A Quick Guide to the

MutationG542X

C F T R S C I E N C E

© 2016 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated | VXR-HQ-02-00045a(1) | 03/2016

Loss of CFTR activity is the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF)1

• People with 2 CFTR mutations resulting in loss of CFTR activity generally have a CF phenotype, which may include1-3,6

– Elevated sweat chloride (>60 mmol/L)

– Pancreatic insufficiency

– CBAVD a

– Lung function decline over time

– Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization

aCBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.

References: 1. Davis PB et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(5):1229-1256. 2. Rowe SM et al. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007;4(4):387-398. 3. Zielenski J. Respiration. 2000;67(2):117-133. 4. Sheppard DN et al. Nature. 1993;362(6416):160-164. 5. Welsh MJ, Smith AE. Cell. 1993;73(7): 1251-1254. 6. Castellani C et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179-196.

Some CFTR mutations result in little to no CFTR activity3-5

0% 100%

Total CFTR Activity

0% 100%

Total CFTR Activity

Some CFTR mutations result in residual or partial CFTR activity3-5

Spectrum of Phenotypes Associated With Total CFTR Activity1,2

Total CFTR Activity

% of Normal

No CF Disease

CFTR-relatedDisorders

Cystic Fibrosis

Individuals with 2 normal alleles and CFTR mutation carriers

Clinical entities associated with CFTR dysfunctionthat do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for CF, e.g., CBAVD, acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis and bronchiectasis

Typical phenotype: sinopulmonary disease, sweatchloride >60 mmol/L, pancreatic insufficiency, appearing early in life. In some patients, progressionof disease is delayed or not all features are present

100%

0%

Clinical Phenotype

2

Levels of CFTR activity affect survival in CF1

References: 1. McKone EF et al. Chest. 2006;130(5):1441-1447. 2. The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?page=2. Accessed November 12, 2015. 3. MacKenzie T et al. Ann Int Med. 2014;161:233-241.

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00

0 10 20

Risk Time (Age)

Surv

ival

Pro

babi

lity

30 40 50

Residual CFTR activity (Class IV, V): R117H, R334W, R347P, 3849+10KbC–›T, 2789+5G–›A, A455E

Severely reduced CFTR activity (Class I, II, III): G542X, R553X, W1282X, R1162X, 621-IG–›T, 1717-1G–›A, 1078delT, 3659delC, I507del, N1303K, S549N, G85E, F508del, G551D, R560T

n=1126

n=14,525

• Life expectancy in Western countries (general population born in 2000) is ~79 years2

• Between 1993 and 2002, median survival for US patients with genotypes associated with little to no CFTR activity was 36.3 years (95% CI, 35.5 to 37.6 years), while median survival for those having genotypes associated with residual CFTR activity was 50 years (95% CI, 47.1 to 55.9 years)1

– In this study, patients with the G542X mutation (Class I) were part of the severely reduced CFTR activity group

• More recent US data (2000-2010) suggest median survival across genotypes continues to improve3

Survival Curves by CFTR Activity During a 10-Year Follow-Up (1993-2002) of Patients From the US CFF Registrya

a Data are from a retrospective study of patients enrolled in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation patient registry measuring risk of death over a 10-year observation period from 1993 to 2002. Patients were grouped as having a high-risk or low-risk genotype based on the functional effects of their class of CFTR mutation on phenotype and mortality. Patients having a Class I, II, or III mutation on both alleles were considered high-risk, while patients having at least 1 Class IV or V mutation were categorized as low-risk. A total of 15,651 patients had a CFTR genotype of a known functional class; 14,525 (93%) had a high-risk CFTR genotype and 1126 (7%) had a low-risk CFTR genotype.1

This survival curve represents population-based outcomes.1 Individual outcomes in cystic fibrosis are variable.

Adapted with permission from McKone EF et al. Chest. 2006;130(5):1441-1447.

3

G542X is the second most common CFTR mutation in the world1

• In the CFTR2 global database, ~4% of patients with CF have at least 1 copy of the G542X mutation1

• The G542X mutation was found at a higher frequency in certain regions of Spain, including the Canary Islands (25%), Murcia (21%), Navarra (17%), and Valencia (11%)14

Aus11: 3%

Can2: 4%

US3: 5%

Brazil4: 4%

Prevalence of the G542X Mutation in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis (% of Patients With at Least 1 Allele)

9%

8%

4%

4%

3%

3%

Tunisia13

Spain13

Greece13

Bulgaria13

Austria13

Italy13

Country % of Alleles

Additional sources report frequency of the G542X mutation on CF alleles

References: 1. US CF Foundation, Johns Hopkins University, The Hospital for Sick Children. The Clinical and Functional TRanslation of CFTR (CFTR2). http://www.cftr2.org. Accessed November 12, 2015. 2. Cystic Fibrosis Canada. Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Registry 2013 Annual Report. Toronto, ON: Cystic Fibrosis Canada; 2015. 3. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry 2013 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD. © 2014; Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. 4. The Brazilian Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Brazilian Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry. 2012 Annual Report. 5. Belgisch Mucoviscidose Register – Registre Belge de la Mucoviscidose. The Belgian Cystic Fibrosis Registry. Summary Report 2011.© 2014; Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium. 6. Cystic Fibrosis Trust. UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry Annual Data Report 2014. © 2015; Cystic Fibrosis Trust; London, UK. 7. French Cystic Fibrosis. Registry Annual Report 2013. © Vaincre la Mucoviscidose and Ined, 2015; Paris, France. 8. Mukoviszidose e.V. und Mukoviszidose Institut gemeinnützige Gesselschaft für Forschung und Therapienntwicklung mbH. Beriichtsband Qualitätssicherung Mukoviszidose 2012. © 2013, Bonn, Germany. 9. Nederlandse Cystic Fibrosis Stichting. Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry. Report on the Year 2014. © 2015; NCFS: Baarn, Netherlands. 10. The Cystic Fibrosis Registry of Ireland. 2013 Annual Report. © CFRI, 2015; Dublin, Ireland. 11. Cystic Fibrosis Australia. Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry 2013–16th Annual Report. © 2015; Cystic Fibrosis Australia; Baulkham Hills NSW, Australia. 12. Cystic Fibrosis Association of New Zealand. PORT CFNZ National Data Registry, 2014 Registry Report. Christchurch, New Zealand. 13. Bobadilla JL et al. Hum Mutat. 2002;19(2):575-606. 14. Casals T et al. Hum Genet. 1993;91(1):66-70.

