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Proxy Wars and ConflictsProxy Wars and Conflicts

Curator’s Offices

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Curator’s Office

Contact me at [coldwarfrreak3@gmail.com]

I specialize in the Proxy Wars and conflicts, and I am quite intelligent.

Lauryn Rutherford

Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

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Berlin Blockade. Digital image. The Berlin Airlift Crisis. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

Berlin Blockade was the first serious crisis of the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union had clashed over Germany, and when the allies decided to withdraw their forces and allow their occupation zones to form one nation, the Soviets responded by holding West Berlin hostage. Soon Berlin was split into four zones. The Soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail traffic into West Berlin and the city faced starvation. Instead of giving up the Allies soon started the Berlin Airlift to deliver supplies into West Berlin. The blockade ended up being ineffective to the Soviets. It triggered fear in the west, accelerated Allies plans to set up the state, and hastened the creation of NATO. In 1949, it was clear that the objectives Stalin had in mind were not going to be met and had no choice but to lift the blockade. Return to

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The Berlin Blockade 1948-1949

Source Citation: PARRISH, THOMAS. "Berlin Blockade." Encyclopedia of Russian History. Ed. James R. Millar. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 142-143. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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"Children in West Berlin waiting for a U.S. supply plane to land during the Berlin airlift of..." History in Dispute. Ed.

Benjamin Frankel. Vol. 1: The Cold War: First Series. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 22

Apr. 2014

When the Berlin Blockade reached the point where Berlin’s people were on the brink of starvation the Allies decided to deliver necessary supplies by air, this was known as the Berlin Airlift. From June 1948 to May 1949, Allied planes took off and landed every three minutes in West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift lasted for about a year and delivered 2.3 million tons of cargo during its time. It prevented the people from dying from starvation, if only for a little while.

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The Berlin Airlift 1948-1949

Source Citation: LERNER, ADRIENNE WILMOTH. "Berlin Airlift." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 99-101. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Greek Civil War 1946-1949. Digital image. The Greek Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

The Greek civil war was two-stage encounter in which Greek communists unsuccessfully tried to gain control of Greece. With this political uncertainty in Greece, General Ioannis Metaxas took power with a fascist-style dictatorship. Once Metaxas died in 1941, Greece was left helpless and the Communist Party took control and created the National Liberation Front, also called the EAM. Another group was against the EAM, called the National Republican Greek League (EDES). In 1947, the United States agreed to help so President Truman issued the Truman Doctrine to help Greece fight the Communists. When the communists decided to support Stalin instead of Yugoslavia, they were soon defeated in 1949. The civil war left Greece in ruins. However, in the 1950’s, Greece went through a growth of development. From 1960 to1974, Greece was ruled by Georgios Papandreou. Finally in 1974, Greece was restored as a democracy by Konstantinos Karamanlis.

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Greek Civil War

Source Citation: "Greece." Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 1266-1271. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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Popularized in a speech by Winston Churchill (1874–1965), The term Iron Curtain refers to the reduced contact and restricted travel executed by the Soviet Union between the communist countries of Eastern Europe and the capitalist-democratic nations of Western Europe during the Cold War (1945–1991). A truly effective physical barrier between the two Germanys and Czechoslovakia and between Austria and Hungary did not exist until the early 1960s. For Western politicians and commentators, the Iron Curtain dramatized the isolation of the police states forced upon the Eastern Europeans by the Soviet Union

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Iron Curtain

Source Citation: "Iron Curtain." Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 1455-1456. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

Image found at: The Iron Curtain. Digital image. Iron Curtain. N.p., n.d. Web

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“Korean War.” 2014. The History Channel website. Apr 22 2014, 11:23 http://www.history.com/photos/korean-

war.

