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LateralDesignofMid-RiseWoodStructures
PresentedbyRickyMcLain,MS,PE,SE
TechnicalDirector– WoodWorks
TexasWorkshops–December,2016
Insert picture of me graduating college
Follow the
load
Multi-StoryWoodDesign
Photocredit:MattTodd&PBArchitects
Following the load…
LoadPathContinuity
Photocredit:MattTodd&PBArchitects
Karuna IHolst Architecture
Photo: Terry Malone
Multi-StoryConsiderations
• WindLoadPaths
• Multi-StoryStackedShearWallEffects
• AccumulationofOverturningLoads
• ShearWallDeflection
• DiaphragmModeling
• DiscontinuousShearWalls
WindLoadDistributiontoShearwalls
WindLoadDistributiontoShearwalls
WindLoadDistributiontoShearwalls
Photocredit:MattTodd&PBArchitects
Multi-StoryWindLoadDesign
Photocredit:MattTodd&PBArchitects
DesignPrinciplesaretheSame
Rememberto:FOLLOWTHELOAD!
Multi-StoryWindLoadDesign
WINDSURFACELOADSONWALLS
Multi-StoryWindLoadDesign
WINDINTODIAPHRAGMSASUNIFORMLINEARLOADS
Multi-StoryWindLoadDesign
DIAPHRAGMSSPANBETWEEN
SHEARWALLS
WINDINTOSHEARWALLSASCONCENTRATEDLOADS
Multi-StoryWindLoadDesign
DIAPHRAGMWINDFORCESDONOTACCUMULATE-THEYAREISOLATEDATEACHLEVEL
SHEARWALLWINDFORCESDO ACCUMULATE-UPPERLEVELFORCESADDTOLOWERLEVELFORCES
DesignExample:FiveOverOneWoodFrame
Freedownloadat
woodworks.org
Multi-StoryWindDesign
FloorPlan
Source:WoodWorks Five-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
Multi-StoryWindDesign
Shearwall Layout
Source:WoodWorks Five-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
Shearwall design
we’lllookat
Multi-StoryWindDesign
Shearwall Layout
Source:WoodWorks Five-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Typ.ShearWallElevation
WindForcesPerStory29’-0”
10’-0”Typ.
F
5
=5.2k
F
4
=3.8k
F
3
=3.7k
F
2
=3.6k
F
1
=3.4k
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Typ.ShearWallElevation
AccumulatedWindForces29’-0”
10’-0”Typ.
F =5.2k
F=9k
F=12.7k
F=16.3k
F=19.7k
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Holdown
Anchorage
BoundaryPosts
CompressionTension
OverturningResistance
OverturningForceCalculation
F =5.2k
F=9k
F=12.7k
F=16.3k
F=19.7k
T=C=F*h/L
T&Carecumulativeatlowerstories
Lismomentarm,notentirewalllength
1.9k
5.1k
9.6k
15.4k
22.5k
h
LAssumeL=29ft-1ft=28ft
SolePlateCrushing
SolePlateCrushing
Compressionforcesperpendiculartograincancauselocalized
woodcrushing.NDSvaluesforwithmetalplatebearing
onwood resultinamaximumwoodcrushingof0.04”.
Relationshipisnon-linear
CompressionPostSize&SolePlateCrush
Level Compression RequiredBearingArea
PostSize
Story SolePlateCrush
5xSolePlateCrush
5
th
Floor 1.9k 4.4in
2
(2)-2x4 0.011” 0.057”
4
th
Floor 5.1k 11.9in
2
(2)-4x4 0.013” 0.067”
3
rd
Floor 9.6 k 22.6 in
2
(2)-4x4 0.034” 0.171”
2
nd
Floor 15.4k 36.3in
2
(3)-4x4 0.039” 0.195”
1
st
Floor 22.5k 39.8in
2
(4)-4x4 0.026” 0.13”
Floors2-5useS-P-F#2SolePlate,F
cperp
=425psi
Floor1useSYP#2SolePlate,F
cperp
=565psi
StorytoStoryCompressionForceTransfer
Source:WoodWorksFive-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
RimJoistBuckling&Crushing
IncreasingCompressionPostSize
Source:WoodWorksFive-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
OverturningTension
EqualandOppositeForces
CompressionTension
UsingDeadLoadtoResistOverturning
Source:Strongtie
Deadloadfromabove
(Wall,Floor,Roof)canbe
usedtoresistsomeorall
overturningforces,
dependingonmagnitude
Load
Combinationsof
ASCE7-10:
06.D+0.6W
ShearWallHoldown Options
StandardHoldownInstallationStrapHoldown
Installation
…………
………
Continuous RodTiedown Systems
6+kipstorytostorycapacities
13+kipcapacities
100+kipcapacities20+kips/level
ComponentsofShearWallDesign
Tensionaccumulatesinrod.Bearingplatesseelocaloverturningonly.Tensionzone
boundaryframingincompression!
