-c-hpw P-\-ß-fp-sS B-Z-c-hv]n-Sn-®v ]-‰p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. kz-bw kw-c-£n-°p-hm-\pw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ kw-c-£n-°p-hm-\pw -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v km-[n-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂-Xm-Wv {]-[m-\ Im-

cyw

I-gn-™ 6 ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-epw cm-Py-Øn-s‚ -c-W-L-S-\m

hn-Im-k-Øn-epw h-f-sc \n¿-Æm-b-I-am-b Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-ap≠m-bn- p-≠v.

Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ ap-tº X-s∂ A-Ø-cw Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v kq-Nn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. -c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-hp-am-b hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 1950 ap-X¬ho-≠pw ho-≠pw D-b¿-∂p h-∂-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ ta¬-tIm-bv-a-sb kw-_-‘n-®

{]-iv-\-am-Wv. H-cp ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v P-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W hn- m-K-Øn-\pw \o-


Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ icn-tbm, sXt‰m

F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

ASn-ÿm\ LS\m hn[n-°p-tijw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v c-

W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-an-√.

`cWLS-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ khn-ti-j-XI-fn¬ t`Z-

KXn hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[y-a-√m-Ø-h-bpsS Hcp hy‡-

amb ]´nI kp{]o-wtIm-SXn \¬In-bn- p-≠v.

Hcp t`Z-KXn `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\sb

ewLn-°p-Itam C√tbm F∂v Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

A[n-Imcw \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\m-Wv.

tIi-hm-\μ t`X-KXn tIkns‚ hn[n ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚

`c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn\v

hy‡-amb ]cn[n \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

239


Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-\pw D-]-cn-bm-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v H-cp ta¬-tIm-bvv-a D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv {]-Xo-£n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A-tX-k-a-

bw K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ a-‰v L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw `-c-W-L-S-\ A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. A-Xp sIm-≠v -c-W L-S-\-bp-sS N- -°q-Sn-\-I-Øp \n-∂p sIm-≠p-≈ ta¬-tIm-bv-a-sb ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\p-≠m-Im-

hq. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw F-∂-Xv thm- pw P-\-{]m-Xn-\n-[y-hpw am-{X-a-√ a-dn-®v \n-b-ahm-gv-N F-∂ X-Xzw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS (institutions) hn-I-k-\-hpw Cu ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈

{]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. F-√m cm-jv-{So-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw P-\-ß-tfm-Sv D-Ø-c-hm-Z-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw A-h ]-c-kv-]-cw k-¥p-

en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bpw th-Ww.

\o-Xn\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-s‚ kw- m-h-\ (Contribution ofthe Judiciary)\o-Xn\y-b hn- m-K-hpw ]m¿-e-sa‚pw X-Ωn¬ hn-hm-Z-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, ]m-h-s∏- -h¿-°pw ]n-t∂m-° hn- m-K-°m¿-°pw B-h-iy-°m¿-°pw th-≠n \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠m-°m-\pw -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-

hm-\p-ap-≈ A-[n-Im-cw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\p-s≠-∂m-Wv A-Xp I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS N-´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ \n-∂p sIm-≠m-Wv C-Ø-cw {]-hr-

Øn-Iƒ sN-tø-≠-Xv. P-t\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssI-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv \-S-]-Sn {I-a-ß-sf a-dn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠m-h-cp-X,v Im-c-Ww \n-b-aw a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xv k-Zp-t±-i-tØm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-sW-¶n¬ t]m-epw

A-Xv A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS A-[n-Im-cw G-Im-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp H-gn-hpI-gn-hm-Ipw. P-\m-[n-]-XywP-\-t£-a-Øn-\p-th-≠n \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ G-I-

]-£o-b-am-b D-]-tbm-K-sØ A-Xv \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂p.C-Ø-cw kw-L¿-j-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-em-Wv

C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\ hn-P-bw \n-e-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.

{]-kn-≤-am-b tI-i-hm-\-μ tI-kn-s‚ hn-[n-bn-eq-sS \o-Xn\ym-b hn-`m-Kw -c-W-L-S-\m aq-ey-ßƒ D-b¿-Øn-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠v tI-h-ew hm-°p-I-fn-sem-Xp-ßm-sX C-Ø-cw k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v ]-

cn-lm-cw Im-Wp-hm-\m-Wv {i-an-®-Xv. \n-ßƒ -c-W-L-S-\ hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ, -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S-\-sb kw-_-‘n-®v H-cn-S-Øpw kq-N-\ \n-ßƒ-°v Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[n-°n-√. A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S-

\ F-∂ X-c-Øn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw m-K-ß-sf -c-WL-S-\ {]-t{Xy-I-am-bn ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂n-√. Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S-\ F-∂-Xv \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-sW-∂v ]-d-bmw.

F-\n-°n-Xv a-\- n-em-bn

CsXm-cp -ko-tkm (see saw)t]m-se-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ C-

Xv H-cp h-Sw-h-en a-’-c-tam

B-tWm?

240


F-ß-s\-bm-Wv A-Xv C-Xp-h-sc-bn-√m-Ø H-cp Im-cyw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv? I-gn-™ Ip-sd Z-i-I-ß-fm-bn F-ß-s\-bm-Wv F-√m ÿm-]-\-

ß-fpw C-Xn-s\ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv ?

A-hn-sS-bm-Wv -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS hm-°n-epw A-¥:k-Ø-bn-epw

D-f-f hy-Xym-kw \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-X.v H-cp hm-Iy-tam H-cp {]-am-W-

tam hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-s‚ ]n-∂n-ep-≈ D-t±-i-ip-≤n-sb-bm-Wv\mw _-lp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv F-∂m-Wv tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \n-K-a-\w. tI-h-ew H-cp \n-b-akw-ln-X-tb-°mƒ {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv A-Xp-≠m-

Ip-hm≥ Im-c-W-am-b km-aq-ly km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw A-`n-em-j-ß-fpw.Cu A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn-s√-¶n¬- -c-W-L-S-\-sb Ip-dn-®v k-¶¬-∏n-°p-hm≥ t]m-epw km-[n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂v tIm-S-Xn \n-co-£n-

®p. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS cq-]-Øn-epw D-≈-S-°-Øn-epw A-Xn-s‚ k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ H-cp Zrjv-Sm-¥-

am-bn C-Xn-s\ Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

cm-jv-{So-b t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]-Iz-Xap-I-fn-e-sØ J-Wv-Un-I-bn¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-s‚ ]-¶n-s\-Ip-dn-®p-≈ N¿-®-bn¬ H-cp h-kv-Xp-X Iq-Sn hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

1967˛1973 Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D-≠m-b I-Sp-Ø hn-hm-Z-ß-fp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ k-¥p-en-X-hpw Zo¿-L-ho-£-W-tØm-Spw Iq-Sn-bp-≈ k-ao-]-\w th-W-sa-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚pw Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn- m-K-hpw Xn-

cn-®-dn-™p. tI-i-hm-μ`mcXn tI-kn¬ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xn-\p ti-jw tIm-S-Xn-tbm-Sv B hn-[n ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-hm-\p-≈ {i-aw \-S-∂p. B {i-aw ]-cm-P-

b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ 42˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚tam¬-tIm-bvv-a ]p-\:ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F-∂m¬ 1980 sean-\¿-h-an¬ tI-kn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn A-Xn-s‚ ap≥ \n-e-]m-Sv ho-

≠pw B-h¿-Øn-®p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v tI-i-hm-\-μ tI-kn-s‚ hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xn-\p \m-ev ]-Xn-‰m-≠n-\p ti-j-hpw Cu hn-[n-°m-Wv -c-W-L-S-\m-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬ ap≥Xq-°w. cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-I-fpw, cm-

jv-{So-b t\-Xm-°-fpw, K-h -sa‚pw ]m¿-e-sa‚pw A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-sb-∂ A-ew-L-\o-b-am-b B-i-b-sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. -c-W-L-S-\ ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\sØ-Ip-dn-®v ]-d-bp-tºmƒ A-Xn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-

\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m- p-sh-® ]-cn-[n a-dn I-S-∂n- p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. .-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-t∏mƒ \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ P-

\-ß-fpw t\-Xm-°-fpw C-¥y-sb-Ip-dn-®v H-cp s]m-Xp ho-£-Ww ]-

¶p-sh-®n-cp-∂p. kzm-X-{¥y k-a-b-sØ s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚ hn-Jym-X-am-b {]-kwK-Øn¬ Cu ho-£-W-sØ hn-[n-bp-am-bp-≈ Iq-Sn-Im-gv-®(tryst with destiny) F-∂m-Wv hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. -c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-

cm-jv-{So-b ]-IzX-bn-√m-bv-a-

bp-sS \-ap-°v A-h-K-Wn-

°p-hm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø \n-c-h-

[n kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠v. C-Xm¿-

s°-¶n-epw H-∂v ]-´n-I-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ ]-‰p-tam?

A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏p-I-fp-an-s√-¶n¬ -c-W-L-

S-\ A¿-∞-iq-\ym-am-Ipw.

t£-a-an-s√-¶n¬ sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏pw A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A¿-

∞ iq-\y-am-Ipw. Xo¿-®-bm-

bpw Cu hn-[-Øn-em-Wv -c-

W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-flm-hn-s\

\mw Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xv.

241


Ωm-W k- -bn-se F-√m t\-Xm-°-fpw C-tX ho-£-Ww D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®p. A-Xm-b-Xv hy-‡n-bp-sS A-¥- pw kzm-X-{¥y-hpw, km-aq-ly km-º-Øn-I k-a-Xzw,P-\-ß-fp-sS t£-aw, tZ-io-b A-J-Wv-U-X-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ F-I-

Xzw F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Cu ho-£-Ww C-t∏m-gpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. P-\-ß-fpw t\-Xm-°∑m-cpw H-cp-t]m-se Cu ho-£-W-sØ D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-bpwA-Xv ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂v {]-Xym-in-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp

sIm-≠v Cu ho-£-W-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\ A-c-\q-‰m-≠n-\p ti-j-hpw A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw {]-Xo-I-am-bn \n-e sIm-≈p-∂p. \-Ωp-sS s]m-Xp m-h-\-sb \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\-

aqey-ßƒ C-∂pw am-‰-an-√m-sX Xp-S-cp-∂p.