The Korean War began just as a war between Communist and non-Communist forces in Korea from June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953. At the end of World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet (North Korean) and U.S. (South Korean) zones. In 1948 two different governments were established: The Republic of Korea in the South and the People's Democratic Republic of Korea in the North. Relations became increasingly tense, and on June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations ended up helping the South. In the first few weeks the North ended up advancing rapidly, but a counteroffensive soon began on September 15th by the South and pushed them back to the Chinese border. The Chinese felt threatened and sent troops to aid North Korea. When the Chinese captured the capital, Seoul, Doulas MacArthur wanted to launch a nuclear attack on China but President Truman refused. In July, 1953 the UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement. After the war, Korea remained divided. A demilitarized zone, separated the two countries. Return to

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Korean War 1950-1953

Source Citation: "Korean War." The Cold War--1945-1991. Gale, 1992. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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GRANVILLE, JOHANNA. "Hungarian Revolution." Encyclopedia of Russian History. Ed. James R. Millar. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 643-644. World History in Context. Web. 22

Apr. 2014.

On October 23rd, 1956, students of Budapest took to the streets and issued their thoughts on what should be their rights, which included personal freedom, more food, the removal of the secret police, the removal of Russian control etc. Soon Imre Nagy was appointed prime minister, and Janos Kadar as foreign minister. On October 31st, he announced that Hungary should withdraw itself form the Warsaw Pact. This made the Soviets mad and they went around Budapest to “restore order” by killing, even the wounded. Nagy was then tried and executed and Kadar was in charge. Soviet rule was now re-established.

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Hungarian Revolution 1956

Source Citation: GRANVILLE, JOHANNA. "Hungarian Revolution." Encyclopedia of Russian History. Ed. James R. Millar. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 643-644. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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"Britains Empire Ken sails into Port Said, Egypt, carrying reinforcements during the Suez Crisis of..." Cold War

Reference Library. Ed. Richard C. Hanes, Sharon M. Hanes, and Lawrence W. Baker. Vol. 2: Almanac Volume 2. Detroit:

UXL, 2004. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

The Suez Crisis of October 1956, was a coordinated attack by British, French, and Israeli forces on Egyptian locations in the Sinai Peninsula and along the Suez Canal. It was a crucial moment for interstate relations within the region, and also for interactions between the superpowers within the larger part of the cold war. Triggered by numerous factors and settled by an uneasy cease-fire, the Suez Crisis left a great deal of “unfinished business” on the table between Israel and the Arab States. It also saw the first full engagement of the United States into the region.

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Suez Crisis 1956

Source citation: "Suez Crisis." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 213-214. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Vietnam Flag. Digital image. Crossfire Wiki. N.p., n.d. Web: crossfirewikia.com

In the early 1900s France controlled most of Southeast Asia. Nationalist independence movements had soon started. During the 1930s, a man named Ho Chi Minh, started a communist party and led revolts against the French. The French started killing Vietnamese protesters and sentenced Minh to death but he fled to exile instead, and ended coming back in 1941. In 1957, Vietnamese Nationalists and Communists joined to fight the French armies. The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics to confine the French to the cities. In 1954, the French suffered a major military defeat at Dien Bien Phu and they surrendered to Ho. The U.S soon saw this as a threat and Dwight D. Eisenhower soon called it the Domino Theory. After France’s defeat, an international peace conference met in Geneva to discuss the future of Indochina. Vietnam was divided at 17° north latitude. North was Ho Chi Minh’s Communist forces and South was the United States and France under the anti-communist leader, Ngo Dinh Diem. U.S. Troops Enter the Fight In August 1964. Unable to win a decisive victory on the ground, the United States turned to air power. During the late 1960s, the war grew increasingly unpopular in the United States. Nixon had a plan called Vietnamization. It allowed for U.S. troops to gradually pull out. Two years later, the North Vietnamese overran South Vietnam and the war ended.

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Vietnam War 1957–1975

Source Citation: "Vietnam War." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 612-617. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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The Cuban Revolution. Digital image. SlideShare. N.p., n.d. Web.

In the 1950s, Cuba was ruled by an disliked dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and had U.S. support. Cuban hatred led to a revolution, and a young lawyer named Fidel Castro started and led it. It ended up overthrowing Batista in January 1959. At first people loved and worshipped him for bringing social reforms and improving the economy. But that was not the case, he was a harsh and cruel dictator. When he took over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries, and Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba. This caused Cuba to turn the Soviets for all military and economic aid. In August 1961, the CIA invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but did not have any air support so they faced a humiliating defeat.

