mtech ics 2007-08

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

M. Tech (Instrumentation & Control Systems)Course Structure (w.e.f. 2007-2008)

I SemesterCode Subject L P C Int Ext TotalIC101 Transducer Technology 4 - 8 40 60 100IC102 Digital Control Systems 4 - 8 40 60 100

IC103 Data Acquisition Systems 4 - 8 40 60 100IC104 Embedded System Design 4 - 8 40 60 100

IC105IC106

IC107

IC108IC109IC110

Electives (Two subjects from the list)a) EMI/EMC b) Advanced Digital Signal Processing c) Reliability Engineering in Electronic

Systemd) Fiber Optic Sensors and Devicese) VLSI Technology and Designf) ANN & Fuzzy set theory

44

---

88

4040

6060

100100

IC111 Transducers & Instrumentation Lab - 3 4 40 60 100Total: 24 3 52 280 420 700

II SemesterCode Subject L P C Int Ext TotalIC201 Telemetry & Telecontrol 4 - 8 40 60 100IC202 Bio-Medical Instrumentation 4 - 8 40 60 100IC203 Process Control Instrumentation 4 - 8 40 60 100IC204 System Modeling & Simulation 4 - 8 40 60 100

IC205IC206IC207IC208

IC209IC210

Elective (Two subjects from the list)a) Control and guidance systemsb) Digital System Designc) DSP Processors & Architectured) Non Linear and Optimal Control

Systemse) Adaptive Signal Processingf) Digital Image Processing

4

4

-8

8

40

40

60

60

100

100

IC211 Design and Simulation Lab - 3 4 40 60 100Total: 24 3 52 280 420 700

III Semester & IV Semester

CC301 Seminar 4

CC401 Project work 24

Total Credits: 132

Grade A: Excellent, B: Good, C: Satisfactory and D: Unsatisfactory and Seminar evaluation is for a maximum of 100 marks of 4 credits.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

M.Tech I Semester (Instrumentation & Control Systems) L P C 4 - 8

TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS

Unit – 1Introduction: functional elements of an instrument, Generalized performance characteristics of instruments – static characteristics, dynamic characteristics. Zero order, first order, second order instruments – step response, ramp response and impulse response. Response of general form of instruments to periodic input and to transient input Experimental determination of measurement system parameters, loading effects under dynamic conditions.

Unit – 2Transducers for motion and dimensional measurements: Relative displacement, translation and rotational resistive potentiometers, resistance strain guages, LVDT, synchros, capacitance pickups. Piezo-electric transducers, electro-optical devices, nozzle – flapper transducers, digital displacement transducers, ultrasonic transducers.

Unit – 3Magnetic and photoelectric pulse counting methods, relative acceleration measurements, seismic acceleration pickups, calibration of vibration pickups. Gyroscopic sensors.

Unit – 4TRANSDUCERS FOR FORCE MEASUREMENT: Bonded strain guage transducers, photoelectric transducers, variable reluctance pickup, torque measurement dynamometers.

Unit- 5TRANSDUCERS FOR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT: Manometers, elastic transducers, liquid systems, gas systems, very high pressure transducers. Thermal conductivity guages, ionisation guages, microphone.

Unit – 6TRANSDUCERS FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT: Hot wire and hot-film anemometers, electromagnetic flow meters, laser doppler velocimeter.

Unit – 7TRANSDUCERS FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: Thermal expansion methods, thermometers (liquid in glass), pressure thermometers, Thermocouples. Materials configuration and techniques. Resistance thermometers, Thermistors, junction semiconductors. Sensors, Radiation methods. Optical pyrometers. Dynamic response of temperature sensors heat flux sensors. Transducers for liquid level measurement, humidity, silicon and quartz sensors, fibre optic sensors.

Unit – 8Smart sensors: Introduction, primary sensors, converters, compensation. Recent trends in sensor technology – film sensors, semi conductor IC technology, MEMS, Nano-sensors.

Text Book:1. Doebelin, E.O., “Measurement systems – Application and Design”, McGraw Hill. 4 th Ed.2. D. Patranabis, “Sensors and Transducers”, PHI, 2nd Edition.

Reference:1. Instrumentation Measurement & Analysis, by B.C. Nakra, K.K. Choudry, (TMH)2. Transducers and Instrumentation, by D.V.S. Murthy (PHI)



DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Unit – 1Introduction: Basic Elements of discrete data control systems, advantages of discrete data control systems, examples.

Unit – 2Signal conversion & processing: Digital signals & coding, data conversion & quantization, sample and hold devices, Mathematical modeling of the sampling process; Data reconstruction and filtering of sampled signals: Zero order hold, first order Hold and polygonal hold.

Unit – 3Review of z-Transforms, Applications of z-Transforms to Difference equations and ladder Network problem, Signal between sampling instants using sub multiple sampling method, Modified z- Transforms.

Unit – 4Transfer functions, Block diagrams, signal flow graphs: Introduction, Pulse Transfer function, and z-Transfer function, Discrete Data System with cascaded elements separated by a sampler and not separated by a sampler. Closed loop systems, characteristic equation in discrete domain, causality and physically realizable systems; The Sampled signal flow graph, Modified z-transfer function, Multirate discrete data systems (slow rate and fast rate), closed loop multirate sampled systems.