D-]-kw-lm-cw

A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn¬ F-s¥-√mw Dƒ-s°m-≈-Ww F-∂-Xn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®v

C-∂pw kw-hm-Z-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. A-Ø-cw kw-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ bm-sXm-cp sX‰p-

an-√. P-\m-[n-]-Xy kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se cm-jv-{So-bw Xo¿-®-bm-bpw kw-hm-Z-ß-fpw

A- n-{]m-b n-∂-X-I-fpw D-≈-Xm-sW-∂v \mw Hm¿-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. C-Xv ssh-hn-[y-

Øn-s‚-bpw k-Po-h-X-bp-sS-bpw kp-Xm-cy-X-bp-sS-bpw e-£-W-ß-fm-Wv. P-\m-[n-

]-Xyw kw-hm-Z-ß-sf kzm-K-Xw sN-øp-∂p. A-tX k-a-b-Øv \-Ωp-sS cm-jv-{So-b

]m¿- n-I-fpw t\-Xm-°-∑m-cpw Cu kw-hm-Z-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-an-Xn I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

]Iz-X Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Im-c-Ww cm-jv-{So-bw F-∂-Xv A-\p-c-⁄-\-hpw

sImSp°epw hm-ß-ep-I-fpw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Xo-{h-am-b \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ ssk-≤m-¥n-

I-am-bn h-f-sc i-cn-bpw B-i-b-]-c-am-bn B-I¿-j-I-hp-am-sW-¶n-epw cm-jv-{So-

bw B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw A-h-cp-sS Xo-{h\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn-epw H-cp

an-X-Xzw D-≠m-°m-\pw H-cp s]m-Xp \n-e-]m-Sn-te-°v F-Øn-t®-cm-\p-am-Wv. A-

t∏mƒ am{Xta P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-jv-{So-bw km-[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. C-¥y-bn-se

cm-jv-{So-b-°m-cpw P-\-ß-fpw C-Ø-cw ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°p-I-bpw \-S-

C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v tbmPn-®-X√ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-

sb∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap≈ Nne AwK-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW

kan-Xn-°p-≈n¬ Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

""Fs¥ms° Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emtWm `c-W-L-

S-\-bpsS IcSv cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv Ah°v C¥y-bpsS Bflm-

hpa-mbn {]Xy-£-Øn-ep≈ Hcp _‘-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p...... Cu `c-

W-L-S\ DNn-Xa√ F∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CXv \ne-hn¬

h∂v sshImsX Xs∂ XI-cpI-Ibpw sNøpw''

e£van \mcm-b-W≥ kmlp, kn F Un Vol. XI, p. 613, 1949 \hw-_¿ 17

242


∏n¬ h-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn- p-≠v. C-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS {]-h¿-

Ø-\-sØ Xn-I-®pw hn-P-b-{]-Z-am-°n. K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ßƒ X-

Ωn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xv G-sX-∂ hn-j-b-Øn¬ H-cp a-’-cw F-√m-bv-

t]m-gpw D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. P-\-ß-fp-sS t£-aw sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-sX-¥m-sW-

∂ hn-j-b-Ønepw A-h ]-c-kv-]-cw X¿-°n-°m-dp-≠v. F-∂m¬ A-¥n-a-am-bn A-

[n-Im-cw P-\-ß-fn-em-Wv Ip-Sn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv . P-\-ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-

hpw A-h-cp-sS t£-a-hp-am-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ e-£y-hpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-

jv-{So-b-Øn-s‚ D¬-]-∂-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

A`ymkw

1. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n-∂pw i-cn-bm-b {]-kv-Xm-h-\ Is≠-

Øp-I.

k-a-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ H-cp -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-cp-tØ-≠Xv

B-h-iy-am-Wv.

km-l-N-cy-ßƒ am-dp-tºmƒ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-‰-

ßƒ B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂p.

H-cp {]-t{Xy-I k-a-b-Øv F-gp-Xn-b H-cp {]-am-Ww Ip-d-®v Im-ew sN-√p-

tºmƒ Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-Spw

Hm-tcm X-e-ap-d-bv-°pw A-h-cp-sS Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp -c-W-

L-S-\ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

\n-e-hn-ep-≈ K-h -sa‚n-s‚ X-Xz im-kv-{X-sØ {]-Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂-

Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww A-Xv.

2 . Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc i-cn-tbm sX-t‰m

F∂v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

a. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v H-cp -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn _n¬- ]p-\: ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v th-≠n ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v Xn-cn-®-b-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bn-√.

b sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°p am-{X-ta -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xnh-cp-Øp-hm≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈p.

c \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-\v -c-W-L-S-\m t -Z-K-Xn {]-{In-b-bv-°v ap≥-

ssI-sø-Sp-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bn-s√-¶n-epw -c-W-L-S-\-sb hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn¬ hym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠v A-Xn-s\ Im-cy-£-a-am-°n am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.

d -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv m-K-hpw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥

km-[n-°pw..3 . C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-

bn¬ B-scm-s°-bm-Wv ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-∂-Xv? G-Xv co-Xn-bn-em-Wv A-h-cp-sS

243


]-¶m-fn-Øw

a. thm- ¿-am¿

b. C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{S-]-Xn

c. kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a k- -Iƒ

d. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v

e. K-h¿-Æ¿-am¿

f. Pp-Uo-jydn

4 . C-Xp h-sc-bp-≈ `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-b-Xv

42˛mw -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn-bm-sW-∂v Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \n-∂pw ]Tn-®p.

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ Cu hn-hm-Z-ßƒ-°v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv G-sXm-

s°?a. tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ Im-e-Øm-Wv Cu- t`-Z-K-Xn D-≠m-b-Xv.

tZiob A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ-bp-sS {]-Jym-]-\w X-s∂ hn-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p.b. {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚ ]n-¥p-W-bn-√m-sX-bm-Wv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn

D≠m-°n-b-Xv.c. kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a k-`-I-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-an-√m-sX-bm-Wv C-Xv D-≠m-

°nbXv.d. hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Cu t -Z-K-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

5 . hy-Xy-ÿ t -Z-K-Xn-I-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k- -bpw \o-Xn-

\ym-b hn-`m-K-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ß-fn¬ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-

bn¬ G-Xm-Wv bp-‡n]-c-am-b H-cp hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww A-√m-Ø-Xv.

a. -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v hy-Xy-ÿ-am-b hym-Jym-\-ßƒ km-[y-am-Wv.

b. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ kw-hm-Z-ß-fpw A- n-{]m-b n-∂-X-I-

fpw kzm- m-hn-I-am-Wv.

c. -c-W-L-S-\ Nn-e \n-b-a-ßƒ-°pw X-Xz-ßƒ-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-

[m-\yw \¬-Ip-I-bpw, {]-tXy-I q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS-bp-≈ t -Z-

KXn A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

d. ]u-c≥-am-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-

hm-Zn-Xzw \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k- -bn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-°m-\m-hn-√.

e. H-cp \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ -c-W-L-S-\m km-[p-X Xo-cp-am-\n-°m≥ am-

{X-ta \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-Øn-\p km-[n-°q. A-√m-sX A-Xn-

s‚ B-h-iy-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ cm-jv-{So-b kw-hm-Z-ßƒ°v

]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp-hm≥ A-Xn-\v I-gn-bn-√.

6 . A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥-sØ kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ i-cn-bm-b {]-kv-Xm-h-\

I-s≠-Øp-I. sX-‰m-b {]-ÿm-h-\-sb Xn-cp-Øn F-gp-Xp-I.a. A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Xz-ßƒ -c-W-L-S-\ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.b. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\ H-gn-sI a-t‰-Xp m-K-ß-fpw \n-b-

a-\n¿-Ωm-W k- -bv-°v t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Ømw.

244


c. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw A-√m-Ø-h-bp-am-b X-Xz-ßƒ Pp-Uo-jydn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.

d. Cu kn-≤m-¥w B-Zy-am-bn ap-t∂m- p-sh-®-Xv tI-i-hm-\-μ m-c-Xn tI-kn-em-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ hn-[n-I-fn-epw C-Xn-s\]-‰n N¿-® sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p≠v.

e. Cu kn-≤m-¥w Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-cw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-I-fm-epw K-h -sa‚n-\m-epw kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn- p-≠v.

7 . 2000˛2003 Im-e-L- -Øn¬ D-≠m-b hn-hn-[ t -Z-K-Xn-I-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-

≈-Xn¬ \n-∂pw Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ G-Xv \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv \n-

ßƒ-°v F-Øn-t®-cm≥ km-[n-°p-I.

a. Cu Im-e-L- -Øn¬ D-≠m-b -c-WLS\m-t -Z-K-Xn-I-fn¬ Pp-Uo-jydn

C-S-s]- n-cp-∂n-√.

b. Cu Im-e-L- -Øn¬ H-cp cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-°v i-‡-am-b q-cn-]-£-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

c. Nn-e t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p th-≠n P-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw i-‡-am-b k-Ω¿-±-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

d. Cu Im-e-L- -Øn¬ cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ Im-cy-am-b hy-Xym-

kw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

e. t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hn-hm-Z-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-tØ-≠ hn-j-b-

sØ kw-_-‘n-®v cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿- n-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

8 . -c-WL-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v {]-tXy-I- q-cn-]-£w A-\n-hm-cy-am-

°n-b-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

9 . C-¥y≥ -c-W L-S-\-bn-se ]-e t -Z-K-Xn-I-fpw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn- m-K-hpw

]m¿-e-sa‚pw D-b¿-Øn-∏-Sn-® hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b hym-Jym-\-ß-fp-sS -e-

am-bn-cp-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W k-ln-Xw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

1 0 . -c-W-L-S-\ t -Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw sX-sc-s™-Sp-°-

s∏- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°m-sW-¶n¬, t -Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS km-[p-X Xo-cp-am-\n-

°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw Pq-Uojydn-°p-≠m-Ip-I-bn-√? \n-ß-fn-Xn-t\m-Sv

tbm-Pn-°p-∂p-t≠m? 100 hm-°n¬ \n-ß-fp-sS Im-c-W-ßƒ hy-‡-am-

°p-I.

245

Chapter 10: The Philosophy of the Constitution

A≤ymbw ˛ 10

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsSXXz-imkv{Xw

(The Philosophy of the Constitution)BapJw

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Nne {][m\ hIp-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw, B hIp-∏p-IƒIgn™ Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn Fß-s\-bmWv {]h¿Øn-®-sX∂p-a-mWv Cu]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \mw CXp-hsc ]Tn-®-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, \ΩpsS c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mw ]Tn-®p. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw e`n-®t∏mƒ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ Hcp c-W-L-S\ \ap°v Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Nn¥n-®Xv?

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Ah-sc-Ø-s∂bpw `mhn-X-e-ap-dsbbpw Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bn-te°v tN¿Øp-h-®Xv? Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v \nßƒ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-

bn. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w Ft∏mgpw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWkan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-sf-Ip-dn®pw \msa-¥n-\mWv Bg-Øn¬ At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv \mw tNmZn-t°≠ as‰mcphkvXp-X. Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw

Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Cu ]mT-Øn-eqsS \mw sNøp-∂Xv. c≠m-a-Xmbn \mwtNmZn-°Ww GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S-\bv°mWv \mw \sΩ-Øs∂ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂sX∂v? GsXms° e£y-ß-fmWv \mw Cu c-W-L-S-\-bn-

eqsS ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv? Cu e£y-ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw[m¿an-IX Dt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥m-WXv? Fs¥m-s°-bmWv \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS i‡nbpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw? AXm-b-Xv, Fs¥m-s°-bmWv

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS t\ -ßfpw tIm -ßfpw? Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°p-ØcwIs≠-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXzimkv{XsØIpdn®v \ap°v

a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Cu ]mT-Ønse hmb-\°v tijw \nßƒ a\- n-

em-°pw.$ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw ]Tn-t°-≠Xv F¥p-sIm≠v {]m[m-\y-

a¿ln-°p∂p?

$ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?$ Cu c-W-L-S-\-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ {][m\ hna¿i-\-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ Cu c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

246


`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-

∂-sX¥v?`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \nb-a-ßƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂pw, Cu \nb-a-ßƒ aqey-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂pwNne¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, c-W-L-S-\-tbmSv cmjv{So-b-X-Xz-imkv{X kao-]-\-a-√ adn®v Hcp \nb-am-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w am{X-amWv

\ap°v kzoI-cn-°m-\m-IpI. F√m \nb-a-ßƒ°pw [m¿anI D≈-S°wC√ F∂-Xp- k-Xy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ [mcmfw \nb-a-ßƒ°v \Ωp-sS-bp-≈n¬ Bg-Øn¬ ]-Xn-™n-cn-°p∂ ]e aqey-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-≠v. DZm-

l-c-W-Øn\v aX-Øn-s‚bpw mj-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬ hy‡nI-tfmSv -hn-th-N-\-a-cp-sX∂v Hcp \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. B \nbaw kaXzw F∂Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. \mw ka-Xz-Øn\v aqeyw I¬∏n-°p-

∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv Aß-s\-sbmcp \nbaw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂. AXn-

\m¬Xs∂ \nb-a-ßfpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßfpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v \mw [m¿ΩnI ho£-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

embncn°Ww c-W-L-S-\sb Hcp {]am-W-ambn t\m°n-°mtW≠-Xv. c-W-L-S-\-tbmSv Hcp cmjv{SobXXz-imkv{X kao-]\ coXn \mw kzoI-cn-°-Ww. F¥mWv `c-W-L-S-\-tbm-Sp≈ cmjv{Sob XXz-imkv{X kao-]-\-

coXn? aq∂v Imcy-ßƒ \mw a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v.

$ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bi-b-LS\ \mw a\- n-em-°WwF¥mWv CXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-

°p∂ "Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, ]uc-Xzw, \yq\-]£w, P\m-[n-]Xyw XpS-ßnb]Z-ß-fpsS km[y-amb A¿∞-X-e-ßsf Is≠-Ø-Ww.

$ AXn-ep-]-cn-bm-bn, c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ aqJy Bi-b-ß-

fpsS hymJym-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thWw kmaq-lnI ˛cmjv{Sob ImgvN-]m-Sp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. `c-W-L-S\bn¬Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ t{ijvT-amb BZ¿i-ßsf Ipdn®v icn-bmb Adnhv

\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.$ \ΩpsS Ah-km\ hmZw Fs¥-∂m¬ c-W-L-S\ \n¿amW kan-Xn-

bnse kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv \mw cWLS-\-sb- hmbn-

t°≠Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hmb-\, c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿Øncn-°p∂ aqey-ß-fpsS \oXo-I-c-WsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]pXnbssk≤m-¥n-I-X-e-Øn-te°v Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-

°p∂ aqey-Øn\v hni-Z-amb \ymbo-I-c-W-an-s√-¶n¬ B aqey-Øns‚XXz-imkv{X kao-]\w A]q¿Æ-am-Wv. \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ C¥y≥ kaq-l-sØbpw cmjv{S-sØbpw Hcp Iq´w aqey-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \bn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-s®-¶n¬ AXn\p X°-XmbHcq Iq´w Imc-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ipw. Imc-W-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw hni-Zo-I-cn-®n- p-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n√.

F√m `cW LS-

\-Iƒ°pw, XXz-

i m -k v {X - a p≠ v

F ∂ m t W m

A¿∞-am-t°-≠p-

∂Xv? AtXm,

Nne `c-W-L-S-\-

Iƒ°p -am - {Xta

XXz-im-kv{X-ap≈p

F∂mtWm?

247


`c-W-L-S\ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ [m¿anID≈-S°w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXns‚

Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw am{X-a√ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Hcpcmjv{Sob XXz-imkv{X kao-]\w

Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xv. adn-®v, \ΩpsScmjv{Sob kaq-l-Ønse {][m\ aqey-ß-fpsS hyXykvX hymJym-\-ßƒ

XΩn¬ ka-hmbw D≠m°p-∂-Xn\pwth≠n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hnhn[ cmjv{SobthZn-I-ƒ, \nb-a-k- -Iƒ, ]m¿´n-tbm-K-

ßƒ, am[y-a-ßƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw`c-W-L-S-\-bnse hnhn[ BZ¿i-

ßsf kw_-‘n®v sh√p-hn-fn-IfpwN¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw a’-c-ßfp-ap-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂Xv hkvXpXbm-Wv.

Cu BZ¿i-ßƒ ]e-X-c -Øn¬hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Nne-t∏m-sgms° Nne-cpsS Xm¬°-enI Xm¬]-

cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n t_m[-]q¿Δw ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-IbpwsNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬, `c-W-L-S-

\-bnse BZ¿i-ßfpw Cu BZ¿i-ß-fpsS a‰p hymJym-\-ßfpw XΩn¬ Kuc-h-X-c-amb s]mcp-Ø-t°Sp-Iƒ Dt≠m-

sb∂v \mw ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. Nne-t∏mƒ Htc Bibw Xs∂ ]eÿm]-\-ßƒ ]e-X-cØn¬ hymJym-

\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈hyXykvX hymJym-\-ßsf \mw Xmc-Xayw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S\

{]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ°vKWy-amb AwKo-Imcw D≈-Xp-sIm≠vaqey-ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw

hyXykvX hymJym-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈Ie-l-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ Xo¿∏p I¬]n-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm--Kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.

1947 se Pm∏-\okv c-W-L-S\ "kam-

[m-\-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\' (Peaceconstitution) F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Cu `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬

Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p: ""\mw,

Pm∏-\okv P\X F√m-°m-ehpw kam-

[m-\-am-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw a\pjy _‘-

ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ D∂X Bi-b-

ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p-.'' AXm-bXv Pm∏-\okv

`cWLS-\-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw kam-

[m-\-sa∂ Bibw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp-≈-Xm-Wv.

Pm∏-\okv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 9˛mw

A\p-t—Zw Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn -

°p∂p ˛

1. \oXnbpw \nb-ahpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°nbp≈ A¥¿tZ-iob kam-[m-

\-Øn\v Ft∏mgpw B{K-ln-°p∂

Pm∏-\okv P\-X, bp≤sØ cmPy-

Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imc Ah--Im-i-

ambn ImWp-∂-X-√, A¥m-cmjv{S

X¿°-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn

`oj-Wntbm _e-{]-tbm-Ktam D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.

2. ap≥ Jfin-I-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-

°p∂ e£y-Øns‚ ]q¿Øn-I-c-

W-Øn -\m -bn , Ic, \mhn -I,

thymatk\-I-sftbm at‰-sX-

¶nepw bp≤ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sftbm

Hcn-°epw \ne-\n¿Øn-√

`c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cW thf-bn¬

\ne-\n¬°p∂ kml-N-cyßƒ

`c-W-L-S\m inev]n -I -fpsS

Nn¥sb F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-°p-

sa-∂-XmWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

i c n - b m W v !

Xo¿®-bmbpw c-

W-L-S -\-bpsS

h y X y k v X

hymJym-\-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏´

Cu {]iv\w

Rmt\m¿ °p∂p

Ign™ A≤ym-

b-Øn-em-Wt√m

AXv \mw N¿®

sNbvX-Xv. icn-

bt√?

248


`cW-L-S\ P\m-[n-]Xy ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ am¿K-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬

`c-W-L-S\ F∂ kw⁄-bpsS A¿∞hpw Hcp c-W-L-S\ th≠-Xns‚Bh-iy-I-Xsb°pdn®pw H∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-®p. A[n-Imc hn\n-

tbm-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv c-W-L-S\ D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-Xns‚ Hcp Imc-W-ambn ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI cmjv{S-ß-sf√mw Aan-X-ambn A[n-Imcw ssIøm-fp-∂-h-bmWv Ah-

bvs°√mw _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn\pw Itø-‰-Øn-\p-ap≈ IpØ-Im-h-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A[n-Imc Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw \S-Øp-∂-h-cpsSssII-fn¬ Cu cmjv{S-ß-fnse ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS cWw sN∂ps]´m¬

F¥m-bn-cn°pw Ahÿ? CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ΩpsS kpc-£°pwt£a-Øn\pw th≠n krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw Ahsb hf-sc-sb-fp-∏-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Xnsc Xncn-t®°mw. Iqd-s®-¶nepw hy‡n-I-fp-

sSbpw {Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ l\n-°p-I-bmWv H´p-an° cmjv{S-ßfpw sNøp-∂-sX∂v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ cmjv{Sm-[n-Imc A\p-`hwImWn-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ cmjv{SßfpsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kz`m-

hsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøpI hgn cmjv{Sw tk—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°v amdp-∂-Xns\ c-W-L-S\ XS-bp-∂p.

kmaqly ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ kam-[m\]chpw P\m-

[n-]Xy]c-hpamb am¿K-ßfpw c-W-L-S\ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. AXn-ep-]-cn-bm-bn, \mfn-Xp-hsc tImf-\n-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- n-cp∂ P\-ßƒ°v c-W-L-S\ cmj-{Sob kzbw \n¿Æ-bm-h-Imiw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXns\

{]h¿Øn-]-Y-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.Cu c≠v Bi-b-ßsfbpw s\lvdp \∂mbn a\- n-em°nbncp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZ {]Imcw c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bpsS

cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bhiyw kºq¿Æ kzbw \n¿W-bm-h-Im-i-Øn\p th≠nbp≈ Iq´mb BhiysØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ P\XsXsc-s™-Sp-Ø `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn°p am{Xta _mly

CS-s]-S-ep-fn-√mØ Hcp C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈q. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn Hcp ]‰w Bfp-I-fp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp Iq´w Ign-hp≈ \nb-a-⁄cp-tStbm Hcp kan-Xn

am{X-a√ adn®v AXv ]gb cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS ]pd-t¥mSvhen-s®-dn™v kzbw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pXp-h-kv{X-a-Wn™ "Ne-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp cmjv{S'amsW∂pw s\lvdp Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-

amb kmaqly t{iWn-bpsS NßeIƒ s]m´n®v kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpwka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw Hcp ]pXp-bpK-∏n-d-hn°p th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bpsS c-W-L-S-\sb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv.

AXp-sIm≠v, `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amWka-nXn-bnse F√mAwK-ßfpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pth≠n B-{K-ln-®n-cp-s∂∂v \ap°v ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°ptam?F∂m¬ ,` c W L S \ m\n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬ F√m ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°pw {]mXn-\n-[ y - a p - ≠ m - b n - c p -s∂∂pw ]d-bp∂p!

249


`c-W-L-S\°v P\m-[n-]Xy kn≤m-¥-ßsf A∏msS am‰n adn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-

hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu kao-]\ {]Imcw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-hsc \nb-{¥n-°p-I -am-{X-a√ adn®v ]c-º-cm-KXambn A[n-Im-cw \ntj-[n°-s∏- -hsc im‡o-I-cn-°p-I-Iq-Sn-bmWv c-W-L-S\ sNøp-∂-Xv. Zp¿_e P\hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Iq´mb

-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ A[n-Imcw \evIp-hm≥ c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ°vkm[n-°pw.

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn-te°v \msa-¥n\v Xncn®p t]mIWw?