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The Cuban Revolution 1953-1959

Source Citation: "Cuban Revolution." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 185-187. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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mBay of Pigs Invasion. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web.

On 17 April 1961, shortly after President John F. Kennedy took office, and during the Cuban Revolution, fifteen hundred Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-trained Cuban exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs, establishing the first phase of what CIA planners hoped would be a campaign resulting in Cuban leader Fidel Castro's removal. The invasion, planned during the last years of Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration, failed horribly: it was not greeted by a popular uprising against the Castro regime, but by the Cuban military whose intelligence had learned of the invasion in advance. With the invaders pinned down on the beach, Kennedy decided to cut U.S. losses and refused to allow the use of U.S. air cover on their behalf. Several hundred of the invaders were killed; the rest were taken prisoner. In December 1962, after prolonged negotiations, the Cubans released the 1,113 prisoners in return for $53 million worth of food and medicine.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961

Source Citation: "Bay of Pigs Invasion." The Cold War--1945-1991. Gale, 1992. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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The failed Bay of Pigs invasion convinced Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that the United States would not resist Soviet expansion in Latin America. In July 1962, Khrushchev began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba secretly. An American spy plane soon discovered the sites. President John F. Kennedy stated a naval blockade of Cuba to stop the Soviets from installing more missiles because missiles so close the U.S mainland were a threat. Soon the United States and the Soviet Union on a collision course. Soon people everywhere were fearing for another nuclear war. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. promised not to invade Cuba. The result of the Cuban Missile Crisis was that it left Castro completely dependent on Soviet support.

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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Image found at: Cuban Missile Crisis. Digital image. The World Post. N.p., n.d. Web.

Source Citation: "The Cuban Missile Crisis: October 16–28, 1962." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 3: Central and South America. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Six Day War. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web.

SIX-DAY WAR, the war between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq that lasted from June 5 to June 10, 1967, and in the course of which Israel routed the threatening Arab armies and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, the "West Bank" (Judea and Samaria), and the Golan Heights. On June 5, 1967, Israeli airplanes launched a surprise attack on the Egyptian air force and destroyed the airfields within Egypt. The cause was Egypt’s blockade of the Straits of Tiran, which stopped all shipping to and from Israel. Israel saw this as a threat and felt that they had to strike first. The Arab nations were caught off guard by Israeli forces and unfortunately had no air cover to protect their ground troops. By the end, Israel had seized the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank of the Jordan River and East Jerusalem from Jordan, tripling Israel’s territory.

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Six Day War 1967

Source Citation: "The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: June 5–10, 1967." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 5: Middle East. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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Cambodian Civil War. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d.

Web.

In the 1960’s and 1970’s Cambodia was being pulled in many different ways. They were in the middle of a civil war and, at the same time they were being drawn into the conflict in Vietnam. Cambodia is a small country, made up of mostly Buddhists. Prince Sihanouk was in the middle of a military coup, and was being overthrown by General Lon Nol, the president of the Khmer Republic. Prince Sihanouk eventually joined forces with a communist organization called the Khmer Rouge. Civil war began causing chaos across the country. In 1975 the Khmer Rouge won the civil war and gained power in Cambodia. The organization was headed by a man named Pol Pot. Ended up causing genocide in Cambodia.

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Cambodian Civil War 1970-1975

Source Citation: "Cambodia Falls to the Khmer Rouge, 1975." Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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The Ogaden War. Digital image. The World Post. N.p., n.d. Web.

The Ogaden War was a conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1977 and 1978 over the Ogaden area of Ethiopia. Fighting started when Somalia wanted to exploit a temporary shift in the regional balance of power in their favor to occupy the Ogaden region, and claimed to be part of Greater Somalia. In a notable illustration of the nature of Cold War alliances, the Soviet Union switched from supplying aid to Somalia to supporting Ethiopia, which had previously been backed by the United States, prompting the U.S. to start supporting Somalia. The war ended when Somali forces retreated back across the border and a truce was declared.

