myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) psychological disorders james a. mccubbin, phd clemson...

Myers’ Myers’ EXPLORINGEXPLORING PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) (6th Ed)

Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

James A. McCubbin, PhDJames A. McCubbin, PhD

Clemson UniversityClemson University

Edited by E. McAnullaEdited by E. McAnulla

Worth PublishersWorth Publishers

100 point project 100 point project

Case studies: Over break you are to create Case studies: Over break you are to create an original case study on a subject that an original case study on a subject that suffers from a mental disorder. This subject suffers from a mental disorder. This subject can be your creation or a character in a book/ can be your creation or a character in a book/ movie. You must provide enough detail in the movie. You must provide enough detail in the background, explanation of crisis periods/ background, explanation of crisis periods/ critical events, and subject interviews that critical events, and subject interviews that another AP student could “study” your another AP student could “study” your subject. The link below is the format of a subject. The link below is the format of a case study that will be modeled in class. case study that will be modeled in class.

http://www.abacon.com/carson/case/http://www.abacon.com/carson/case/cases.htmlcases.html


Psychological DisorderPsychological Disorder– a “harmful dysfunction” in which a “harmful dysfunction” in which

behavior is judged to be:behavior is judged to be: atypical--not enough in itselfatypical--not enough in itself disturbing--varies with time and culturedisturbing--varies with time and culture maladaptive--harmfulmaladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good

reasonreason


Medical ModelMedical Model– concept that diseases have physical concept that diseases have physical

causescauses– can be diagnosed, treated, and in most can be diagnosed, treated, and in most

cases, curedcases, cured– assumes that these “mental” illnesses assumes that these “mental” illnesses

can be diagnosed on the basis of their can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospitalpsychiatric hospital


Bio-Psycho-Social PerspectiveBio-Psycho-Social Perspective– assumes that biological, sociocultural, assumes that biological, sociocultural,

and psychological factors combine and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological and interact to produce psychological disordersdisorders

Classifying Classifying Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

DSM-IVDSM-IV– American Psychiatric Association’s American Psychiatric Association’s

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (Fourth Edition)

– a widely used system for classifying a widely used system for classifying psychological disorderspsychological disorders

– presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)(text revision)

– http://allpsych.com/disorders/index.htmlhttp://allpsych.com/disorders/index.html

Axis Axis The DSM uses a multiaxial or multidimensional approach to diagnosing because The DSM uses a multiaxial or multidimensional approach to diagnosing because

rarely do other factors in a person's life not impact their mental health. It assesses rarely do other factors in a person's life not impact their mental health. It assesses five dimensions as described below:five dimensions as described below:

Axis I: Clinical SyndromesAxis I: Clinical Syndromes

– This is what we typically think of as the diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social This is what we typically think of as the diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)phobia)

Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality DisordersAxis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders– Developmental disorders include autism and mental retardation, disorders which are typically Developmental disorders include autism and mental retardation, disorders which are typically

first evident in childhood first evident in childhood – Personality disorders are clinical syndromes which have a more long lasting symptoms and Personality disorders are clinical syndromes which have a more long lasting symptoms and

encompass the individual's way of interacting with the world. They include Paranoid, encompass the individual's way of interacting with the world. They include Paranoid, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders.Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders.

Axis III: Physical ConditionsAxis III: Physical Conditions which play a role in the development, continuance, or which play a role in the development, continuance, or exacerbation of Axis I and II Disordersexacerbation of Axis I and II Disorders

– Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness are included here. illness are included here.

Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial StressorsAxis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors– Events in a persons life, such as death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, Events in a persons life, such as death of a loved one, starting a new job, college,

unemployment, and even marriage can impact the disorders listed in Axis I and II. These unemployment, and even marriage can impact the disorders listed in Axis I and II. These events are both listed and rated for this axis.events are both listed and rated for this axis.