`qX-Im-e-tØ°v Xncn™p t\m°p-Ibpw Ah-bp-ambn \sΩ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-¥n\v? \nba ˛ cmj-{Sob Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w

tXSn Ncn-{X-Øn-te-°n-d-ßp-I-sb-∂Xv Hcp \nba Ncn-{X-Im-cs‚ tPmen-bm-Wv. F∂m-se¥p sIm≠mWv cmjv{Sob hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ c-W-L-S\m inev]n-I-fpsS Dt±-iyßfpw DXvI-WvTIfpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ XmXv]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? amdnb

kml-N-cy-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \nb-a-]-c-amb [¿Ω-ßsf ]p\¿\n¿h-Nn-°m≥ F¥p-sIm≠v Ign-bn√?18- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb Ata-cn°≥ c-W-L-

S-\-bnse aqey-ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 21˛mw \q‰m-≠n\pw _m[-I-am-Ip-sa-∂Xv ]cn-lm-ky-am-Wv. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ cW LS\ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbhcpsS Ime-L-´hpw C∂sØ Ime-L- hpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn- n-√. aqey-

ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw [mc-W-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW kan-Xn- {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ AtX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv \mwC∂pw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ncn{Xhpw h¿Ø-am\Ime

Ncn-{Xhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

AXp-am-{X-a-√, \ΩpsS \nba cmjv{Sob Iogvhg-°-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßsf \mw hnkva-cn-t®-°mw. ImcWw \mw Ah-sb√mw Fhn-sS-tbm-h®v kzoI-cn-®-Xm-Wv. Cu ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ \ΩpsS t_m[-a-fi-e-Øns‚ ]n∂m-ºp-d-ß-fn-te°v am‰-s∏s´¶nepw Ct∏mgpw Ah \ΩpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Ime{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kwL-S-\m-X-Xz-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Imcy-ß-sf√mw`wKn-bmbn \S-°p∂ ]£w Cu adhn tZmj-I-c-a√. F∂m¬, h¿Ø-am\Ime{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm `oj-Wn°p hnt[-b-am-°p-Itb,sNøp-tºmƒ Cu ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv tZmj-I-c-am-tbm°mw. Npcp°-Øn¬ c-W-L-S\m ]c-ambn ka-Im-enI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsfssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bpsS A¿∞hpw aqeyhpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\pw, c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-fn-te°pw Hcp ]t£AXn\pw ]n∂n¬ tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bpsS Ime-tØ°pw t]mhp-I-b-√msX a‰vam¿K-an-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬, \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ cmjv{SobXXz-imkv{Xw \mw Hm¿t°-≠Xpw AXn-te°v ]p\¿k-μ¿i\w \S-tØ-≠-

Xp-am-Wv.

250


F¥mWv \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cjv{Sob

XXz-imkv{Xw?

Cu XXz-im-kv{XsØ H‰-hm-°n¬ hnh-cn-°pI {]bm-k-am-Wv. DZm-c-hm-Zw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ka-Xz-hm-Zw, atX-X-cXzw, sÛ-d-enkwkmaq-lnI aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Xpd∂ a\- v, mjm-]-chpw aX-]-c-hp-amb \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Bhiy-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p- m-hw, Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Ah-i-X-b-\p- -hn-°p∂ P\-hn- m-K-ß-tfm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw, s]mXp-hmb tZiob kzXzw sIń-∏Sp-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ {]Xn-_-≤X F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu `cW LS-\-bpsS kz`m-h-ambXpsIm≠v GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI ta¬hn-em-k-Øn¬ CXn-s\-sbm-Xp-°pI km[y-a-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw,kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ tZiob sFIyw F∂n-h-tbm-sS√mw `c-W-L-S\ {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn-s\√mw D]cn Cu XXz-izm-kv{XsØ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ kam-[m-\-]-chpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb am¿K-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\sb kw_-‘n®v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-t°≠ H∂m-asØ, hkvXpX AXns‚ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-tØm-Sp≈ {]Xn_≤-

X-bm-Wv. Hcp taibv°v Np‰p-an-cp∂v \S-Ønb im¥-amb N¿®-I-fpsS e-ambn A¤p-X-I-c-ambn Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-X√ Cu {]Xn-_-≤-X. ]Icw Hcp \q‰m-≠n-tesd XpS¿∂ aueoIhpw cmjv{So-

b-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-am-Wn-Xv. 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚Bcw- -Øn¬, ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw shń-°-dp® {_nójv tImf\n cW-Øn-s\-Xnsc dmw taml≥ tdmbn {]Xn-tj-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

hy‡n-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ cmjv{Sw Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ D]m-[n-Ifpw{]Zm\w sNø-W-sa∂v tdmbv hmZn-®p. AXp-sIm≠v XS- -ß-fn-

{]h¿Ø\w

Xmsg sImSpØ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂, c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS (CAD) D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ ho≠pw hmbn-°p-I. B D≤-cWnI-fnse hmZ-ßƒ°v C∂pw {]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂pthm? F¥p-sIm≠v?1 D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ A≤ymbw 22 D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ A≤ymbw 7

CXv ITn-\-am-Wv. `c-W-L-

S-\-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-sa-

∂m¬ F¥m-sW∂v efn-X-

ambn ]d----™m¬ t]msc?

Cßs\ Hfn-®p-h-bv°-s∏´

coXn-bn¬ ]d----™m¬ km[m-

---cW ]uc≥am¿ Fßs\--- ----

bmWv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

XXz-im-kv{XsØ a\- n-em-

°p-∂Xv?

251


√mØ {]kn-≤o-I-cW kzmX{¥yw cmjv{Sw A\p-h-Zn-°Ww. AØ-c-Øn¬

{_n´ojv c-W-Im-e-L- -ØnepS\ofw C¥y≥ am[ya kzX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠nBhiy-ap-∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bhn-jvImc kzmX{¥yw C¥y≥ c-WL-S-\-bpsS

Ahn`mPy LS-I-am-b-Xn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. Aß-s\-X-s∂-bmWv A\ym-

b-amb Ad-Ãn¬\n-∂p≈ kzmX{¥yhpw. tZiob {]ÿm\w Gsd FXn¿Ødue‰v \nb-a-Øn¬ Cu ASn-ÿm\ kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ \ntj[w {]I-S-am-bncp∂p. A\ym-b-amb Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw a\- m-£n-°-\p-k-

cn®v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw t]mep≈ H´-\-h[n hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ DZmc Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,\ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\bv°v hfsc _rl-Ømb DZmc kz`m-h-ap-s≠∂v (LiberalCharacter) ]d-bp-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-°pw. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ F{X-b-[nIwaqeyw I¬∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v \mw I≠p Ign-™-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS c-W-L-

S\ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\pw 40 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºp-X-s∂, C¥y≥ \mj-W¬tIm¨{K-kns‚ Hmtcm {]ta-b-ß-fnepw, ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw, _n√p-I-fnepw,dnt∏m¿´p-I-fnepw Hgn-hm-°m≥ km[n-°mØ apey-am-bn-Xs∂ hy‡n-bpsS Ah-

Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv \mw Hm¿°-Ww.

F√m-Øcw Bi-b-ß-fpw, t]mcm-Sp∂ Cu Ifn-°-f-Øn¬ Ifn

"\nb{¥n-°p∂Xv' (Umpire) P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-Wv.

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pIS

ha

nk

ar.

C

op

yri

gh

t:

Ch

ild

ren

’s

Bo

ok

T

rust.

26 January 1950

252


kmaq-ly-\oXn

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ DZm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v \mw]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv ¢mkn-°¬ ]m›mXy coXnbnep≈ DZm-c-hm-Z-am-sW∂vA¿∞am°-cp-Xv. cmjvSo-b kn≤m-¥w (Political Theory) F∂ ]pkvX-I-

Øn¬ DZm-c-hmZw F∂ Bi-b-sØ-°p-dn®v \nßƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°pw. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, kmap-Zm-bnI aqey-ßƒ (Community values) F∂-nhbv°p th≠n-bp≈ Bh-iy-tØ-°mƒ hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-c-

hmZw ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnse DZm-c-hmZw ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-c-hm-Z-Øn¬ \n∂pw c≠v

Xc-Øn¬ hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬{]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂ DZm-c-hmZw F√m-bv∏gpw kmaply \oXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿K-ßƒ°v (Scheduled castes and Sched-uled Tribes) kwh-c-W-ap-d∏p hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bnseA\p-tO-Z-ßƒ CXns‚ DØ-tamZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ImemIme-ß-fmbn CuP\hn`mKw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ A\o-Xn-Isf C√mbva sNøp-hm\pw Ah¿°p

\¬Inb thm -h-Im-i-Øn\v icn-bmb A¿∞-ap-≠m-Ip-hm\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈Ah-Imiw \evIp-∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xw Ign-bn-s√∂v c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ hniz-kn-®p. Ah-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyI`c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-I-fm-hiy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v, ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿K-

ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc-jn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-I-fnse ko‰p-Ifn-te-°p≈ kwh-cWw Dƒs∏sS H -\-h[n hyh-ÿ-Iƒ c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ c-W-L-S-\-bn-epƒs∏-SpØn. s]mXp taJem tPmen-I-fn¬

Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ°v c-W-L-S\, Kh¨sa‚ v hgn kwh-c-W-hpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn.

sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-ß-sfbpw

_lp-am-\n-°¬

hnhn[ kaq-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Xpey _lp-am-\sØ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv \ΩpsS cmPyØv Ffp-∏-a-√, CXns‚ H∂m-

asØ ImcWw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ XΩn¬ ka-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp _‘w F√m-bvt∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√, adn®v t{iWn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb (Hierar-chical) _‘-am-Wp-≈Xv. (PmXn k{ºZm-b-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se). c≠m-asØ

Imc-Ww, Cu kap-Zm-b-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw XpeyX AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒX-s∂,]c-kv]cw i{XpX-bn-ep-am-Ip∂p (aXk-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øns\ t]mse)\ne-\n¬°p∂ t{iWn-bn-e-[n-jvSn-X-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬, As√-¶n¬ \ne-

\n¬°p∂ i{Xp-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS kao-] \ßƒDZm-c-am-Ip-∂Xpw Ah¿°nS-bn¬ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ Xpey-_-lp-am-\-hpsa∂ Nn¥

253


hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb-∂Xv c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Isf kw_-

‘n-®-S-tØmfw Hcp henb sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Nne ]m›mNmXy DZmc c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ sNøp∂Xp-t]m-se, kap-Zm-b-

ßsf Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu {]iv\sØ ]cnl-cn-

°p-I-sb-fp-∏-am-Wv. F∂m-enXv \ΩpsS cmPyØv A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw A\-`ne-j-Wo-b-hp-am-Wv. C¥y≥ P\X, kap-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏wImWn-°p∂X√, CXn\p ImcWw temI-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≈ hy‡n-Iƒ

GsX-¶n-epsamcp kmwkvIm-cnI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ mK-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØcwkap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v AXnse AwK-ß-sf√mw ]¶p-h-bv°p∂ aqey-ßƒ, ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ, mj F∂n-h-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,

{^m≥kn-sebpw P¿Ω-\n-bn-sebpw Bfp-Iƒ Hcp {]tXyI mjm kaq-l-

C¥y≥ DZm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v c≠p apJy-[m-c--Iƒ D≠.v

BZy-[mc Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv dmw taml≥ tdmbn-bn¬

\n∂m-Wv. At±lw hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v,

{]tXy-In®v kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v Du∂¬

\evIn. sI.kn. sk≥, PÃnkv dmW-sU, kzman

hnth-Im-\μ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv C¥y≥ DZm-c-hm-Z-

Øns‚ c≠m-asØ [mc-bn-ep-≈-Xv. kmaqly \oXn-

bpsS Bflm-hns\ bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-Xz-Øn-\p-

≈n¬ Ah¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn hnth-Im-\-μs‚ A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ DZmc XXz-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬, lnμp

kaq-lsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Akm-[y-amWv

sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿, C≥ Un-^≥kv, Hm^v en_d-en-

kw, t_mwt_, Gjym ]_vf-jnwKv lukv, 1962.

kmaqly \oXn-sb-

°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-

øp-tºmƒ \n¿t±-

iI XXz-ßsf

\ap°v ad-°m-Xn-

cn-°mw.

