multi-lateral shearing interferometry: principle and

Multi-Lateral Shearing Interferometry: Principle and Application on X-ray Laboratory Sources

International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography

June 22-25, 2015

Adrien STOLIDI1, David TISSEUR1 and Jérôme PRIMOT 2

1 CEA LIST, Department of Imaging and Simulation for Non-Destructive Testing, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 2 ONERA, The French Aerospace Laboratory, 91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France

Multi-Lateral Shearing Interferometry: Principle and Application on X-ray Laboratory Sources▪Context

▪Principle

▪Application on X-ray tube

▪Simulation tool, Modelisation and Validation

▪Conclusion and perspectives

Context

3DIR | June 22-25, 2015 | Adrien STOLIDI

Low Z-material at 10-100 keV :

More sensibility

Phase

Amplitude related to absorption

Complex refractive index:

Transmission function:

Attenuation contrast vs Phase contrast

• ‘‘Cadaveric and in vivo human joint imaging based on differential phase contrast by X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry’’ J. Tanaka ; Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, 2012

4

Phase contrast imaging on X-ray tube

• ‘‘Phase-contrast imaging using polychromatic hard X-rays’’ S. W. Wilkins et al. Nature, 1996.

Sample Detector Source

Propagation based

Sample Detector GratingSource

Multi-grating interferometry

Detector pixels

Detector Aperture

Pre-sample Aperture

Shaped beamssource

Edge illumination

Detector Sandpapersource

Speckle based

• ‘‘Differential x-ray contrast imaging using a shearing interferometer’’ C. David et al. Applied Physics Letters, 2002.

• ‘‘Demonstration of X-Ray Talbot Interferometry Japanese Journal of Applied Physics’’ A. Momose et al. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2003.

• ‘‘Phase retrieval and differential phase-contrast imaging with low-brilliance X-ray sources’’ F. Pfeiffer et al. Nature physics, 2006.

• ‘‘A coded-aperture technique allowing x-ray phase contrast imaging with conventional sources’’ A. Olivo et al. Applied Physics Letters, 2007.

• ‘‘Speckle-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging with a Laboratory Source’’ I. Zanette et al. Applied Physics Letters, 2007.

Context

5DIR | June 22-25, 2015 | Adrien STOLIDI

Multi-lateral shearing interferometry Phase gradient sensitive

Source Tiltedwaves frontPhase grating Detector

Principle

6

Interferogram treatment

fx

fy

x

y

Phase grating Intensity signal recorded Intensity spectrum

Interferogram generated

Fourier transform

H1

H1’

H0H3H3’

H4

H4’H2

H2’

fx

fy

Center

Hi

Phase retrieval algorithm

Phase image

Principle

DIR | June 22-25, 2015 | Adrien STOLIDI 7

Phase imaging examples with single grating

• ‘‘Quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry for quantitative phase microscopy of living cells’’ P.Bon et al; Optics Express 2009

• ‘‘Imagerie de phase quantitative par interferometrie a dealage quadri-lateral. Application au domaine des rayons X durs’’ J.Rizzi; PhD Thesis 2013

Application case: quatitative microscopy dedicated to cells in IR and visible domain

Application case: Indium block imaging in X-ray domain on synchrotron source

Principle

8

• ‘‘Achromaic three-wave (or more) lateral shearing interferometer’’ J.Primot; Journal of the optical society of america 1995.

• ‘‘X-ray phase contrast imaging and noise evaluation using a single phase grating Interferometer’’ J.Rizzi et al; Optical Society of America 2013.

• ‘‘Talbot experiment re-examined: demonstration of an achromatic and continuous self-imaging regime’’ Guérineau N et al; Optics Communication 2000.

• ‘‘A phase sensitive interferometer technique for the measurement of the Fourier Transfoms of spatial brightness distributions of small angular extent’’ Jennison R et al; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1958.

DIR | June 22-25, 2015 | Adrien STOLIDI

Principle

➢ 1 grating Simplification of the set-up

➢ Achromatique technique X-ray tube

➢ Direct noise measurement Robustness

Advantages:

➢ Coherency microfocus X-ray tube

➢ Fringes detection high resolution detector

➢ X-ray tube cone-beam propagation

Challenges :

Application on X-ray tube

9

Set-up with laboratory X-ray source

High resolution Detector

Pixel size 9,7 µm Size 4x3 cmDynamic 16 bit Gadox scintillator 15 µm

Phase grating

Gold block 3 µm thick P = 3 µm

Phase shift π @ 17 keV

x

pπ

0Micro focus X-ray tubeTransmission tube Max Tension: 160 kV Max Current: 1mA

Spot size: 2-4 µm DIR | June 22-25, 2015 | Adrien STOLIDI

SEM image

Application on X-ray tube

10

First experimental interferogram: grating only

Image acquisition Fourier transform Intensity spectrum

How can we optimize, in our configuration, the interferogram ?


Simulation tool, Modelisation and Validation

11

Simulation Tool Goal: understanding the interferogram quality

Grating: - Period - Shape- Quality

Detection: - MTF - Scintillator

Source: - Spectrum- Spot size

Interferogram

Incidentwave front

Tiltedwaves front

Phase grating

‘‘PENELOPE-2006: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport’’ F. Salvat et al; Workshop Proceedings 2006


12

Simulation Tool: Based on Fresnel-Kirchoff formalism

• Calculation of the transmission function: Ray tracing

• Propagator:

Assumption: thin sample i.e. no propagation inside the object

• Detection :


Experience

Simulation

Simulation Validation: Optical fiber image, a canonical object

yx

zSource

Optical fiber

Detection

Comparison of experimental and simulated profiles of Silicon fiber.

Plot profile comparison between simulated and experimental dataPixels

- Spatial resolution 2.5 pixels; - Spot size 5µm - Noise 1% Percentage of relative correlation between simulated and experimental data

Pixels

Mean correlation of 97.5%


14

Source Phase grating Detector

D

Simulation Study Variation of grating-detection distance D at constant magnification G

~ Zt/2Zt : Talbot Distance


D

G = 3


100 200 cm1 ~Zt/2

2001 300 cm~Zt/2

1001 300 400 cm ~Zt/2

2001 300 cm~Zt/2

100 200 cm1 ~Zt/2

MoW

G = 2

G = 3

G = 4

1001 300 400 cm~Zt/2

C = 6%

C = 15%

C = 13%

C = 31%

C = 18%

C = 42%

Simulation Study Variation of grating-detection distance D at constant magnification G with two spectra: Molybdenium Mo and Tungsten W. Fringes contrast C at ~Zt/2

Conclusions and Perspectives

16

Conclusions

-Interferogram generation on laboratory X-ray source

-Development of a acquisition chain model: source, grating, object and

detector.

-Experimental validation of our simulation tool

-First results with W and Mo spectra


Perspectives

-Optimization of our experimental set-up with our simulation tool (work in progress)

-Phase retrieval algorithm adapted to laboratory X-ray sources

-Volumetric reconstruction of real part of the complex refractive index

Department of Imaging & Simulation for Non-Destructive Testing (DISC)

Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternativesInstitut Carnot CEA LISTCentre de Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex

Thank you for your attention

Questions ?

multi-lateral shearing interferometry: principle and

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