Museum Entrance

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Higher E ducati on: Late r

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Welcome to the Museum of Welcome to the Museum of Roman Daily Life & EducationRoman Daily Life & Education

Curator’s Offices

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Artifact 22

Back Wall Artifact

Curator’s Office

Maddy: maddy0617@gmail.com

Erin: skatergirl99@synchrofamily.com

Madeline Larson and Erin Dingley are good friends that go to south orange middle school together and are in 8th grade. They are in Ms. Karis’s fourth period social studies class and worked hard on this museum project together.

Maddy Larson and Erin Dingley

Place your picture here.

Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

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Room 1

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Early EducationEarly Education

Room 2

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Education in Later RomeEducation in Later Rome

Room 3

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Artifact 10

Weddings and AgeWeddings and Age

Artifact 11

Room 4

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Higher Education: Later RomeHigher Education: Later Rome

Room 5

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Artifact 18

MarriageMarriage

Artifact 19

"Education and Health in Anceint Rome." Facts and Details. N.p., n.d. Web. 18

Feb. 2013. <http://factsanddetails.com>.

The Romans altered the Greek’s idea of education to make it conform to their ideas and practices. Like most other cultures, the earliest Roman people believed in the importance of the land. They valued cooperation, simplicity, self reliance, discipline, and hard work. Early Roman education attempted to preserve those ideas.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

"Education in Ancient Rome." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ancient_Rome>.

During the earlier years of Roman education, most people distrusted professional teachers, especially Greeks and upper class citizens who were taught by their parents. Girls were taught by their mothers who until the age of 12 or 13 when their education was considered complete and they married. Boys were trained by their fathers between the ages 7 and 16 and were expected to do everything they did. The boys were taught how to read, fight in armor, ride a horse, swim, and endure hardship. It was most important for them to learn their family’s traditions.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

formanromanum.org. Scott, Foresman and Company, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.

<http://www.forumromanum.org/life/johnston>.

At the age of 16 a boy’s education was considered complete. His child toga was replaced with a pure white one to signify that he was an adult. Early Roman education focused on wisdom and experience to be learned from the elders of the community. Because of this, after the young man’s ceremony, he was an apprentice to an older man who trained him in public service. He followed the elder around like he did when the young man was being educated by his father. The young man was trained in the art of public speaking and then served in the army for one year.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

Little Girl's Education. Humanities Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

<http://teachers.saschina.org>.

Not as much detailed information is known on the lower class children. Women had a much simpler education because they were forced to stay in the house for their entire lives. Also, they married younger than men and were taught simpler things than them.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

Roman School in Trier in Germany about AD. N.d. wall art.

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/people/school.htm.

By the middle of the first century BC, education based on family tradition was no longer considered appropriate. By that point, the government had become a leading military power. Fathers were usually away from home and couldn’t educate their children. Mothers were involved with social concerns and weren’t inclined to teach their children. So, at age 6 or 7 a child went to elementary school to learn reading, writing, and simple math, much like today.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

Unknown. writing tablet. N.d. writing tablet. thebritishmuseum.orgexplore/

highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps089261.jpg&retpage=21302

Lessons were from dawn to mid afternoon and students had every eighth day off with short breaks in winter and spring and a long break during summer. The children would sit on stools with wooden tablets on their knees and copied pieces of literature onto sheets of papyrus paper and then memorized and recited them. Discipline was very strict and those who did poorly were punished. However, they would sometimes receive small cakes for doing well.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

"Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Art." LACMA. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

<http://www.lacma.org/art/collection/greek-roman-

and-etruscan-art>

The late first century AD is when the government began to support education. At that time, most educated Romans knew both Latin and Greek. The late first century BC was when both Latin and Greek literatures were in the curriculum. As time went on, bilingualism, or the ability to speak two languages declined. Students were being taught to not to appreciate the works of authors, but to view literature as practical sources for strengthening their own language skills.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

Farell, Richard. "Cradles of Education - Ancient Rome." Foregin Credits. N.p.,

15 Jan. 2011. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. <http://www.foreigncredits.com/Articles/

cradles-of-education-ancient-rome-110.htm>

Students were taught to read texts out loud, memorize the, and analyze their grammar. Boredom was reduced by talking about myths, history, geography, and science. Subjects that were a big deal and a large part of education were considered unmanly in Rome and sports and athleticism were only for soldiers there.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

Unknown. Limestone Grave Marker. 4th century B.C. Grave Marker.      http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-

collections/      130002503?rpp=20&pg=1&gallerynos=175&ft=*&pos=9, New York.

