mutations 12-4. _______________ are changes in the genetic material. mutations mistakes remember!...
DESCRIPTION
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________ KINDS OF MUTATIONS GENE MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONSTRANSCRIPT
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MUTATIONS12-4
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_______________ are changes in the genetic material.MUTATIONS
mistakes
REMEMBER!
Mutations can happen when cells make_____________ in copying their own DNA or be caused by _______________ or ___________ in the enviroment.
radiationchemicals
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Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
GENE MUTATIONS
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
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Mutations involving ____________________________ = __________________ because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
TYPES OF POINT MUTATIONS:_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
GENE MUTATIONS
One or a few nucleotides Point mutation
substitutions
deletionsinsertions
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SUBSTITUTION
Changes one base for another
A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T
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DELETION________________________________________ One or a few nucleotides for one gene is removed
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
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INSERTIONOne or a few nucleotides for one gene is added
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Substitutions usually affect no more than a single ____________, but deletions and insertions can have a more dramatic effect.
GENE MUTATIONS
Amino acid
IMAGE FROM BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
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FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS
Change multiple bases in code thefatcatatetherat
____________________
INSERTION thefatcatatetherat
DELETION thefatcatatetherat
the fat cat ate the rat
the fat cat ate ate ate ate the rat
the fat ata tet her at
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Frame shift mutations change every ___________ in the ___________ that follows the shift.
Frame shifts can alter a protein so much it is unable to _____________
FRAME SHIFTS
Amino acid protein
function
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Mutations involving changes in the _____________ or ______________of whole chromosomes
TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS:_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
Number structure
deletions
duplications
inversions
translocations
See a Video(deletions & duplications
See a Video(inversions & translocations
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DELETION________________________________________ Piece of chromosome is lost
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
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DUPLICATIONPiece of DNA is copied too many times________________________________________________
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
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INVERSION
Segment flips and reads backwards
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
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TRANSLOCATIONSegment breaks off and joins a
different non-homologous chromosome
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
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Most mutations are ____________ meaning they have little or no effect on gene ____________.
Mutations that cause ________________ are usually ____________
Harmful mutations are associated with many________________ and can cause____________
MUTATIONSneutral
function
defective proteinsHARMFUL
genetic disorderscancer
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Can help an organism _________________
Provide _________in populationfor ____________to act upon
Mutations are also a source of _________________ and can be_____________
MUTATIONS
Genetic variabilitybeneficial
Survive and reproduce
variation
natural selection