Øns‚ mKhpw Ah¿ AXp-ambn CgpIn tN¿∂p-an-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂v \ΩpsS cmPysØ hyXykvX-am-°p-∂Xv \mw kmaq-lnI apey-ßsfAwKo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXnepw {][m-\-am-bn, _lp kwkvIm-

cnI kap-Zm-b-ßƒ D≈ Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv C¥y. P¿a-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw {^m≥kn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn [mcmfw mjm-]-chpw aX-]-c-hpamb kaq-l-ßƒ \ap-°p-≠v. CØ-c-samch-ÿ-bn¬ Hcp kaq-Zmbw as‰mcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ta¬

B[n]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂n√ F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv {][m-\-am-Wv. CXp-sIm-≠mWv kmap-Zm-bnI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ \n¿_-‘-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

254


aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v kz¥-ambn hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw CØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. AØcw ÿm]\-ßƒ°vKh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.aXsØ hy‡n-bpsS kzImcy hnj-b-am-b√ C¥y≥ c-W-LS\

ImWp-∂-sX-∂mWv Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

atX-X-cXzw (Secularism)

aXsØ Hcp kzImcy hnj-b-am-bn- mWv atX-Xc cmjv{S-ßƒ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv aX-Øn\v s]mXp-hmtbm HutZym-Kn-I-amtbmAwKo-Imcw \¬Im≥ Cu cmjv{S-ßƒ Iq´m-°m-dn-√. C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ atX-X-c-a-s√-∂mtWm CXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? Hcn-°-ep-a-√.. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ BZyw "atX-Xcw' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-s√-¶nepw C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ F√m-bvt∏mgpw atX-X-c-

am-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n kzmX-{¥yw, hy‡n-bpsS ]uc-Xzm-h-Im-i-ßƒF∂o aqey-ß-fpsS ]cnc-£-W-Øn-\mbn aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _ln-jvI-cWw F∂-XmWv apJy-[mc atX-XcXzw

AYhm ]m›mXy atX-X-cXzw A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu ImcysØ°pdn-®v, \nßƒ cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ IqSp-

X-embn ]Tn-°pw. CXmWv "]c-kv]cw _ln-jvI-cWw' (MutualExclusion) F∂ ]Zw A¿∞ am°p-∂-Xv cmjv{Shpw aXhpw H∂v

as‰m-∂ns‚ B`y¥c Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-SmsX amdn-\n¬°-Ww.aX-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬ cmjv{Sw CS-s]-S-cp-Xv, AXp-t]mseXs∂ cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fntem \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øntem

aXw Hcp t{]c-I-i-‡n-bm-I-cp-Xv. a‰p-hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬]c-kv]c _ln-jvI-cWw F∂m¬ aXhpw cmjv{Shpw \n¿_‘-

ambpw th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv.

F¥mWv Cu I¿i\ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ e£yw? hy‡n-I-fpsS

kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wn-Xv. kwL-SnX aX-ßƒ°v klmbw \¬IpI hgn cmjv{S-ßƒ Ah t\c-sØ-bp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ i‡n-bm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-

I-fpsS aX-]-c-amb Pohn-XsØ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ aX kwL-S-\-I-fm-cw- n-°p-tºmƒ, Ah¿°v ssZh-hp-ambn GXp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ _‘-amWv th≠-sX∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-tºmƒ, As√-¶n¬ Fßs\

{]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-tºmƒ, Xß-fpsS aX-kzm-X-{¥ysØ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ B[p-\nI cmjv{SsØ kao-]n-°p-hm≥hy‡n-Iƒ°v km[n-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬, hy‡n-I-fpsS aX-kzm-

X{¥yw kwc-£n-°Wsa-¶n¬, cmjv{Sw aX-ÿm-]-\-ßsf klm-

Rm\m-cm-sW∂v Rms\-

t∏mgpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp∂p

F\n°v [mcmfw hy‡n-Xz-

ß-fp-≠v. Fs‚ aX-]-c-amb

hy‡n-Xzw, Fs‚ `mjm-]-

c-amb hy‡n-Xzw, F\n°v

Fs‚ amXr-]-´-W-hp-ambn

_‘-ap-≠v, k¿tΔm-]-cn,

Rms\mcp hnZym¿∞n-bp-

amWv.

255


bn-°-cp-Xv. AtX kabw Xs∂ aX-Imcy-ßƒ Fßns\ ssIImcywsNø-W-sa∂v cmjv{Sw \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw ]mSn√. AØcw Imcy-ßƒ°v

aX-kzm-X-{¥ysØ XS- -s∏Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Hcpcmjv{Sw aX-ÿm-]-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-Itbm Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsfXS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv. ]Icw Ah¿ ]c-kv]-c-samcp Iø-Iew

]men®p \n¬°p-I-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv. CXmWv \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]m›mXyatX-Xc k¶¬∏w.

$ aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

H∂m-a-Xm-bn, ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se, hy‡n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬kaXzw F{X-tØmfw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂pthm A{X-tØmfw Xs∂

kmap-Zm-bnI ka-Xzhpw Bhiy-am-sW∂v \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw Bflm- n-am-\hpw Abm-fpsS kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A¥- ns\ t\cn-´m{i-bn-®n-cn-

°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ Imc-Ww. Hcp kap-Zmbw as‰mcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Iogn-em-hp-tºmƒ AXnse AwK-ßƒ°pw Xmc-X-tay\kzmX{¥yw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. adn®v F√m kap-Zm-b-ßfpw Xpey-sa-

¶n¬, Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ B[n-]-Xy-an-s√-¶n¬ AXnse AwK-ßƒs°√mw ]Z-hnbpw Bflm- n-am-\hpw kzmX-{¥y-hpap-≠m-bn-cn°pw.Aß-s\, C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ F√m aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw kz¥-ambn hnZym- ymk ÿm\-]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßp∂Xn\pw \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-

t]m-hp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬aX-kzm-X-{¥y-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv, hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpwkap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw aX-kzm--{¥y-sa-∂m-Wv.

$ cmjv{S-Øns‚ CS-s]-Sp-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

c≠m-a-Xm-bn, C¥y-bn¬ aXhpw c-W-Iq-Shpw XΩn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cnhv

F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ]c-kv]c _ln-jvI-c-W-sa-∂-√. F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-ßs\? ImcWw aX-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ AbnØw t]mep≈BNm-c-ßƒ hy‡n-bpsS A¥- n\pw Aflm-`n-am-\-Øn\pw £X-

ta¬∏n®n- p-≠v. hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thcp-∂n-bXpw F√m-bn-SØpw hym]n-®p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂-Xp-amb CØcw BNm-c-ßsf \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ {Inbm-flI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ IqSntb Xocp. aX-

Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-Ww. CØcw CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F√m-bvt∏mgpw \ntj-[m-fl-I-a-√. aX-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ hnZym- ymkÿm]-\-ßƒ°v [\-k-lmbw \¬In cmjv{Sw Cu aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßsf

klm-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Aß-s\, aX-ß-fpsS GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈{]h¿Ø-ß-fmWv kzmX{¥yw, kaXzw XpS-ßnb aqey-ßsf ]cn-t]m-£n-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-°n, AXns‚bSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ aX kap-

Zm-b-ßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-hmt\m XS-bp-hmt\m cmjv{S-

Ch¿ Rßsf

cmjv{Sobkn≤m¥w

]Tn-∏n°m≥ XpS-

ßntbm?

256


Øn\v Ign-bpw. C¥y-bn¬, aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn-ep≈ hn`-P\wF∂Xns‚ A¿∞w ]c-kv]cw _ln-jvI-c-W-sa-∂√ adn®v c≠p Iq´cpw

XΩn-ep≈ "XXzm-[n-jvTn-X-amb AI¬®' (Principled distance) -sb-∂mWvAXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Cu hn -P\w Hcp k¶o¿Æ-amb Bi-b-am-Wv. F√maX-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AIew ]men-°p-hmt\m adn®v aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-

Smt\m cmjv{SsØ CX-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. AXp sIm≠p Xs∂ aX-Øns‚Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂XmtWm CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmtWm kzmX{¥ywkaXzw kmaq-ly-\oXn F∂n-hsb t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-

c-sa∂v t\m°n CS-s]-Smt\m CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hmt\m B cm-jv{S-Øn\vkm[n-°pw.

\mw CXp-hsc \ΩpsS cW LS-\-bpsS aq∂v apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv ]cn-

tim-[n-®-Xv. Chsb \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS t\ -ß-fmbpw \ap°v

ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw.

$ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ DZmc hy‡n-hm-Z-Øns‚ cq]-

ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.CsXmcp {][m\ t\´w Xs∂-bmW,v ImcWw kmaq-Zm-bnI aqey-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡n-bpsS kzbw c-Wm-h-Im-i-tØmSv \nkw-

K-Xtbm i{Xp-Xtbm ImWn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv c-W-L-S\ CXv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ c≠m-a-Xmbn hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v bmsXmcp tIm´hpw

hcmsX kmaqly \oXn F∂ XXzw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p. PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]Sn ]≤-Xn-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

{]Xn-_-≤X ImWn-°p-∂Xv kmaqly \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ a‰p cmjv{S-ß-tf-°mƒ C¥y Gsd- ap-ºn-em-sW-∂mWv.Ata-cn-°-bn¬ A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]Sn ]≤-Xn-Iƒ 1964 se ]uc-

hm-Imi {]ÿm-\-tØm-sSm-∏w, AXm-bXv CØcw ]≤-Xn-IƒC¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\p tijw GI-tZiwc≠p Zi-I-ßƒ Ign-™m-Wv, Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv F∂p≈

hkvXpX B¿s°-¶nepw hnkva-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?$ aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, B¥-cnI h¿Kob kwL¿j-ßfpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬,

{Kq∏-h-Im-i-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤X `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂p.

\mep Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p-tijw _lp kmwkvIm-cn-IX F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂sh√p-hn-fnsb t\cn-Sp-hm≥ c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p F∂m-WnXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

km¿h-{XnI thm -h-Imiw

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS a‰p c≠v apJy khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn AXns‚ t\´-ambn]cn-K-Wn-°mw. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, km¿h-{XnI thm -h-Im-i-tØm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS c-

W-L-S-\-bpsS {]Xn-_-‘X Hcp sNdnb t\´-a-√. {]tXy-In®v i‡-amb

aX-hp -ambn _‘-s∏´

Imcy-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-

hm≥ cmjv{S-Øn\p Ign-

bptam C√tbm F∂v F\n-

°-dn-bm≥ B{K-l-ap-≠v.