ContinuousRodHoldownSystem
Overturningrestraintat
bearingplateattopofstory
1.9k
3.2k
4.5k
5.8k
7.1k
1.9k
5.1k
9.6k
15.4k
22.5k
F =5.2k
F=9k
F=12.7k
F=16.3k
F=19.7k
ThreadedRodTieDownw/TakeUpDevice
Source:Strongtie Source:hardyframe.com
ThreadedRodTieDownw/oTakeUpDevice
TieDownRodSize&Elongation
Level PlateHght
Tension RodDia.
Steel RodCapacity
RodElong.
5
th
Floor
10ft 1.9k 3/8” A36 2.4k 0.10”
4
th
Floor
10ft 5.1k 5/8” A36 6.7k 0.09”
3
rd
Floor
10ft 9.6 k 5/8” A193 14.4 k 0.18”
2
nd
Floor
10ft 15.4k 3/4” A193 20.7 k 0.19”
1
st
Floor
10ft 22.5k 7/8” A193 28.2 k 0.2”
BearingPlateCrushing
BearingPlateSize&Thickness
LevelBearingPlate Bearing
LoadAllow.BearingCapacity
BearingPlateCrush
W L T Hole
Area
A
brng
5
th
Floor
3 in 3.5in 3/8” 0.25
in
2
10.25
in
2
1.9k 4.4k 0.012”
4
th
Floor
3in 3.5in 3/8” 0.518
in
2
9.98in
2
3.2k 4.2 k 0.022”
3
rd
Floor
3in 5.5in 1/2” 0.518
in
2
15.98
in
2
4.5k 6.8 k 0.018”
2
nd
Floor
3in 5.5in 1/2” 0.69
in
2
15.8in
2
5.8k 6.7 k 0.03”
1
st
Floor
3 in 8.5in 7/8” 0.89
in
2
24.6in
2
7.0k 10.4k 0.014”
Shearwall Deformation– SystemStretch
Totalsystemstretch
includes:
• RodElongation
• Take-updevice
displacement
• BearingPlateCrushing
• SolePlateCrushing
Source:WoodWorks Five-StoryWood-Frame
StructureoverPodiumSlabDesignExample
AccumulativeMovement
Level RodElong.
Shrinkage SolePlateCrush
BearingPlateCrush
TakeUpDeflect.Elong.
TotalDisplac.
5
th
Floor
0.1” 0.03” 0.057” 0.012” 0.03” 0.23”
4
th
Floor
0.09” 0.03” 0.067” 0.022” 0.03” 0.24”
3
rd
Floor
0.18” 0.03” 0.171” 0.018” 0.03” 0.43”
2
nd
Floor
0.19” 0.03” 0.195” 0.03” 0.03” 0.48”
1
st
Floor
0.2” 0.03” 0.13” 0.014” 0.03” 0.4”
WithShrinkageCompensatingDevices
ShearWallDeflection
SDPWS2008Eq 4.3-1
SDPWS2008Eq.C4.3.2-1
Deflection
Bendingofboundaryelements
IBC2000to2015Eq.23-2
ShearWallDeflection
SDPWS2008Eq 4.3-1
SDPWS2008Eq.C4.3.2-1
Deflection
ShearDeformationofSheathingPanels&
Slipofnails@paneltopanelconnections
IBC2000to2015Eq.23-2
ShearWallDeflection
SDPWS2008Eq 4.3-1
SDPWS2008Eq.C4.3.2-1
IBC2000to2015Eq.23-2
Deflection
RigidBodyRotation
b
h
Δa
Shearwall Deflection
Level UnitShear
EndPostA
EndPostE
Ga TotalDisplace.