Unit – 5Comparison of time response of continuous data and discrete data, Steady state error analysis of digital control systems, correlation between time response and root locations in s-plane and z-plane, Root loci for digital control systems, Effects of adding poles and zeros to open loop transfer function, discrete data systems: Stability tests of discrete data systems: Bilinear transformation method, extension of RH criterion, Jury’s Stability Test.

Unit – 6Frequency – Domain Analysis: Polar plot of GH (z), Nyquist stability criterion, Bode plot, Gain Margin and Phase margin, Nicholas chart, Band width considerations, sensitivity analysis.

Unit – 7Review of state space techniques to continuous data systems, state equations of discrete data systems with sample and hold devices, state diagrams of digital systems, Decomposition of discrete data transfer function, state variable analysis of response between sampling instants, Controllability, Observability of LTI discrete data systems.

Unit – 8Design of digital control systems with digital controllers through bilinear transformation. Digital PID controller, Design for dead beat response, pole placement design by incomplete feedback or output feedback.

Text Book:1. Digital control systems (Second Edition) by Kuo, Oxford University Press2. Discrete Time control systems – by Ogatta, 2nd ed. (PHI)

Reference:1. Digital Control Engineering – by M. Gopal, (New Age Publ.)2. Control System Engineering – by Nagrath & Gopal (Wiley Eastern)3. Continuous & Discrete Control Systems – by John Dorsey (MGH)



DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

UNIT-1INTRODUCTION: Objective of a DAS, single channel DAS, Multi-channel DAS,Components used in DAS– Converter Characteristics-Resolution-Non-linearity,settling time, Monotonicity.

UNIT-2DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS (DACS): Principles and design of – Parallel R– 2R, Weighted resistor, inverted ladder, D/A decoding – Codes other than ordinary binary.

UNIT-3ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS (ADCS): Classification of A/D converters.Parallel feed back – Successive approximation – Ramp comparison – Dual slope integration – Voltage to frequency – Voltage to Time – Logarithmic types of ADCS.

UNIT-4NON-LINEAR DATA CONVERTERS (NDC): Basic NDC configurations – Some common NDACS and NADCS – Programmable non-linear ADCS – NADC using optimal sized ROM – High speed hybrid NADC – PLS based NADC – Switched capacitor NDCS.

UNIT-5DATA CONVERTER APPLICATIONS: DAC applications – Digitally programmable V/I sources – Arbitrary waveform generators – Digitally programmable gain amplifiers – Analog multipliers/ dividers – Analog delay lines.

UNIT-6ADC APPLICATIONS: Data Acquisition systems – Digital signal processing systems – PCM voice communication systems – Test and measurement instruments – Electronic weighing machines.

UNIT-7Monolithic data converters: typical study of monolithic DACS and ADCS. Interfacing of DACS and ADCS to a µP.

UNIT-8Error budget of DACS and ADCS: Error sources, error reduction and noise reduction techniques in DAS. Error budget analysis of DAS, case study of a DAC and an ADC.

TEXT BOOKS:1. Electronic data converters fundamentals and applications – Dinesh K. Anvekar, B.S. Sonde – Tata McGraw Hill.

REFERENCES:1. Electronic Analog/ Digital conversions – Hermann Schmid – Tata McGraw Hill.2. E.R. Hanateck, User’s Handbook of D/A and A/D converters - Wiley3. Electronic instrumentation by HS Kalsi- TMH 2 nd Edition, 2004.4. Data converters by G.B. Clayton



Embedded System Design

Unit – IAn introduction to embedded systems: An embedded system, examples, current technologies, integration in system design, embedded system design flow, hardware design concepts, software development, processor in embedded system and other hardware units, introduction to processor based embedded system design concepts.

Unit – IIDevices in embedded system: I/o devices, timer and counting devices, ROM devices, serial communication devices and parallel communication devices, interrupts and their control of processors.

Unit – IIIProgramming concepts: Data types, data structures, modifiers, macros, functions, optimization of memory needs, embedded system tools – hardware and software development tools.

Unit – IVProgram modeling concepts: Modeling process for software analysis, modeling of multi processor system, software algorithm concepts, software design, implementation and testing, validating and debugging, maintenance.

Unit – VSoftware design: Survey of software architecture – round robin, round robin with interrupts, function queue scheduling architecture, real time operating system architecture, selecting an architecture saving memory space, getting embedded software in target system, debugging technique.

Unit – VIDevice drivers and interrupts servicing mechanism: Device drivers, parallel port and serial port drivers in a system, device drivers for internal programmable timing devices, interrupt servicing mechanism, dynamically linked libraries (DLL), context switching, latency principles.

Unit – VIIHardware and software co-design in embedded systems: Embedded system design and co-design issues, design cycle in development phase, ICE, issues in embedded system design.

Unit – VIIIEmbedded system design examples: Case studies – design of embedded systems using Xillinx processor based design i.e. power PC processor based embedded design, Micro blaze processor based embedded design, Altera based Nios processor embedded system design.