A√mØ ]£w bmsXmcp

aX-]-cn-jvI-c-Whpw D≠m-hp-

I-bn√

257


P\m-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬t∏mepwhfscbSpØ Ime-ØmWv kv{XoIƒ°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw

thm-´-h-Imiw \evInb-sX-∂n-cn-s°, Bg-Øn-ep-d®Xpw \o°wsNøpI Akm-[y-sa∂p ]cs° hniz-kn®ncp-∂-Xp-amb D®\o-N-Xz-ßƒ \ne \n∂n-cp∂ C¥y-bn¬ km¿h-{XnI thm´-h-Imiw

apsº \S-∏m-°n-sb-∂Xv c-W-L-S-\-bpsS henb t\´w Xs∂-bm-Wv.Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ Bibw cmPysØ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS (Elite) CS-

bn¬ thcq-∂n-b-t∏mƒXs∂ P\m-[n-]Xy c-W-Iq-S-sa∂ Bi-bhpw AXns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h-∂p. Aßs\ kaq-l-Ønse F√mAwK-ß-fp-sSbpw C—-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp cmjv{Sob

hyh-ÿsb C¥y≥ tZio-bX F√m-bvt∏mgpw hn`m-h\wsNbvXpt]m∂p. km¿h-{XnI thm -hm-Im-i-sa∂ Bibw C¥y≥tZiobXbpsS apJy LS-I-ambn F√m-bvt∏m-gp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y-s°mcp c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-Ip-hm-\p≈ BZy A\u-tZym-KnI {ia-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\m _n¬ (1895). GsXmcp]uc-\pw, AXm-bXv C¥y-bn¬ P\n-°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw cmPy

Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm\pw k¿°m¿ ]Z-hn-Iƒ hln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v Cu _n√ns‚ krjvSmhv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. 1928˛se tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´pw ]uc-Xz-

Øns‚ Cu [mc-Wsb Bh¿Øn®p ÿncoI-cn-°p-∂p. 21 hb v]q¿Øn-bmb kv{Xo°pw ]pc-pj\pw {]Xn-\n[n k`-I-fn-te°vAs√-¶n¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v thm -h-Im-i-Øn\v A¿l-X-bp-≠∂v

Cu dnt∏m¿ v Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym-]n-®p. Aß-s\, km¿h-{XnIthm -h-Im-isØ cmjv{S-Øns‚ C—sb icn-bmbn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏- Xpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-hp-amb am¿K-ambn hfsc

t\csØ apX¬ IW--°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sÛ-d-enkw (Federalism)

c≠m-a-Xm-bn, PΩp-Im-ivao¿ (A\p-t-OZw 370) hS°p Ing-°≥

kwÿm-\-ßƒ (A\p-t—Zw 371) F∂n-h-sb kw_-‘n® A\p-t-O-Z-ßƒ Ah-X-cn--∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS `mKnI sÛ-d-enkw(Assymmetric Fedralism) F∂ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcm-i-b-amWv

C¥y≥ `c-WLS\ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp i‡-amb tI{μKh¨sa‚ns\ c-W-L-S\ kqjvSn-®p-s≠∂v sÛ-d-enkw F∂A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw I≠p. F∂m¬, C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\bv°v

Cu GIm-bØ ]£-]mXw (Unitary Bias) D≠m-bn pw Htc sÛ-td-j-\nse hyXykvX kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS \nb-a-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-bnepw khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-ß-fnepw c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿Ø

"Hcp a\p-jy≥, Hcp thm´v

F∂ XXzw X¿°-ß-fn-

√msX AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p

F∂ hkvXpX A`n-am-\m-

¿l-amb Hcp Imcy-am-Wv.

a‰p ]e-cm -Py -ß-fnepw

kv{XoIƒ thm´-h-Im-i-

Øn\p th≠n t]m-cmtS≠n

h∂p F∂Xv kXy-at√?

258


hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. Ata-cn-°≥ sÛ-d-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amWv C¥y≥ sÛd-enkw. C¥y≥ sÛtd-j-\nse Nne {]tZ-i-

ß-fpsS {]tXyI Bhiy-ßsf \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn B {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn Hcp hninjvS _‘w As√-¶n¬ Aß-s\-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ°p{]tXyI ]Zhn \evIp-hm≥ BZyta Xs∂ c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kanXn

Xocp-am-\n-®p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 370 A\p-t-OZ {]Imcwkzbw c-Wm-h-Imiw kwc-£n-°m-sa∂ Dd-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWvPΩp-Im-ivao-cns‚ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\w. kz¥w c-

W-L-S-\-bm¬ cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ C¥y-bnse GI kwÿm-\-am-Wn-Xv. AXp-t]mse 371 A A\p-t-OZ {]Imcw hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-amb \mKm-em‚n\pw {]tXyI ]Zhn e`n-®p. \mKm-em‚n¬ apºv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂

\nb-a-ßƒ°v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-sa∂pw IpSn-tb‰w \nb-{¥n®v B P\-X-bpsS Xt±-inb hy‡nXzw kwc-£n-°p-sa∂pw Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p. a‰p]e kwÿm-\-ßfpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS KpW-

t`m-‡m-°-fm-Wv. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ {]Imcw CØcw hyXykvX ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ \evIp-∂-Xn¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an-√.`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ FgpXn h®n- n-s√-¶nepw C¥y Cs∂mcp _lp- mjm

sÛ-td-j-\m-Wv. {][m\ `mjm {Kq∏p-I-sf-sb√mw cmjv{So-b-ambnAwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw F√m-h-scbpw Xpey-ambn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ C¥y-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy mjm sÛ-d-enkw sFIy-

hm-Z-ß-sfbpw kwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hmZ-ß-sfbpw ka-\zbn-∏n-®p. ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fmb hnhn[kzXzß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ i‡-amb Hcp cmjv{Sob

t]m¿°fw \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

km[m-c-W-°m-cn-ep≈ henb hnizm-kw,

P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W--Øns‚ BXy---¥nI

hnPbw, {]mb-]q¿Øn thm -h-Im-i-Øns‚

ASn ---ÿ--m ---\ ---Øn -ep≈ P--\m ---[n --]Xy

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]o-I-cWw, A`n-hr-≤n-bp-

≠m--°p-sa∂ ]q¿Æ hnizmkw F∂n-h-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv {]mb-]q¿Øn thm -

h-Im--i---sa∂ XXzsØ `c-W-L-S-\m-

\n¿ΩmW kanXn kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

A√Sn IrjvW-kzman Aø¿, CAD, Vol XI P. 835, 23 Nov. 1949.

259


tZiob kzXzw (National Identity)Aßs\ `c-W-L-S\ Hcp s]mXp tZiob kzXzsØ \nc-¥-c-ambn _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tZiob kzXz-tØm-sSm-∏w. {]mtZ-inI kzXz-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ Fß-s\-bmWv C¥y {ian-°p-∂-sX∂v s^U-d-enkw F∂

A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-®n- p-≠v. Cu t]mXp-hmb tZiob kzXzw hnhn[`mjm kzXz-ß-tfmSpw aX kzXz-ß-tfmSpw tN¿®-bn-√m-Ø-X√ F∂v ta¬]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-Wv. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ Cu hyXykvX

kzXz-ßsf k¥p-en-X-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-®p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ s]mXp kzXz-Øn\v `c-W-L-S\ ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ \ncm-I-cn® aXm-[n-jvTnX {]tXyI \ntbm-PIafi-e-ßƒ F∂ k{º-

Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ CXv hy‡-am°nbn´p-≈-Xm-Wv.hyXykvX aX kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ kv]¿≤ hf-cp-sa-∂-Xp-sImt≠m AX-s√-¶n¬ tZiob sFIysØ Xmdp-am-dm-°p-sa-∂-Xp-sImt≠m A√ aXm-[n-

jvTnX {]tXyI \ntbm-PI afi-e-ßƒ F∂ k{º-Zmbw \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-´X.v adn-®v AXv Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb tZiob Pohn-XsØ A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂-Xn\memWv. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS sFIyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw

tUm. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS lrZ-b-e-£y-am-bn-cp∂ kmtlm-Z-cy-sa∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn-\m-bmWv \ΩpsS c-a-L-S\ {ian-®-Xv. k¿Zm¿ ]t´¬]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, "GI-k-aql' cq]o-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p `c-W-L-S-\-bpsSe£yw.

{]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb t\´-ßƒ (Procedural Achievments)Cu A©p {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Hcp {]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS t\ -ß-fmbn hnti-jn-∏n°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw CXn-\p-]p-dsa {]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb Nne t\ -ßƒIqSn C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bv°p-≠v.$ H∂m-a-Xmbn C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ cmjv{Sob N¿®Ifn-ep≈ hnizm-kw

{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kanXn-bn¬ ]e {Kq∏p-

Iƒ°pw Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°pw th≠{X {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n√ F∂Xv\ap-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬, c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂{X Imcy-ß-ƒ Ah-cpsS kao-]-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿°-W-sa∂v B{K-ln®p F∂mWv

`c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW ka-nXn-bnse kwhm-Z-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ ap≥K-W-\-Isf hy‡-amb Imc-W-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ]pXp-°p-hm≥ P\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv Cu Xpd∂ kao-]\w kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬, hy‡nXmev]-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√adn®v Nne hy‡-amb Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssIs°m-≠-sX∂v CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hntbm-Pn-∏p-I-fn-sebpw

F\n°v CjvS -s∏´p! \ΩpsS`c-W-L-S\ A\p-I-c-W-am-sW∂vBcmWv ]d -™Xv? F√m"IS-sa-SpØ' Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw \mw\ΩpsS kz¥-amb Hcp ap{Z ]Xn-∏n-®p- p-≠v.

260


FXn-c- n-{]m-b-ß-fn-sebpw {Inbm-flI aqey-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈

a\ v c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXv kqNn∏n-°p-∂p.

$ c≠m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S\ ho´p-ho-gvN-bp-sSbpw Dƒs°m-≈-en-s‚bpw

Aflm-hns\ {]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂p. hn´p-ho-gvN, Dƒs°m-≈¬ F∂o hm°p-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw hnk-Ω-X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ImW-cp-Xv. F√m hn´p-ho-gvN-Ifpw tami-am-b-X-√. apey-ap≈ F¥n-s\-sb-¶nepw kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°p-th-≠n _en-I-gn-s®-¶n¬, kz`m-hn-I-ambn \Ωƒ sX‰mbXc-Øn¬ho´p-hogvN sNbvXn- p-≠v. F∂m¬, Cu aqeysØ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nas‰m-cp- aq-eysØ mKn-I-ambn _en-I-gn-t°-≠-Xn-s\, {]tXy-In®v ka≥am-cm-b-h-cpsS Xpd∂ N¿®-bn-epsS Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂ hn´q-ho-gvN-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈Xns\, FXn¿°p-hm-\m-In-√. F√m aqey-ß-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Iƒ°m-bn√ F∂p\ap°v hne-]n-°m≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ F√m {][m-\-s∏´ aqey-ß-fp-sSbpwIpsd-sb-¶nepw hi-ßƒ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\v c-W-L-S\minev]n-Iƒ [m¿ΩnI A`n-\-μ\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. IqSmsX {][m\ hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ thms -Sp-∏n\p ]Icw ka-hmbw F∂Bi-b-tØm-Sp≈ c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-I-fpsS {]Xn-_-≤X [m¿an-I-ambn A`n-

\-μ\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.

hna¿i-\-ßƒ

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ [mcmfw hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-sW-¶nepw AXn-

se aqs∂Æw Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw. H∂m-a-Xm-bn AXv HXp-°-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv, c≠m-a-Xm-bn AXv {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-Ø-XmWv aq∂v, AXv \ΩpsS kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√.

F∂m¬ `mhn-bn¬, `qcn-]£w,

\yq\-]-£w, F∂n-ßs\ Cu

cmPy-Øp≈ hyXym-k-ßsf

F√m-hcpw ad-°p-hm\pw AXm-

bXv C¥y-bn¬ Hcp H‰ kaq-

lw....

k¿Zm¿ ]t´¬, CAD, Vol. VIII, P. 272, 25 May 1949.