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Somalia vs. Ethiopia (The Ogaden War) 1977-1978

Source Citation: "Ethiopia and Somalia Fight the Ogaden War: 1977–1978." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 1: Africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Afghanistan-Soviet War. Digital image. The World Post. N.p., n.d. Web.

Several years after World War II, Afghanistan kept its independence from both the Soviet Union and the United States. In the 1950s how ever soviet influence began to increase. In the late 1970s, a Muslimrevolt endangered the Afghanistan’s CommunistRegime and led to a Soviet invasion in 1979. The Soviets expected to pile up the Afghan Communistsand quickly withdraw but instead the Soviets found themselves stuck. President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets against any attempt to gain the Persian Gulf. To protest the invasion, he stopped U.S. grain shipments to the Soviet Union and ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. In the 1980s, a new Soviet president, Mikhail Gorbachev, recognized the war’s devastating costs. He took out all Soviet troops by 1989. Now, internal unrest and economic problems were tearing apart the Soviet Union.

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Afghan War 1979-1989

Source Citation: "Afghanistan Invaded by Soviets, December 24, 1979 to December 27, 1979." Historic World Events. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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"A map showing the cities where major battles occurred during the Iran-Iraq War." Middle East Conflict. Sonia G. Benson. 2nd ed. Vol. 1: Almanac. Detroit: U*X*L, 2012.

World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

Throughout the Middle East, oil industry wealth powered a growing conflict between traditional Islamic ideas and modern Western materialism. The main country that this was most dramatic is shown in Iran. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, embraced Western governments and oil companies.Iranian nationalists hated foreign alliances and united under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq. Thinking Iran might turn to the Soviets for support, the United States helped get the shah back to power. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, leader of religious opposition, spurred Iranian revolts and caused the Shah to flee in 1979. Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals elsewhere to overthrow their seculargovernments. Intended to unify Muslims, this policy heightened tensions between Iran and its territorial rival, Iraq. War broke out between Iran and Iraq in 1980. The United States secretly gave aid to both sides because it did not want the balance of power to change. The Soviet Union,, had long been a supporter of Iraq. The UN negotiated a ceasefire in 1988. But it still caused a million Iranian and Iraqis deaths.

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Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

Source Citation: "Iraq Invades Iran: September 22, 1980." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 5: Middle East. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Nicaraguan War. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web.

The fall of the Berlin Wall happened very suddenly. There had been signs that it was weakening, but the East German Communist leaders kept denying and East German citizens did not agree. Communism soon began to waver in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in 1988 and 1989, new exit places were opened to East Germans who wanted to go to the West. Then suddenly, on the evening of November 9, 1989, an announcement made by East German government official stated, that the borders were no longer going to be there. People were stunned. They wondered if the borders were really opened. East Germans uncertainly came towards the border and found out that the border guards were letting people cross. The Berlin Wall was filled with people from both sides. Some began breaking the Berlin Wall with hammers and chisels. There were huge celebrations along the Berlin Wall, with people hugging, kissing, singing, cheering, and crying. The Berlin Wall was eventually chiseled away, into smaller pieces. The pieces have become collectibles and are stored in both homes and museums. After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.

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Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989

Source Citation: "The Fall of the Berlin Wall: 1989." Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Ed. Jennifer Stock. Vol. 4: Europe. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2013. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014

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Image found at: Nicaraguan War. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web.

The United States had funded the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza. In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somoza’s son. The United States and the Soviet Union gave aid to the Sandinistas and their leader, Daniel Ortega to begin with. The Sandinistas, still, gave assistance to other Marxist rebels in El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran government against the rebels, the United States supported Nicaraguan anti-Communistforces called the Contras or contrarevolucionarios.The civil war in Nicaragua lasted more than a decade and damaged the country’s economy. In 1990, President Ortega agreed to have free elections, the first time in the nation’s history. Violeta Chamorro, defeated him. The Sandinistas were also defeated in elections in 1996 and 2001.

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Nicaraguan War 1979-1990

Source Citation: "Alfonso Robelo." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 1988. World History in Context. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.

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