Text Books:1. Rajkamal, “Embedded system: Architecture, programming and design”, TMH.2. Frank Vahid, Tony D. Givargis, “Embedded system design: A unified hardware / software introduction”,

John wiley & sons Inc. 2002.

Reference Books:1. David E Simon, “ An embedded software primer”.2. Arnold S Burger, “Embedded system design”, CMP.



EMI/EMC

Unit IIntroduction: History and concept of EMI, Definitions of EMI/EMC, Electro magnetic environment, Practical experiences and concerns, frequency spectrum conservations, mechanisms of EMI generation, EMI testing, Methods of elimination of EMI and Biological effects of EMI.

Unit IINatural and manmade sources of EMI/EMC: Sources of Electromagnetic noise, typical noise paths, modes of noise coupling, designing for EM compatibility, lightening discharge, electro static discharge (ESD), electro magnetic pulse (EMP).

Unit IIIEMI from apparatus / Circuits and open area test sides: Electro magnetic emissions, noise from relays and switches, non-linearities in circuits, passive inter modulation, transients in power supply lines, EMI from power electronic equipment, EMI as combination of radiation and conduction

Open area test sides: OATS measurements, measurement precautions.

Unit IVRadiated interference measurements: anechoic chamber, TEM cell, reverberating chamber, GTEM cell, comparison of test facilities,

Unit VConducted interference measurement: Characterization of conduction currents/ voltages, conducted EM noise and power lines, conducted EMI from equipment, immunity to conducted EMI, characteristics of EMI filters and power line filter design.

Unit VIGrounding and Cabling: Safety and signal grounds, low and high frequency grounding methods, grounding of amplifiers and cable shields, isolation, neutralizing transformers, shield grounding at high frequencies, digital grounding, types of cables, mechanism of EMI emission / coupling in cables.

Unit VIIShielding and Bonding: effectiveness of shielding, near and far fields / impedances, methods of analysis, total loss due to absorption and reflection effects, composite absorption and reflection losses for electric fields / magnetic fields, magnetic materials as a shield, shield discontinuities, slots and holes, seams and joints, conductive gaskets

Electrical Bonding, Shape and Material for Bond straps, General Characteristics of good bonds.

Unit VIIIComponents for EMC and EMC Standards: Choice of capacitors, inductors, transformers and resistors, EMC design components

National / International EMC standards, military and civilian standards.

Text Book:1. Engineering Electromagnetic Compatibility by Dr. V.P. Kodali, IEEE Publication, Printed in India by S. Chand &

Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.2. Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility IMPACT series, IIT-Delhi, Modules 1-9.

References:

1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, Ny, John Wiley, 1992, by C.R. Pal.2. Radar hand book by Skolink.



Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Unit – I

Multi-rate Digital Signal Processing:

Introduction, Decimation by a factor D, Interpolation by a factor I, Sampling rate conversion by rational factor I/D, Implementation of sampling rate conversion: Poly phase filter structures, Interchange of filters and Down samplers / Up samplers, Sampling rate conversion with cascaded integrator comb filters, Applications of multi-rate signal processing, Digital filter banks.

Unit – IIPower Spectrum Estimation: Estimation of spectra from finite duration observations of signals – Computation of the energy density spectrum, Estimation of the auto correlation and power spectrums of random signals: The periodogram, The use of the DFT in power spectrum estimation.

Unit – III Non-parametric methods for power spectrum estimation: Bartlett method, Welch method, Blackman and Tukey method, Performance characteristics of non-parametric power spectrum estimators, Computational requirements of non-parametric power spectrum estimates. Unit – IVParametric methods for power spectrum estimation: Relationships between the auto correlation and the model parameters, Yule-Walker method for the AR model parameters, Burg method for the AR model parameters, Unconstrained least squares method for the AR model parameters, Sequential estimation methods for the AR model parameters, MA and ARMA model for power spectrum estimation.

Unit – VEffects of finite Register length in Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, Effect of number representation on quantization, Quantization in sampling analog signals, Finite register length effects in realization of IIR & FIR digital filters, Effects of finite register length in DFT computations.

Unit – VILinear Prediction and Optimum Linear Filter: Random signals, Correlation functions and power spectra, Innovations representation of a stationary random process, Forward and backward linear prediction, Properties of the linear prediction – Error filters, AR lattice and ARMA lattice – Ladder filters, Wiener filters for filtering and prediction.

Unit – VII: Introduction to wavelets, Wavelet transform A first level introduction Continuous Time Frequency representation of signals, The windowed Fourier transform, Properties of wavelets used in continuous wavelet transform, Discrete wavelet transform, Haar wavelet function, Orthogonality of (t) and (t).

Unit – VIIIDiscrete wavelet transform and relation to Filter Banks: Introduction, Signal decomposition (Analysis) relation with filter banks, Frequency response signal reconstruction, Perfect matching filters.