Deflection
5
th
Floor
179plf 10.5in
2
1400
ksi
10k/in 0.23” 0.26”
4
th
Floor
310plf 24.5in
2
1400
ksi
10k/in 0.24” 0.4”
3
rd
Floor
438plf 24.5in
2
1400
ksi
10k/in 0.43” 0.59”
2
nd
Floor
562plf 36.8in
2
1400
ksi
13k/in 0.48” 0.6”
1
st
Floor
679plf 49in
2
1400
ksi
13k/in 0.4” 0.67”
Shearwall DeflectionMethods
Multiplemethodsforcalculating
accumulativeshearwall deflection
exist
MechanicsBasedApproach:
• Usessinglestorydeflection
equationateachfloor
• Includesrotational&crushing
effects
• UsesSDPWS3partequation
Othermethodsexistwhichuse
alternatedeflectionequations,FEM
Shearwall DeflectionCriteriaforWind
Unlikeseismic,nocodeinformationexistson
deflection/driftcriteriaofstructuresduetowindloads
Serviceabilitychecktominimizedamagetocladdingand
nonstructuralwalls
ASCE7-10:C.2.2DriftofWallsandFrames.Lateraldeflectionordriftofstructuresanddeformationofhorizontaldiaphragmsandbracingsystemsduetowindeffectsshallnotimpairtheserviceabilityofthestructure.
Whatwindforceshouldbeused?Whatdriftcriteriashouldbeapplied?
Allowable=?
Shearwall DeflectionCriteriaforWind
WindForcesConsensusisthatASDdesignlevelforcesaretooconservative
forbuilding/framedriftcheckduetowind
• CommentarytoASCE7-10AppendixCsuggeststhatsome
recommendusing10yearreturnperiodwindforces:
• ~70%of700returnperiodwind(ultimatewindspeed
forriskcategoryIIbuildings)
• Others(AISCDesignGuide3)recommendusing75%of50
yearreturnperiodforces
DriftCriteriaCanvarywidelywithbrittlenessoffinishesbutgenerally
recommendationsareintherangeofH/240toH/600
DiaphragmModelingMethods
Possible Shear Wall Layouts
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
NotusingallsharedwallsforShear
RobustDiaphragmAspectRatio
DiaphragmModelingMethods
Possible Shear Wall Layouts
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
Butmaybenotmuchwallavailableonexterior
RobustDiaphragmAspectRatio
LightFrameWoodDiaphragmsoftendefaulttoFlexibleDiaphragms
CodeBasis:ASCE7-1026.2Definitions(Wind)Diaphragmsconstructedofwoodstructuralpanelsarepermittedtobeidealizedasflexible
CodeBasis:ASCE7-1012.3.1.1(Seismic)Diaphragmsconstructedofuntopped steeldeckingorwoodstructuralpanelsarepermittedtobeidealizedasflexibleifanyofthefollowingconditionsexist:[…]c.Instructuresoflight-frameconstructionwhereallofthefollowingconditionsaremet:
1.Toppingofconcreteorsimilarmaterialsisnotplacedoverwoodstructuralpaneldiaphragmsexceptfornonstructuraltoppingnogreaterthan11/2in.thick.2.EachlineofverticalelementsoftheseismicforceresistingsystemcomplieswiththeallowablestorydriftofTable12.12-1..
RigidorFlexibleDiaphragm?
Hypothetical FlexibleDiaphragm Distribution
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
Areatributarytocorridorwallline
Areatributarytoexteriorwall
line
23%
23%
27%
27%
Largeportionofloadonlittle
wall
Changing wall construction does NOT impact load to wall line
Hypothetical RigidDiaphragm Distribution
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
Longer,stifferwallsreceivemoreload
Diaphragmassumedtoberigidbody.
10%
10%
40%
40%
Narrow,flexiblewallsreceiveless
load
Changing wall construction impacts load to wall line
ASCE7-1012.3.1.3 (Seismic)
[Diaphragms]arepermittedtobeidealizedasflexiblewherethecomputedmaximumin-planedeflectionofthediaphragmunderlateralloadismorethantwotimestheaveragestorydriftofadjoiningverticalelementsoftheseismicforce-resistingsystemoftheassociatedstoryunderequivalenttributarylateralloadasshowninFig.12.3-1.
IBC2012Chapter2Definition(Wind&Seismic)
Adiaphragm isrigid forthepurposeofdistribution ofstoryshearandtorsionalmomentwhenthelateraldeformationofthediaphragmislessthanorequaltotwotimestheaveragestorydrift.