261


Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ c-W-L-S-\bpw HXpßnb H‰ {]am-W-Øn-\p-≈n-em-bn-cn-°p-W-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ HXp-°-an-√m-Xm-sW∂ hna¿i-\w. F∂m¬, Ata-cn-°-t∏m-ep≈ HXp-ßnb c-W-L-S-\-bp≈ cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬t∏mepwCXv kXy-a-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ c-W-L-S\ Xncn-®-dn-b-

s∏-tS-≠Xv Hcp HXp-°-ap≈ {]am-Whpw `c-W-L-S\m ]Z-hn-bp≈ a‰vFgp-X-s∏´ {]am-W-ßfpw tN¿∂m-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, HXp-°-ap≈ H‰ {]am--W-Øn\p shfn-bn-embn {][m-\-s∏´ c-W-L-S\m {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw {]tbm-

K-ßfpw ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ C¥y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬, CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ, {]tbm-K-ßƒ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh Hcp{]am-W-Øn¬ Xs∂ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Imc-W-Øm¬ C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ Ipd-®-[nIw hep-∏-ap-≈-Xmbn Xo¿∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩn-j≥, knhn¬ k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]e-cm-Py-ß-fnepw c-W-L-S\ F∂ {]am-W-Øn-\p-≈n¬ C√.

F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu hI Imcy-ß-sf√mw c-W-L-S\m {]am-W-Øm¬Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.`c-W-L-S-\sb kw_-‘n® c≠m-asØ hna¿i\w AXv {]mXn-\n-[y-an-

√m-ØXm-sW-∂m-Wv. c-W-LS\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn Fß-s\-bmWv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-sX∂v \nßƒ Hm¿°p-∂pt≠m? A°m-eØv {]mb-]q¿Ønthm -h-Imiw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kan-

Xn-bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -h-cn¬ qcn-]-£ AwK-ßfpw kaq-l-Ønseapt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏ -h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Imcyw \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\sb {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-ØXv B°p-∂pt≠m?

ChnsS {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ c≠p LS-I-ßsf \mw th¿Xn-cn-°Ww˛ H∂v "kzc-' (voice) sa∂pw at‰-Xv "A`n-{]mb--sa∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.{]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ "kzc' sa∂ LSIw {][m-\-s∏´XmWv. P\-ßƒ AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv Ah-cpsS {]am-Wn-am-cpsS mj-bn-e√ adn®v Ah-cpsSkz¥w `mj-bnepw AYhm kzc-Øn-ep-am-Wv. Cu ]d-™-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mw `c-W-L-S-\sb t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw

\ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-ØXm-Wv. Imc-Ww, c-W-L-S\m\n¿amW kan-Xn-bn-te°v AwK-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv km¿h-{XnI thm -h-Im-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√ adn®v \nb{¥nX thm´-h-Im-i-Øn-eq-

sS-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ LSIw \mw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ c-W-L-S\-bv°v {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mbva ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°n-√. c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬ F√m-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈

A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°pw {]mXn-\n[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p≈ Ah-Im-i-hmZwAXn-i-tbm-‡n-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu Ah-Im-i-hmZw mKn-I-am-sb-¶nepw icn-bm-Wv. c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬ \S∂ kwhm-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

\mw hmbn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnim-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw hnj-b-ßfpw

`c-W-L-S-\-b p s Sÿ m ] \cq]-tc-J-bn-ep≈ hn´p-ho -g vNIsfRm≥ a\- n-em -°p -∂p ,F∂m¬ ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-amb XXz-ßsf Fßs\ c-W-L-S - \ - b n ¬Dƒs°m-≈n-° p - h m ≥Ignbpw?

262


AXn¬ \ap°v ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kan-Xn-bnseAwK-ßƒ Db¿Ønb hnj-b-ßƒ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb kmaq-lnI DXvI-

WvT-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-c-p∂n√ adn®v hnhn[ kmaq-lnI hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw Bi-¶-Ifpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.GsXmcp sNdnb ]´-W-Øn-s‚bpw tI{μ-`m-KØv c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]I¿∏v

ssIbn-te¥n \n¬°p∂ tUm. Awt_-ZvIdpsS {]Xna ImWm-sa-∂Xv bmZr-›n-I-amtWm? At±-l-Øn-\p≈ {i≤mRvPen-°-∏pdw CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv,`c-W-L-S\ ZfnXv P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]e A`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw {]Xn-^-en-

∏n°p∂p F∂ B P\-hn- m-K-Øns‚ tXm∂-en-s\-bm-Wv.]m›mXy c-W-L-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v A\p-t-O-Z-ßƒ Hs∂m-∂mbn IS-sa-Sp-Ø,C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS kwkvIm-cnI [m¿ΩnIXbp-ambn _‘-an-√m-Ø, Xo¿Øpw

sshtZ-in-I-amb Hcp {]amWamWv C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ F∂-XmWv Ah-km\hna¿i-\w. Cu Btcm-]Ww ]e Bfp-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw D∂-bn-®n- p-≠v. c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬t∏mepw Cu DXvI-WvTsb {]I-Sn--∏n-°p∂

Nne i_vZ-ßƒ Db¿∂n- p-≠v.

Cu Btcm-]Ww F{X-am{Xw kXy-amWv?

C¥y≥ c-W--- L-S\ B[p-\n-Ihpw mKn---I-ambn ]m›m-Xy-hp-am-sW-∂p-≈Xv

kXy-am-Wv. H∂mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]´n-I-s∏Sp-Ønb \ΩpsS `c-W-LS\ "ISsa-SpØ' Dd-hn-S-ßs--f°pdn®v \nßƒ --- Hm¿°p-∂pt≠m? F∂m¬CsXmcp A‘-amb IS-sa-Sp-°¬ A√m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw AtX A≤ym-b-Øn¬

\nßƒ I≠p. CXv \qX-\-amb IS-s--a-Sp-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. IqSm-sX, Cu IS--sa-Sp∏v Hcn-°epw C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\sb ]q¿Æambpw sshtZ-inI kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-°bn√ F∂ Imcyw \mw ImWp-hm≥ t]mIp-I-bm-Wv.

H∂m-a-Xm-bn, ]e C¥y-°mcpw B[p-\nI Nn¥m-co-Xn-Isf kzoI-cn-°p-I-am-{X-a-√ sNbv-XXv adn®v Ahsb Ah-cpsS kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.kz¥w ]mc-º-cy-Ønse ]pgp-°p-Øp-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ FXn¿∏ns‚ Hcp

cq]-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-c-WsØ Ah¿ I≠-Xv. dmwtaml≥ tdmbn Bcw- n® Cu {]h-WX Zfn-X¿ C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ 1841 ¬ Xs∂, hSs° C¥y-bnse Zfn-X¿ ]pXn-b-Xmbn D≠mb \nba

hyh-ÿsb bw-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS P∑n-am¿s°-Xnschyh-lm-c-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ImWmw. AXn-\m-¬, Xß-fpsSA`n-am-\-sØbpw \oXn-sbbpw kw_-‘n® tNmZy-ßsf t\cn-Sp-hm-\mbn c-

W-L-S-\-sb∂ B[p-\nI \nb-a-Øns‚ ]pXnb tcJsb P\-ßƒ e-{]-Z-ambn Gs‰-SpØp F∂v ]d-bmw.

c≠m-a-Xm-bn, ]m›mXy A[p-\n-IX, Xt±-inb kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-ambn CS-

]-gIn XpS-ß-nb-t∏mƒ {Inbm-flI A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS k¶-c-kw-kvImcw t]mse Ft¥m H∂v Bhn¿`-hn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Cu ]pXnbk¶c kwkvImcw ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ \n∂pw Xt±-inb kwkvIm-c-

Xo¿®-bmbpw!CXt√ \mwH∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®Xv?kaq-l-ØnseF√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw `c-W -L -S -\ -b p -ambn tN¿∂p-t]m -I p -hm≥X° km[p -hmb HcpImcWw Ds≠-∂Xv?

263


ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-sbbpw Xt±-inb]mc-ºcy kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw ]pd-¥-≈nb Cu ]pXnb {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\vas‰m-cp-Xcw _Z¬ B[n-\p-I-X-bpsS kz`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w qX-Ime

BNm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sI´p-s]m- n®v ]pdØp NmSp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw ]m›mXyB[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbpw ]m›mtXyXc kaq-

l-ßƒ {ian-®-t∏mƒ CØcw kaq-l-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX B[p-\n-I-X-IƒDb¿∂v h∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬, \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\sb FgpXn Xøm-dm-°n-b-t∏mƒ, ]m›mXy aqey-ß-sfbpw ]c-º-cm-KX C¥y≥ aqey-ß-sfbpw ka-

\z-bn-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv {ia-ßƒ \S-Øn-b-Xv. CsXmcp IS-sa-Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂n√,

adn®v XnI®pw kq£n®p≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cW {]{Inb Bbn-cp-∂p.

]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\ XnI-™Xpw Ip‰-a-‰-Xp-amb Hcp {]am-W-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-b√ CsX√mw ]d-™-Xv. \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaqly kml-N-

cy-ß-fpsS \S-phn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´ c-W-L-S-\-bv°p-≈n¬ [mcmfw hnhmZhnj-b-ßƒ D≠m-hp-I-sb-∂Xv kz`m-hn-I-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]e- ta-J-e-I-fnepw {i≤m-]q¿Δ-amb ]p\-cm-tem-N\ Bh-iy-am-Wv. `cWLS-\-

bpsS ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´Xv B Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ASn-b-¥cBh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Cu c-W-L-S-\bv°v [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s≠∂ Imcyw \mw AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v \ap°v Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw.$ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, tZiob sFIy-sa∂ Hcp tI{μo-IrX Bibw \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S-\-bv°p-≠v.

$ c≠m-a-Xm-bn, enwK-\o-Xn- t]m-ep-≈, {]tXy-In®v IpSpw-_-Øn-\-I-Øp≈Nne {][m\ {]iv\-ßsf c-W-L-S\ \ncm-I-cn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.

"\ap°v hoW-bp-sStbm knØm-dn-s‚tbm kwKo-X-am-bn-cp∂pth≠n-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw \ap-°n-hnsS e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv HcpCw•ojv hmZy-am-Wv. AXn-\p-Im-cWw \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\minev]n-Iƒ Aß-s\-bmWv ]Tn-®n- p-≈-Xv..... \n w-i-b-ambpwCu coXn-bn-ep≈ Hcp c-W-L-S\ Xs∂-bmWv alm-fl-mKm‘nB{K-ln-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw Btem-Nn-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw''sI. l\p-a-¥-øm, CAD, Vol. XI, pp 616 - 617, 17 \hw-_¿ 1949.

264


$ aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, Hcp Zcn{Z hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn¬, Nne ASn-ÿm\ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ΩpsS auenI Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS

`mKa°msX \n¿t±-iI XXz-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xcw XmgvØn-bXv F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hy‡-a-√.

Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°v DØcw \evIp-I, CsXsß\ kw -hn®p F∂v hni-

Zo-I-cn-°p-I, Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI F∂nhsb√mw km[y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AX√ \ΩpsS D∂w.\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-im-kv{XsØ A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-hm≥

X° Kuc-h-X-c-a√ Cu ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfm∂pw F∂mWv \mw hmZn-°p-∂-Xv.