Text Books: 1. John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and

Applications” Pearson Education, Fourth edition2. K.P.Soman and K.I. Ramachandran, “Insight into Wavelets- From Theory to practice” PHI, Second Edition

References: 1. Lawrence R. Rabiner & Bernard gold, “Digital Signal Processing-Theory, Implementation & Applications,”

Prentice Hall of India



Reliability Engineering in Electronic System

Unit- IDefinition of reliability and its management Introduction, History, Selected Definitions, General Relationship between Terms, Reliability Concepts and Patterns of Failure, Variation in Engineering, Control of Variation, Reliability Management, Reliability for System Effectiveness

Unit- IIFailure Statistics, Reliability and Hazard Rates Introduction, Failure Data, Reliability Function, Failure Rate and Hazard Rate, Common Distributions in Failure Mechanisms, Model Selection for Component Failures, Methods of Generic Failure Rate Determination, Failure Analysis

Unit- IIIReliability Prediction and analysis Introduction, Reliability Prediction Based on the Exponential Distribution, Reliability Prediction – Design Based on Weibull Distribution, Reliability Prediction Method, Probability Theory, System Reliability Analysis, Prediction in Perspective

Unit- IVReliability testing and Maintainability and Reliability Computation Introduction, Reliability Tests, Life Testing, Accelerated Testing, Sequential Testing, Automatic Test Equipment, Success-Failure Testing, Failure Reporting and Corrective Action Systems (FRACAS), Demonstration Tests, Maintainability Concepts, Maintainability Programme Elements, Maintainability Modeling and Allocation, Maintainability Prediction, Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), Design Aids for Maintainability, Maintainability Demonstration, Maintainability Data Systems, Reliability and Maintainability Trade-off, Built-in Test (BIT).

Unit – VAvailability Analysis, Planning for Safety, Reliability Data Systems, Computation Approaches for Complex Systems, Conventional Computation Approaches, Expert Systems

Unit- VISoftware Reliability Characteristics of Software Reliability Models, Software Reliability Model, Methods of Improving Software Reliability, Hardware Reliability vs. Software reliability, System Trade-offs, History, Definition.

Unit – VIITerotechnology The Terotechnology System, The Terotechnology Process, Introducing Terotechnology into Programmes, Strategies for Terotechnology, Training in Terotechnology, Practice of Terotechnology.

Unit – VIIIMaintenance Cost, Budgeting and total Quality management in ISO 9000 Maintenance Costs, Cost Codes, Cost Allocations, Overhead Calculations, Budgets, Objectives and Strategies, Cost Reports, Life Cycle Costing, Total Quality Management, ISO 9000, Quality Audit

Text Book:Reliability Engineering & Terotechnology - A.K. Gupta, McMillan Publications

Reference:Inspection Quality Control and Reliability – S.C. Sarma, Khanna Publications



FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS AND DEVICES

Unit –1Optical Sources and Detectors: Light-emitting diode: Principles, Structures, LED characteristics, Modulation of LED..Lasers: Principles, Laser diode structures and radiation pattern, Laser characteristics, Modulation of Semiconductor Laser. Photo detectors: Principles, Quantum efficiency, Responsitivity of P.I.N photodiode, and Avalanche photodiode.

Unit – 2Optical Fiber Sensors and Devices: Overview of fibre optic sensors - advantages over conventional sensors, broadband classification.

Unit – 3Intensity Modulated Optical Fibre Sensors: Introduction, intensity modulation through light interruption shutter/ schlieren multimode fibre optic sensors - reflective fibre optic sensors, evanescent wave fibre sensors -microbend optical fibre sensors - fibre optic refractometers, intensity modulated fibre optic thermometers, distributed sensing with fibre optics.

Unit – 4Interferometric Optical Fibre Sensors: Introduction, basic principles of interferometric optical fibre sensors, components and applications of interferometric sensors.

Unit – 5Fused Single Mode Optical Fibre Couplers: Introduction, physical principles (coupling coefficient) polarization effect, experimental properties, theoretical modelling, and comparison with experiment.

Unit – 6Single Mode All Fibre Components: Introduction, directional couplers, polarizes, polarization splitters polarization controllers, optical isolators, single mode fibre filters wave length multiplexers and demultiplexers, switches and intensity modulators, phase and frequency modulators.

Unit – 7Fibre Optic Sensor Multiplexing: Introduction, general topological configuration, and incoherent and coherent detection.

Unit – 8Signal Processing in Monomode Fibre Optic Sensor Systems: Introduction, Transduction mechanisms, Optical Signal Processing, Electronic Processing.

Text Books:1. Optical Fiber Communications – Gerd Keiser, 3 rd Ed. McGraw Hill.2. Fundamentals of Fibre Optics in Telecommunication and Sensor Systems - Bishnu P PAL Wiley Eastern Ltd. (1994).

Reference:Optical Fiber Communications and Sensors – Dr. M. Arumugam.



VLSI TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

Unit – IIntroduction & review of MOS & BICMOS Technologies, Logic gates, switch logic, basic electrical properties, circuit design processes & scaling.

Unit – IICombinational Logic Networks: Layout design methods, simulation, Network delay, cross talk, power optimization & testing.

Unit - IIISequential Systems & clocking disciplines: Design Power Optimization, Validation & Testing.

Unit – IVSub-system Design Principles: Combinational shifters, Adders, ALUs, Multiplier, High-density memory, FPGA, PLAs.

Unit – VFloor Planning Methods: Placement-Routing, Power & Clock distribution, Packages-I/O Architecture & Pad Design.