Axis V: Highest Level of FunctioningAxis V: Highest Level of Functioning– On the final axis, the clinician rates the person's level of functioning both at the present time On the final axis, the clinician rates the person's level of functioning both at the present time

and the highest level within the previous year. This helps the clinician understand how the and the highest level within the previous year. This helps the clinician understand how the above four axes are affecting the person and what type of changes could be expected.above four axes are affecting the person and what type of changes could be expected.

Categories Categories

Adjustment DisordersAdjustment Disorders • • Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders • • Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders • • Eating DisordersEating Disorders • • Impulse-Control DisordersImpulse-Control Disorders • • Mood DisordersMood Disorders • • Sexual DisordersSexual Disorders • • Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders • • Psychotic DisordersPsychotic Disorders • • Sexual DysfunctionsSexual Dysfunctions • • Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders • • Substance DisordersSubstance Disorders • • Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Adjustment DisordersAdjustment Disorders • • Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders • • Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders • • Eating DisordersEating Disorders • • Impulse-Control DisordersImpulse-Control Disorders • • Mood DisordersMood Disorders • • Sexual DisordersSexual Disorders • • Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders • • Psychotic DisordersPsychotic Disorders • • Sexual DysfunctionsSexual Dysfunctions • • Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders • • Substance DisordersSubstance Disorders • • Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders – distressing, persistent anxiety or distressing, persistent anxiety or

maladaptive behaviors that reduce maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyanxiety

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder– person is tense, apprehensive, and in a person is tense, apprehensive, and in a

state of autonomic nervous system state of autonomic nervous system arousalarousal


Panic DisorderPanic Disorder– marked by a minutes-long episode of marked by a minutes-long episode of

intense dread in which a person intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensationsensation


PhobiaPhobia– persistent, irrational fear of a specific persistent, irrational fear of a specific

object or situationobject or situation Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder

– unwanted repetitive thoughts unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)(compulsions)

Post traumatic stress disorder Post traumatic stress disorder


Common and uncommon fearsCommon and uncommon fears


PET Scan of brain PET Scan of brain of person with of person with obsessive- obsessive- compulsive compulsive disorderdisorder

High metabolic High metabolic activity (red) in activity (red) in frontal lobe areas frontal lobe areas involved with involved with directing attentiondirecting attention

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders– conscious awareness becomes separated conscious awareness becomes separated

(dissociated) from previous memories, (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelingsthoughts, and feelings

– Amnesia and Fugue StateAmnesia and Fugue State Dissociative Identity DisorderDissociative Identity Disorder

– rare dissociative disorder in which a person rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitiesalternating personalities

– formerly called multiple personality disorderformerly called multiple personality disorder

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders– disorders characterized by inflexible and disorders characterized by inflexible and

enduring behavior patterns that impair enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioningsocial functioning

– usually without anxiety, depression, or usually without anxiety, depression, or delusionsdelusions


Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder– disorder in which the person (usually disorder in which the person (usually

man) exhibits a lack of conscience for man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and wrongdoing, even toward friends and family membersfamily members

– may be aggressive and ruthless or a may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artistclever con artist

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Personality Disorders are mental illnesses that share several unique qualities. They Personality Disorders are mental illnesses that share several unique qualities. They

contain symptoms that are enduring and play a major role in most, if not all, aspects contain symptoms that are enduring and play a major role in most, if not all, aspects of the person's life. While many disorders vacillate in terms of symptom presence of the person's life. While many disorders vacillate in terms of symptom presence and intensity, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant.and intensity, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant.

To be diagnosed with a disorder in this category, a psychologist will look for the To be diagnosed with a disorder in this category, a psychologist will look for the

following criteria:following criteria: Symptoms have been present for an extended period of time, are inflexible and Symptoms have been present for an extended period of time, are inflexible and

pervasive, and are not a result of alcohol or drugs or another psychiatric disorder. pervasive, and are not a result of alcohol or drugs or another psychiatric disorder. The history of symptoms can be traced back to adolescence or at least early The history of symptoms can be traced back to adolescence or at least early adulthood. adulthood.