D]-kw-lmcw

ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ c-W-L-S-\sb Hcp Poh-\p≈ {]am-W-ambn\mw hnh-cn-®p. Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn® `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

Cu {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv CXn\v Hcp Poh-\p≈ {]am-W-sa∂ ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw ÿm]-\-]-c-ambkwhn-[m-\-ßfpw kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßsfbpw kaqlw kzoI-

cn-®n-cn-°p∂ XXz imkv{X-sØbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu XXz-im-kv{X-Øn\v apJw \¬Ip-∂Xv c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. a¿Ω {][m-\-am-bXpw s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xp-amb Hcp Z¿-i\w ASn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-XmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-eq-S-\ofw \mw ]Tn® c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-√mw. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\m-bp≈ \ΩpsS t]mcm- -ß-fn-eqsS Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Db¿∂p-h-∂-XmWv

B Z¿i-\w. Cu Z¿i\w Ah-X-cn-°-s∏- -Xpw, ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏- Xpw\nb-a-ÿm-]-\-cq-]-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-´Xpw `c-W-L-S\m\n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-sb∂ thZn-bn-em-Wv. Aß-s\, `c-W-L-S\ Cu

Z¿i-\-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚G‰hpw \√ kw£n-]vX-cq-]sØ AYhm c-W-L-S-\bpsS XXz-im-kv{XsØ \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-

°p-sa∂v [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ ]d-™n- p-≠v.`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw \nßƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw hmbn-®pthm? AXn¬{]Xn-]m-Zn-®pn´p≈ e£y-ßƒ Iq-Sm-sX, Hcp hn\o-X-amb Ah-Im-i-

hmZw BapJw D∂-bn-°p∂p! Hcp Iq´w alXv hy‡n-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-b√ `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂pw adn-®v AXv Xøm-dm-°nbXpw, kzoI-cn-®Xpw C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fmb "\mw' BWv. Aß-s\, P\-ßƒ Xs∂-

bmWv Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xe-bnsegpØns‚ hn[n (`mK-t[-bw)\n¿ΩmXm-°ƒ. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂ am≤y-asØP\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS h¿Ø-am-\sØbpw mhn-sbbpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-

Hcp {]am-Whpw XnI-™-

Xm -bn -cn -°n -√. Hcp

BZ¿ihpw ]q¿Æ-ambn

ssIh-c n -°m -\m -hn -√ .

F∂p-h®v \ap°v BZ¿i-

ßtfm Z¿i-\-ßtfm D≠m-

h-cp -sX-∂mtWm CXn-

\¿∞w? Rm≥ ]d-™Xv

icn-bt√?

265


hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. c-W-L-S\ cq] I¬]\ sNø-s∏- n´v Bdp]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬, \Ωƒ ]e hnj-b-ß-fn≥ taepw t]mcmSpIbpw

]e hymJym-\-ß-fn≥taepw tImS-Xn-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw hntbm-Pn-®-Xmbpw \Ωƒ I≠p; tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn¬ ]eA`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ß-fp≠v; AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-

Iƒ XΩn¬ ISpØ t]mcm- -ßƒ \S-∂p. \ΩpsS cmjv{Sobsa∂Xv,apgp-h≥ {]iv\ßfp-sSbpw t]mcm-bva-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-sW∂v \nßƒASpØ h¿jw ]Tn-°pw. Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw, \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S-\-sb-]‰n Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hn-t\mtSm As√-¶n¬ Hcpkm[m-cW ]uc-t\mtSm A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-™m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cn°pw

Ah¿°v ]c-bm-\p-≠m-hpI F∂v \nßƒ ImWpw. ka-Xzw, kzmX-{¥yw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mw Hcp-an®v Pohn-°p-Ibpw Hcp-an®v A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thW-sa-∂-XmWv

B Z¿i-\w. Z¿i-\-Øns‚ As√-¶n¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Cu ]¶p-h-bv°¬ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsSaqey-h-Ømb A\-¥-c-^-e-am-Wv. 1950 ¬ Cu `c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωn-

®Xv Hcp henb t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v B `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-imkv{X Z¿i-\sØ Poh-kp‰-Xmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv \ΩpsS {][m\

t\ -am-bn-cn-°mw.

A`ymkw

1. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h Nne \nb-a-ß-fm-Wv. Ah GsX-¶nepw aqey-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏-´-h-bmtWm? BsW-¶n¬, A¥-¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ aqey-ta-XmWv? Imc-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.a. IpSpw-_kz-Øn¬ s]ä-°ƒ°pw Bä-°ƒ°pw ]¶p-≠m-bn-cn-

°pw.b. D]-t`mK hkvXp-°-fpsS \nIpXn \nc-°p-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.c. Hcp k¿°m¿ kvIqfnepw aX-]-T\w \¬Ip-hm≥ ]mSn-√.

d. ASn-a-∏-Wntbm AYhm \n¿_-‘nX tPmentbm ]mSn-√.2. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ GXp sXc-s™-Sp-Øm-emWv X∂n-cn-°p∂

{]kvXm-h\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv?

P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-ßƒ°v c-W-L-S\ Bhiy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.................i. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.ii. \yq\-]-£-ßsf qcn-]-£-Øn¬ \n∂v kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

iii. tImf\n c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

266


iv. ss\an-jnI Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°mbn Zo¿L-Ime Z¿i-\-ßƒ _en-I-gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏n-°m≥.

v. kam-[m\ ]c-amb coXn-bn¬ kmaq-ly-am‰w sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥.3. "`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXnbnse kwhm-Z-ßƒ' (CAD) hmbn-°p-∂-

Xn-s\bpw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw kw_-‘n® hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-

fmWv Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.i. CXn¬ GsXms° {]kvXm-h-\-I-fmWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW

kanXn kwhm-Z-ßƒ Cu Ime-L- -Ønepw {]kIv-X-am-sW∂v hmZn-

°p-∂Xv? GXv {]kvXm-h-\-bmWv {]k-‡-a-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv?ii. CXn¬ GsXms° \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv \nßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?

F¥-psIm≠v?

a. D]-Po-h\ am¿Kw Is≠Øp∂-Xn\pw Pohn-X-Ønse hyXykvX{]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n km[m-c-W-°m¿ hfsc Xnc-°n-em-Wv. Ah¿°v Cu kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS \nb-a-`mj a\- n-em-°p-

hm≥ Ign-bn-√.b. \ne-hnse kml-N-cy-ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW

Ime-L- -Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. c-W-L-S\m inev]n-I-fpsS

Bi-b-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂Xpw \ΩpsS ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw qX-Ime kml-N-cy-ßsf h¿Ø-am\ Ime-tØbv°vsIm≠p-h-cp-hm-\p≈ {ia-am-Wv.

c. temIsØ a\- n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ \ΩpsS coXn-Ifpw h¿Ø-am-\-Imesh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw amdn-bn- n-√. c--W-L-S\m Iogvhg-°-ßƒ sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp ImeØv Nne Iogvhg-°-ßƒ F¥p-

sIm≠v {][m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ c-W-L-S\m\n¿amW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ßƒ \ap°v \evIpw. Cu Imc-W-ßsf \mw Adn-™n-s√-¶n¬ c-W-L-S\m Iogvhg-°-ßƒ D∑q-e\w

sNø-s∏-Spw.4. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\bpw

]m›mXy Bi-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

a. atX-X-cXzw a\-kn-em-°¬b. 370, 371 hIp-∏p-Iƒc. A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

d. km¿h-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn thm -h-Imiw5. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ atX-X-cXzhpambn _‘-s∏´ GsXms° XXz-

ß-fmWv C¥y≥ cW LS\ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

a. cmjv{S-Øn\p aXhp-ambn _‘-s∏ v bsXm∂pw sNøp-hm-\n-√.b. cmjv{S-Øn\v aX-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap≠v.c. cmjv{S-Øn\v aX-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnth-N\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Ignbpw

d. aX-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ cmjv{Sw AwKo-I-cn-°pw.

267


e. aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ cmjv{S-Øn\v \nb{¥n-X-amb A[n-

Im-c-ßƒ am{X-ta-bp-≈q.

6. tNcpw ]Sn tN¿°p-I.

a. hn[-h-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\sØ i. {]amW ]c-amb t\´w

hna¿in-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw

b. kzm¿∞ Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\- ii. {]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb

Øn-e√ adn®v bv‡nbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn t\´w

emWv c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kan-Xn

Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-ØXv

c. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ iii. enwK \oXn \ntj[w

kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m-\ysØ

AwKo-I-cn-°¬

d. 370, 371 hIp-∏p-Iƒ iv. DZmc hy‡n-hmZw

e. IpSpw-_-kz-Øv, Ipń-Iƒ F∂n-hbpsS v. Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i-

Imcy-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v Xpey Øns‚ Bh-iy-ß-fn-ep≈

Ah-Im-i-an-√mbva {i≤

7. ¢mkn¬ DS-se-SpØ Hcp N¿®-bm-WnXv hnhn[ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ hmbn®v

GsXms° \nßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-s∂∂pw F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw{]kvXm-hn-°p-I.Ptbjv: \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\ Hcp ISw sIm≠ {]amWw am{X-am-sW∂v

Rm\n-t∏mgpw Icp-Xp-∂p.km_: C¥y-bp-tS-Xmbn bmsXm-∂pw CXnen√ F∂mtWm \o A¿∞-

am-°p-∂Xv? Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬

C¥y-s\∂pw ]m›m-Xy-sa∂pw F∂p≈ H∂pt≠m?kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw XΩn-ep≈ ka-Xz-Øns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-°mw. AXn¬ ]m›m-Xy-ambn F¥m-Wp-≈Xv? C\n AXv

]m›m-Xy-am-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂, AXns\ A°m-cWw sIm≠v\mw \ncm-I-cn-°-Wtam?

Ptbjv: {_nó-jpIm-tcmSv kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n t]mcm-Sn-bXn-\p-

tijw Ah-cn¬ \n∂v ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{ºZmbw kzoI-cn-®n-t√-sb-∂mWv Rm≥ tNmZn-°p-∂Xv?

t\l: {_n -jpIm-cp-ambn t]mcm-Sn-b-t∏mƒ, {_nń-jp-Im-scb√ adn®v

tImf -\n -h¬°-c -W-Øns‚ XXz -ß-sf -bmWv \mwFXn¿ØsX∂ Imcyw \o ad-∂p-t]m-bn. \ap-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v k{º-Zmbw FhnsS \n∂p kzoI-cn®p

F∂Xv {]k-‡-a-√.

268


8. C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm--≠mWv? AXv `c-W-L-S-\sb {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-Ø-Xm-

°p∂pt≠m? \nß-fpsS DØ-c-Øn\v Imc-W-ßƒ ka¿∞n-°p-I.9. enwK\oXnsb th≠{X ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv C¥y≥ c-W-L-

S-\-bpsS Hcp t]mcm-bva. Cu Btcm-]-WsØ ka¿∞n-°p-hm≥ F¥p

sXfn-hp-I-fmWv \nßƒ°p \¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°pI? \nß-fn∂v c-W-L-S\ Xømdm-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm-\mbnGsX√mw hIp-∏p-I-fmWv \n¿t±-in-°pI?

10. ""Hcp Zcn{Z hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn¬, Nne ASn-ÿm\ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ auenI Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Ahn`m-Py-L-S-I-am-°msX \n¿t±-iI XXz-ß-fpsS mK-Øp-am{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xcw XmgvØn-

b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?'' Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pthm?\nß-fpsS DØ-c-Øn\v Imc-W-ßƒ {]kvXm-hn-°p-I. kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ß-fpsS `mK-am-°n-b-Xns‚ Imc-

W-ß-fmbn \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂-sX-s¥√m-amWv?

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