Unit – VIArchitecture Design: Register Transfer Design, High Level Synthesis-Architectures for Low Power-Architecture Testing.

Unit – VIIChip Design-Design Methodologies-Examples of chip design from specification to Design Validation, Introduction to CAD tools and Algorithms, Hardware-Software Co-design.

Unit - VIIIUltra fast VLSI Circuits & systems: Introduction to Ga-As Technology.

Text Books:1. Wayne Wolf: Modern VLSI Design, (PHI2nd Edn. 1998.2. Douglas A. Pucknell, Kamran Eshraghian: Basic VLSI Design, (PHI) 3 rd Edn. 1997.3. John M. Rabaey: Digital Integrated Circuits (PHI, EEE) 1997.4. Michel John Sabastian: Application Specific Integrated Circuits (Addison Wesley) 1997.5. Geizer R.L., Allen P.E. & Strader N.R: VLSI Design Techniques for Analog & Digital Circuits, (McGraw Hill) 1990.6. Carver Mead & Lynn Convay: Introduction to VLSI Systems, Addison Wesley Publications.



ANN & FUZZY SET THEORY

UNIT- 1INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL SYSTEMS (ANS) TECHNOLOGY: Elementary Neurophysiology – From Neurons to ANS – ANS simulation.

UNIT- 2ADALINE AND MADALINE: Review of signal processing – Adaline and the adaptive linear combiner – Applications of Adaptive signal processing – The Madaline – simulating the adaline.

UNIT- 3BACK PROPAGATION: The back propagation network (BPN) – The generalized delta rule – practical considerations – BPN applications – The back propagation simulator.

UNIT- 4THE BAM AND THE HOPFIELD MEMORY: Associative Memory Definitions – The BAM – The hopfield memory – simulating the BAM.

UNIT- 5SIMULATED ANNEALING: Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics- The Boltzmann Machine-The Boltzmann simulator-Using the Boltzmann simulator

UNIT- 6THE COUNTER PROPAGATION NETWORK: CPN Building Blocks-CPN Data Processing-An Image Classification Example

UNIT- 7SELF ORGANIZING MAPS: SOM Data Processing – Applications of Self Organizing Maps – Simulating the SOM

UNIT- 8ADAPTIVE RESONANCE THEORY: ART Network Description, ART1, ART2, ART1 Simulator- ART2 Simulation

TEXT BOOK:

James A. Freeman / David M. Skapura “Neural Networks, Algorithms, Applications, and Programming Techniques” Pearson Education Asia

REFERENCE:

B. Yegnanarayana “Artificial Neural Networks”, PHI



TRANSDUCERS AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB


M.Tech II Semester (Instrumentation & Control Systems) L P C 4 - 8

TELEMETRY & TELECONTROL

Unit – IIntroduction to Telemetry Principles: Introduction: The Basic System, Classification, Non-Electrical Telemetry systems, Voltage and Current Telemetry Systems, Local Transmitters and Converters, Frequency Telemetry.

Unit – IISignals, Symbols and Codes: Signals, Bits and Symbols, Time-function Pulses, Line and Channel Coding, Modulation Codes.

Unit - IIIFrequency Division Multiplexed System: FDM, IRIG Standards, FM Circuits, Phase Modulation Circuits.

Unit – IVTime Division Multiplexing, Multiplexing System: TDM-PAM System, PAM/PM System and TDM-PCM System.

Unit – VModems: Introduction to Modems, Modem Protocol X-Modem and Bisync protocol

Unit – VIBasics of Satellite Telemetry: Introduction, General Considerations, TT&C Services, Digital Transmission System in Satellite Telemetry, TDM, The Antennas, Some Aspects of TT&C subsystems, Multiple Access Techniques.

Unit – VIIFibre Optic Telemetry: Introduction, Fibre optical cable, Dispersion, Losses, Sources and Detectors, Wavelength Division Multiplexing.

Unit – VIIIAdvances in Telemetry: Data Acquisition systems, Microprocessor based DAS, Remote control, Internet –Based Telemetering.

Text books:1. Telemetry Principles by D. Patranabis (Tata McGrawhill)2. Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements R.H. Cerni and L.E. Forster (John Wiley)



BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION & SIGNAL ANALYSIS

UNIT-ISources of Bioelectric potentials and Electrodes: Resisting and Action Potentials, Propagation of Action Potentials, The Bioelectric Potentials. Electrodes: Electrode theory, Bio Potential Electrodes, Biochemical Transducers. Introduction to Bio-Medical Signals.

UNIT-IIThe Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Cardiovascular System, The Heart, Blood Pressure, Characteristics of Blood Flow, Heart Sounds, Cardio Vascular Measurements, Electrocardiography, Measurement of Blood Pressure, Measurement of Blood Flow and Cardiac output, Plethysmography,Measurement of Heart Sounds.

UNIT-IIIEvent detection, PQRS & T-Waves in ECG, the first & second Heart beats. ECG rhythm analysis, the di-crotic notch in the carotid pulse detection of events and waves. Analysis of exercise ECG, analysis of event related potentials, correlation analysis of EEG channels. Correlation of muscular contraction.