Age was not the most important marrigiable requirement for girls, although it was important. Usually girls would be married at the age of 12 or 13. Some girls were unable to have children by the time they got married. The girls needed to be younger so they could start having children of their own; about once every year. This is because the Ancient Romans did not have the advanced medicine and the knowledge we have today. Therefore the baby might not make it, or the father would choose not to keep the baby. Woman at the age of 20 would most likely die in childbirth.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

Unknown. Glass Medallion with the Bust of a Woman or Goddess. 1st century A.D.      Pin a woman would wear.

http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/      search-the-collections/130000174?

rpp=20&pg=1&gallerynos=176&ft=*&pos=3, New      York

In Ancient Roman times there was a traditional way the wedding would happen. First, as a symbol of engagement the man (or boy) would place an iron ring on the middle finger of the left hand on his fiancée. Then on the wedding day the bride would wear red shoes and a red vail. Her hair would be parted with a spear that has killed a gladiator for good luck; and her hair would be put up in 6 parts to look like a cone. When the wedding is over the groom would pick up the bride and carry her through the threshold of their new house, with the frame of the door covered with oil and fat.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

- - -. Silver Handle of a Large Dish. 2nd–early 3rd century A.D. Handle to a      pot.

http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/130007998,      New York.

In Ancient Rome a woman would be considered deviant or have been departed from usual or expected standards by the age of 20. This is because by then the woman would not be able to have as many children. Also, the woman would be considered to old to be a respectable bride. The husband is usually between the ages of 14 to 30. If the woman was 20 then it would be hard to find a husband that would be significantly older then her, and it would be harder to take care of her.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

- - -. Gold Necklace with Crescent-shaped Pendant. 1st–3rd century A.D.      necklace. http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-

the-collections/      130011598?rpp=20&pg=6&gallerynos=169&ft=*&pos=117, New York City.

In Ancient Rome there were two types of marriage. One was the more traditional/conventional called conventio in manum which is when the bride became a member of her husband’s family. She would loose her rights of her old family such as inheritance. The wife was now in the hands of her husband and not her father. The other type of marriage was the free marriage, sine manu. This form of marriage is when the wife would stay a member of her own family even when married. She would be under the rules and authority of her father, and kept all of her family rights. She wouldn’t get any rights with her husband’s family. That was not a traditional form of marriage.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

"Roman Philosophy." Kidipede-History and Science for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 18

Feb. 2013. <http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/philos

ophy/>

Higher education was only taught to young men in Ancient Rome and was more complex. The higher education of students began at age 16 and included a lot more Greek teachings. It was on the study of rhetoric ,or the art of speaking and writing efficiently.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

http://www.roseannawhite.com. Rosean White, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.

<http://www.roseannawhite.com>.

During the later years of the Roman republic, many orators or public speakers, were produced. They were able to hold their own well in the senate and courts with large juries. This helped the people challenge the word of the emperor.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

"Public Speaking." Absolute Astronomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

<http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Public_speaking>

The political use of rhetoric that had been so important began to become a lot less attractive. This caused the senate to lose power and rarely challenge the word of the emperor. Students didn’t want to learn about it and people lost interest in it.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

"Women in Ancient Rome." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Ancient_Rome>

Even though public speaking declined, rhetoric was still a focus of higher education. Declamations, or speeches on imaginary topics, became more popular. They often concerned history, law, myths, or literary characters. They were used to train students for politics or law, and to keep orators in practice. Then they became a public event attended by many people including the emperor.

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In early Rome, education was important, and children were taught by their parents; in later Rome the students were sent to schools because their parents did not have

enough time to teach them.