The symptoms have caused and continue to cause significant distress or negative The symptoms have caused and continue to cause significant distress or negative consequences in different aspects of the person's life. consequences in different aspects of the person's life.

Symptoms are seen in at least two of the following areas: Symptoms are seen in at least two of the following areas: – ThoughtsThoughts (ways of looking at the world, thinking about self or others, and interacting) (ways of looking at the world, thinking about self or others, and interacting) – EmotionsEmotions (appropriateness, intensity, and range of emotional functioning) (appropriateness, intensity, and range of emotional functioning) – Interpersonal Functioning Interpersonal Functioning (relationships and interpersonal skills) (relationships and interpersonal skills) – Impulse ControlImpulse Control

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality DisorderBorderline Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality Disorder

Mood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-Depression

Boys who Boys who were later were later convicted of convicted of a crime a crime showed showed relatively relatively low arousallow arousal


PET scans illustrate reduced activation in PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortexa murderer’s frontal cortex

Normal Murderer

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Mood DisordersMood Disorders – characterized by emotional extremescharacterized by emotional extremes

Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder – a mood disorder in which a person, for a mood disorder in which a person, for

no apparent reason, experiences two or no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most diminished interest or pleasure in most activitiesactivities

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Manic EpisodeManic Episode– a mood disorder marked by a a mood disorder marked by a

hyperactive, wildly optimistic statehyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

– a mood disorder in which the person a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of maniaoverexcited state of mania

– formerly called manic-depressive formerly called manic-depressive disorder disorder

Mood Disorders-Mood Disorders-DepressionDepression

Mood Disorders- Mood Disorders- SuicideSuicide

Mood Disorders-BipolarMood Disorders-Bipolar

PET scans show that brain energy PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional consumption rises and falls with emotional switchesswitches

Depressed state Manic state Depressed state


Altering any one Altering any one component of component of the chemistry-the chemistry-cognition-mood cognition-mood circuit can alter circuit can alter the othersthe others


The vicious The vicious cycle of cycle of depression depression can be can be broken at broken at any pointany point

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– literal translation “split mind”literal translation “split mind”– a group of severe disorders a group of severe disorders

characterized by:characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinkingdisorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptionsdisturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actionsinappropriate emotions and actions


DelusionsDelusions– false beliefs, often of persecution or false beliefs, often of persecution or

grandeur, that may accompany grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorderspsychotic disorders

HallucinationsHallucinations– sensory experiences without sensory sensory experiences without sensory

stimulationstimulation

Other categories Other categories Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in eating Eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in eating

behavior. This can mean eating too much, not eating behavior. This can mean eating too much, not eating enough, or eating in an extremely unhealthy manner (such enough, or eating in an extremely unhealthy manner (such as binging or stuffing yourself over and over). Many people as binging or stuffing yourself over and over). Many people argue that simple overeating should be considered a argue that simple overeating should be considered a disorder, but at this time it is not in this category.disorder, but at this time it is not in this category.

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

othersothers Impulse Control Disorders Impulse Control Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Disorders in this category include the failure or extreme difficulty Disorders in this category include the failure or extreme difficulty

in controlling impulses despite the negative consequences. This in controlling impulses despite the negative consequences. This includes the failure to stop gambling even if you realize that losing includes the failure to stop gambling even if you realize that losing would result in significant negative consequences. This failure to would result in significant negative consequences. This failure to control impulses also refers to the impulse to engage in violent control impulses also refers to the impulse to engage in violent behavior (e.g., road rage), sexual behavior, fire starting, stealing, behavior (e.g., road rage), sexual behavior, fire starting, stealing, and self-abusive behaviors.and self-abusive behaviors.