UNIT- IVPatient Care & Monitory and Measurements in Respiratory System: The elements of Intensive Care Monitory, Diagnosis, Calibration and reparability of Patient Monitoring equipment, other instrumentation for monitoring patients, pace makers, defibrillators.

UNIT-VThe Physiology of respiratory system, tests and instrumentation for mechanics of breathing, respiratory theory equipment. Analysis of respiration.

UNIT-VIBio telemetry and Instrumentation for the clinical laboratory Introduction to bio telemetry, Physiological parameters adaptable to bio telemetry, the components of bio telemetry system, implantable units, applications of telemetry in patient care – The blood, tests on blood cells, chemical test, automation of chemical tests.

UNIT-VIIX-ray and radioisotope instrumentation and electrical safety of medical equipment: Generation of Ionizing radiation, instrumentation for diagnostic X-rays, special techniques, instrumentation for the medical use of radioisotopes, radiation therapy - Physiological effects of electrical current, shock Hazards from electrical equipment, Methods of accident prevention.

UNIT-VIIIModern Imaging Systems: Tomography, Magnetic resonance Imaging System, Ultrasonic Imaging System, Medical Thermography.

TEXT BOOK:1. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements – C. Cromwell, F.J. Weibell, E.A.Pfeiffer – Pearson

education.2. Biomedical signal analysis – Rangaraj, M. Rangayya – Wiley Inter science – John willey & Sons Inc.

Reference:1. Hand Book of Bio-Medical Instrumentation – R.S. Khandpur, (TMH)2. Introduction to Bio-Medical Engineering – Domach, (Pearson)3. Introduction to Bio-Medical Equipment Technology – Cart, (Pearson)



PROCESS CONTOL INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-1P & ID symbols. Process characteristics: Process load, Process lag, self-regulation.

Control system parameters: control lag, dead time, cycling.

Discontinuous controller modes: two position, multi position, floating control modes.

UNIT-2Continuous controller modes: Mathematical representation and description of P, I, D controller modes. Composite control modes: Mathematical representation and description of PI, PD, PID control modes. Response of control modes to linear, step and square wave error signals.

UNIT-3Electronic Controller mode implementation: Designing of P, PI, PD, PID using OP-amplifiers.

UNIT-4Pneumatic controller mode implementation: Implementation of P, PI, PD, PID using flapper – nozzle system.

UNIT-5Final control: Actuators – Electrical & Pneumatic. Control Valves – Quick opening, linear and equal percentage control valves, valve sizing. I to P, P to I converters.

UNIT-6Programmable controllers: Ladder Diagram, Programmable controller program from the ladder diagram of a simple applications.

UNIT-7Digital Controllers: Data logging, supervisory control, computer based controller.

UNIT-8Control Loop Characteristics: Control System Quality, Loop disturbance, optimum control, stability. Process Loop tuning methods: Open-loop transient response method, Ziegler- Nichols method, frequency response methods.

Text Book:1. Process control Instrumentation Technology by Curtis Johnson, 4 th Edition – PHI, Dec, 2000.

Reference Books:1. Principles of Process control by D. Patranabis- TMH 2 nd Edition, 19962. P. Harriott, process control, Tata MoGraw – Hill publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi, 1984.



System Modeling & Simulation

Unit ISystem Models: Concepts, continuous and Discrete Systems, systems modeling, types of models, subsystems, corporate model, system study.

Unit IISystem simulation: Techniques, comparison of simulation and analytical methods, types of simulation, distributed log models, cobwed models.

Unit IIIContinuous system simulation: Numerical solution of differential equations, analog computers, hybrid computers, continuous system simulation languages – CSMP, system dynamic growth models, logistic curves.

Unit IVProbability concepts in simulation: Monte Carlo techniques, Stochastic variables, probability functions, random number generation algorithms.

Unit VQueuing Theory: Arrival pattern distribution, service times, queuing disciplines, measure of queues, mathematical solutions to queuing problems.

Unit VIDiscrete Systems Simulation: Events generation of arrival patterns, simulation programming tasks, analysis of simulation output.

Unit VIIGPSS and SEMSCRIPT: General description of GPSS and SEMSCRIPT, programming in GPSS.

Unit VIIISimulation Programming techniques: Data Structures, implementation of activities, events and queues, event scanning, simulation algorithms in GPSS and SEMSCRIPT.

Books:

1. Geoffery Gordan : Systems Simulation, PHI 1978.



CONTROL AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS

Unit – IThe Accuracy of Target Trackers: Introduction, some objectives with feedback, some general concepts on accuracy, A tracker servo, Tracking accuracy in the absence of noise, The effect of thermal noise, The effect of other inputs and disturbances, A self optimising servo.

Unit – IIMissile Servos: Servo requirements, Stored cold gas servos, Hot gas servos, Ram air servos, Hydraulic servos, Electric servos with d.c. motors, Other electric servos, Some tentative conclusions.

Unit – IIIMissile control Methods: Introduction, Why not manoeuvre by banking?, Roll control, Aerodynamic lateral control, Aerodynamic polar control versus cartesian control, Thrust vector control, Methods of thrust vectoring.