In English the word matrimony defines as “The state or ceremony of being married; marriage.” This word that is used in weddings all across the United States of America comes from a Latin word. This word is ‘mater’ which is the root to mother. The main reason for marriage in Ancient Roman times was to produce offspring. This is why we have the word matrimony because the whole purpose of marriage was to have children.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

Women, Pompeii. N.d. Woman, Pompeii made Emperor Augustus. http://news.bbc.co.uk/

     2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/europe_ancient_roman_paintings/html/10.stm.

In Ancient Roman times there was a period when Agustus was in charge. He put many more restrictions on who was allowed to marry who. First, a citizen was not allowed to marry a prostitute or actress. Also, provincial officials or someone who administered a part of Rome was not allowed to marry a local woman. Soldiers were only permitted to marry under specific circumstances, and getting married to a close relative was forbidden. This is why birth rates were declining while he was in charge. Finally, a wife who was unfaithful or cheated on her husband wound not be allowed to re-marry after she got divorced. Return to

Exhibit

There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

Augustea, Ara Pacis. Terra Mater. N.d. Wall sculpture.      http://arthistoryresources.net/willendorf/willendorfgoddes

s.html.

Juno is the goddess of women, marriage, and childbirth. On March 1st women used to commemorate her in the building of Juno’s temple on the Esquiline Hill. The Esquiline Hill is one of the seven hills of Rome. The women would honor her because they wanted a safe, and healthy delivery, and a good marriage. When the girls had their spouse’s picked by their Father they would give their childhood to the goddess Virginalis (virgin). This was to keep her pure for her wedding and future husband.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

- - -. Marble Sarcophagus with the Contest between the Muses and the Sirens. 3rd      quarter of 3rd century A.D. stone sculpture of a

casket.      http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/      130008679?

rpp=20&pg=4&gallerynos=169&ft=*&pos=68, New York.

A woman’s social status barely existed. A man was able to vote, work, have legal control of his children, and do many more things that a woman was not allowed to do. A woman’s place in society was in the home cooking, cleaning, taking care of the children, and producing children. Every woman had a male guardian usually her father, or husband. That guardian would approve or forbid her actions. If her husband died she would not be allowed to become the head of the family; her new guardian would be her son, brother, or uncle. Even though the women had barely any rights many men relied on their wives for help, support, and advice.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

Picking a spouse was not up to the bride, the father of the bride would try to look for a wealthy, or politically involved husband for his daughter. Usually spouses were picked as political tools, not for love. A father could choose to have his his daughter marry her cousin or another man outside the family. A woman could not marry a slave, a foreigner, or a freed man. Just as easily as the father could arrange marriage, he could take it away. The man always decided if a divorce would take place.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.

- - -. The Portland Vase. N.d. Vase. Mueseum, Great Britain.

formanromanum.org. Scott, Foresman and Company, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.<http://www.forumromanum.org/life/johnston>.

http://www.roseannawhite.com. Rosean White, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.<http://www.roseannawhite.com>.

Moulton, Ed Carroll. Ancient Greece and Rome: an Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d.Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/>.

Roman School in Trier in Germany about AD. N.d. wall art.http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/people/school.htm.

Unknown. writing tablet. N.d. writing tablet. thebritishmuseum.orgexplore/highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps089261.jpg&retpage=21302

"Marriage." Roman Empire. Unknown, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.      <http://www.roman-empire.net/index.html>.

"Marriage in Ancient Rome." Everything2. Everything2 Media, 19 Jan. 2003. Web.      16 Feb. 2013. <http://everything2.com/title/      Marriage+in+Ancient+Rome>.

Macdonald, Fiona. Women in Ancient Rome. Lincolnwood: Peter Bedrick Books, 2000.      Print.

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Bibliography

- - -. Marble Sarcophagus with the Contest between the Muses and the Sirens. 3rd      quarter of 3rd century A.D. stone sculpture of a

casket.      http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/      130008679?

rpp=20&pg=4&gallerynos=169&ft=*&pos=68, New York.

From the wedding day the bride could have two lifestyles. One would be the lucky life where she would give birth to three children or more. This means she would be a respected mother, and wife so she would be more accepted in the community. The other lifestyle is if she was not able to have children, she would be sent back to live with her father. Her husband would have to pay his wife’s father a dowry so he could get rid of her. When her father died she would almost be a free woman.

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There were many requirements made of girls in Ancient Rome prior to marriage.