CanaRigidDiaphragmbeJustified?
Average drift of walls
Maximum diaphragm deflection
SomeAdvantagesofRigidDiaphragm
• Moreload(plf)tolongerinterior/corridorwalls
• Lessload(plf)tonarrowwallswhereoverturningrestraintistougher
• Cantuneloadstowallsandwalllinesbychangingstiffnessofwalls
SomeDisadvantagesofRigidDiaphragm
• Considerationsoftorsionalloadingnecessary
• Morecomplicatedcalculationstodistributeloadtoshearwalls
• Mayunderestimate“Real”loadstonarrowexteriorwalls
• Justificationofrigidassumption
RigidDiaphragmAnalysis
Semi-RigidDiaphragmAnalysis
• Neitheridealizedflexiblenoridealizedrigid
• Explicitmodelingofdiaphragmdeformationswithshearwall
deformationstodistributelateralloads
• Noteasy.
EnvelopingMethod
• IdealizedasBOTHflexibleandrigid.
• Individualcomponentsdesignedforworstcasefromeachapproach
• Beenaroundawhile,officiallyrecognizedinthe2015SDPWS
TwoMoreDiaphragmApproaches
Possible Shear Wall Layouts
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
TheCantileverDiaphragmOption
Possible Shear Wall Layouts
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
RobustAspectRatiobutonlysupportedon3sides…
OpenFrontStructure CantileverDiaphragm
CantileveredDiaphragmsinSDPWS2008
AWCSDPWS2008Figure4A
AWCSDPWS2008Figure4B
OpenFrontStructure
SDPWS4.2.5.1.1
L≤25ft
L/W≤1,onestory
≤2/3,multi-story
CantileveredDiaphragmsinSDPWS2008
Exception:Wherecalculationsshowthediaphragm
deflectionscanbetolerated,thelength,L,canbe
increasedtoL/W≤1.5forWSPsheatheddiaphragms.
CantileveredDiaphragm
SDPWS4.2.5.2
Lc ≤25ft
Lc/W≤2/3
CantileveredDiaphragmsinSDPWS2008
Possible Shear Wall Layouts
Typical Unit
7654321
D
C
B
A
OpenFrontStructureorCantileveredDiaphragm?
CantileveredDiaphragmsinSDPWS2015
OpenFrontStructurewithaCantileveredDiaphragm
AWCSDPWS2015Figure4A
CantileveredDiaphragm SDPWS4.2.5.2
L’/W’≤1.5
WhenTorsionally Irregular
L’/W’≤1,onestory
2/3,multi-story
L’≤35 ft
OpenFrontStructure&CantileveredDiaphragmsinSDPWS2015
Provideddiaphragmsmodelledasrigidorsemi-rigidandfor
seismic,thestorydriftateachedgeofthestructurewithin
allowablestorydriftofASCE7.Storydriftsincludetorsionand
accidentaltorsionalloadsanddeformationsofthediaphragm.
WindLoadDistributiontoShearwalls
TieDownAttachmenttoConcrete
Source:Strongtie
TieDownBoltwithWasher
Source:Strongtie
TieDownBoltwithWasher- Reinforcing
Source:Strongtie
EmbeddedSteelPlates– WeldonRods
TieDownAnchors– PrecastThroughBolt
TieDownAnchors– ThroughPodium
DiscontinuousShearWalls
Photocredit:MattTodd&PBArchitects
Karuna IHolst Architecture
Photo: Terry Malone
OffsetShearWallOverturningResistance
Source:Strongtie
TieDowntoSteelBeamAttachment
Source:Strongtie
TieDowntoSteelBeamAttachment
ShearWalltoPodiumSlabInterface
ASCE7-10Section12.3.3.3andCommentaryC12.3.3.3
providesguidanceonseismicloadrequirementsforvarious
elementssupportingdiscontinuousshearwalls
Recap
• WindLoadPaths
• Multi-StoryStackedShearWallEffects
• AccumulationofOverturningLoads
• ShearWallDeflection
• DiaphragmModeling
• DiscontinuousShearWalls
Questions?
ThisconcludesThe
AmericanInstituteof
ArchitectsContinuing
EducationSystems
Course
RickyMcLain,MS,PE,SE
WoodWorks
(802)498-3310
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