Unit – IVAerodynamic Derivatives and Aerodynamic Transfer Functions: Notation and conventions, Euler’s equations of motion for a rigid body, Trajectory considerations, Control surface conventions, Aerodynamic derivatives, Aerodynamic transfer functions, Altitude and speed conversion factors, Aerodynamic derivatives with TVC.

Unit – VMissile Instruments: Introduction, Elementary theory of gyroscopes, Free or position gyros, Rate or constrained gyros, Accelerometers, Resolvers, Altimeters.

Unit – VILine of Sight Guidance Loops: The effect of target and missile motion on missile “g” requirements, Types of LOS systems, Kinematic closure and stability of the guidance loop, The concept of feed forward terms, Phasing error and orientation difficulties, The effect of a digital computer inside guidance loop, Some numerical examples on the estimation of guidance accuracy, Some general conclusions on accuracy.

Unit – VIIHoming Heads and Some Associated Stability Problems: Introduction, Homing head requirements, Some electro-mechanical arrangements, The effect of radome aberration, Isolated sight line and missile compensation.

Unit – VIIIProportional Navigation and Homing Guidance Loops: Introduction, A particular case, The mathematical model, A summary of previous work, The effect of a missile heading error, Miss distance due to a target lateral acceleration, Miss distance die to angular noise, Miss distance due to glint, Three dimensional homing, An integrated form of proportional navigation, Other homing guidance laws.

Text Book:Guided Weapon Control Systems by P. Garnell, Brassey’s Defence Publishers, New York.

Reference Book:Guided Weapons by R.G. Lee et al., Brassey’s Defence Publishers.



Digital System Design

Unit IComputer Aided Minimization Procedure: CAMP Algorithm, Introduction to cube based Algorithms.

Unit IIDesign of large scales Digital Systems: ASM Chart Method, Hardware Description language and control sequence method, Design using PLAs, PALs, ASICs, PLDs.

Unit IIIFault Diagnosis in Combinational Circuits: Fault classes and models, Fault detection and location experiments, paths sensitization and Boolean difference methods, Kohavi Algorithm. Failure tolerant design, introduction to fault-tolerant VLSI processor arrays.

Unit IVFault Diagnosis in sequential circuits: State Identification and fault detection experiments, machine identification, and design of fault detection experiment.

Unit VProgrammable Logic Arrays: PLA minimization and PLA folding.

Unit VIDesign for testability: Faults in PLAs test generation, DFT schemes, built in self- test.

TEXT BOOKS:1.Z.Kohavi: Switching and finite Automata Theory (TMH).2.N.N.Biswas : Logic design theory (PHI) .3.Lala : Digital system Design Using PLDs.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Morris Mano : Digital Design.



DSP PROCESSORS AND ARCHITECTURES

UNIT IIntroduction To Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, A Digital signal-processing system, The sampling process, Discrete time sequences. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Linear time-invariant systems, Digital filters, Decimation and interpolation, Analysis and Design tool for DSP Systems MATLAB, DSP using MATLAB.

UNIT IIComputational Accuracy In Dsp Implementations: Number formats for signals and coefficients in DSP systems, Dynamic Range and Precision, Sources of error in DSP implementations, A/D Conversion errors, DSP Computational errors, D/A Conversion Errors, Compensating filter.

UNIT IIIArchitectures For Programmable Dsp Devices: Basic Architectural features, DSP Computational Building Blocks, Bus Architecture and Memory, Data Addressing Capabilities, Address Generation Unit, Programmability and Program Execution, Speed Issues, Features for External interfacing.

UNIT IVExecution Control and Pipelining: Hardware looping, Interrupts, Stacks, Relative Branch support, Pipelining and Performance, Pipeline Depth, Interlocking, Branching effects, Interrupt effects, Pipeline Programming models.

UNIT VProgrammable Digital Signal Processors: Commercial Digital signal-processing Devices, Data Addressing modes of TMS320C54XX DSPs, Data Addressing modes of TMS320C54XX Processors, Memory space of TMS320C54XX Processors, Program Control, TMS320C54XX instructions and Programming, On-Chip Peripherals, Interrupts of TMS320C54XX processors, Pipeline Operation of TMS320C54XX Processors.

UNIT VIImplementations Of Basic Dsp Algorithms: The Q-notation, FIR Filters, IIR Filters, Interpolation Filters, Decimation Filters, PID Controller, Adaptive Filters, 2-D Signal Processing.

UNIT VIIImplementation of Fft Algorithms: An FFT Algorithm for DFT Computation, A Butterfly Computation, Overflow and scaling, Bit-Reversed index generation, An 8-Point FFT implementation on the TMS320C54XX, Computation of the signal spectrum.

UNIT VIIIInterfacing Memory And I/O Peripherals To Programmable DSP Devices: Memory space organization, External bus interfacing signals, Memory interface, Parallel I/O interface, Programmed I/O, Interrupts and I/O, Direct memory access (DMA). A Multi-channel buffered serial port (McBSP), McBSP Programming, a CODEC interface circuit, CODEC programming, A CODEC-DSP interface example.