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Intermittent Explosive DisorderIntermittent Explosive Disorder KleptomaniaKleptomania Pathological GamblingPathological Gambling PyromaniaPyromania TrichotillomaniaTrichotillomania

otherother Paraphilias and Sexual Disorders Paraphilias and Sexual Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Paraphilias all have in common distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or Paraphilias all have in common distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or

behaviors. These fantasies, urges, or behaviors must occur for a significant period of behaviors. These fantasies, urges, or behaviors must occur for a significant period of time and must interfere with either satisfactory sexual relations or everyday time and must interfere with either satisfactory sexual relations or everyday functioning if the diagnosis is to be made. There is also a sense of distress within functioning if the diagnosis is to be made. There is also a sense of distress within these individuals. In other words, they typically recognize the symptoms as these individuals. In other words, they typically recognize the symptoms as negatively impacting their life but feel as if they are unable to control them.negatively impacting their life but feel as if they are unable to control them.

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Exhibitionism Fetishism Frotteurism Gender Identity Disorder Pedophilia Sexual Masochism Sexual Sadism Transvestic Fetishism Voyeurism

otherother Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Primary Sleep disorders are divided into two subcategories: Dyssomnias are those Primary Sleep disorders are divided into two subcategories: Dyssomnias are those

disorders relating to the amount, quality, and timing of sleep. Parasomnias relate to disorders relating to the amount, quality, and timing of sleep. Parasomnias relate to abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during the process of sleep or abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during the process of sleep or sleep-wake transitions. We use the perm primary to differentiate these sleep sleep-wake transitions. We use the perm primary to differentiate these sleep disorders from other sleep disorders that are caused by outside factors, such as disorders from other sleep disorders that are caused by outside factors, such as another mental disorder, medical disorder, or substance use. The primary sleep another mental disorder, medical disorder, or substance use. The primary sleep disorders are listed below:disorders are listed below:

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category DyssomniasDyssomnias Primary InsomniaPrimary Insomnia Primary Primary HypersomniaHypersomnia NarcolepsyNarcolepsy ParasomniasParasomnias Nightmare DisorderNightmare Disorder Sleep Terror DisorderSleep Terror Disorder Sleepwalking DisorderSleepwalking Disorder

otherother Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics Disorders in this category include those where the symptoms Disorders in this category include those where the symptoms

suggest a medical condition but where no medical condition can suggest a medical condition but where no medical condition can be found by a physician. In other words, a person with a be found by a physician. In other words, a person with a somatoform disorder might experience significant pain without a somatoform disorder might experience significant pain without a medical or biological cause, or they may constantly experience medical or biological cause, or they may constantly experience minor aches and pains without any reason for these pains to minor aches and pains without any reason for these pains to exist. exist.

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Body Body DysmorphicDysmorphic Disorder Disorder Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder HypochondriasisHypochondriasis Disorder Disorder Pain DisorderPain Disorder SomatizationSomatization Disorder Disorder

otherother Substance Related DisordersSubstance Related Disorders Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics The two disorders in this category refer to either the abuse The two disorders in this category refer to either the abuse

or dependence on a substance. A substance can be or dependence on a substance. A substance can be anything that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter anything that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning. The most one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning. The most common substance thought of in this category is alcohol common substance thought of in this category is alcohol although other drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, although other drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, ecstasy, special-K, and crack, are also included. Probably ecstasy, special-K, and crack, are also included. Probably the most abused substances, caffeine and nicotine, are also the most abused substances, caffeine and nicotine, are also included although rarely thought of in this manner by the included although rarely thought of in this manner by the layman. layman.

Disorders in this CategoryDisorders in this Category Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse Substance Dependence Substance Dependence

Childhood disorders Childhood disorders

Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Disorder

Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Tourette's Disorder Tourette's Disorder Autistic Disorder Autistic Disorder Developmental/ IQ disordersDevelopmental/ IQ disorders

Rates of Psychological Rates of Psychological DisordersDisorders

myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) psychological disorders james a. mccubbin, phd clemson...

Documents

axis iv

childhoodpersonality

final axis

axis v

exacerbation of axis

mental retardation

mental illnesses

mental health