Europe:Belgium5: 5%UK6: 4%France7: 3%Germany8: 2% Netherlands9: 2% Ireland10: 2%

New Zealand12: 3%

4

The G542X mutation results in defective biosynthesis of the CFTR protein1-3

References: 1. Zielenski J. Respiration. 2000;67(2):117-133. 2. Welsh MJ, Smith AE. Cell. 1993;73(7):1251-1254. 3. Castellani C et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179-196.

• G542X is a nonsense mutation, which produces a premature stop codon1-3

• The cell cannot synthesize a full-length CFTR protein, a Class I mutation1-2

• As a result, few to no CFTR proteins are present at the apical cell surface1-2

CFTR Processing

CFTR Synthesis

CFTR Trafficking

Endoplasmicreticulum

Proteosome

Golgicomplex

DNA

mRNA

Transcription

T

T

T

T

T

T

A

A

A

G

C

C

C

C

C

U

U

U

A

A

A

A

A

A

G

G

G

G

G

C

Startcodon

Prematurestop codon

mRNA strand

Rest ofmRNA strand

Rest ofCFTRgene

CFTR gene(DNA)

Illustrative Example of Class I Defect

CFTR Turnover

CFTR Function

5

The G542X allele results in little to no total CFTR activity1-4

Defective Synthesis (Class I)

Channel-openProbability

G542X allele results in few to no CFTR channels at apical

surface

Channel-openProbability: N/A

Conductance:N/A

Little to NoG542X-CFTR

Activity

Conductance

CFTR FunctionTotal

CFTR Activity

A virtual absence of G542X-CFTR protein quantity…

…regardless of function since few to no CFTR proteins reach the surface…

…results in little to no total CFTR activity

References: 1. Zielenski J. Respiration. 2000;67(2):117-133. 2. Welsh MJ, Smith AE. Cell. 1993;73(7):1251-1254. 3. Castellani C et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179-196. 4. Sheppard DN et al. Nature. 1993;362(3):160-164.

x

1

1

2

2

3

3

Total CFTR activity can be defined as total ion transport mediated by CFTR protein channels at the cell surface, depending on CFTR protein quantity and function.4

CFTR Quantity x

x x

=

=

N/A, not applicable.

6

Both CFTR alleles play a role in determining phenotype or disease severity1-6

• A G542X allele results in little to no CFTR activity. The phenotype of a particular patient is also influenced by the mutation on the other allele1-6

• G542X typically results in the indicated phenotypes

No CF DiseaseNormal individuals and CF carriers

Cystic Fibrosis

CFTR-related DisorderClinical entities associated with CFTR dysfunction that do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for CF

Normal Normal Normal

Normal Residual

Residual Residual

Residual

Littleto None

Littleto None

Littleto None

Littleto None

Allele 1Total CFTR Activity

Allele 2Total CFTR Activity

TotalCFTR

Activity

0%

100%

References: 1. US CF Foundation, Johns Hopkins University, The Hospital for Sick Children. The Clinical and Functional TRanslation of CFTR (CFTR2). http://www.cftr2.org. Accessed November 12, 2015. 2. deGracia J et al. Thorax. 2005;60(7):558-563. 3. Cystic Fibrosis Genotype-Phenotype Consortium. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(18):1308-1313. 4. Davis PB et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(5):1229-1256. 5. Castellani C et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179-196. 6. Zielenski J. Respiration. 2000;67(2):117-133.

Adapted from Zielenski J. Respiration. 2000;67(2):117-133.

7

G542X in combination with another allele that produces little to no CFTR activity usually results in a CF phenotype1-5

References: 1. US CF Foundation, Johns Hopkins University, The Hospital for Sick Children. The Clinical and Functional TRanslation of CFTR (CFTR2). http://www.cftr2.org. Accessed November 12, 2015. 2. deGracia J et al. Thorax. 2005;60(7):558-563. 3. Cystic Fibrosis Genotype-Phenotype Consortium. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(18):1308-1313. 4. Davis PB et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(5):1229-1256. 5. Castellani C et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):179-196.

Little to NoTotal CFTR

Activity

EnvironmentalFactors

Modifier Genes

Little to NoCFTR Protein

Activity

Allele #1: G542X

Little to NoCFTR Protein

Activity

Allele #2 CF Phenotype In patients registered in the CFTR2 database with a G542X mutation on 1 allele and a pancreatic insufficient mutation on the second allele1

• Elevated sweat chloride (average):103 mmol/L

• Lung function decline over time

• Pseudomonas colonization: 56% of patients

• Pancreatic insufficiency: 98% of patients

CFTR Genotype

8

Summary• Loss of CFTR activity is the underlying cause of CF

• Levels of CFTR activity affect survival in CF

• G542X is the second most common CFTR mutation in the world

• The G542X mutation results in defective biosynthesis of the CFTR protein

• The G542X allele results in little to no total CFTR activity

• Both CFTR alleles play a role in determining phenotype or disease severity

• G542X in combination with another allele that produces little to no CFTR activity usually results in a CF phenotype

9