TEXT BOOKS1. Digital Signal Processing – Avtar Singh and S. Srinivasan, Thomson Publ., 2004.2. DSP Processor Fundamentals, Architectures & Features – Lapsley et al. S. Chand & Co, 2000.

REFERENCES1. Digital Signal Processors, Architecture, Programming and Applications – B. Venkata Ramani and M. Bhaskar, TMH, 2004.2. Digital Signal Processing – Jonatham Stein, John Wiley, 2005.



NON-LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS & OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Non-linear control systems

Unit – IIntroduction to Non-Linear Control systems.

Unit – IIDescribing Functions, Describing function Analysis of Non-Linear Control Systems.

Unit – IIIIntroduction to Phase plane analysis, Methods for constructing Trajectories, singular points, phase-plane analysis of linear control systems and Non-linear control systems.

Unit – IVIntroduction to liapunov stability analysis, second method of liapunov, stability analysis of linear systems, stability analysis of nonlinear systems (Variable gradient method and Krosovskii’s method)

Optimal Control systems

Unit – VIntroduction to optimal control system, Formulation of optimal Control problem – Characteristics of the plant, requirements made upon the plant, Nature of information about the plant supplied to the controller.

Unit – VICalculus of variations – fixed end problem and variable end problems

Unit – VIIPontragin’s minimum/maximum principle, Hamilton Jacobii’s approach.

Unit – VIIIIntroduction to Dynamic Programming, Matrix-Riccati equations.

Text Books:1. Modern Control Engineering – Ogata.K. Prentice Hall of India, Eastern Economy Edition, 1986.2. Modern Control System Theory – M. Gopal, Wiley Eastern, Second edition, 1993.



Adaptive Signal Processing

UNIT IStochastic processes and models: Introduction, Correlation matrix, properties of correlation matrix, stochastic models, auto regressive models, moving-average models, auto regressive – moving average models, Yule walker equations.

UNIT IIWiener Filters and linear Prediction: Linear optimum filtering, statement of the problem, principle of orthogonality, minimum mean square error, wiener – hopf equations, error performance surface, forward linear prediction, backward linear prediction, Levinson Durbin algorithm, properties.

UNIT IIIMethod of Steepest Descent: Basic idea, steepest descent algorithm applied to wiener filters, stability, limitations and summary.

UNIT IVLMS algorithm: Overview, LMS Adaptation algorithms, stability & performance analysis of LMS Algorithms, LMS gradient, & stochastic algorithms, convergence of LMS algorithm.

UNIT VMethod of least squares: Statement, data windowing, principle of orthogonality, minimum sum of error squares, normal equations and linear least squares filters, properties, singular value decompositon.

UNIT VIRecursive least squares adaptive filters: Matrix inversion, Lemma, exponentially weighted recursive least squares algorithm, recursion for updating the sum of weighted error squares, convergence.

UNIT VIIKalman filtering: Introduction, recursive mean square estimation random variables, statement of Kalman filtering problem, filtering, initial conditions, summary of kalman filtering, variants of kalman filtering extend kalman filtering,

UNIT VIIIAdaptive signal processing applications: Adaptive linear combiner, adaptive channel equalizers, adaptive noise canceling, adaptive echo cancellers, adaptive beam forming.

TEXT BOOKS:1. Simon Haykin-Adaptive filter Theory, PH.2. Bernard Widrow-Adaptive signal processing, PH Pearson Education, Asia.

REFERENCES:1. Sophocles. J. Orfamadis-optimum signal processing-An introduction, 2nd Ed., MGH.2. S.Thomas Alexander –Adaptive signal processing-Theory and applications, Springer –Verlag.



DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Unit – IDigital Image fundamentals: Introduction, An image model, sampling & quantization, basic relation ships between Pixels; imaging geometry.

Unit – IIImage Transforms: Properties of 2-D Fourier transform, FFT algorithm and other separable image transforms. Walsh transforms. Hadamard, Cosine, Haar, Slant transforms, KL transforms and their properties.

Unit – IIIImage Enhancement: Background, enhancement by point processing, histogram processing, spatial filtering and enhancement in frequency domain, color image processing.

Unit – IVImage filtering and restoration – degradation model, diagnolisation of circulant and block circulant matrices, Algebraic approach to restoration, inverse filtering, least mean squares restoration, constrained least squares and interactive restoration, geometric transformations.

Unit – VImage compression: Fundamentals, image compression modes, error free compression, lossy compression.

Unit – VIImage segmentation: Detection of discontinuities, edge linking and boundary detection thresholding, region- oriented segmentation, use of motion in segmentation.

Unit – VIIRepresentation and description: Various schemes for representation, boundary descriptors, regional descriptors.

Unit – VIIIImage reconstruction from Projections, Radon Transform; Convolution/ Filterback- Projection Algorithms.

Text Books:1. C. Gonszalez & R.E. Woods “Digital Image Processing” Addison Wesley.

Reference:1. A.K. Jain: “Fundamental of Digital Image Processing” PHI.



Design and Simulation Lab

mtech ics 2007-08

Documents

sensors unit

photoelectric transducers

elastic transducers

ultrasonic transducers

liquid systems

gas systems

high pressure transducers

quartz sensors